Post Tensioning Systems For Concrete in

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REPORT 106
Post-tensioning systems
for concrete in the UK: 1940 - 1985
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Licensed copy:AKT II Limited, 11/03/2013, Uncontrolled Copy, © CIRIA
A. E. ANDREW CEng FiStructE
F. H. TURNER MSc DIC CEng FlCE FlStructE
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Foreword zyxwvu
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This Report was completcd by Mr A.E. Andrew from the text iind diagrams providcd by
the late MI F.H. Turner. Mr Andrew is Chiiirman of the Preslrcsscd Concrctc
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Committec of the Concrctc Society. The projcct leading to this Report was identified by
the ClRIA Working Party on 'Research into demolition of structures' (Projcct 341)
comprising:
hr R.A . Hirrtlirnd (Chairmnn) Sir Frederick Snow B !'.irtners
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wtr J . Andcrson Hc:ilth and Siifcty E X W U ~2I \
hrr 1'. A . Ciln\phcll Campbell Rcith & Hill
Dr F. K . Garas T:iyl(v Woodrow Construction Ltd
Dr P. Lindscll Univcrhity of Surrey
MI 'r. R. Mills Griffiths-McGee (Demolition) Co. Ltd
Dr 1'. Waldron Univcrsity of Bristol
D r I<. J . Woodward 'l'rittisport and I<oxl Kcsc;,rch Lilhoriltory
Mr A . K.McAvoy C'IKIA
Professar Sir Alan Harris kindly commentcd on the draft Report. The Repnrt was
prepared for publication by Dr R. M. Lawson, Research Manager for Structural Design,
and Mr B. G. Ricbardson, Technical Editor. drawings made by Mr I . Clilrke.
2 ClRlA Report 106
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Contents
LIST Or' ILLUSTRATIOFJS

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GLOSSARY 7
SUMMARY 10
INTRODUCTION 10
1. FORMS OF PRESTRESSING 11
2.
3.
2.1
2.2
3.1
3.2
3.3
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EARLY PRESTRESSING IN THE UK
Background
Post-tensioning
REVIEW OF POST-TENS!ONING SYSTEMS

Wire systems with multi-wire stressing
Bar systems
Wire sys?ems with single-wire stressing
14
14
15
17
18
20
22
3.4 Strand systems with single strands 24

3.5 Early multiple-strand systems with single-strand stressing 26
3.6 Later multiple-strand systems with single-strand stressing 27
3.7 Strand systems with multiple stressing 30
3.8 Strand systems for slabs 34
3.9 Coupling systems and dead-end anchorages 36
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3.10 Circular stressing systems 38
3.11 Other applications 42
REFERENCES 43
APPENDIX SUPPLIERS OF POST-TENSIONING SYSTEMS 44
CIRIA Rcport 106 3

List of illustrations
Figure 1 Forms of post-tensiowng strand

Figure 2 End of prestressing bed using strands
Figure 3 Essentials of post-tensioning
Figure 4 Use of curved tendons on bridge deck
Figure 5 Segmental post-tensioned bridge
Figure 6 Precast post-tensioned beam
Figure 7 Layout of unbonded tendons in post-tensioned flat slab
Figure 8 lntemiediate grout-vent pipes in beam
Figure 9 Simplified la your of tendons in continuous beam
Figure 10 Internal anchorage in continuous box girder
Figure 11 Section through Fre yssinet multi-wire anchorage
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Figure 12 Freyssinet multi-wire anchorage
Figure 13 Magnel-Blaton anchorage
Figure 14 Section through BBRV anchorage
Figure 15 BBRV anchorage
Figure 16 Section through Macallo y anchorqe

Figure 17 Section through Dividag anchorage
Figure 18 5ection through Gifford-UdaII-CCL anchorage
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Figure 19 Gifford-Udall-CCL anchorage
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Figure 20 Section through CCL Compact Plate anchorage
Figure 21 Section throuy/#'SC Monowire anchorage
Figure 22
Figure 24
Figure 25
Figure 26
Section through CCL Spiral Strand anchorage
Figure 23 Sectiori through PSC - Fre yssistrand 19-wire anchorage
Section through CCL 7-strand anchorage
Section through Stress-Block anchorage
CCL-Cabco Multistrand anchorage
Figure 27 Section through PSC Monostrand anchorage for 7 strands
Figure 28 PSC Monostrand anchorage for 4 strands
Figure 29 Section through CCL Strandforce 5-strand anchorage
Figure 30 CCL Standforce anchorage during stressing
Figure 31 Section through SCD strand anchorage
Figure 32 Complex stressing of Fre yssinet Multistrand anchorage
Figure 33 Section through CCL Multiforce anchorage for 7 strands
Figure 34 Stressing the 12 strands of a PSC K-range FreyssiStrand anchorage
Figure 35 Section through 19-strand PSC Monogroup anchorage
Figure 36 Rear view of typical multi-strand anchorage
Figure 37 Section through Stronghold anchorage
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Figure 38 Section through VSL anchorage
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Figure 39
Figure 40
4
Section through BBRV-Cona unbonded anchcrage
Stressing of slab, using CCL unbonded tendons
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Figure 41 Section through PSC 3/ 15 bonded slab anchorage
Figure 42 PSC 3/ 15 bonded slab anchorage being assembled
CIRIA Report 106

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Figure 43 CCL Multiforce anchorage coupling
Figure 44 Section through PSC snchorage coupling
Figure 45 Assembly of a typical anchorage coupling
Figure 46 Section through PSC dead-end anchorage
Figure 47 Section through BBRV anchorage coupling
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Figure 48 Section throu,gh typical looped-wire dead-end anchorage
Figure 49 Wire winding by the Preload system
Figure 50 Wire winding by the Taylor Woodrow system
Figure 51 Stronghold strand coupling for tank stressing
Figure 52 Freyssinet
. . Flat Jack
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ClRlA Report 106 5
6
CIRIA Report 106
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Glossary
Prestressing: the controlled creation of permanent stress in ;I structural mcmhcr hefore

the full dead and live loads are iipplied. SO as to counteriict part or ill1 of these loads. I t
has been applied to steel. cast iron. masonry and tirnbcr structures, but its most common
application is to concrete.
Prestressed concrete: a pre-compression may be applied to ii concrete section at ;I
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particular eccentricity to the centroid of the section CO that. undcr the maximum and
minimum applied moment, tensile and coniprcssivc stresses i n the concrete iirc within
predetermined limits.
Tendons: the prestressing force is usually created by stressing high-tensile bars.

bundles of wires or strands which arc commonly called tetlt1oti.v. although groups of wires
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or strands are often cnllcd cobles.
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Wire: 2 to 8 mm diameter. usuiilly smooth but sometimes indented to improve bond.
Strand: 7-wire or IO-wire twisted form, used in sizes from 12 to 32 mm (nominal)

diameter. Drww strorrd is compiictcd by re-drawing after the strand is formed. and i t
can be recognised by the trapczoidal shapc of the indiviilual cstcrnal wires (Figure I ).
Bars: alloy steel in ii range of diameters. Most bars havc screw threads along thr length
of the bar or comprise a short distance of thread a t each end. Some early prestrcssing
bars were not thrended. but were iinchored by wedges.
Normal seven-wire s t r a n d Drawn strand
Figure 1
zyxwvutsFornis of post-tensioning strand
Pre-tensioning: oiic of the two main mcthods of prcstrcssing. in which the teiidons iirc
stressed and iinchorcd bcforc the concrctc is poured. A number of similiir units ni;iy be
c;ist on il stressing bcil itlong which thc tendons are continuous. or may be cast i n
iniliviiltiiil inoiilils. with the tendons iinchored n t the end forms. Whcn the concrete has
giiincd sufficient strength. the tcndons ;ire rc1c;iscil from the stressing bed or tornwork.
thereby transferring the prcstrcssing force to the concrete by the ilcvclopcd Imid. This
method of prestrcssing is only used for prccast units (Figurc 2).
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ClRlA Rcport 106 1
Figure 2
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End of prestressing bed using strands
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Post-tensioning: the second method of prcstrcssing. in which the tendons iirc stressed
aftcr thc concrete has gaincd sufficient strciigth. Thc tendons may he placcd looscly in
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holes o r tlrrcr.~which iirc formcd i n the clcl:icnt prior to concreting, or they may be
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thrcadcd through the ducts hcforc o r after concreting (Fipurc 3). Tcndons may also bc
cxtcrnal t o the mcmhcr. supported b y siitltllcs. ‘Thc tendons iirc strcsscd and rrtrclrorerl to
the structure by niciins of varioiis proprict;lry anchorage systcms. Post-tcnsioning is
uscd iiiostly f o r structures cast irr sirrr i ~ ins l,.igtirc 4. but i t can nlso hc uscd to connect
togcthcr prccast scgnicnts which iii;iv also coiitiiiii sonic prc-tciisioiicd tendons
(Figtin: 5). I .iirgc prcciisr I)c;iiiis iiiiiy :itso Ilc post-tcnsioncrl (Fipurc 6 ) .
Anchorage zone , H e o t r a l axis of s e c t i o n
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Pull
Cable d u c t . Cable or tendon

Construction
I Cast b e a m w i t h duct inside
2 Thread prestressing c a b l e
3 Tension cable w i t h hydraulic j a c k ( s 1
1 Lock cable a t anchorage and crop cable
5 Grout cable duct
6 Concrele over anchorage block
Figure 3 Essentials of post-tensioning
8 ClRlA Report 106

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Use of curved
tendons on bridge
deck
Figure 5 Segmental post-tensioned bridge
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ClRlA Report 106zyx Figure 6 Precast post-tensioned beam
( ' . . .
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The different forms of post-tensioning systems f o r concrctc structures ;ire presented in
this Report. I t covers not only these currently marketed in the U K . but also provides a
historical review of ill1 the systems dcvcloped and employed to date. Th; anchorage zone
of each of thc systems is prcscnted diagrammatically with notegon the siilient features of
each system.
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Introduction
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A large number of stressingsystems have developed since the pioneering work of Eugenc
Freyssinct. but many arc now obsolete or rarely used. Modern stressing techniques
and their applications havc been refined to an extent that prc-strcsscd elements a ~ c
common in all forms of building and civil engineering. Milliy complex continuous and
sequeritially stressed structures have been built in recent years. reflecting the versatility of
the vilrious systems and the ingenuity of tlic designer and constructor.
Somc are large monolithic structures (such a s bridges. containers and towers). but
m a n y are rclativcly simple elements (e.g. heanis, floors. or posts). Certain types of
concrctc structures are now being demolished. not necessarily because of failure or
deterioration. but bccilusc they may have excecdcd their useful life, or because some
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major modification to the structure is envisaged.
There is relatively little experience on the safe mcanscf cuttingand de-stressing these
forms of structure ils pilrt of the dcmolition process. although guidance is given in the
recent FI P report ‘ I ) , BS 6187 (”. and the Guidilncc Notcsof the Health and Safety
Executive 1 3 ) . The features ofthc p i ~ r t i c ~ lstressing
i~r system uscd are often difficult to
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obtain ;it the demolition p1;inninpstagc. and the information which remains on the original
design is ot’tcn limited.
A:; ;I prc-rcquisitc to further \\ OIk in this field. ;I historical review and inventory ofthe
various strcssing systciiis uscd to h t c wiis iiccdcd. This Report is the outcome o f this
work. ;uid it is prcscnkd in ii Torn1 suit;rhle for those relatively incxpcricncet! in the
principles ;incl tcchniqucs of prcs1rcssiiig. Bccuusc many ot i!iC.Sc photographs wcrc
taken at tlic tiriic whcii the systciiis wcrc i n use, : h sitt:
~ practices shown liliiy not conform
to cur re iit side t y rcquircnie iits .
ClRlA R c p n 106
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1. Forms of prestressing
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I f ;I structure is to be maintained. rcpiirctl. iiioilifictl o r ilcniolishcil. i t is cssciitial to
know whcthcr o r not it is prestressed. I'rcstrcssing c a i i he ciicoiintcrcd in sonic
unexpected contexts. Sonic cxaiiiplcs arc: the timber roof of i i scliool (SI Clement
Danes, London); the floors, ;IS well iis the walls. ofsludgc fligestion tanks (Parr Scwiigc
Works, St.Helcns); cast iron railwiiy bridges (48bridges on thc Wcstcrn I<cgion): thc
balconics of blocks of fliits; m a n y underground pipe syhtcms; old miisonry f a r m buildings;
grain storage silos; and many more.
Prcstrcssed concrctc members ;ire often difficult t o Jit'fcrcntiatc visually frbin those i n
reinforced concre:c. The principai physical features b y which tlicy ciin frcqucntly 1c.
recognised are:
1, longer spans
2. large slwddcptli ratios. commonly i n the range of35 to 30
3. cross-scctions of I . T. inverted U or box foriri
4. often higher strength concrctc
5. wires cxposccl at criils of heam (prc-tciisioncd o n l y )
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0. iiiichoragc zone. often covered with inortar (post-tciisioiictl hcaiiis oiily)
7. greater rc.\rlicncc 10iiiilxict.
The large majority of :ill prcstresscd clcmcnts ;ire in thc t'oriii ofprcciist units. such ;is
beams o r floor planks. However. thcrc arc ;I very Inrgc numbers ufici-vim past-tcnsioncd
structures which ;ire iiorninlly of medium to long span (30 to 00 111). I t is cstiiiiatccl that
thew are roughly 600 bridges in the UK ofthis f o r m .
Most post-tcnsionc;l tciltlon rlucts arc filled with ccmcnt grout after stressing. ;IS ii
protection against corrosion and to provide some dcgrcc of bond. Unbondcd tcnilons ;ire
grciiscd. and thcy iIsu;llly consist of ;I single 7-wire strnnd o r h i i r in ;I pliistic slccvc. They
rely ciitircly upon their itnchoragcs to m i i i n t ; i i n the prestress. I f wire failure \)r loss of
iinchoriigcs occurs. ;I large proportion of the stored energy is sudclcnly rclcasccl. iiltlioiigh
the rclciisc is oftcn highly daiiipcd.
Unhondcd tcniloiis iirc less common than bonded tcntlons. m c l they ;ire most likely t o he
fou lid :
I, i n suspended k i t slahs"'nrid ground slabsofbuilclings. i n w;ircIiousc
floors. o r in extcriial storage o r parking iirciiS (sec Figurc 7)
2. ascxtcrnal tendons(i.c tcndonsplaced outsidc the nicmbcr. rather t h a n in
ducts)
ClRlA Repon 106

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Layout of unbonded tendons in post-tensioned fiat slab
. I
3.
4.
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in small cylindrical tanks and silos, where the sleeved tendons are
embedded in the walls and the anchors are located in external vertical
but tresses
in reactor vessels.
Bonded tendons are likely to exhibit features such as:
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i. grouping of several strands
2. anchor holes filled with grout
3. intermediate grouting holesalong ttic lensth of the member (see Figure 8j.
The total force in the tendons may be estimated by counting the number and size of the
prestressing wires, strands or bars. The residual forces remaining after assumed long-term
losses resulting from concrete creep and shrinkage, etc. are as shown in Table 1. ThisTable
is to be used forgeneral guidance only, and it does not take into account other formsof
prestress loss from the stressing operation ('*')and curvature of the tendons.
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Intermediate.
grout-vent pipes
in beam
I2 CIRIA Rcprt 106

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Table 1 Examples of forces in tendons
Tendon Probtible itriiitil

dio. (nittr) force ( k N )
Wires
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2 4 2 5
3 10 7
4 15 II
5 22
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16
6 31 22
7 42 30
8 55 40
Macalloy brrrs (Seciion 3.2.1)

12 80 60
15 I25 90
18 180 130
20
22
25
28
230
270
350
430
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165
100
250
3 10
32 560 400
35 075 480
40 1375 1000
Divitlrig bars (iwo grrrdrs ofsieel) (Seciiorr 3.2.2)

26.5 400 or 475 280 o r 340
32 560 or 690 400 or 500
36 735 or 875 525 or 625
Strtintls ( 7-tvile)
I? 116 83
15 I60 I 15
I ? (drilwn strend) 150 I os
15 (drnwn strnnd) 210 I so
I8 (driiwn strand) 265 l'&J
.$irunc/.s IY-wire)
IS 200 1x5
'2 400 330
S' 275 410
31 683 490
Data arc given in thc rclcvant British Stmdards 4757"'. 4486'''. 5896'"'
Eurlicr standards arc now supcrscdcd by BS 5896.
ClRlA Report 106 13

2.
2.1 BACKGROUND zyxwvutsr

Early prestressing in the UK
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Prestressing :is a commercial proposition made its British dchi!i at thc hcginningofthc
Second World War. But thcconccpt was known cariicr. and it wascvcn applied hy
individual cnthusiasts in thc years bcforc thc war.
In 1935, for example. W. T . Williams built a prestressedconcrcte roof on his house irk
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Cyncocd. Cxdiff. 'Thc slah was formed of aerated concrcte with a density of abcut
1600 kg/m3 and a strength of about 13 N/mm?. The slab initially contained 12-mni bars ;it
15Omm pitch, and as the concretc hardened the bars were withdrawn. thereby forming
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ducts through which wcrc thrcadcd piano wircs. When tuned to the correct pitch (with the
aid of a tuning fork) thc forcr in ciich wire was 670 N.The wires were stressed and
anchored bv mcansofstccl bars. and on completion of the stressingthc ducts were
grouted.
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Prc-tcnsioninc sccms fiist to have hucn applied. in 193X-9. in ii series of beams for a
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military underground storage system nciir Bath. They were designcd by L.G. Mouchcl &
Partners, iind madc by the Vibrated Concrete Co. Ltd. The concept of prestrcssing w;is
alsospread hy the influx of refugee L.uropcaii engineers in !he prc-war ycars (P.W.
Abclcs'"". l-l;injiil-Konyi. F.J. Saniucly. a n c l many niorc). who hrought with them
de t ii i Icc! know Ic dge of CO n t i 11c 111 :II ilc vc to pnic n t s. M iiut ne r is worthy o f spcci il I mc n t ion :
he had hcrii Profcssor ;it A a c h c i i University ;in11 Chief Engineer ofthc Frcyssinct
liccncccs. Wayss ancl Frcytag. H c joincil Mouchel in 193s. nnd he w;is latcr Chief Engineer
o f t h c Prestressed Concrcrc Co. I . t d .
The use of prcstrcssing ;ISan industrial system iirosc o u t of ;i wartime shortage of
timhcr for railw;iy slccpcrs. The innova!ing hody was the Ministry of Works. iind the
designers U Y I L.G. Mouchcl "k Partners. From the system used iit h t h . thcy dcvclopcd it
nicthod for producing prestressed coitcretc slccpcrs using prc-tcnsioned stccl. and this led
Dow-Mac Lttl. to cstilhlish ;I f.ictory ;it Tiillingto1i. Lincs.. where full production stortcd in
1933. 'I'hc drawings iind ilct;iils of the Freyssinct prcstrcssiiigsystcni. cstahlishcd on ii
coninicrci;il hasis hy Eiigcnc k'rcyssinct in Friiiicc i n ION. wcrc hrought to this colintry.
early i n 1040. A vcrsioti o f t his \ w s used i n l i i i l i i i . hy G;iminons. culminating. i n 1943. in the
constructioit of two himgars ;I[ Kiiriiclii ( n o w i t i I';ikist;in). having two-door spens of 60 ni
and sccoiitliiry spatis o f 4 0 111.
The shortilgc of siccl i n tlic pt)st-\viiI yciirs provided ;I continuing incentive for the use
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of prcstrcssing. i i n i l agaiii the Ministry of Workscncouragcd its introduition. I n
p;irticul;ir, tr;incis Wiillcy \viis iissociatcil with [lie Ministry's strong intcrcst ;it this time.
I tic first Ilritisti prestressed structures w i t h p)st-tcrisionctI stccl frc.rii high tcv " c ( 5 - ;ind
I .
7-nini) wire :ippciircil ii.1 1047.

There were then no British i ~ ~ ) s [ . t c i i s i ~ ~s yi it ci ii i i~s . 'flic choice lay hctwccii the
Fri*yssinct systciii and thc M:igncl-l3latoii s!stcm. devised hy Gusliivc Mngncl and
cst;il>lishctl i n Iklgiuni during tl,c Second \Vorld War.
14 ClRlA Kepotl 106

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All of the tacklc and components had to be imported o n ;in iid hoc hasis. In 1947. during
construction of thc Bcllingford Bridge in Norfolk. for example. M r F. Brown rcc;ills t h a t
Magncl anchors wcrc iiviiilahlc. hut no MiigIlcl jiicks.
This situation was quickly rcmcdicd. and agencies for the two systems wcrc cstahlishcd.
Prestresscd Concretc Ltd. (latci PSC Frcyssinct 1-td.) iind Stressed Concretc Design
Ltd., which reprcscnted the Magnel-Blaton system.
British post-tcnsioning systems made their appearance: Lee-McCall ( IUSO), Giffortf .
Udall-CCL (1Y5.3) and PSC (1953). .4bclcs puhlishcd ;I text book""'dcscribing the
principlesof prestrcsscd concrctc in 1957. l'his Icd to thc first Code of Practice in 1959' I ' I .
,
These developments were rcviewed recently by Walley"".
2.2 POST-TENSIGNI NG
A surprising nurnber of post-tcnsioning systcms have been dcviscd over the years. piirtlv
to tiike adviintage of iniprovcd materials ai;d partly under the pressure of comnicrcial
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competition. They are described in Section 3. more or less in the sequence in which the)-
werc dcvclopcd.
A common feature of rill the anchorages is thc placement of ;rdditional reinforcement to
control thc transversc bursting forces in the zone of transfer of high compressivc stress.
This reinforccinent should be dcsigncd in xcordancc with Reference 13. Thc iimount of
prestress needed on thc meniber and thc distribution of the tendons is ii function of the
amount of tensile stress pcriniitcd in the critical sections"".

Therc ;ire many structures whcrc stressing is carried out progressively ;is further l o d is
applied. Thcsc forms of complex continuous pragrcssivclv-strcsse~istructures arc very
sensitive to the method of construction. i i n d to the rclnoviil of :iny part i n dcniolition.
l'lic dur;ihility and long-term performance of post-tcnsioncd concrete hilvc been uiidur
examination recently.''"LI,' particulerly with rcgiird to thc'iidccluiicy of grouting ( I 7 ' ,
Thcrc iirc three basic typcs of post-lcnsioning iilichoriigcs. which arc found i n ;it1 the
modern s y s t m s .
2.2.1 Live-end anchorages

These arc the ;inchorages loc;itcd ;it thc ends o f a nicmhcr. which ciiii he used for
stressing. They iirc csposcd until after grouting has hccn carried out. Many members use
live iinchors ;it both ends. even though onc end only moy he usctl f o r stressing. The
ii1;ixiiiiiiiii Iciigth over which tendons miiy hc stressed from one ciiA is considcrcd to he
about 31) in. o r twice this for sticssing from both ends.
2.2.2 Dead-end anchorages

This type of ;inchorage is csscntiiilly Iwricd in the concrete. ;iiiiI its prcscncc iiiay be
tlifficiilt to detect. csccp~.1wh;ips. b y groiit holes ;it the surkicc of the mcinhcr. The
iiiost likely lociitioiis ;iic: the bottom of ;I vcrtic;il mcinlw or \v;iIl. ;it v;irioiis points ;ilong
;I 1;irgc cantilcvcr whcrc tciiclcws haw hccn curtailed.
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2.2.3 Anchorage couplings
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Couplings ;ire used in cnntinuous construction. mostly in tvidgcs. They cniihlc the first
span t o tic coiistructcil. stressed and grouted while the sccoiid (and suhscquciit) s p i n s
;ire huilt.;trcsscd and grautcd i n t u r n . the tendon hcingcouplccl to that of the previous
~.
spxi i n each c;isc. 1 he m o s t likely 1oc;ition for couplings is the point ofcontr;itlcsurc (say
l/i spiin) of the sccoiid ;ind suhscquciit spans.
l'hcsc ;inclior;igc coupling system3 ;ire described i n clctail i n Section -'e.S,
ClRlA Repoil 106 IS
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* .
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Alternatively, in many forms of continuous construction. the scctions spanning hctwcen
the supports or piers are initially stressed, then idditional curved tendons overlapping
with the live anchorages of the first tendons ilre passed over the supports to counteract
the negative (hogging) moment (Figurc 9).This ovcrl,ip often occurs within il section
such as a box, and it is rarely visible from the outsidc ,IS in FigiJrc 10.
r
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1 Tendon in continuous beam
Live end at joint
/
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ll
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Cast span 1 i Cast span 2

i
L i v e end
II within box
II
2 Overlapping tendons (for example, in box girder)
Joint
11 Anchorage
11 Tendon stressed l a t e r
3 Combining simple spans
Figure 9 Simplified layout of tendons in continuous beam
Figure 'I 0
Internal snchorage
in conrii'IUOUS box gin 'r
16 CIRlA Report 106
r- _-_-
!
I
z
3. Review of post-tensioning systems
All the available post-tensioning systems are of proprietary manufacture. Except for a
few systems, the component parts are very similar to each other, the main differences
being in the stressing equipment.
The stressing may be carried out one wire or strand at a time (single stressing) or all
at the same the time (multiple stressing). This can result in certain basic differences in the
form of anchorage. To assist in identification, the anchorages are divided, in the
succeeding pages, into the following main groups, approximately in the order in which
zyxwvutsrqp
they were developed ('""'"'):
1.
2.
3.
4.
5:
zyxwvutsr
wire systems with multi-wire stressing
bar systems
wire systems with single-wire stressing
strand systems with single strands
multiple-strand systems with single-strand stressing
(a) early systems
(b) later systems
6. strand systems with multiple stressing
7. strand systems for slabs

8. coupling systems and dead-end anchorages
Y. circular stressing systems.
zyxwvutsrqpo
zyxwvutsrqponmlkj
ClRlA Report 106 17 .
I ' .
r
zyxwv
3.1 WIRE SYSTEMS WITH MULTI-WIRE STRESSING
3.1.1
zyxwvutsrqpo
zyxwv
zyxwvutsrqp
zyxwvut
zyxwvutsrq
Freyssinet(seeFigures 11 and 12)
Otic ol'tlic first two systems in the U K . i n which 8. 10 o r 12 wires (first 5 mm. later 7 o r
X mtn di;inictcr) were anchored by it concrcte wedge in ii concrete cotic. A central grout
tube passes through the middlc of the wedge. The system w;ts introduced from France in
1940. I t \viis discontinuecl i n the U K in the mid IYhOs. although i t is still in usc elsewhere
in the \\orlil.
.
IR
CIRIA Report 106
zyxwvuts
zyxwvu
zyxw
Figure 13 Magnel-Blaton anchorage
. . .
ClKlA Kepoir IOh I9
. I
I zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONML zyxwvuts
zyxwvutsr
3.2 BAR SYSTEWS
Two bar systems are available: the Macalloy and Dividag systems. I n both, the basic
method of force transfer is by a nut tightened on a threaded bar. In the Macalloy system,
an alternative wedge anchor H as also available between 1958 and 1975.
3.2.1 Lee- McCalllMacalloy (see Figure 16)

-. ..--
This was the first British prestressing system. I t was developed by D.H. Lee, and
produced and marketed by McCall & Co. Ltd., in 1950. Rolled threads replaced the
original system of cut threads in 1955, when the name of Macalloy HJS adopted.
Usually, the anchor consists of a nut and washer, bearing against a flat plate. A wedge
anchor was also employed between 1958 and 1975. An alternative tubular (cmbedded)
anchor was introduced about 1955, and it has remained in use.
Various Macalloy bars were available as follows:
%in. (12mm) and%in. (15mm) 1950 to 1955
-%in.(l81nm) and7/xin. (22mm) 1950to 1970
l i n . (25mm) 1950to date
llhin. (28mm) 1950 to 1970
l%in. (32rnm) 1955 to date
IYiiin. (35mm) 1959 to 1Y70
40mm 1970 to date
501nm 1980 to date
Grout hole
. .
Figure 16zyxwvutsr
zyxwvutsrqpo
zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfe
Section through
Macalloy anchomge
5mm washer I
Anchor plate
I
Macalloy bar
20 ClRlA Report 106
. t
z
zyxw
.-..-
3.2.2 Dywidag/Dividag (see Figure 17)
zyxw
zyxwvu
'This Gcrman systcni Wiis dcviscd by the firm of Dyckcrhoff und Widmann AG, fro111
which thc systcm niinic isdcrivcd. Tlic Anglicised version (Divitlag) W;IS introtluccd into
thc U K inabout 1975. I t diffcrsfrom thc M:icalloysystcni in itsusc ofacontinuously-
thrcadcd bar.
.,.I tic thrcad iscoarscr t h a n the M:ic;illoy version. and i t hasii distinctive form. .The 11111 issplit
('toothctl') at its inncrcnd, and i t is clariipcd oii t o the bar Oy its seating. in ;I curvcd
rcccss in the nnchor plate.
Grout duct, L ' b ' .
zyxwvutsr
Toothed out I:
Figure 17 Sectiort through Dividag anchorage
ClRlA Kcpon 106

21
. . . I
zy
zyxwvutsrq
W.
.
I
!
zyxwvut
3.3 WIRE SYSTEMS WITH SINGLE-WIRE STRESSING
The wire-by-wire stressing of multiple-wire tcndons. foresheclowed by the Miigncl-
Blaton system, was introduced by Gifford-Udiill-CCL in 1953.Competition in the form
of the Monowire system WBS provided by PSC Equipment Lid.. also in 1953.
Most of the systems employed bctwccn 1953 and 1965 uscd extcriiiil barrels. All of them
employed somc form of wcdgc t o anchor thc wircs. The most comnlonly used wire sizc
was 7 mm. Aftcr 1960.5-mm wircs wcrc r;ireIV used.
The Stronghold system. a Spanish dcrivativc of the Gifford-Uc1:iIl systerll. wiis first uscd
zyxwvutsrq
in the UK in 1975.
zyxw
3.3.1 Gifford-Udall-CCL:CCL Compact Plate, CCL Spiral Wire (see
Figures 18,to 20) ~
Thc multiplicity of names reflects ;I period of sharp competition in thc early 1960s
following the brcek-up of the original group of E.W.H. Gifford. the Udal1 Company.
and Cable Covers Ltd. For the wir- systcnls. this competition wiis intense hut short livcd.
because most of them were pliascci out iind rcplaccd by strand systems during the early
1960s. Cables of 4, 8 or 12 wircs wcrc thc tiorm. ;inchorcc1 by wedges in external bar~.clsto
rcctangul;ir bearing plates. The CCL spiral wire system appears to be similar to the
Compwt Platc system. except for ;I cast-in anchoragc casing.
22
Figure 19
anchorage
zyxw
Gifford- UdaII-CCL
CIRIA Kcpon I06
. .
Flared end SDacer
.
zyxwvut
Figure 20
3.3.2
zyxw
zyxwvuts Section through CZL Compact Plate anchorage
PSC Monowire (see Figure 21)
zyxwv
In this systciii. ;I cast-in ;inchor guide \viis ciiiploycd. wit11 ;I circular piittern olwircs. A
separate central phtc with ;in ;isi;il grout hole wis used in ;riicIiors f o r S o r niorc wires.
m systclll \virS tIscLii>ct\vccll iw ;lllli ~ l i ~ o l l It W .
Figure 21 Section through PSC Monowire anchorage
zyxwvu 3.3.3 Gifford-Udal1 Tube Anchor, Stronghold

I n the l'ul~ch c l i o r . ;I single ;inchor I)lock rcpl;iccd the scp;iriitc cstcrnirl hirrrcls. 'l'hc
system tv;is usrd tor wircs t'roni ; i l l o r i t 1050 to 1004. In 1075. i t W;IS introtlucccl h y
Stroiigliolil. 'l'hc (iitl'ortl-Utl~ill'I'uI~cAnclio- hcltl r i p to 3s wires. thc Stroligliolcl ;inclior
C i l l l tilke 72.
zyxwvutsrqponm
ClRlA Rcporr 106
. I
i zyxwvu
3.4 STRAND SYSTEMS WITH SINGLE STRANDS
zyxwvu
zyxwvutsrq
Post-tcnsioncd strands were first used i n the form of lurgc (28-mni) Ig-wirc strands
bcnriiig against a single anchor. These were employed in the CJK from 1959. but their use
dcclincd from about 1065 and cndcrl in about 1970. Some single-strand tendons were
used externally, and they were protected by mortar casings uftcr strcssing was complete.
3.4.1
zyxwvutsr
Gifford-Burrow; CCL Standard Strand
Extcrllitl anchors of this type wcrc first cmploycd in l9S9 in the U K . These system5 iire
characterised by largc cxtcrnel steel grips, up to 100 mni i n diaiiictcr. and stccl wedges.
set i n t o recesses 125 to I S 0 mni i n depth. I-lowcvcr. the ncctl f o r i i deep recess for such
anchors wits ii significant draw-back, and the rapid development ofcmhcddcd anchors
Icd t o thc disuse of external anchors by the mid 1960s.
vcry similar.
zyxwvuts
3.4.2 CCL Spiral Strand, Gifford-Burrow Flush Anchors
(see Figure 22)
Emhcddcd largc-stritnd anchors werc ;ivail;iblc b y 1060. using tapered castings in place
of external stccl grips. The anchor pockets were typically SO mni. The external
appearances of thc CCL Spiral Strand ;inchor and tho Gifford-Burrow Flush Anchor itre
. ..
... .
..me ) .
'
zyxwvutsrq
Anchorage w i t h
/ helical rib I cast i n )
Figure 22 Section through CCL Spiral Strand anchorage
24 ClRlA Rcpon 106

zyxw
zyxwvuts
zyxw
3.4.3 PSC FreyssiStrand (see Figure 23)
The French FreyssiStrand system made use of thc anchor cone from the Freyssinct wirc
system (see Section 3.1. I ) . in conjunction with steel wcdgcs. to providc an anchor which
was normally embedded (in ;I 50-nim rcccss). but which could also bc external i f dcsircd.
The system was introduccd in 1960. and i t was discontinued by 1967.
I ' '
Grout inlet
19 w i r e s t r a n d
zyxwvuts
zyxwvuts
preformed duct
reinforcement
Female anchor cone Recess
Figure 23 Section through PSC-FreyssiStrand 19-wireanchorage
ClRlA Kcport 106 zyxwvutsrqpo 25
. .
.- . . zyxwvuts
3.5
STRESSING zyxwvutsr
EARLY MULTIPLE-STRAND SYSTEMS WITH SINGLE-STRAND
Multi-strand tendons with 7-wire strands were introduced by scvcriil conip;inics i n I960.
and they are still the most widely-used type of tendon. The early strand systems each
inherited existing features of their wire-based predecessors, so that there is little
difficulty in identifying the 7-strand and Stress-Block systems. The Gifford-Burrow
zyxwvuts
system was the first to develop the piittern typical of the Inter methods. Wedge-anchored
7-wire strands with diameters of 12, IS or 18 mm were common to all thc systems.
3.5.1 Gifford-Burrow, Stronghold

The Gifford-Burrow strand systcm of 1960 is the same iis the Gifford-Udal1 Tube Anchor
zyxwvutsrq
(wire) system of 1959 (see Section 3.3.3). except for the changes to the steel bearing plate
caused by the use of strand instead of wire. The system wiis disxmtinued in the mid
1960s. The Stronghold system, first used in the UK in lY7S. is similar in conccpt. but
whereas the Gifford-Burrow tendon had a maximum of 12 striinds. the Stronghold
maximum is 85.
3.5.2 CCL Seven-Strand (see Figure 24)

This wiis the last variant on the original Gifford-L'dall-CCL system. Introduced in IYhO.
i t differs from the wire system (sec' Section 3.3. I ) . Otily in the dct;iil of the cast-iron
bearing plate and the s i x of the e x t e r n a l grips. Its use W;IS disu~ntiniicdin the mid 1960s.
Figure 24 zyxwvutsrq
zyxwvuts
separately
Section through CCL 7-strand anchorage
26 ClRlA Kcport I06

I
I zyxwv
zyxwvuts Strands spaced
- 7 wire ~
Figure 25 zyxwvut
Triple block'
anchors I
I
I
zyxwvuts
Section through Stess-Block anchorage
Oistribulion p l a t e
3.6 LATER MULTIPLE-STRAND SYSTEMS WITH SINGLE-STRAND

STRESSING
By the early 1960s. prcstrcssing techniques had dcvclopcd considerably. and the industry
itsclf had hccomc fiercely coinpctitivc. Thus several suppliers offcrcd scparatc systems
which oftcn rcsciiihlcd cacti other.
3.6.1 CCL Cabco, PSC Monostrand, VSL (see Figures 26 to 28)

Starting u.ith 4- and 7-strand systcms. all of thcsc systems were dcvclopcd to
accomnioclatc up to 30 strands. Each cmploys bearing pliitcs with conical seatings for
wcdgcs. acting against cast iron anchor blocks. The PSC Monostranc! system uscd
bearing plutcs with ;I chamfered edge. VSL (Vorspann System Losingcr) is a Swiss
system ilcvclopcd by Losingcr Ltd.. and introduccd into thc UK in 1972. Thc CCL
svstcni \+'ilsiiiost commonly used before 1973.
Figure 26 CCL-Cebco Multistrand anchorage

ClRlA Report 106 27
Figure 27
zyxwvutsrqponm
zyxwvu
wedges
for 7 strands
Anchoi
block
Section thmug!r PSC Monostrand anchorage
3.6.2
*.
zyxw
zyxwvutsrqponm
Figure 28 PSC Monostrand anchorage for 4 strands
CCL Strandforce; SCD Rectangular (see Figures 29 and 30)
1 hcsc ;WO systciiis were intended primarily for use in Iicaiiis with niirrow wcbs ;cnd slabs.
T h e y employ either 5 strands in ;I single line o r 10 strands in two parrillcl lincs of five. In
cacti ciisc. the strands ,ire anchored b y scpmitc grips iind wedges in an anchor heiid
forming ;I smooth arc. The CCL. Str;inilforcc system with IN-nim strand wiis extciisivcly
used in bridge ci)nstruc'tiori.
3.6.3 SCD (see Figure 31)

111 this systciii.ilcviscd liy Strcsh.:d ('oricrctc Design L.ttl.. scpiir:\tc grips iind wedges iirc
itscil, ;icting agiiitist ;I Iwariiig pl;itc \vliicli i n t u r n ;icts on ;I ciist iron cmbcdtlcd iinchor.
28 CIRlA Rcport 106
Figure 29
Section through CCL
Strandforce 5-strand
anchorage
zyxwvutsrq
zyxwvutsr
Grocl cap
zyxwvu
f i t s over
y =
b,
!
\inchor
head
Figure 30
CCL Strandforce
z
anchorage during
zyxwvuts
stressing
Grout hole ----A-

1.. \
ClRlA Kcpori 106

Figure 31
Section through
SCO strmd
anchorage
Barrel zyxwvuts
plate
I
Guide
3.7 STRAND SYSTEMS WITH MULTIPLE STRESSING zyxwv
zyxwvu
zyxwvutsr
Whcn strsnd systcms wcrc first introduced. the nccd f o r single-striind stressing W i l s
zyxwvutsrqpo
imposed by thc relatively low power of the jacks then av:iil;ihlc. During the 1960s. jacks
with capncitics up to 10 000 kN wcrc developed. and single-strand stressing has bccn
dcclining since about 1970. Multiplc stressing i b now the m o s t commonly uscd method.
In gcncral. the systcms can be recognised h y thc distinguishing features notcd in the
prcccding scction. An indication of whether the strands wcrc singly or multiply stressed
can bc dctcrinincd ;IS tlcscrihctl hclow. l-lowcvcr. if this is to he ;iccurat!:.ly dctcrmincd.
zyxwv
int'ormation should b e sought froni the rclcvai,t supplier.
3.7.1 Freyssinet Multistrand (see Figure 32)

This Frcnch systcm was introduced iis ;I succcssor t o the original Freyssinct wire systcm (see
Section .1.1,1). I t uscd the samc bnsic concept of ;I grooved miilc conc end il female
anchor conc for tcnrl\\iiscomprising up to I2 strands of I3 mm diamcter. I t is one of thc
fcw systcnis which could lic: uscd o n l y with niultiple stressing.
Figure 32 zyxwvutsr
Complex stressing of Freyssinet Multistrand anzhorage
30
. . zyxwvutsrqp
Stronghold, VSL (see Figures 33 to 38) zyxw
3.7.2 CCL Multiforce, PSC K-range FreyssiStrand, PSC Monogroup,
Each of these systems is the same in principle :IS its single-stressing equivalent.
zy
Tendons with up to 7 strands are likely to have been stressed strand by strand.
Those containing 12 or more strands wcrL: probably stressed in a single operation.
However, there is little need to distinguish bctwccn single and multiple stressing.
because this distinction relates only to the construction method. The Stronghold ; ~ n d
zyxwvu
VSL systems closely resemble the CCL Multiforce system.
,
..
zyxwvu
.I f
I ’
Grout --.-- ’
hole ---4. :. . ; ’. . . ‘ h i d
,4233-
Bearing
pla!e
Seven wire
strand
I
Two piece
wedge I
Figure 33 Section through CCL Multiforce anchorage for 7 strands
Figure 34 zyxwvuts
Stressing the 12 strands
of a PSC K-range
Fre yssistrand
anchorage
ClRlA Report 106 31

. .
zyxwvutsrqponm
zyxwvutsr
zyxwvutsr
zyxwvutsrq
19,lSmm liameter
strands
Figure 35 Section through 79-strand PSC Monogroup anchorage
Figure 36 Rear view of typical multi-strand anchorage zyxwvut

32 CIRlA Report 106
Figure 37 zyxwvuts
zyxwvutsrqpo
Section through zyxwv
Strmghold anchorage
Wedges
i
Bearing plate Steel trumpet
and lace plate
Grout hole
\ I
zyxwvuts
zyxwvuts
Figure 38
Section through
VSL anchorage
Anchor h e a d \ d
ClKlA Report I06 zyxwvutsrqpo 33

zyxwvuts
zyxwvutsrqp
zyxwvut
3.8 STRAND SYSTEMS FOR SLABS
3.8.1
zyxwvutsrq
Unbonded systems
~ development of greased iind plastic-coated strand, which can be
During the 1 9 6 0 ~the
cast direct into concrete without thc need for il duct, found widespread use in the
post-tcnsioning of f l i i t slabs (sec Figure 7, Page 1 I ) . As with other strand systems, there
is much in common between the various anchorages developed for this application.
Unbonded systems of this type can eiisily be idcntificd, bcciiuse they consist of
separately-iinchorcd single strands with conically-shaped recesses. The anchors are
partly obscured by concrete. and boltholes within thc concrete. on either side of the
recess. can usually bc identified. Anchors iirc usually located at about I-m spacing
iirouI1d the pcriphcry of the sli~b.
zyxwvut
3.8.2 BBRV Cona, CCL, PSC, SCD, Stronghold, VSL
(see Figures 39 and 40)
All these unbonded systems employ ii wcdgc-and-anchor-plate concept, and there are
only minor differences between them. Thc iinchor plate contains bolt holes to provide an
iittachnlcnt to the cdgc sliuttcr of the slab. iind il conical ieccss iscreated by a plastic
formcr.
3.8.3 Bonded systems (see Figures 41 and 42)

Most unbontlcd systems can :ilso be usecl with single ducted-and-grouted strand. In slab
;ippliciitions. the (diic!cd-iind-groiite~l)PSC 3!1S thrcc-strand system i1nd.slab anchor
may also bc cncountcrcd.
Sheal hing,
wedge
Section through BBRV-Cona unbonded anchorage
34 ClRlA Repoit 106
I
zyxwvu
zyxwvuts
zyxwvutsr
Figure 40
Stressing of slab. using
CCL iinbonded teindons
Figure 41
Section through
PSC 3/15 bonded
slab anchorage
Fieure 42
PSC 3/15 bonded
slab anchorage
being assembled
3s
zyxwvutsrqponmlkji
zyxw
I .
I
I
zyxwvutsrqpo
zyxwvutsrqpon zyxwvuts
3.9 COUPLING SYSTEMS AND DEAD-END ANCHORAGES
zyxwvuts
There iirC ii number of tcchniqucs for connecting tcndoiis. Many use swagcd ends to the
tendons. which iocatc into an anchorage plate. Thc tendon is iniMly strcsscd before
connecting to the continuing tendon. Examples of CCL and lJSC Coupling systems iirc
shown in Figures 43 to 45.The siimc systcms mtly a l s o Ilc used f o r dead-c!ld anchorages
as shown in Figure 46.
The BDKV system uscs ii special coupling r o d to form ;I conncction bctwecn thc
anchorages (sec Figure 47). All the systems iirc then finally strcsscd from the remote
ends.
Ilead-end i ~ ~ ~ c h < ) rInily
i ~ g casl s o be formed more simply by an end plate t o which the
tcndons arc fixed or swiigcd. o r to a curvcd platc around which the tendons a1.e loopcd
z
(sec Figure 48).
- ... --
?-== ..,A
.. .-- _ _ A
anchorage
coupling
Grout hole Swaged ends

lendin.
\
Figure 44
. .._
-.. zyxwvutsrqpo
.
Sectioti through Normal

PSC anchorage anchorag
couplihg
Figure 45
Assenibly Io'a typical
anchorage coupling
36 ClRlA Kcpor~106
-... .. . . . z
Casing & Swaged ends
zyxwvuts
zyxwvutsrq
Figure 46
Section through
PSC dead-end
anchorage Slrand
Slrand w i t h
swaged ends
--
__
25!%5
-
=-
Figure 47 Sectiori through BBRV anchorage coupling
zyxw
Looped wires
or strands
Figure 48 Section rhtvugi, typical looped-wire dead-end anchorage
37
3.1U CIRCULAR STRESSING SYSTEMS zyxwvu
Cylindrical concrete tanks or silos are frequently used t o storc materials (e.g. fluids,
granular materials or p o w ~ers). The load from the material causes ring tension in the
concrete wall which is resisted by the compressive force in the concrete. created by the
iadial component of the force from tendons which form complete rings around thc
structure. A number of systems have been devised.
zyxwvutsr
3.10.1 Wire winding
While several systems of wire winding have been developed. only the American Preload
system has been employed in the U K . the systems being operated only by the U K
licensees, Prestressed Structures Ltd.
In this system, a cradle is suspended from it travelling carriagc on the top of the wall to be
stressed (see Figure 49). The cradle propels itself around the tank by means of an endless
chain, and i t places a tensioned wire as it gces.
zyxwvuts
zyxwvutsrq
Figure 49
zyxwvutsr
Wire winding by th6
Preload system
38 ClRlA Report 106

zyxwvu
zyx
l ' h c systcni wiis dcvclopcd in the USA in the l93Os, iind it wiis first cniploycd in the 1JK
in 1951, Until about 1975. the tc&ioncd wircs wcrc distributed uniformly over the outer
facc of thc tank, hut more recently i t h;is hccn the Prcload practicc to hand thc wires in
scparatc grooves. Another systcni of wire winding hiis bccn dcvclopcd in the UK by
Taylor Woodrow Construction L.td.. spccificiilly for the prcstrcssing of concrete pressure
vcsscls for nuclcar reactors (SCCFigure SO).
zyxwvutsr
zyxwvu
zyxwvuts
Figure 50 Wire winding by the Taylor Woodrow system
Iri zyxwvutsrqpzyxwv
zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihg
zyxwvut
the VSL circular system, four strands ;ire anchored by mcms of loops around one cdgc
of thc anchor. and thcy iirc strcsscd by a jack acting on the opposite facc. This system
was dcvclopcd in Switzcrland. but i t may not havc been uscd in the U K .
lJsing thc StronSllold Connector (sec Figure SI), single strmds arc strcsscd and anchored.
using a single jack. The connector is of cast iron, arid i t can easily be recogniscc! by its
distinctive ‘double bottle‘ shape.
Stronghold strand
coupliny foir tank
stressing
3.10.4 Embedded tendons

Circular prestrcssing is oftcn achievecl using s t a n d x d post-tcnsioningsystcms. The
‘.,
tendons iirc cmbcddcd in thc t i i l i k wall. iiiirl thc anchors ;ire found on egch side ofa
c o n c r c ~ cpier which forms a vertical rib up the side of rtic w i i l l . Therc may bc two. threc.
f o u r . or ~ ~ sixc stressing
n piers.
For small tanks. single unbondcd tcriiloiis ni;iy he uscd and anchoicd in this way. I f the
Strongliold connector is used. ii pier I S uiiiicccss:iry. i~cc;iuscthe uiilxmdcd striliids arc
nicrcly brought to thc surf;icc of the t;iiik at stressing points.
3.10.5 Longitudinal prestressing

Most ciu:uliir prestressed structurch. wlicthcr tiinks o r pipcs. contiiiii longitudiiial. ;is well
a s circiiiiifcrciiti;il. tciiiloiis. TlicIoiigitiiiliii;il tcndons itrc strcsscd first. to cnsurc that
tlic Iiciiiliiig strcsscx cxiiscil iluriiig tlic ~irc~uiiifc.rciiti~il stressing arc i*oiiiitcr;ii‘tcd.
‘Ilic prcst rcssiiig systciii5 ciiiplo\c\i III tlic!;c two q w x t i o n s iirc usu;illy quite different.
(l..orcs;iiiil)lc.ii wire-woiiiiil t a n k iii:iy havc vcrtkil t x i r tc:idoiis o r strund tendons.) The
:inchorq:cs ::Ic ;ucssihlc Iroiii IIKt o p 01 the \vall.
ClRlA Report 106

3.10.6 Pyestressed pipes zyxwvu
zyxwvu
Two methods for thc production of prcstresscd pipes havc been employed in the UK:
T h e Stanpress systcm by Stanton and Stavclcy Ltd., and thc Rocla system by Iiocla pipes
Ltd. These systcms both involve wrapping high tensile wire round an internal layer of
concrete, which is thcr, protected by it final coat of concrete. The Stanpress system was
first introduced into thc U K in 1954.
3.10.7 Prestressed tunnel linings

There are a number oi ways ot prcstressing tunnels against internal prcssurc. but only
two are briefly mentioned here. Both involvc thc use of precast scgmcntal linings.
In the post-tensioning,method. the segments forming the floor of the tunncl havc
transverse slots. Prcstressing tendons are placed on the outside of the lining during
assembly, then stressed and anchored to each other in the slot, using ;i .pecial jack and
anchor.
The second method involves placing closed hoop tendons around the outside of thc lining
during asscmbly. Using specially developed equipment. the segments are stressed back
against the tcndons. while it keystone is insertcd bctwcen two segments. O n completion.
the space between thc lining and the tunnel Will1 is filled with concrete.
ClRlA Report 106 41 zyxw

I: zyxwvutsrqponml
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k j i h gfe
3.1 1 OTHER APPLICATIONS
3.11.1 The flat jack
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The Frcyssinct Fliit Jack is ii stccl L.iipsuic which ciiii b e iiiiidc to a n y desired size. It m a y
be circular, o r rectangular with rouiidccl coriicrs iis i n Figure 52. I t is ciist into the
zyxwvu
concrete, at ;I prcdctcrriiiiicd lociition. A1tc.r tl:c concrcic has hardcricd. the jack is
inflated. to give cithcr ii prcdc.tcrniirictl I O I L Y or ;I prcd~:tcrniincd iiwvciiiciit. using ciilicr
a fluid o r (niorc c m m o n l y ) grout. The system w a s iiitroclucctl from France in about
1050, and i t is still available today,
The prcscncc of flat jacks C ; I I I o f t c i i b e dcduccd by the csistcncc of joints 25 iiini o r iiiorc
in width. within which the grouting tuhcs t o r tlic jacks can be I'uund. Most fl:it jacks in
this country 1i;ivc bccn supplicd b y I'SC Equipment L!i.i.
3.1 1.2 Construction systems
zyxwvuts
Many of thc industri;iliscd building systems (e.g. the Bison system opcratcd by Concrctc
Ltd.) have riiiidc use of prcciist slah and bcam units which have prc-tcnsioncd w c l .
In the l9SOs. thcrc wcrc iilso two systems in which post-tensiont:d wires wcrc cn?ploycd:
lntcrgrid - (then opcr;ited b y Gilbcrt Ash Ltd.)""'
1-aingspari - (oper:rtcd b y J o h n 'iiiiig C'onstruction L i d . )
I n gcncr;il. the post-tcnsioninp 5ysiciiis used were Giff~)rd-U[lall-('CL_(sec Section 3.3. 1 )
o r PSC' Monowirc (SLY Section X 3 . 2 ) . h4ciiibcrh iiicorpor:%,{i:iy ;IS few :IS -7 o r 4 wires were
quite coiiiiiioiily ;idoptc:l. p:irticiil:iily iii t l i c prcstrc:;scd ioncrctc trusses which were ii
feature of both prccast systciiis.
Figure 52 zyxwvutsrqp
Freyssinet Flat Jack
42 C'IKIA Kcpor~106
References zyxwvut
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zyxwvutsrqpon
zyxwvutsrqpon
I. FEDERATION INTERNATIONAL
DE LA PRECONTRAINTE
Guide to Good Practice - Demolition of reinforced and
10. ABELES. P.W.
The principles and practices af prcstressed concrete
Lockwood. London. I952
prestressed concrete structures
Published by Cement and Concrete Association I I . BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION
(Wrexham Springs), I 9 8 2 The structural use of prestressed concrete ;n buildings
zyxwvutsrqp
C P I I S : 1959
2. BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION
Code of Practice for demolition 12. WALLEY. F.
BS 6187: 1982 The chilhood of prestressing - an introduction
.S/rtrc/uri// Gi#Ctrcr January 1'9x4 V01.62 (Part A). 5 t u 0
3. HEALTH ANr) SAFETY EXECUTIVE
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Guidance Notes: Health and safety in dernulition work 13. A guide to the design or anchor blocks for post-tensioned
G S 29/1 P a n I - Preparation and planning prestressed concrete members
G S 29/2 P a n 2 - Legislation ClRlA Guide I . 1976
G S 29/3 P a n 3 .-Techniques
G S 2914 P a n 4 - Health hazards 14. CONCRETE SOCIETY
HMSO, 1984 -. I985 Partial prestressing
Technical Report 23. 1983
4. CONCRETE S'3CIETY
Post-tensioned flat-slab design handbook I S . CONCRETE SOCIETY
Technical Report 25, 1984 Durability of tendons in prestressed concrete
Technical Report 2 I . 1982
S. Prestressed coiicrcte - friction I O S L C ~ during. htrcshiiig
CIRIA Kcport 74. 1Y7X 16. BUILDING RESEARCH ESTABLISHMENT
The structural condition of intergrid buildings of prestressed

6. CONCRETE SOCIETY concrete
Prcstrcssing: P a n 3 Loss of prcstress HMSO. 1978
Part 4 Stressing
Currelit Practice Sheet 43. I979 17. \'.'OODWARD. R.J.
'.;onditions within ducts in post-tensioned prestressed
7. BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION concrete
Nineteen-uirc strand for prestressed concrete Transport nnd Road Research Laboratory Report 980. I 9 8 I
BS 4757: 1971
I X . TURNER. F.H.
8. BRITISH STANDARDS INSI'ITU'IION A clesigncrs guide to prestressing
Spccilicntioii tor hot rolled ;in11 hot rolled nnd i i r w : t a ~ c d ~ ~ I , ~ ;Decenitxr
( ' I I ~ I . w / ~ I ~ I/ , ~ ~IIw I 979
high tensile iilloy slccl haw for ihc ~msircsswg, d c6wr'rcrc
BS 4486: I Y X O
9. nRlTlStI S'I'AN1)ARL)S l N S l l ' l l l ' l ~ l O N

Specilicntiw t o r high tei:silc steel wire hiruiid ttir t11c
pre,trcsaiiip ot uoiic'rerc
IIS 5 X Y O : I Y X O
C I N A Report 106 43
I
zyxwv
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rqponmlkjihgfedcbaZ Appendix‘ Supptiers of post-tensioning
systems
Relevant Section numbers of the text are given in parcnthcses after the name of the system.
BBRV (3.1.3,3.7.1,3.8)
Simonbuild Ltd.
PSC (3.3.2,3.4.3,3.7.1,3.7.2,3.8.2,
3.8.3,3.10.2,3.11.1,3.11.2)
4
(Simon-Carves Ltd.)
Regal House
Duke Street
Stockport
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Greater Manchester SK3 ORY
CCL(3.3.1,3.4.1,3.4.2,3.5.2,3.6.1,3.6.2,
3.7.2,3.8.2,3.8.3,3.9,3.10.2,3.11.2)
CCL Systems Ltd.
PSC Freyssinet Ltd.
The Ridgeway
Ivcr
Bucks
SCD (3.5.3,3.6.3,3.10.3)
Pilcon Engineering Ltd.
Brook House
Alcncon Link
Cabco House Basingstoke
Ewell Road Hants RG21 IQZ
Surbiton
Surrey KT6 7AH Stronghold (3.3.3,3.5.1,3.7.2,3.8.2,3.10.3)
zyxwvu
Stronghold International Ltcl.
Dividag (3.2.2) S t i i r House

Dividag Stressed Concrcte Ltd. Oxford Road
Wcstficld Road Stone
Southam Industrial Estate Aylesbury
Southam Bucks HP17 XPL
Warwicks
VSL (3.6.1.3.7.2.3.8.2.3.10.3)
Macalloy (3.2.1) Losingcr Syytems Ltd.
Reinforccmcnt Stccl Services Luptoi: :toad
McCiills Spccial I’roducts Tha me
PO Box 7 I OSOll
Hawkc
S h c f fieId
S.Yorks SO 2L.N
Preload (3.10.1)
Prcst rcsscd Structures Ltd.
1’0 1 h ) S 78
c;il)’iOll I<CJild
Miltori Mdso
Northiints
ClKlA Kcporl 106

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- ... - . . -.

A. E. ANDREW CEng FiStructE

F. H. TURNER MSc DIC CEng FlCE FlStructE

hr R.A . Hirrtlirnd (Chairmnn) Sir Frederick Snow B !'.irtners

and Mr B. G. Ricbardson, Technical Editor. drawings made by Mr I . Clilrke.

2 ClRlA Report 106

LIST Or' ILLUSTRATIOFJS

REVIEW OF POST-TENS!ONING SYSTEMS

3.4 Strand systems with single strands 24

APPENDIX SUPPLIERS OF POST-TENSIONING SYSTEMS 44

CIRIA Rcport 106 3

Figure 1 Forms of post-tensiowng strand

Figure 16 Section through Macallo y anchorqe

CIRIA Report 106

Prestressing: the controlled creation of permanent stress in ;I structural mcmhcr hefore

Prestressed concrete: a pre-compression may be applied to ii concrete section at ;I

Tendons: the prestressing force is usually created by stressing high-tensile bars.

Strand: 7-wire or IO-wire twisted form, used in sizes from 12 to 32 mm (nominal)

Normal seven-wire s t r a n d Drawn strand

zyxwvutsFornis of post-tensioning strand

Anchorage zone , H e o t r a l axis of s e c t i o n

Cable d u c t . Cable or tendon

Figure 3 Essentials of post-tensioning

8 ClRlA Report 106

Figure 5 Segmental post-tensioned bridge

ClRlA Repon 106

I2 CIRIA Rcprt 106

Tendon Probtible itriiitil

Macalloy brrrs (Seciion 3.2.1)

Divitlrig bars (iwo grrrdrs ofsieel) (Seciiorr 3.2.2)

ClRlA Report 106 13

2.1 BACKGROUND zyxwvutsr

7-nini) wire :ippciircil ii.1 1047.

14 ClRlA Kepotl 106

These developments were rcviewed recently by Walley"".

amount of tensile stress pcriniitcd in the critical sections"".

2.2.1 Live-end anchorages

2.2.2 Dead-end anchorages

ClRlA Repoil 106 IS

Cast span 1 i Cast span 2

3 Combining simple spans

Figure 9 Simplified layout of tendons in continuous beam

7. strand systems for slabs

Figure 13 Magnel-Blaton anchorage

ClKlA Kepoir IOh I9

3.2.1 Lee- McCalllMacalloy (see Figure 16)

501nm 1980 to date

20 ClRlA Report 106

3.2.2 Dywidag/Dividag (see Figure 17)

Grout duct, L ' b ' .

ClRlA Kcpon 106

CIRIA Kcpon I06

PSC Monowire (see Figure 21)

Figure 21 Section through PSC Monowire anchorage

zyxwvu 3.3.3 Gifford-Udal1 Tube Anchor, Stronghold

Figure 22 Section through CCL Spiral Strand anchorage

24 ClRlA Rcpon 106

Figure 23 Section through PSC-FreyssiStrand 19-wireanchorage

ClRlA Kcport 106 zyxwvutsrqpo 25