History Of Architecture II Reviewer (Finals)

AMERICAN COLONIAL
- refers to the architectural style that emerged in the American colonies during the
colonial period, which spanned from the 17th to the 18th centuries. This
architectural style reflects the influences of various European styles brought by the
colonizers, primarily the English, Dutch, French, and Spanish.
Distinct Features
- Panel front door centered, topped with rectangular windows (in door or as a transom)
and capped with an elaborate crown/entablature supported by decorative pilasters
- Cornice embellished with decorative moldings, usually dentil work.

ART NOUVEAU
- a late 19th and early 20th century aesthetic movement inspired by the natural world
- produced a highly expressive style of architecture, interior design, furniture, décor,
glasswork, jewelry, and visual arts.
Prominent Architects:
- Charles Rennie Mackintosh
- Antoni Gaudi
- Hector Guimard
Distinct Features:
- organic shapes and sinuous lines
- united flowing, natural forms with more angular contours
- mosaics and stained glass curving, plant-like embellishments
ARTS AND CRAFTS
- an influential movement of the late 19th century which attempted to re-establish the
skills of craftsmanship threatened by mass production and industrialization.
- The movement represent in some sense a revolt against the hard mechanical
conventional life and its insensitivity to beauty.
Prominent Architects:
- Philip Webb
- Richard Lethaby
- C.F.A. Voysey
Distinct Features:
- Clarity of Form and construction
- Asymmetry
- Craftsmanship
BAHAUS
- Founded by Walter Gropius in 1919, the Bauhaus aimed to bridge the gap between
art, craft, and technology, creating a harmonious fusion of aesthetics and
functionality.
- Has 3 periods; Early Years, Dessau Period, and Berlin Period
Prominent Architects:
- Walter Gropius
- Hannes Meyer
- Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
 Distinct Features:
- Functionalism
- functional shapes, abstract shapes
- basic industrial materials like concrete, steel, and glass
BEAUX-ART
- was the academic architectural style taught at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris,
particularly from the 1830s to the end of the 19th century.
Prominent Architects:
- RICHARD MORRIS HUNT
- HENRY HOBSON RICHARDSON
Distinct Features:
- Focus on Symmetry
- Hierarchy of interior space
- Classical Details
- Highly decorative surface
- Statues and figurines embedded in facade
- Stone or stoned like materials
BLOBITECTURE
- THE NAME FOR THE ARCHITECTURAL STYLE OF BUILDINGS DESIGNED
WITH TOTALLY UNIQUE, ORGANIC FORMS, OFTEN RESEMBLING A
BLOB OR AMOEBA SHAPE. THIS STYLE OF ARCHITECTURE IS ALSO
OFTEN REFERRED TO AS BLOB ARCHITECTURE, BLOBISM, OR
BLOBISMUS.
Prominent Architects:
- PETER EISENMAN
- NORMAN FOSTER
- MASSIMILIANO FUKSAS
- FRANK GEHRY
- ZAHA HADID AND PATRIK SCHUMACHER
- JAN KAPLICKÝ
BRUTALISM
- THE TERM ‘BRUTALISM’ WAS FIRST COINED BY THE BRITISH
ARCHITECTS ALISON AND PETER SMITHSON, AND WAS THEN
POPULARISED BY THE ARCHITECTURAL HISTORIAN REYNER BANHAM
IN 1954.
- IT IS DERIVED FROM ‘BÉTON BRUT’ (MEANING RAW CONCRETE) AND
WAS FIRST ASSOCIATED IN ARCHITECTURE WITH LE CORBUSIER, WHO
DESIGNED THE CITE SRADIEUSE IN MARSEILLES IN THE LATE 1940S.
Prominent Architects:
- Le Corbusier
- Alison Smithson
- Marcel Breuer
- Erno Goldfinger
Distinct Features:
- Heavy appearance
- Simple, graphic lines
- Lack of ornamentation
- Utilitarian feel
 - Monochromatic palette
- Rough, unfinished surfaces
- Modular elements
DECONSTRUCTIVISM
- Deconstructivism is a movement belonging to contemporary architecture and was
developed to oppose the ordered rationality of modernism. Its non-linear style and
defiance in the face of symmetrical shapes propelled the creation of buildings with a
unique visual appearance.
Prominent Architects:
- Peter Eisenman
- Bernard Tschumi
- REM KOOLHAS
- Frank Gehry
- Zaha Hadid
Distinct Features
- Unrelated forms.
- Abstract nature.
- Smooth exterior surfaces.
- Contrast of shapes and forms.
- Large expanses of a single material
ECLECTICISM
- Eclecticism is a conceptual approach that does not hold rigidly to a single paradigm
or set of assumptions, but instead draws upon multiple theories, styles, or ideas to
gain complementary insights into a subject, or applies different theories in particular
cases.
Prominent Architects:
- Daniel Burnham.
- Alexander Jackson Davis.
- Antonio Gaudi.
- Josef Hlávka.
Distinct Features:
- Combines two or more architectural styles to form an original result
FUNCTIONALISM
- The principle that buildings should be designed based solely on their purpose and
function
Prominent Architects:
- Louis Henry Sullivan
- Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
- Le Corbusier
Distinct Features:
- Austere, simple, and consistent aesthetics
- Low use of ornamentation and decoration emphasizes functionality over aesthetics
- Raw materials are displayed to show the function of the structure
FUTURISM
- An avant-garde art movement that emerged in the early 20th century, emphasizing
speed, technology, youth, and modernization.
- It sought to break away from tradition and embrace a bold, futuristic vision of the
built environment.
Prominent Architects:
- Filippo Tommaso Marinetti
- Antionio Sant’Elia
Distinct Features:
- Emphasis on dynamism and movement in architectural design.
- Asymmetrical and unconventional forms, often resembling machines.
- Integration of technology
- Rejection of historical architectural styles in favor of a vision of the future.
METABOLISM
- a modern architecture movement originating in Japan and most influential in the
1960s—trending roughly from the late 1950s to the early 1970s.
- The word metabolism describes the process of maintaining living cells. Young
Japanese architects after World War II used this word to describe their beliefs about
how buildings and cities should be designed, emulating a living being.
Prominent Architects:
- Kiyonori Kikutake
- Kisho Kurokawa
- Fumihiko Maki
- Noboru Kawazoe
Distinct Features:
- focus on modular and flexible structures that can adapt and change over time, much
like the metabolism of a living organism.
MONUMENTALISM
- defines the architectural tendencies that during the first half of the twentieth century
had as their essential canon the inspiration and connection to classicism and
neoclassicism. Critics divide this architecture into two streams: Neo-Baroque and
Simplified Neoclassicism.