J Periodontal Implant Sci.

2021 Jun;51(3):179-188
https://doi.org/10.5051/jpis.2006360318
pISSN 2093-2278·eISSN 2093-2286

Research Article
Periodontal Science
Effectiveness of porcine-derived
xenograft with enamel matrix
derivative for periodontal
regenerative treatment of intrabony
defects associated with a fixed
dental prosthesis: a 2-year follow-up
retrospective study
Received: Sep 29, 2020
Revised: Feb 6, 2021 Yeon-Tae Kim , Seong-Nyum Jeong
1 2
, Jae-Hong Lee 2,*

Accepted: Mar 10, 2021

Daejeon Dental Care Center for Persons with Special Needs, Daejeon Dental Hospital, Institute of
1

*Correspondence: Wonkwang Dental Research, Wonkwang University College of Dentistry, Daejeon, Korea
Jae-Hong Lee Department of Periodontology, Daejeon Dental Hospital, Institute of Wonkwang Dental Research,
2

Department of Periodontology, Daejeon Wonkwang University College of Dentistry, Daejeon, Korea

Dental Hospital, Institute of Wonkwang Dental
Research, Wonkwang University College of
Dentistry, 77 Dunsan-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon
35233, Korea. ABSTRACT
E-mail: [email protected]
Tel: +82-42-366-1114 Purpose: Due to the difficulty of the hygienic care and sanitary management of abutment teeth
Fax: +82-42-366-1115 and subpontic areas associated with fixed dental prostheses (FDPs), intrabony defects occur
Copyright © 2021. Korean Academy of and accelerate due to the accumulation of plaque and calculus. This study aimed to evaluate the
Periodontology efficacy of regenerative periodontal surgery for intrabony defects associated with FDPs.
This is an Open Access article distributed Methods: The study inclusion criteria were met by 60 patients who underwent regenerative
under the terms of the Creative Commons treatment between 2016 and 2018, involving a total of 82 intrabony defects associated with
Attribution Non-Commercial License (https://
FDPs. Periodontal osseous lesions were classified as 1-, 2-, and 3-wall intrabony defects and were
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).
treated with an enamel matrix derivative in combination with bone graft material. The changes
ORCID iDs in clinical (pocket probing depth [PPD] and clinical attachment level [CAL]) and radiographic
Yeon-Tae Kim (defect depth and width) outcomes were measured at baseline and at 6, 12, and 24 months.
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7209-3208 Results: Six months after regenerative treatment, a significant reduction was observed in
Seong-Nyum Jeong
the PPD of 1-wall (P<0.001), 2-wall (P<0.001), and 3-wall (P<0.001) defects, as well as a
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4890-989X
Jae-Hong Lee significant reduction in the CAL of 2-wall (P<0.001) and 3-wall (P<0.001) intrabony defects.
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2375-0141 However, there was a significant increase in the CAL of 1-wall intrabony defects (P=0.003).
Radiographically, a significant reduction in the depth of the 3-wall (P<0.001) defects and
Funding
a significant reduction in the width of 2-wall (P=0.008) and 3-wall (P<0.001) defects were
This research was supported by Wonkwang
University in 2021. observed. The depth decreased in 1-wall defects; however, this change was not statistically
significant (P=0.066).
Author Contributions Conclusions: Within the limitations of the current study, regenerative treatment of 2- and 3-wall
Conceptualization: Yeon-Tae Kim, Jae-Hong
intrabony defects associated with FDPs improved clinical and radiological outcomes. Additional
Lee, Seong-Nyum Jeong; Formal analysis:
Yeon-Tae Kim, Jae-Hong Lee, Seong-Nyum
prospective studies are necessary to confirm our findings and to assess long-term outcomes.
Jeong; Investigation: Yeon-Tae Kim, Jae-Hong
Keywords: Enamel matrix proteins; Fixed partial denture; Periodontal guided tissue
Lee, Seong-Nyum Jeong; Methodology:
Yeon-Tae Kim, Jae-Hong Lee, Seong-Nyum regeneration; Periodontitis

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Periodontal surgery of intrabony defects

Jeong; Project administration: Yeon-Tae Kim, INTRODUCTION

Jae-Hong Lee, Seong-Nyum Jeong; Writing
- original draft: Yeon-Tae Kim, Jae-Hong Lee,
In the past and present decades, fixed dental prostheses (FDPs) have served as an efficient and
Seong-Nyum Jeong; Writing - review & editing:
Yeon-Tae Kim, Jae-Hong Lee, Seong-Nyum
predictable treatment modality for partially edentulous patients. According to a systematic
Jeong. review and meta-analysis, conventional FDPs show a 10-year long-term survival rate of 89.1%
(95% confidence interval [CI], 81.0%–93.8%) and a success rate of 71.1% (95% CI, 47.7%–
Conflict of Interest 85.2%); these rates reflect inevitable biological and mechanical complications such as dental
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this
caries, periodontitis, loss of retention, abutment fractures, and prosthetic fractures [1].
article was reported.

Most studies have confirmed that FDPs directly or indirectly affect the health of periodontal
tissue associated with FDPs [2-5]. Fayyad and al-Rafee [3,4] reported that the probability of
recurrence of periodontitis after 5 years of functional loading was 12%. Periodontitis was the
predominant cause of FDP failure, accounting for 36.6% of cases in which FDPs failed [4].

The difficulty of the maintenance care of the abutment teeth and subpontic area of FDPs
causes alveolar bone loss to develop and accelerate due to the accumulation of plaque and
calculus [6]. Specifically, subgingival margin preparation, poor or irregular restoration
margins, and over- or under-contoured restorations lead to localized periodontal breakdown
[7-9]. However, since there is a limit to the reliability and accuracy of clinical periodontal
measurements compared to natural teeth, current evidence is still insufficient to determine
whether FDPs directly intensify or exaggerate alveolar bone loss [5].

Oral pathological bacteria-induced inflammatory pathways cause persistent destruction of

the supporting bone and periodontal tissues [10]. In particular, when periodontal osseous
lesions occur adjacent to FDPs, bone defects become wider and deeper; therefore, an
appropriate treatment strategy is needed to improve clinical outcomes. Although multiple
studies have explored various treatment modalities for periodontitis-induced intrabony
defects, no studies have yet focused on regenerative periodontal surgery for the treatment of
intrabony defects associated with FDPs. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the efficacy
of regenerative treatment of intrabony defects associated with FDPs.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Data collection
The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Daejeon Dental
Hospital, Wonkwang University (approval No. W2009/001-001). This observational study was
conducted in accordance with the STROBE guidelines. Data were collected from the clinical
and periapical radiographic records of all included patients who underwent regenerative
periodontal surgery at the Department of Periodontology, Daejeon Dental Hospital,
Wonkwang University, between September 2016 and August 2018.

The following inclusion criteria were applied: 1) age ≥19 years old, 2) the presence of an
intrabony defect associated with FDP (≥3 mm clinical attachment level [CAL] at the site
of greatest loss) in the premolar or molar regions, 3) having completed conventional pre-
surgical treatment (including scaling and root planing) and stable clinical periodontal status
(full-mouth plaque score and full-mouth bleeding score on probing<25%), and 4) healthy
or controlled systemic diseases (including diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases) or
conditions. Patients with the following conditions were excluded: 1) previously surgically

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Periodontal surgery of intrabony defects

treated at the same surgical site, 2) current heavy smokers (≥10 cigarettes per day), and 3)
patients who received no or irregular supportive periodontal treatment.

Surgical procedure
All regenerative treatments were performed by 1 board-certified periodontal specialist (JHL).
After local infiltration anesthesia (2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine), an intrasulcular
incision of the intrabony defect associated with FDP was performed without an additional
vertical incision. A full-thickness flap was minimally elevated to extend to the subpontic
area in order to expose the intrabony defect using the Orban knife and #12, #15, and #15c
blades. The remaining plaque, calculus, and granulation tissues were carefully removed
using manual curettes (Standard and mini Gracey curettes; Hu-Friedy, Chicago, IL, USA) and
an ultrasonic scaler (SONICflex air scaler; KaVo, Biberach, Germany). Additional bleeding
control, root conditioning, and decontamination of the intrabony defect were performed
with tetracycline HCl at a concentration of 50 mg/mL for 2 minutes, and then the intrabony
defect was thoroughly rinsed with sterile saline. Subsequently, the intrabony defect was
compactly filled with a mixture of demineralized porcine bone matrix (the Graft 0.25 g; Purgo
Biologics, Seongnam, Korea) and enamel matrix derivative (EMD, Straumann® Emdogain
0.3 mL; Straumann, Basel, Switzerland). No periosteal releasing incision was performed,
and tension-free primary closure was achieved using modified horizontal mattress and
interrupted sutures with a non-absorbable polytetrafluorethylene monofilament (Biotex®;
Purgo Biologics) (Figure 1).

Post-surgical procedure
The treated patients were prescribed postoperative medication (antibiotics [amoxicillin 500
mg thrice daily], analgesics [ibuprofen 200 mg thrice daily]) for 5 to 7 days. In addition, all
patients were instructed to rinse their mouths with 15 mL of 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate
for 1 minute, twice a day for 2 weeks. Two weeks after periodontal surgery, the sutures were
removed, and the surgical site was thoroughly and gently cleansed with sterile saline. For
hygiene in the subpontic area, we educated patients on how to use superfloss. Clinical and
radiographic examinations with professional tooth cleaning were scheduled and performed
at 6, 12, and 24 months, respectively.

Clinical and radiographic parameters

During regenerative treatment, periodontal osseous lesions were classified as 1-, 2-, and
3-wall intrabony defects. [11] Changes in the clinical (pocket probing depth [PPD] and CAL)
and radiographic (defect depth and width) parameters of intrabony defects were measured at
baseline (before surgery) and at 6, 12, and 24 months on periapical radiographs. Defect depth
was calculated as the distance between the crest of the alveolar bone and the bottom of the
bone defect. Defect width was measured as the horizontal distance between the alveolar crest
at the bone defect in the direction perpendicular to the long axis of the tooth. All clinical
parameters were measured by the operator who performed the periodontal surgery (JHL)
using a periodontal probe (CP 15 UNC; Hu-Friedy). All radiographic measurements were
conducted by a single calibrated examiner not involved with the periodontal treatment, using
a medical image viewer (Osirix X 11 64-bit version; Pixmeo SARL, Geneva, Switzerland).

Statistical analysis
Descriptive statistics of baseline characteristics are presented, including the frequency,
proportion, mean, and standard deviation of 82 intrabony defects in 60 patients. The
Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was conducted to assess normality distribution. The t-test was

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Periodontal surgery of intrabony defects

B G H I

Baseline
6 months 12 months 24 months
Regenerative
Follow-up Follow-up Follow-up
periodontal surgery

C D E F

Figure 1. Two-year follow-up after regenerative treatment of an intrabony defect associated with a FDP. (A) Periapical radiograph before periodontal surgery, (B)
periapical radiograph after periodontal surgery with a bone graft, (C) a deep intrabony defect associated with an FDP was detected by a periodontal probe, (D)
minimal elevation of a full-thickness flap to expose the intrabony defect, (E) the bone defect was compactly filled with a mixture of demineralized porcine bone
matrix and enamel matrix derivative, (F) tension-free primary closure was achieved using interrupted and modified horizontal mattress sutures, (G, H) periapical
radiograph at 6 and 12 months, respectively, after periodontal surgery, (I, J) periapical radiograph and clinical photo at 24 months after periodontal surgery.
FDP: fixed dental prosthesis.

performed to identify significant differences in all clinical and radiographic outcomes at

baseline, 6, 12, and 24 months for the 82 intrabony defects. Before the study, the examiner
was calibrated to minimize intra-examiner variability. All radiographic parameters were
measured thrice in 10 intrabony defects. The intraclass correlation coefficient scores were
over 0.9 for all measures of reliability. All statistical calculations were conducted using
statistical software (SPSS Statistics version 26.0; IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA), and the
significance level was set at 5%.

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Periodontal surgery of intrabony defects

RESULTS
Baseline characteristics
Sixty patients with 82 intrabony defects associated with FDP were included, comprising 35
(58.3%) men and 25 (41.7%) women with a mean age of 53.8±11.2 years (range, 28–76 years).
There were 14 (23.3%) patients with diabetes, 42 (70.0%) nonsmokers, and 18 (30.0%)
smokers, all of whom smoked less than 10 cigarettes per day, (Table 1). The intrabony defects
were distributed in the posterior jaw as follows: maxillary first premolar, n=2 (2.4%); second
premolar, n=5 (6.1%); first molar, n=11 (13.4%); second molar, n=25 (30.5%); mandibular
first premolar, n=4 (4.9%); second premolar, n=2 (2.4%), first molar, n=10 (12.2%); and
second molar, n=23 (28.0%). The mean period of functional loading before regenerative
treatment was 60.2±39.3 months (range, 9–212 months) (Figure 2).

Clinical and radiographic outcomes

Table 2 provides the clinical and radiographic outcomes at baseline and at 6, 12, and 24
months after regenerative treatment. Clinically, at 6 months after regenerative treatment,
a significant reduction in PPD was observed, from 7.2±1.1 mm to 5.1±1.6 mm (P<0.001),
as well as a significant reduction in CAL from 7.5±1.1 mm to 5.8±2.2 mm (P<0.001).
Radiographically, at 6 months after regenerative treatment, a significant reduction in defect
depth, from 5.0±1.4 mm to 3.8±1.8 mm (P<0.001), was observed, as well as a significant
reduction in defect width from 1.5±0.7 mm to 1.2±0.7 mm (P=0.004).

Figure 3 presents a comparison of changes in the clinical and radiographic outcomes based
on the classification of intrabony defects associated with FDP. Clinically, at 6 months after
regenerative treatment, a significant reduction was found in the PPD of 1-wall (P<0.001),
2-wall (P<0.001), and 3-wall (P<0.001) intrabony defects, as well as a significant reduction
in the CAL of 2-wall (P<0.001) and 3-wall (P<0.001) intrabony defects. Radiographically,
at 6 months after regenerative treatment, a significant reduction was found in the depth
of the 3-wall (P<0.001) defects, as well as a significant reduction in the width of the 2-wall
(P=0.008) and 3-wall (P<0.001) defects.

Table 1. Baseline characteristics of included patients and intrabony defects associated with fixed dental prostheses
Variables Values
Demographic factors 60 (100.0)
Sex
Male 35 (58.3)
Female 25 (41.7)
Age (yr) 53.8±11.2
Diabetes mellitus 14 (23.3)
Smoking status
Non-smoker 42 (70.0)
Current smoker (<10 cigarettes per day) 18 (30.0)
Intrabony defects 82 (100.0)
Defect morphology
One-wall 12 (14.6)
Two-wall 29 (35.4)
Three-wall 41 (50.0)
Period of functional loading (mon) 60.2±39.3
Data are shown as mean±standard deviation or number (%).

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Periodontal surgery of intrabony defects

14
One-wall intrabony defect Two-wall intrabony defect Three-wall intrabony defect
12
No. of intrabony defects

10
8
13
6 12
4 8 8
6 5 5 5
2
2 2 2 3 2 2
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Mx. first Mx. second Mx. first Mx. second Mn. first Mn. second Mn. first Mn. second
A
premolar premolar molar molar premolar premolar molar molar

16
One-wall intrabony defect Two-wall intrabony defect Three-wall intrabony defect
14
No. of intrabony defects

12
10
8
14 13
6 11
4 9 8
6 7
2 5
3 2 2
0 1 1
0–12 months 13–24 months 25–36 months 37–48 months Over 48 months B

Figure 2. (A) Frequency distribution of intrabony defects according to their position in the jaw, (B) period of functional loading before regenerative treatment.

Table 2. Clinical and radiographic outcomes at baseline, 6, 12, and 24 months after regenerative treatment of intrabony defects associated with fixed dental
prostheses
Parameters (mm) Baseline 6-month follow-up 12-month follow-up 24-month follow-up
Mean±SD (95% CI) Mean±SD (95% CI) P valuea) Mean±SD (95% CI) P valueb) Mean±SD (95% CI) P valuec)
Clinical outcomes
PPD
One-wall 7.6±0.7 (7.2–7.9) 6.7±1.0 (6.3–7.1) <0.001 6.4±1.3 (5.8–6.9) 0.342 6.3±1.3 (5.8–6.9) 0.892
Two-wall 7.2±1.1 (6.7–7.6) 5.2±1.2 (4.7–5.7) <0.001 4.9±1.1 (4.4–5.3) 0.330 5.0±1.2 (4.5–5.5) 0.732
Three-wall 6.9±1.3 (6.4–7.4) 3.5±0.4 (3.3–3.7) <0.001 3.8±1.2 (3.3–4.3) 0.171 3.8±1.1 (3.3–4.3) 0.906
CAL
One-wall 8.0±0.8 (7.7–8.3) 8.7±0.7 (8.3–9.0) 0.003 8.6±0.7 (8.3–8.9) 0.698 8.5±0.7 (8.2–8.8) 0.780
Two-wall 7.4±1.0 (7.0–7.8) 5.5±1.3 (4.9–6.0) <0.001 5.1±1.3 (4.6–5.7) 0.336 5.2±1.3 (4.6–5.7) 0.938
Three-wall 7.1±1.3 (6.5–7.6) 3.7±0.6 (3.4–3.9) <0.001 3.9±1.2 (3.4–4.4) 0.462 3.9±1.1 (3.4–4.4) 0.895
Radiographic outcomes
Defect depth
One-wall 5.1±1.6 (4.5–5.8) 4.3±1.7 (3.6–5.0) 0.066 4.9±2.0 (4.1–5.7) 0.216 4.8±1.9 (4.0–5.6) 0.859
Two-wall 5.0±1.4 (4.4–5.6) 4.4±1.6 (3.7–5.1) 0.116 4.4±1.6 (3.7–5.0) 0.968 4.5±1.7 (3.8–5.2) 0.722
Three-wall 4.8±1.1 (4.3–5.2) 2.5±1.4 (1.9–3.1) <0.001 2.6±1.6 (1.9–3.3) 0.868 2.6±1.9 (1.8–3.4) 0.943
Defect width
One-wall 1.8±0.6 (1.6–2.1) 1.9±0.7 (1.7–2.2) 0.549 1.9±0.7 (1.6–2.2) 0.827 1.9±0.7 (1.7–2.2) 0.828
Two-wall 1.5±0.7 (1.3–1.8) 1.2±0.4 (1.0–1.3) 0.008 1.1±0.3 (0.1–1.2) 0.254 1.0±0.4 (0.8–1.1) 0.293
Three-wall 1.3±0.8 (0.9–1.6) 0.6±0.3 (0.4–0.7) <0.001 0.6±0.4 (0.4–0.7) 0.968 0.7±0.3 (0.5–0.8) 0.498
Boldface indicates P values below the significance level of 0.05.
PPD: probing pocket depth, CAL: clinical attachment loss, SD: standard deviation, CI: confidence interval.
P values for comparisons between a)baseline vs. 6 months, b)6 months vs. 12 months, and c)12 months vs. 24 months, respectively.

DISCUSSION
The characteristics of bone defect morphology, including depth, width, angulation, and
number of defect walls, have been found to be closely related to the prognosis of periodontal

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Periodontal surgery of intrabony defects

Changes of clinical attachment level

Changes of probing pocket depth

0 2
−0.9 1 0.7 0.6 0.5
−0.8 −1.2 −1.2
0
−1.6 −2.0 −1 −1.6
(mm)

(mm)
−2.2 −2.2 −1.7 −1.7
−2.4 −2.1 −2
−2.3 −2.2 −2.0
−3 −2.3 −2.3
−3.2 −3.2 −3.2
−3.1 −3.1 −4 −3.4
−3.4
−4.0 −5
Baseline 6 months 12 months 24 months A Baseline 6 months 12 months 24 months B

1 0.5
Changes of defect depth

Changes of defect width

−0.2 −0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1
0
−0.6 0
−0.6 −0.5
(mm)

(mm)
−1 −0.9 −0.3
−0.4 −0.4
−1.0 −1.0
−1.2 −0.5 −0.6
−0.4
−2 −0.5
−2.1 −0.6
−2.2 −2.2 −0.7 −0.7
−3 −1.0
Baseline 6 months 12 months 24 months C Baseline 6 months 12 months 24 months D

One-wall intrabony defect Two-wall intrabony defect Three-wall intrabony defect Total
Figure 3. Comparison of changes of clinical and radiographic outcomes according to the classification of intrabony defects associated with fixed dental
prostheses. (A) Probing pocket depth at 6, 12, and 24 months, (B) clinical attachment loss at 6, 12, and 24 months, (C) defect depth at 6, 12, and 24 months, (D)
defect width at 6, 12, and 24 months.

regeneration in intrabony defects [12,13]. In the present study, during 24 months of

observation after regenerative periodontal surgery for intrabony defects associated with
FDPs, the clinical and radiographic outcomes, including CAL, PPD, and defect depth and
width, significantly improved, except for 1-wall intrabony defects. This is because a larger
number of defect walls provide a stable environment for grafting materials, clot formation,
and bridging vascular and cellular elements from the periodontal ligament and osseous walls
[13]. These findings are consistent with systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomized
controlled clinical trials assessing the efficacy of regenerative treatment for periodontal
intrabony defects [14,15].

A previous review indicated that abutment teeth associated with FDPs showed more plaque
and food retention and gingival inflammation than the non-abutment teeth [5]. In our
previous study of 184 periodontally compromised patients with 2- and 3-wall intrabony
defects, the baseline PPD was found to be 6.3±1.7 mm and the CAL was 7.1±1.6 mm [16].
When the patients of this study were limited to 2- and 3-wall intrabony defects, the baseline
PPD was 7.0±1.2 mm and CAL was 7.3±1.1 mm, respectively. In a recent randomized
controlled clinical trial, which was only limited to 1-wall intrabony defects, the baseline PPD
was reported to be 7.3±0.6 mm and CAL was 7.8±0.6 mm [17]. When the patients of this study
were likewise limited to 1-wall intrabony defects, the baseline PPD was 7.6±0.7 mm and CAL
was 8.0±0.8 mm, respectively. In light of these results, we carefully suggest that the intrabony
defects associated with FDPs show more severe bone loss than conventional intrabony
defects associated with chronic periodontitis.

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Periodontal surgery of intrabony defects

Many clinical studies in the past decades have demonstrated that guided tissue regeneration
is an effective and successful treatment modality for regenerative surgery of intrabony defects
[18,19]. However, guided tissue regeneration has major drawbacks, such as an additional cost
burden, technique sensitivity, and serious postoperative complications (barrier membrane
exposure, wound dehiscence and fenestration, and infection) [20]. Therefore, in recent
years, various alternative regeneration techniques and materials without the use of a barrier
membrane, particularly a non-resorbable barrier membrane, have been introduced [21].

EMD is expected not only to enhance periodontal regeneration through new cementum
formation and connective tissue attachment but also to promote soft tissue wound healing
and reduce patients' subjective discomfort [16,17,22]. In an attempt to achieve periodontal
regeneration without the adjunctive use of barrier membranes, EMD has become an
acceptable treatment option in most periodontal practices [23,24]. Nemoto et al. [25]
reported that the use of EMD with bone graft material resulted in similar improvements in
periodontal regeneration with or without a barrier membrane. Another split-mouth clinical
trial also showed that PPD, CAL, and the filled bone rate significantly improved regardless of
the use of a barrier membrane [26].

Previous studies showed that the combination of bone grafting material and EMD had no
additional benefit when compared to EMD alone [27,28]. However, a recent systematic review
and meta-analysis reported that the adjunctive use of bone grafting materials in combination
with EMD may result in an additional clinical benefit in terms of PPD reduction of 4.22±1.20
mm (95% CI, 3.96–4.24 mm) and CAL gain of 3.76±1.07 mm (95% CI, 3.51–3.75 mm)
compared with EMD without bone grafts [24]. In our study, at 24 months after regenerative
treatment, the intrabony defects associated with FDPs also showed a mean PPD reduction of
4.1±1.7 mm and a CAL gain of 3.4±1.5 mm (P<0.001).

This study included all types of intrabony defect morphology in premolar and molar
positions, but the lack of a sufficient number of tooth positions and defect types is
considered as a major limitation. In particular, only 13 cases of maxillary and mandibular
premolars and 12 cases of 1-wall intrabony defects were included. Therefore, more cases
associated with FDPs and careful interpretation are needed to prevent selection bias.

In conclusion, within the limitations of the current study, the effectiveness of porcine-derived
xenograft with EMD for periodontal regenerative treatment of 2- and 3-wall intrabony defects
associated with FDPs improved clinical and radiological parameters. Further high-quality
prospective studies on long-term outcomes and a greater number of cases are necessary to
confirm our findings.

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