Tourism Term Paper

A term paper for URP 412 on Tourist sites in Nigeria.
BY
DABUL SOPHIA SECHIVIR 2019/1/78685VP
DEPARTMENT OF URBAN AND REGIONAL

PLANNING.
FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENTAL
TECHNOLOGY
FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
MINNA.
COURSE CODE:
URP 412 (TOURISM PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT) .
COURSE LECTURES:
DR. MOHAMMED BALA BANKI.
MISS UMMULKHAIR HUSSAINI
MARCH, 2024.
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Table of contents
1.Introduction…………………………………………….……..1
1.1 Tourism in Nigeria…………………………………….. …..2
2.1 Eko atlantic city………………………………………….…4
3.1 Obudu mountain resort…………………………………….7
4.1 The Ibeno beach………………………………………….10
5.1 Nambila plateau……………………………………….…14
6.1 Ngwo pine forest…………………………………………19
7.1 Awhum waterfall…………………………………………24
8.1 Gashaka-Gumti national park……………………….. .…28
9.1 The royal palace of the oba of Benin……………………33
10.1 Oban hills………………………………………………37
11.1 Ogbunike caves…………………………………………42
12.1 The ancient Nok settlement…………………………..…46
13.1 Yankari game reserve……………………………………50
14.1 The Tinapa free zone and resort…………………………54
15.1 General challenges ………………………………………59
16.1 General conclusion………………………………….……61
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1.INTRODUCTION
Nigeria, the most populous country in Africa, boasts a rich cultural heritage,
diverse landscapes, and a wealth of historical landmarks, making it a compelling
destination for tourists from around the world. With a history spanning millennia
and a vibrant tapestry of traditions, Nigeria offers an array of tourist sites that
showcase its natural beauty, cultural richness, and historical significance.
In this term paper, we will delve into the diverse array of tourist attractions
scattered across Nigeria, ranging from breathtaking natural wonders to ancient
architectural marvels. From the bustling metropolises of Lagos and Abuja to the
serene landscapes of the countryside, Nigeria offers an eclectic mix of experiences
for travelers seeking adventure, culture, and relaxation.
This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of Nigeria's top tourist sites,
highlighting their historical, cultural, and geographical significance. By examining
these attractions in detail, we will gain insight into the diverse tapestry of Nigeria's
heritage and the unique experiences that await visitors to this dynamic nation.
Throughout this exploration, we will uncover the stories behind iconic landmarks
such as the ancient city of Benin, the stunning landscapes of Obudu Mountain
Resort, and the vibrant markets of Kano.
Furthermore, this paper will examine the challenges and opportunities facing
Nigeria's tourism industry, including infrastructure development, conservation
efforts, and the promotion of sustainable tourism practices. By understanding the
complexities of Nigeria's tourism landscape, we can identify strategies to enhance
visitor experiences, support local communities, and preserve the country's natural
and cultural heritage for future generations.
In conclusion, Nigeria's tourist sites offer a captivating journey through history,

culture, and natural beauty, inviting travelers to discover the wonders of this
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vibrant nation. As we embark on this exploration, let us delve into the heart of
Nigeria's rich heritage and uncover the treasures that await within its borders.
1.1 TOURISM IN NIGERIA.

Nigeria as a Nation located in West Africa is a Country of great recognition in the
world and is acknowledged to be blessed with innumerable resources that can be
further developed and geared towards Tourism in the country. As we know it and
from statistics previewed in the class, the proceeds of tourism can and have greatly
improved the economies of the countries that are actively engaged in divers aspects
of tourism. It will also be a game changer if Nigeria adopts tourism as a forte and
develop both the natural and artificial sites, monuments, cultural and traditional
diversities scattered all around the country and advance them to international
standards to attract tourists from all over the world.
Nigeria, as a country , possesses immense tourism potential due to its rich cultural
heritage, diverse natural landscapes, historical landmarks, and vibrant cities. With
a population of over 200 million people and a geographical expanse that spans
from the Atlantic coastline to the Sahel region, Nigeria offers a wide range of
attractions and experiences for travelers.
Cultural Heritage: Nigeria is home to over 250 ethnic groups, each with its unique
traditions, languages, and artistic expressions. From the Igbo masquerades to the
Yoruba festivals and the Hausa-Fulani cultural traditions, Nigeria offers a rich
tapestry of cultural experiences. Visitors can immerse themselves in vibrant
markets, explore ancient kingdoms, witness traditional ceremonies, and indulge in
local cuisine to experience the cultural diversity of the country.
Natural Wonders: Nigeria boasts an array of natural wonders that captivate the
senses. From the breathtaking waterfalls of Erin Ijesha and Gurara to the lush
rainforests of Cross River and the savannahs of Yankari National Park, the country
is blessed with diverse ecosystems and abundant wildlife. Nature enthusiasts can
embark on safaris, bird-watching expeditions, hiking adventures, and relax in
serene beach resorts along the Atlantic coast.
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Historical Landmarks: Nigeria is steeped in history, with numerous historical

landmarks scattered throughout the country. Sites such as the ancient city of Benin
with its magnificent bronzes, the Ogbunike Caves, the Idanre hills, and the ancient
Nok terracotta sculptures provide glimpses into Nigeria's rich historical past. These
sites offer visitors an opportunity to explore ancient civilizations, architectural
marvels, and artifacts that span centuries.
Urban Vibrancy: Nigeria's cities showcase a unique blend of modernity and

cultural heritage. Lagos, the commercial hub, pulsates with energy, offering a
vibrant nightlife, bustling markets, and contemporary art galleries. Abuja, the
capital, boasts impressive architecture, including the Nigerian National Mosque
and Aso Rock Presidential Villa. Other cities like Port Harcourt, Kano, and Enugu
offer their own distinctive cultural experiences, including traditional festivals,
music, and cuisine.
Having these potential tourism ingredients is not enough this is because they need
to be harnessed; which is the development stage.
Shortly well take a look at these strategic areas which are termed Tourism
potential areas within the country that have and as earlier said can be developed to
international standard.
TOURIST SITES IN NIGERIA
2.1 EKO ATLANTIC CITY
Eko Atlantic City, a rising metropolis on reclaimed land off the coast of Lagos,
Nigeria, is more than just a construction project. It's a vision for a sustainable,
futuristic city that aspires to become a global hub for business, innovation, and
eventually, tourism. Eko Atlantic's biggest draw is its very origin story - a city built
on reclaimed land. Witnessing a modern metropolis rise from the ocean offers an
unparalleled experience for tourists seeking novelty and a glimpse into the
future.The city is meticulously planned around state-of-the-art infrastructure,
promising high-speed internet, sustainable energy solutions, and efficient
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transportation systems. Tourists can expect a comfortable and technologically

advanced experience.
Eko Atlantic's division into distinct districts caters to diverse tourist segments:
○ Eko Marina: A haven for luxury tourism with high-end hotels,

upscale shopping, and stunning waterfront views.
○ Business District: A global financial hub attracting business travelers
with skyscrapers, conference facilities, and office spaces.
○ Free Trade Zone: A magnet for international businesses with
dedicated infrastructure and tax incentives.
○ Technology Hub: A center for innovation, attracting tech startups and
research institutions.
○ Entertainment District: A vibrant hub with theme parks, cultural
performances, and leisure facilities for families and recreation seekers.
2.1.1 Challenges and Considerations for development:
● Accessibility: Currently, access to Eko Atlantic is limited. Developing

efficient transportation links like bridges, tunnels, or ferries will be crucial.
● Environmental Impact: Large-scale land reclamation can have
environmental consequences. Ongoing monitoring and implementing
sustainable practices are essential.
● Uncertain Completion Date: Being under construction, the timeline for
completion is uncertain, which might deter tourists initially.
● Accessibility: Currently, access to Eko Atlantic is limited. As construction
progresses, developing efficient transportation links to the mainland will be
crucial for attracting tourists.
● Environmental Impact: Land reclamation projects can have environmental
consequences. Ongoing monitoring and implementing sustainable practices
are essential for long-term viability.
● Stage of Development: Eko Atlantic is still under construction, and the
timeline for completion is uncertain. Tourists might be hesitant to visit until
more attractions and infrastructure are in place.
2.2 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT.

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Eko Atlantic City's story isn't simply about rising from the ocean; it's a narrative
interwoven with environmental concerns, economic aspirations, and the evolving
vision of a tourist destination. Here's a comprehensive look at the historical
development of Eko Atlantic City as a potential tourist site in Nigeria:
Early Days (1940s-1960s):
● The narrative of Eko Atlantic doesn't begin with tourism in mind. The 1940s
saw concerns about coastal erosion threatening Lagos, Nigeria's economic
hub. The solution? Land reclamation.
● Accounts vary, but some suggest the initial exploration of the area for
ranching purposes might have happened in the 1940s by European
veterinary doctors or a British rancher.
From Ranching to Resort (1960s-1990s):
● By the 1960s, the focus shifted from solely addressing erosion to exploring
the potential of the reclaimed land. The cool climate and scenic beauty
offered a stark contrast to Nigeria's hot and humid lowlands.
● Under the leadership of Dr. M.I. Okpara, the Eastern Regional Governor,
efforts began to develop the Obudu Cattle Ranch (the initial name) into a
tourist resort. Initial infrastructure included chalets and recreational
facilities.
● The 1970s witnessed a pivotal moment with the construction of the iconic
cable car, a feat of engineering that allowed access to the resort perched on
the plateau.
● However, political instability and economic challenges in the 1980s and
1990s hampered significant development, leaving the resort's tourist
potential largely unrealized.
Rejuvenation and Repositioning (1999-Present)
● A turning point arrived in 1999 with Donald Duke becoming the Governor
of Cross River State (where Obudu Cattle Ranch was located). Recognizing
its potential, Duke initiated a major rehabilitation project.
● Eko Atlantic City, the new name reflecting its Lagos location, received
significant investment. This phase focused on transforming it into a world-
class resort city.
● New mountain villas, water parks, and conference facilities were
constructed, aiming to attract a wider audience.
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● The focus on tourism intensified, with plans for luxury hotels, upscale
shopping experiences, and entertainment zones.
Eko Atlantic City's historical development showcases a continual adaptation to

changing circumstances. While initially focused on addressing environmental
concerns, it has evolved into a project with a strong tourism focus. By navigating
challenges effectively and capitalizing on its unique features, Eko Atlantic City has
the potential to become a major tourist destination in Nigeria, attracting visitors
seeking a blend of modernity, sustainability, and cultural immersion.
Fig1: Image of Eko Atlantic city
Fig1.2: Image showing Eko Atlantic city from a different angle.
3.1 OBUDU MOUNTAIN RESORT

Obudu Mountain Resort, also known as Obudu Cattle Ranch, is nestled on the
Obudu Plateau in Cross River State, Nigeria. Situated close to the Cameroon
border, it's approximately 110 kilometers east of Ogoja town and 332 kilometers
by car from Calabar, the state capital. Originally established as a cattle ranch in the
1940s, Obudu Mountain Resort has transformed into a premier tourist destination.
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It offers a welcome respite from Nigeria's hot climate with its temperate year-
round weather. Perched at an altitude of about 1576 meters above sea level, Obudu
boasts a refreshingly cool climate. Escape the scorching heat and enjoy pleasant
temperatures perfect for outdoor activities.
3.1.1 Attractions:
● Scenic Beauty: Obudu's picturesque landscape features rolling hills, lush

greenery, and breathtaking views. Hike through nature trails, soak in the
panoramic vistas, and appreciate the serene environment.
● Cable Car Ride: Ascend the mountain in style via a thrilling cable car ride.
Enjoy the panoramic views as you reach the resort, creating a memorable
experience.
● Waterfalls: Explore captivating waterfalls like the Aguwo Waterfall,
offering a refreshing escape and a chance to connect with nature.
● Canopy Walk: Embark on an adventurous canopy walk through the
treetops, offering a unique perspective of the rainforest and a chance to spot
wildlife.
● Wildlife: Obudu provides opportunities to encounter various wildlife
species, including monkeys, birds, and small mammals, within its natural
habitat.
● Leisure Activities: The resort offers a variety of activities for all ages, from
swimming pools and tennis courts to golfing and horse riding. Relax and
unwind in the serene setting.
● Cultural Experiences: Immerse yourself in the rich culture of the Cross
River region by participating in traditional dances or visiting nearby
villages.
Accommodation: Obudu Mountain Resort offers a range of accommodation

options to suit various budgets and preferences. Choose from comfortable chalets
on stilts offering stunning views, luxurious suites, or self-contained mountain
villas.
Accessibility: Obudu can be reached by air, flying into Calabar Airport and then
taking a taxi or shuttle to the resort. Alternatively, reach the resort by road from
various Nigerian cities, although the journey times can be lengthy.
3.1.2 Challenges and considerations for development:

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● Seasonality: The rainy season (April to October) might impact outdoor

activities and accessibility. Consider visiting during the dry season
(November to March) for optimal weather conditions.
● Price: Obudu Mountain Resort can be a luxurious and potentially expensive
getaway. Research and plan your budget accordingly.
● Distance: Depending on your location within Nigeria, reaching Obudu can
involve a long journey. Factor in travel time and logistics when planning
your trip.
3.2 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT.
Obudu Mountain Resort, a haven of cool breezes and breathtaking views nestled in
the Cross River State of Nigeria, boasts a rich history intertwined with exploration,
ranching, and ultimately, tourism.
Early Inhabitants (17th Century Onwards):
● The Obudu Plateau wasn't a desolate area waiting to be discovered. Long

before Europeans arrived, the region was home to several indigenous
communities, including the Kejukwu, Ukwamu, Okpayanga, Abayiule,
Anape, Kigol, and Keyi villages. These communities thrived on the plateau's
resources, hunting game and practicing subsistence farming.
European Exploration and Ranching (1940s):
● The documented history of Obudu as a resort begins in the 1940s. Accounts

vary, but it's believed a group of European veterinary doctors, possibly
including Dr. M. McCaughley, first sighted the area while on a helicopter
flight. Impressed by the lush green landscape and healthy-looking cattle
grazing there, McCaughley and his colleagues explored further.
● In 1951, McCaughley, along with Scottish rancher Hugh Jones and Dr.
Crawfeild, returned to the plateau. They established the Obudu Cattle Ranch,
focusing on breeding local Fulani cattle with imported South Devon breeds
to create a thriving herd.
The Birth of Tourism (1960s Onwards):
● While the initial focus remained on ranching, the potential of the Obudu
Plateau as a tourist destination became increasingly evident. The cool
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climate and scenic beauty offered a stark contrast to Nigeria's hot and humid
lowlands.
● In the 1960s, under the leadership of Dr. M.I. Okpara, the then Eastern
Regional Governor, efforts began to develop the ranch into a tourist resort.
Initial infrastructure included chalets and recreational facilities.
● The 1970s saw further development with the construction of the iconic cable
car, a feat of engineering that allows visitors a thrilling ascent to the resort
perched atop the plateau.
Modernization and Challenges (1980s - Present):
● Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Obudu Mountain Resort continued to

grow, attracting both domestic and international tourists. However, political
instability and economic challenges hampered further development during
this period.
● A pivotal moment arrived in 1999 when Donald Duke became the Governor
of Cross River State. A strong advocate for tourism, Duke initiated a major
rehabilitation project for Obudu, transforming it into a world-class resort.
New mountain villas, water parks, and conference facilities were
constructed.
● Since the turn of the 21st century, Obudu Mountain Resort has continued to
evolve. Efforts are ongoing to maintain its status as a leading tourist
destination in Nigeria, focusing on sustainability, cultural experiences, and
eco-tourism initiatives.
While the role of Dr. McCaughley and his colleagues in Obudu's early exploration
is acknowledged, some accounts mention an earlier discovery by a British rancher
named M. Macaulay in the 1940s. Further research is needed to solidify the exact
chronology of the early days.
The history of the indigenous communities inhabiting the plateau before the arrival
of Europeans remains largely undocumented. Integrating their experiences and
perspectives into the historical narrative would provide a richer understanding of
Obudu's past.
Obudu Mountain Resort's journey from a cattle ranch to a renowned tourist

destination is a testament to its unique potential. As the resort continues to evolve,
incorporating its rich history and the traditions of the local communities can offer a
truly holistic experience for future visitors.
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Fig 2:Images showing Obudu mountain resort
4.1 THE IBENO BEACH
Nestled on the shores of the Atlantic Ocean in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria, lies
Ibeno Beach, a breathtaking expanse of pristine black sand boasting serenity and
natural beauty. Often referred to as the "Black Gold Beach" due to its unique sand
composition, Ibeno Beach is a rising star in Nigeria's tourist scene, attracting
visitors seeking relaxation, adventure, and a connection with nature.
Ibeno Beach stretches for over 30 kilometers, making it the longest sand beach in
West Africa. The vastness of the shoreline creates a sense of tranquility, allowing
visitors to unwind amidst the sound of crashing waves and the gentle caress of the
sea breeze. The black sand, rich in tourmaline (a semi-precious stone), is a
distinctive feature of Ibeno Beach, offering a visual contrast to the typical white
sand beaches.
4.1.1 Attractions
While Ibeno Beach offers a serene escape, there are also activities for those
seeking a more adventurous experience:
● Boating and Jet Skiing: The calm waters are ideal for boating and jet
skiing, allowing visitors to explore the coastline from a different perspective.
● Swimming: Take a refreshing dip in the cool waters of the Atlantic Ocean.
● Sunbathing: Relax on the vast beach and soak up the Nigerian sunshine.
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● Beachcombing: Search for unique seashells and treasures along the

shoreline.
● Cultural Exploration: Explore the nearby fishing villages and immerse
yourself in the rich culture of the Ibeno people.
4.1.2 Challenges and considerations for development:
● Accessibility: Ibeno Beach is located in a remote area, and transportation

can be challenging. It's advisable to arrange transportation in advance or opt
for a tour package that includes travel arrangements.
● Accommodation: While luxury resorts are not abundant yet, there are a few
guesthouses and beach huts available for accommodation. Camping is also a
popular option for budget-conscious travelers.
● Amenities: Limited amenities are available at Ibeno Beach. It's
recommended to pack essentials like food, drinks, and sun protection.
● Limited Infrastructure: Accessibility remains a hurdle. Improved
transportation links (roads, air travel) and on-site facilities (resorts,
restaurants) are crucial for attracting more tourists.
○ Balancing Development and Sustainability: Finding a balance
between tourism development and preserving the beach's natural
beauty and ecological balance is essential. Sustainable tourism
practices, waste management, and community involvement are key.
○ Marketing and Promotion: Increased promotion through targeted
marketing campaigns can raise awareness of Ibeno Beach's unique
offerings to a wider national and international audience.
Ibeno Beach is still under development, but its potential as a major tourist
destination is undeniable. The breathtaking scenery, unique black sand, and
abundance of natural beauty offer a unique experience for visitors. With
investment in infrastructure, improved accessibility, and the development of
sustainable tourism practices, Ibeno Beach can become a jewel in Nigeria's crown.
Ibeno Beach offers a unique and unforgettable experience for travelers seeking a
getaway from the hustle and bustle of everyday life. With its pristine beauty, vast
expanse, and potential for development, Ibeno Beach is poised to become a major
tourist destination in Nigeria.
4.2 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

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Ibeno Beach, with its captivating black sand coastline stretching for kilometers
along the shores of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria, is a relatively new player in the
country's tourism scene. While its natural beauty has likely been enjoyed by locals
for generations, its official emergence as a tourist destination has a shorter,
dynamic history. Let's delve into the timeline of Ibeno Beach's development:
Pre-Tourism:
● The Ibeno community, known for its rich fishing tradition, has undoubtedly
co-existed with Ibeno Beach for centuries. The vast expanse of the beach
would have served as a source of livelihood (fishing) and a place for
recreation and cultural practices.
● Historical records regarding the beach's specific role in the community's life
are scarce. However, oral traditions and cultural practices likely hold stories
and significance related to Ibeno Beach.
Early Recognition of Tourism Potential (Mid-20th Century Onwards):
● While a precise date is unknown, awareness of Ibeno Beach's potential as a

tourist destination likely began in the mid-20th century. Factors like its
vastness, unique black sand, and serene atmosphere would have attracted
attention.
● However, infrastructure limitations, remoteness, and a lack of significant
tourism development efforts in the region might have hindered its early
growth.
Recent Developments and Growing Recognition (Late 20th Century -

Present):
● The late 20th and early 21st centuries saw a shift in focus towards tourism
development in Nigeria. As awareness of the country's diverse natural
beauty grew, beaches like Ibeno began to receive more attention.
● The unique black sand composition of Ibeno Beach, rich in the semi-
precious stone tourmaline, became a distinguishing feature, setting it apart
from other Nigerian beaches. This unique geological characteristic garnered
interest and helped establish its identity.
● The Akwa Ibom State government recognized Ibeno Beach's potential and
began investing in its development. Efforts might have included:
○ Basic infrastructure development (access roads, sanitation facilities)
○ Promotion of the beach through local and national tourism campaigns
○ Encouragement of local tourism businesses (guesthouses, boat rentals)
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Fig3: Images showing Ibeno beach
5.1 MAMBILA PLATEAU
It is situated in Taraba State which is located in the northeastern part of

Nigeria. Perched atop Nigeria's southeastern ranges, the Mambilla Plateau carves
a place of breathtaking beauty amidst the clouds. This haven of rolling hills,
verdant plains, and cascading waterfalls offers a unique escape into a world of cool
climate, pristine landscapes, and a rich cultural tapestry. As a tourist destination,
the Mambilla Plateau is still under development, but its potential for adventure,
relaxation, and cultural immersion is undeniable.
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Mambilla Plateau boasts the title of Nigeria's highest point, with Chappal Waddi
Mountain reaching a staggering height of 2,419 meters (7,936 ft). The elevation
translates into a refreshingly cool climate, a welcome respite from Nigeria's usual
heat and humidity.
● A Tapestry of Hills and Valleys: Rolling green hills and fertile valleys
dominate the Mambilla Plateau's landscape. Scenic drives offer panoramic
vistas that will leave you breathless.
● Waterfalls Cascading Down the Slopes: Numerous waterfalls grace the
slopes of the Mambilla Plateau, each adding to the area's natural beauty. The
Barup Waterfall is a popular destination, known for its cascading waters and
refreshing plunge pool.
5.1.1 Attractions
The Mambilla Plateau offers a variety of activities for visitors seeking adventure or
relaxation:
● Hiking and Trekking: Explore the network of trails that wind through the
hills and valleys, offering stunning views and opportunities to commune
with nature.
● Birdwatching: The Mambilla Plateau is a haven for birdlife, with a diverse
range of species to observe.
● Visiting Tea Plantations: The Mambilla Plateau is the only region in
Nigeria that cultivates tea on a large scale. Visit a tea plantation and learn
about the production process, or indulge in a cup of freshly brewed tea
surrounded by scenic views.
● Exploring the Gashaka Gumti National Park: This vast national park,
located on the Mambilla Plateau, is home to a rich variety of wildlife,
including elephants, chimpanzees, and buffaloes. Embark on a safari and
experience the wonders of Nigeria's diverse ecosystem.
● Cultural Immersion: The Mambilla Plateau is home to several ethnic
groups with unique cultures and traditions. Interact with the locals, learn
about their way of life, and witness vibrant cultural performances.
● Accessibility: The Mambilla Plateau's remote location can be challenging to

reach. Limited public transportation options exist, so renting a car or
arranging a tour with transportation included is recommended.
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● Accommodation: Luxury accommodations are scarce. There are

guesthouses, lodges, and campsites available, catering to different budgets
and preferences.
● Limited Amenities: Tourist infrastructure is still developing on the
Mambilla Plateau. Pack essentials like food, drinks, and basic toiletries, as
options might be limited in remote areas.
● Limited Infrastructure: Accessibility remains a hurdle. Improved
transportation links (roads, air travel) and on-site infrastructure
(accommodation, visitor facilities) are crucial for attracting more tourists.
● Balancing Development and Sustainability: Finding a balance between
tourism development and preserving the Mambilla Plateau's natural beauty
and cultural heritage is essential. Sustainable tourism practices and
community involvement are key.
● Maintaining Cultural Integrity: As tourism grows, ensuring the Mambilla
Plateau's unique cultural traditions are respected and showcased
authentically is crucial.
The Mambilla Plateau offers a unique and unforgettable experience for travelers
seeking adventure, relaxation, and cultural immersion. With its breathtaking
landscapes, diverse activities, and rich cultural heritage, the Mambilla Plateau is a
hidden gem waiting to be discovered. As infrastructure improves and awareness
grows, this haven perched on the clouds is poised to become a major player in
Nigeria's tourism landscape.
The Mambilla Plateau, a crown jewel of Nigeria, boasts not only the title of the
country's highest point but also the potential to become a major tourist destination.
However, its journey towards becoming a tourist hotspot hasn't been
straightforward. Let's delve into the historical development of the Mambilla
Plateau as a tourist site:
Pre-Colonial Era:
● The Mambilla Plateau's history stretches back centuries. Several ethnic

groups, including the Mambilla, Fulani, and Tikar people, have called this
region home for generations.
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● Their way of life likely revolved around subsistence farming, cattle herding,
and a deep respect for the Mambilla Plateau's unique ecosystem. Specific
historical records regarding its role in their cultural practices or traditions
might be scarce.
Colonial Era: (Late 19th - Mid-20th Century)
● The arrival of European colonists in the late 19th century marked a shift in
the Mambilla Plateau's history. The British recognized its strategic location
and fertile land, establishing a presence in the region.
● While tourism wasn't a primary focus during this era, the colonial
administration might have contributed to initial infrastructure development,
such as basic roads, for administrative purposes.
Post-Colonial Era: (Mid-20th Century Onwards):
● Following Nigeria's independence in 1960, the Mambilla Plateau's potential

as a tourist destination began to receive some attention.
● Factors like its cool climate, breathtaking scenery, and unique waterfalls
would have attracted interest. However, significant development efforts
were limited.
Increased Recognition and Development Efforts (Late 20th Century -

Present):
● The late 20th century saw a renewed focus on tourism development in

Nigeria. The Mambilla Plateau, with its distinct features, emerged as a
destination with potential.
● Here are some key developments that contributed to its burgeoning
reputation:
○ The Plebiscite of 1961: This historical event, where the Mambilla
people chose to remain part of Nigeria, brought national attention to
the region.
○ Establishment of Gashaka Gumti National Park: Declared a
national park in 1973, this vast protected area encompasses a
significant portion of the Mambilla Plateau, adding to its ecological
and wildlife-watching appeal.
○ Tea Plantation Development: The introduction of tea plantations in
the Mambilla Plateau in the 1970s offered a unique agricultural aspect
to the region, potentially attracting visitors interested in experiencing
tea production and enjoying the scenic landscapes.
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Fig4: Images showing Mambila plateau Taraba state
6.1 NGWO PINE FOREST

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Nestled amidst the rolling hills of Enugu State, Nigeria, lies the Ngwo Pine Forest,
a haven of towering pines offering a unique escape from the bustling city life.
While not yet a fully-fledged tourist destination, the Ngwo Pine Forest possesses
the potential to become a popular spot for relaxation, nature exploration, and
environmental appreciation.
Unlike most Nigerian forests, the Ngwo Pine Forest is not a natural ecosystem.
Planted in the 1930s as an erosion control measure, the forest has matured into a
dense canopy of pine trees, creating a scenic and refreshing environment. The
towering pines create a natural barrier against noise and dust, offering a sense of
serenity and a welcome respite from the urban environment. While pines
dominate the landscape, the Ngwo Pine Forest also harbors indigenous trees,
shrubs, and a variety of birdlife, creating a more diverse ecosystem.
6.1.1 Attractions:
The Ngwo Pine Forest is still under development as a tourist destination.

However, it offers some initial experiences and holds promise for future
development:
● Hiking and Nature Walks: The network of trails winding through the forest
provides opportunities for a refreshing walk amidst the pines.
● Picnics and Outdoor Relaxation: The serene atmosphere and natural shade
make the Ngwo Pine Forest an ideal spot for picnics, relaxation, and
enjoying the fresh air.
● Birdwatching: Bird enthusiasts can observe a variety of bird species
inhabiting the forest's diverse ecosystem. (Future Potential)
● Educational Tours: School groups and nature enthusiasts can benefit from
guided tours that highlight the forest's history, ecological significance, and
various plant and animal life. (Future Potential)
● Cave Exploration: A limestone cave with a hidden waterfall is rumored to
exist within the forest. Exploring this natural wonder with a guide could be
a thrilling addition for adventurous visitors. (Future Potential)

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● Accessibility: The Ngwo Pine Forest is easily accessible by road from Enugu
city. However, public transportation options might be limited.
● Limited Amenities: As development is ongoing, amenities like restrooms,
restaurants, and designated picnic areas are scarce. Visitors should come
prepared with essentials like food, drinks, and insect repellent.
● Sustainable Practices: Since the Ngwo Pine Forest is a man-made
ecosystem, practicing sustainable habits like responsible waste disposal and
minimizing disruption to the natural environment are crucial.
● Balancing Development and Sustainability: Developing the Ngwo Pine
Forest for tourism must be done responsibly, ensuring minimal disruption
to the ecosystem and prioritizing eco-friendly practices.
● Community Involvement: Including local communities in the development
process can ensure the Ngwo Pine Forest benefits the surrounding areas
and fosters cultural preservation.
The Ngwo Pine Forest offers a unique escape into nature for visitors seeking a
break from the city. With its serene atmosphere, potential for exploration, and
focus on responsible tourism, the Ngwo Pine Forest has the potential to become a
popular eco-retreat destination in Nigeria.
The Ngwo Pine Forest, an oasis of towering pines amidst the rolling hills of Enugu
State, Nigeria, boasts a unique history intertwined with environmental concerns
and evolving ideas of leisure. While not yet a major tourist destination, this man-
made marvel holds the potential to become a popular spot for nature lovers and
eco-conscious travelers.
Early Days (1930s):
● The Ngwo Pine Forest's story doesn't begin with tourism in mind. In the
1930s, soil erosion posed a significant threat to the surrounding areas. To
combat this environmental challenge, the colonial government initiated a
tree-planting project.
● Pines, known for their dense root systems and soil-holding capabilities,
were chosen for their effectiveness in erosion control. The Ngwo Pine
Forest, as we know it today, was born out of this practical necessity.
21
From Erosion Control to Quiet Recreation (Mid-20th Century Onwards):
● As the decades passed, the Ngwo Pine Forest matured, transforming from a
utilitarian project into a place with unexpected benefits. The towering pines
created a cool and serene environment, offering a welcome escape from
the hot and dusty city life of Enugu.
● Locals likely began utilizing the forest for picnics, leisurely walks, and
enjoying the fresh air. However, during this period, there were no
documented efforts to develop the Ngwo Pine Forest specifically for
tourism purposes.
Recognition (Late 20th - Early 21st Century):
● The later part of the 20th century and the early years of the 21st century
saw a growing appreciation for the Ngwo Pine Forest's unique qualities.
● The rise of domestic tourism in Nigeria and the increasing popularity of
outdoor recreation activities might have played a role in bringing the forest
to the attention of a wider audience.
● Scattered mentions of the Ngwo Pine Forest started appearing in travel
guides and online forums, highlighting its potential as a nature getaway.
The Present:(Mid-21st Century):
● Today, the Ngwo Pine Forest exists in a state of nascent development as a

tourist destination.
● There's a growing awareness of its potential, but infrastructure and
amenities are still limited.
● Here's what's contributing to this shift:
○ Increased Online Presence: Social media posts, travel blogs, and
online reviews are raising awareness of the Ngwo Pine Forest,
piquing the interest of potential tourists.
○ Focus on Eco-Tourism: The unique, man-made ecosystem of the
Ngwo Pine Forest aligns well with the growing trend of eco-tourism,
attracting visitors interested in responsible and sustainable travel
experiences.
○ Proximity to Enugu City: The forest's convenient location makes it a
quick and accessible escape for Enugu residents and tourists visiting
the city.
22
The Ngwo Pine Forest's journey from an erosion control project to a potential
tourist destination showcases human ingenuity and the evolving relationship with
nature. With responsible development, community involvement, and a focus on
eco-tourism, the Ngwo Pine Forest has the potential to become a haven for
relaxation, environmental appreciation, and a unique tourist attraction in Nigeria.
Fig 5: Images showing Ngwo pines Enugu state
7.1 AWHUM WATERFALL
Nestled amidst the lush greenery of Enugu State, Nigeria, lies Awhum Waterfall, a
captivating spectacle where cascading waters plunge into a cool, inviting pool.
While not yet a mainstream tourist destination, Awhum Waterfall boasts a rich
history, cultural significance, and the potential to become a popular spot for
nature enthusiasts and adventure seekers. Awhum Waterfall is formed by the
Awhum River cascading over a massive outcrop of granite rock, creating a
mesmerizing display of power and natural beauty.
The Awhum Waterfall is shrouded in local folklore. Stories about its healing
powers and the presence of protective spirits add a layer of mystery and intrigue
to the site. An unusual feature of Awhum Waterfall is the presence of a section
23
with warm water, even during the cool season. This phenomenon has yet to be
fully explained, adding to the waterfall's mystique.
7.1.1 Attractions:
● Hiking and Nature Walks: A moderately challenging hike through scenic

trails leads to the waterfall, offering a chance to immerse oneself in the
surrounding nature.
● Swimming and Relaxation: The cool waters of the pool beneath the
waterfall provide a refreshing escape from the heat.
● Cultural Exploration: Learning about the legends and traditions associated
with the waterfall from local guides can enhance the experience. (Future
Potential)
● Improved Amenities: Developing designated picnic areas, changing rooms,
and basic visitor facilities can make the experience more comfortable.
(Future Potential)
● Adventure Activities: For the more adventurous, options like rappelling
down the waterfall or exploring nearby caves could be developed. (Future
Potential)
● Accessibility: Reaching Awhum Waterfall requires some effort. Public

transportation options might be limited, and a private vehicle or guided
tour is recommended. The final stretch to the waterfall involves a hike.
● Limited Infrastructure: As mentioned before, amenities are currently
limited. Visitors should come prepared with essentials like food, drinks, and
appropriate footwear for the hike.
● Respecting the Environment: Since Awhum Waterfall is a natural wonder,
practicing responsible tourism – minimizing waste, respecting the local flora
and fauna – is crucial.
Awhum Waterfall offers a captivating experience for travelers seeking a

connection with nature and a touch of mystery. With responsible development,
community involvement, and a focus on sustainability, Awhum Waterfall has the
potential to become a major tourist destination in Nigeria, attracting visitors
eager to explore its beauty, cultural significance, and cool, cascading waters.
24
Awhum Waterfall, a cascading gem nestled in Enugu State, Nigeria, possesses a

rich history intertwined with cultural significance and the gradual emergence as a
tourist attraction. While not yet a mainstream destination, its allure is undeniable.
Pre-Colonial Era: (Ancient Times - Late 19th Century):
● The story of Awhum Waterfall stretches back centuries. Local communities

residing near the waterfall likely revered it for its beauty and power.
● Legends and folklore about the waterfall's mystical properties, including
healing powers and the presence of spirits, would have been passed down
through generations.
● Specific historical records detailing these traditions might be scarce, but
their existence is evident in the cultural significance attached to the
waterfall.
Colonial Era: (Late 19th - Mid-20th Century):
● The arrival of Europeans in the late 19th century marked a shift. British
colonial officers or explorers might have encountered Awhum Waterfall
during their travels in the region.
● However, there's no evidence of any efforts to develop the waterfall as a
tourist destination during this period.
Post-Colonial Era: (Mid-20th Century - Present):
● Following Nigeria's independence in 1960, awareness of Awhum Waterfall

slowly began to grow beyond local communities.
● Factors like its natural beauty, unique features (warm water section), and
cultural significance might have sparked interest.
● However, significant development towards tourism was limited. Reasons
could include:
○ Accessibility challenges: Reaching the waterfall required effort,
deterring casual visitors.
○ Lack of Infrastructure: Amenities like proper roads, visitor facilities,
or designated trails were scarce.
Recognition (Late 20th - Early 21st Century):

25
● The late 20th and early 21st centuries saw a rise in domestic tourism within
Nigeria.
● Awhum Waterfall, with its distinct features, might have gained attention
among adventurous travelers seeking unique natural experiences.
● Scattered mentions in travel guides or local publications might have piqued
interest, but development remained slow.
The Present: (Mid-21st Century):
● Today, Awhum Waterfall exists in a nascent stage of development as a

● The rise of eco-tourism aligns well with the waterfall's natural beauty and
cultural significance. Here's what's contributing to this shift:
○ Increased Online Presence: Social media posts and travel blogs are
raising awareness, showcasing the waterfall's beauty and attracting
potential visitors.
○ Accessibility Improvements: While challenges remain, some
improvements in transportation options or trail maintenance might
be underway.
○ Local Initiatives: Local communities or individuals might be taking
initial steps to improve the visitor experience (basic facilities, guided
tours).
Awhum Waterfall's story reflects the evolving relationship between nature and
tourism in Nigeria. From a local landmark steeped in tradition to a potential eco-
tourism destination, the waterfall's future is bright. With responsible
development, community involvement, and a focus on sustainability, Awhum
Waterfall can become a haven for nature lovers, cultural exploration, and a
unique tourist attraction in Nigeria.
26
Fig 6: Images showing Awhum water fall Enugu state
8.1 GASHAKA-GUMTI NATIONAL PARK
Encompassing a vast expanse of mountains, forests, savannah grasslands, and

deep valleys, Gashaka-Gumti National Park reigns supreme as Nigeria's largest
national park. This ecological treasure trove boasts a staggering diversity of
wildlife, breathtaking landscapes, and the potential to become a world-renowned
Gashaka-Gumti National Park is a haven for a diverse range of wildlife, with over
1,000 species of animals calling it home. Visitors can expect to encounter
elephants, chimpanzees, buffaloes, lions, leopards, primates, over 500 species of
birds, and a plethora of reptiles and amphibians.
The park's diverse landscapes support a rich tapestry of vegetation. Lush montane
forests cloak the mountains, while sweeping savannah grasslands dominate the
lower regions. Visitors can observe unique plant species adapted to this specific
ecosystem. In recognition of its exceptional biodiversity and cultural significance,
Gashaka-Gumti National Park was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in
1999.
27
8.1.1 Attractions:
Gashaka-Gumti National Park offers a plethora of activities for nature enthusiasts

and adventure seekers:
● Wildlife Viewing: Embark on a thrilling safari and witness the park's

magnificent animals in their natural habitat.
park's diverse landscapes, offering stunning vistas and opportunities to
commune with nature.
● Birdwatching: With over 500 species of birds recorded in the park,
Gashaka-Gumti is a paradise for birdwatchers. Keep an eye out for the rare
red-faced lovebird, a species only found here and the Central African
Republic's Bamingui-Bangoran National Park.
● Chimpanzee Tracking: Join an experienced guide on a trek to observe
chimpanzees in their natural habitat, a truly unforgettable experience.
● Waterfall Wonders: The park is dotted with cascading waterfalls, each
adding to its beauty. Explore these refreshing havens after a day of
exploration.
● Accessibility: Reaching Gashaka-Gumti National Park requires some

planning. Public transportation options are limited, so renting a car or
arranging a tour with transportation is recommended.
● Accommodation: Luxury accommodations are scarce. The park offers
guesthouses, lodges, and campsites catering to different budgets and
preferences.
● Limited Amenities: Gashaka-Gumti National Park is still under development
in terms of tourist infrastructure. Pack essentials like food, drinks, insect
repellent, and basic toiletries, as options might be limited in remote areas.
● Seasonality: The park is accessible year-round, but the dry season
(December to March) offers the best weather conditions for exploration.
● Balancing Tourism and Conservation: Ensuring tourism development
benefits conservation efforts and doesn't disrupt the park's ecological
balance is crucial.
● Sustainable Practices: Developing eco-friendly infrastructure, promoting
responsible waste management, and minimizing visitor impact are
essential.
28
● Community Involvement: Including local communities in park management

and tourism development ensures they benefit from tourism and cultural
heritage is preserved.
The park's remoteness and lack of development have preserved its wild, untamed
beauty, which holds a unique allure for nature enthusiasts. The Nigerian
government is investing in infrastructure development projects to improve
accessibility and promote tourism in the park. Marketing efforts and positive
reviews are raising awareness of Gashaka-Gumti's unique offerings, attracting
more visitors.
Gashaka-Gumti National Park is a treasure trove of biodiversity, breathtaking

landscapes, and cultural heritage. With its vast potential for exploration,
responsible development, and a focus on sustainability, Gashaka-Gumti National
Park is poised to become a leading tourist destination in Nigeria, offering an
unforgettable experience for nature lovers and adventure seekers worldwide.
Gashaka-Gumti National Park, a sprawling sanctuary of diverse ecosystems and

captivating wildlife, boasts a rich history intertwined with conservation efforts
and the gradual emergence as a tourist destination. Let's delve into the historical
development of Gashaka-Gumti National Park as a tourist site in Nigeria:
Early Beginnings: (Pre-Colonial Era - Early 20th Century):
The story of Gashaka-Gumti National Park stretches back centuries. Local

communities have likely inhabited the region for generations, coexisting with the
rich wildlife and respecting the ecological significance of the area.
Specific historical records about their practices might be limited, but their
traditional knowledge and connection to the land would have laid the
groundwork for future conservation efforts.
29
With the arrival of European colonial powers in the late 19th century, the focus
shifted towards resource extraction. However, the vastness and remoteness of
the area might have offered some protection to the region's natural resources.
(Mid-20th Century):
The importance of preserving this unique ecological treasure started gaining

recognition in the mid-20th century.
In the 1930s, colonial authorities established the first protected areas within the
territory that would later become Gashaka-Gumti National Park. These areas
were designated as "game sanctuaries," highlighting the focus on wildlife
conservation.
The Birth of a National Park (Late 1960s - 1990s):
Following Nigeria's independence in 1960, the focus on conservation intensified.
In the 1960s, the three separate game sanctuaries (Gashaka, Gumti, and Serti)
were merged, forming the larger Gashaka-Gumti National Park.
The official designation as a National Park in 1991 marked a significant step

towards comprehensive protection and management of the area.
Limited Tourism Development (Late 20th Century):
While conservation remained the primary focus, the park's potential as a tourist
destination wasn't entirely overlooked in the latter part of the 20th century.
Here's why tourism development remained limited:
○ Accessibility Challenges: The park's remoteness and lack of

infrastructure made it difficult to reach for casual tourists.
○ Focus on Conservation: Conservation efforts understandably took
priority over large-scale tourism development projects.
○ Security Concerns: Sporadic security issues in some neighboring
areas might have deterred potential visitors.
The present(Early 21st Century - Present):

30
The 21st century marks a renewed focus on developing Gashaka-Gumti National

Park's potential for ecotourism. This shift is driven by several factors:
○ Growing Recognition of Ecotourism: The concept of ecotourism,

which emphasizes responsible travel that benefits both conservation
and local communities, gained traction.
○ Increased Environmental Awareness: A growing appreciation for
nature and wildlife conservation fueled interest in exploring unique
natural treasures like Gashaka-Gumti National Park.
Government Initiatives: The Nigerian government has recognized the park's

potential and is investing in infrastructure development projects, such as
improving road access and park facilities.
Marketing Efforts: Increased marketing initiatives are raising awareness of the

park's offerings, attracting eco-tourists seeking a unique and sustainable travel
experience.
Despite the growing interest, Gashaka-Gumti National Park faces challenges that
require careful consideration:
Gashaka-Gumti National Park's story reflects a growing global shift towards

ecotourism. From protected sanctuaries to a potential ecotourism haven
31
Fig 7: Images showing Gashaka-gumti national park
9.1 THE ROYAL PALACE OF THE OBA OF BENIN
The Royal Palace of the Oba of Benin, also known as the Edo Royal
Palace, is a significant cultural and historical site located in Benin City,
Edo State, Nigeria. It is the traditional residence of the Oba (king) of
Benin and serves as the center of Benin Kingdom's cultural and
administrative activities. Here is some information about the tourism
aspects of the Royal Palace:
The Royal Palace is situated in the heart of Benin City, the capital of Edo
State in southern Nigeria. It is a prominent landmark in the city and
holds immense historical and cultural significance. The Royal Palace is
deeply rooted in the history and culture of the Benin Kingdom, one of
the oldest and most powerful kingdoms in Nigeria.
32
9.1.1 Art and Treasures:

The Royal Palace houses a remarkable collection of art, artifacts, and
royal treasures. These include ancestral statues, bronze and ivory
sculptures, regalia, crowns, and historical relics that represent the
cultural and artistic heritage of the Benin Kingdom. The palace
showcases the wealth, craftsmanship, and royal traditions of the
kingdom.
9.2 The Palace's historical development.
● A Kingdom's Flourishing Heart (13th - 19th Century): Built by Oba Ewedo

(1255-1280 AD), the Royal Palace served as the administrative and religious
center of the Benin Kingdom for centuries. The Oba, the traditional ruler of
the Edo people, resided within the palace complex, overseeing a vast and
influential empire.
● Architectural Marvel: The palace was renowned for its unique architecture,
characterized by mud walls adorned with intricate relief sculptures. These
sculptures depicted historical events, societal norms, and spiritual beliefs,
offering a glimpse into the Benin people's way of life.
● A Legacy of Exquisite Art: The Royal Palace was also a center for artistic
production. Skilled artisans crafted magnificent bronze sculptures, ivory
carvings, and colorful textiles, showcasing the Benin Kingdom's artistic
mastery.
● A Period of Turmoil (1897): The palace complex suffered a devastating
blow in 1897 during a British military expedition. Many artworks were
looted and scattered across museums worldwide, becoming known as the
Benin Bronzes.
33
Following the destruction, the palace underwent reconstruction efforts in the

20th century. Today, the palace complex offers visitors a chance to connect with
the rich history and cultural heritage of the Benin Kingdom.
● Exploring the Palace Grounds: While not the original structure, the rebuilt
palace offers a glimpse into the past. Visitors can explore courtyards,
shrines, and designated exhibition spaces showcasing artifacts and
remnants of the Benin Kingdom's grandeur.
● Respecting Traditions: As the palace still holds significance for the Edo
people, visitors are expected to dress modestly and adhere to any cultural
protocols communicated by guides or signage.
Unveiling a Cultural Gem
● A Cultural Immersion: Visiting the Royal Palace of Benin offers more than
just a historical tour. Visitors can witness traditional performances, learn
about the significance of the Oba and the palace in Benin culture, and gain
an appreciation for the artistic legacy of the Benin Kingdom.
● Limited Amenities: It's important to note that the palace complex is still
under development as a major tourist destination. Amenities like
restaurants, restrooms, and gift shops might be limited.
● A Work in Progress: Efforts are underway to further develop the palace as a
tourist attraction. This might include improved visitor facilities, interactive
exhibits, and collaborations with museums holding Benin Bronzes to
showcase the palace's artistic heritage.
9.2.1 Challenges and Considerations for development
● Balancing Tourism and Tradition: Striking a balance between promoting

tourism and ensuring respect for the palace's ongoing cultural significance
is crucial.
● Repatriation of Benin Bronzes: The ongoing debate surrounding the
repatriation of Benin Bronzes from museums worldwide adds another layer
of complexity. Resolving this issue could enhance the palace's narrative and
cultural significance for visitors.
● Sustainable Development: Ensuring sustainable development practices
that minimize environmental impact and promote responsible tourism is
essential.
34
The Royal Palace of Benin stands as a testament to the enduring legacy of the
Benin Kingdom. With its rich history, cultural significance, and ongoing
development as a tourist destination, the palace offers a unique and captivating
experience for visitors. By fostering cultural appreciation, promoting sustainable
practices, and addressing the issue of the Benin Bronzes, the Royal Palace of
Benin has the potential to become a major cultural and historical tourism
destination in Nigeria.
Fig 9: Images showing the palace of the Oba of Benin
10.1 OBAN HILLS
Oban Hills is a significant tourist destination located in Cross River State, Nigeria.
It is known for its stunning natural beauty, diverse wildlife, and rich biodiversity.
The Oban Hills rise majestically, offering a glimpse into a world of unparalleled
biodiversity and breathtaking landscapes. While not yet a mainstream tourist
destination, the Oban Hills hold immense potential to become a haven for nature
enthusiasts and adventure seekers. The Oban Hills boast a staggering diversity of
wildlife, making it a paradise for animal lovers. Over 1,000 species of animals call
this place home, including:
○ Chimpanzees, Nigeria's only habituated population.

○ Drills, endangered primates related to mandrills.
○ Elephants, forest buffaloes, leopards, and a plethora of bird species.
35
The diverse landscape supports a rich tapestry of vegetation. Lush montane forests
cloak the mountain slopes, while sweeping savannah grasslands dominate the
lower regions. Visitors can encounter unique plant species adapted to this specific
ecosystem, including a variety of orchids and rare trees.
In recognition of its exceptional biodiversity and cultural significance, the Oban

Hills, along with the wider Cross River National Park, were designated a UNESCO
World Heritage Site in 1999. This recognition highlights the park's global
importance for conservation and research.
10.1.1 Attractions
While Oban Hills tourism infrastructure is still developing, there are experiences
for those willing to venture off the beaten path:
● Wildlife Viewing: Embark on a thrilling trek or guided safari to observe the

park's magnificent animals in their natural habitat.
● Chimpanzee Tracking: Join an experienced guide on a unique adventure to
observe chimpanzees in their natural habitat, an unforgettable experience.
● Birdwatching: With over 500 species of birds recorded in the park, Oban
Hills is a paradise for birdwatchers. Keep an eye out for the rare red-faced
lovebird and other endemic species.
park's diverse landscapes, offering stunning vistas and opportunities to
commune with nature.
● Waterfall Wonders: The park is dotted with cascading waterfalls, each
adding to its beauty. Explore these refreshing havens after a day of
exploration.
● Accessibility: Reaching the Oban Hills requires some planning. Public

transportation options are limited, so renting a car or arranging a tour with
transportation is recommended.
● Accommodation: Luxury accommodations are scarce. The park offers
guesthouses, lodges, and campsites catering to different budgets and
preferences.
● Limited Amenities: Oban Hills tourism is still under development. Pack
essentials like food, drinks, insect repellent, and basic toiletries, as options
might be limited in remote areas.
36
● Seasonality: The park is accessible year-round, but the dry season

(December to March) offers the best weather conditions for exploration.
● Balancing Tourism and Conservation: Ensuring tourism development
benefits conservation efforts and doesn't disrupt the park's ecological
balance is crucial.
● Community Involvement: Including local communities in park
management and tourism development ensures they benefit from tourism
and cultural heritage is preserved.
● Responsible Tourism: Promoting responsible tourism practices like waste
management and minimizing disruption to the environment is essential.
The Oban Hills are a treasure trove of biodiversity, breathtaking landscapes, and
cultural heritage. With its vast potential for exploration, responsible development,
and a focus on sustainability, Oban Hills is poised to become a leading ecotourism
destination in Nigeria, offering an unforgettable experience for nature lovers and
adventure seekers worldwide. By addressing the challenges and prioritizing
sustainable practices, the Oban Hills can become a model for responsible tourism
in Nigeria, ensuring its beauty and ecological importance are preserved for
generations to come.
The Oban Hills, nestled within the vast Cross River National Park, haven't always
been a tourist destination. Their story is interwoven with cultural significance,
conservation efforts, and the gradual emergence as a potential ecotourism haven.
Early History: (Pre-Colonial Era - Early 20th Century):
The Oban Hills have likely been inhabited by local communities for centuries.
Their traditional knowledge and practices regarding the land would have laid the
groundwork for future conservation efforts, although specific historical records
might be limited.
The Oban Hills hold cultural significance for some communities. Specific details
about these traditions are not widely documented, but understanding and
respecting them is crucial for future tourism development.
37
(Mid-20th Century):
The importance of preserving this unique ecological treasure started gaining

recognition in the mid-20th century.
In the 1930s, colonial authorities established the Oban Forest Reserve,

recognizing the area's ecological importance. This marked the first step towards
formal protection.
(Late 20th Century):
National Park Status (1991): The Oban Forest Reserve's significance was further
solidified in 1991 when it was elevated to the status of a National Park, offering
more comprehensive protection and management.
Limited Tourism Development: While conservation remained the primary focus,

tourism wasn't entirely overlooked in the latter part of the 20th century. Here's
why development remained limited:
○ Focus on Conservation: Conservation efforts understandably took

priority over large-scale tourism development projects.
○ Accessibility Challenges: The remoteness of the Oban Hills and lack
of infrastructure made it difficult to reach for casual tourists.
areas might have deterred potential visitors.
(Early 21st Century - Present):
The 21st century marks a renewed focus on developing Oban Hills' potential for
ecotourism. This shift is driven by several factors:
○ Growing Recognition of Ecotourism: The concept of ecotourism,

which emphasizes responsible travel that benefits both conservation
and local communities, gained traction.
○ Increased Environmental Awareness: A growing appreciation for
nature and wildlife conservation fueled interest in exploring unique
natural treasures like the Oban Hills.
Government Initiatives: The Nigerian government has recognized the park's

potential and is investing in infrastructure development projects, such as
38
improving access roads and park facilities. Though progress might be gradual, it's
a step towards responsible tourism development.
Research and Conservation Efforts: Increased research on the park's ecology and
collaborating with conservation organizations can inform sustainable
development strategies. This collaborative approach is crucial for ensuring
tourism benefits the environment.
The Oban Hills' story reflects a global shift towards ecotourism. While the journey
from a protected area to a tourist destination is ongoing, the potential for a
thriving ecotourism hub is undeniable. By prioritizing conservation, fostering
community involvement, and implementing sustainable practices, the Oban Hills
can evolve into a model for responsible tourism in Nigeria, offering an
unforgettable experience for visitors while safeguarding its ecological and cultural
treasures for generations to come.
Fig10: Images showing Oban hills in cross river state
11.1 OGBUNIKE CAVES

39
Carved by time and nature's forces, the Ogbunike Caves in Anambra State,
Nigeria, offer a captivating blend of historical significance, natural wonder, and
potential for tourism development. This network of caves holds secrets of the past,
whispers of cultural traditions, and the promise of an exciting tourist destination.
The exact date of the Ogbunike Caves' discovery remains unclear. However,
archaeological evidence suggests they were used by indigenous communities for
centuries. These caves might have served as: Places of refuge during times of war
or unrest. Spiritual and ceremonial sites for rituals and offerings. Shelters for early
inhabitants of the region.
The Ogbunike Caves continue to hold cultural significance for the Ogbunike
people. An annual festival, "Ime Ogba," is held to commemorate their discovery.
This festival reflects the deep connection between the caves and the community's
history.
11.1.1 Attractions
● A Network of Hidden Passages: The Ogbunike Caves aren't a single

cavern but a complex network of chambers, tunnels, and passageways. Some
sections are easily accessible, while others require crawling or navigating
narrow spaces.
● Aqueous Beauty: Streams and pools of water can be found within the
caves, creating a unique and refreshing atmosphere. A waterfall at the
northwest section adds to the caves' scenic beauty.
● A Haven for Diverse Species: The Ogbunike Caves provide a habitat for
various wildlife species, including bats, insects, and small mammals.
Spotting these creatures adds another dimension to the cave exploration
experience.
Visiting the Ogbunike Caves offers a chance to connect with Nigeria's ancient past.
The caves themselves and the stories associated with them provide a window into
the lives of earlier inhabitants.
Exploring the caves, with their varying sizes, water features, and hidden passages,
can be an exciting adventure for those seeking a unique experience.
11.1.2 Challenges and Considerations Development

40
● Balancing Tourism and Conservation: Ensuring tourist activity doesn't

damage the caves' delicate ecosystem or disrupt the habitat of resident
wildlife is crucial.
● Infrastructure Development: Investment in infrastructure, including proper
walkways, lighting systems, and visitor facilities, is necessary for a safe and
enjoyable tourist experience.
● Promoting Responsible Tourism: Educating visitors about respecting the
caves' cultural significance and minimizing their environmental impact is
essential.
● Balancing Tourism and Tradition: Ensuring tourist activity respects the
caves' cultural significance and doesn't disrupt traditional practices is crucial.
● Sustainable Development: Infrastructure development must prioritize
responsible practices that minimize environmental impact and preserve the
caves' natural beauty.
● Community Involvement: Including the Ogbunike community in the
development process ensures they benefit from tourism and cultural heritage
is protected.
The Ogbunike Caves stand as a testament to Nigeria's rich history and natural
wonders. By addressing development needs, promoting sustainable practices, and
fostering community involvement, the Ogbunike Caves can evolve into a
successful tourist destination, offering visitors a chance to explore the past, marvel
at nature's beauty, and gain a deeper appreciation for Nigerian culture.
The Ogbunike Caves in Anambra State, Nigeria, hold a unique place in the
country's history. They are more than just a tourist attraction; they are a bridge to
the past, a sanctuary for tradition, and a story of evolving potential. Let's delve into
the historical development of the Ogbunike Caves as a tourist site:
(Pre-Colonial Era):
The exact date of the Ogbunike Caves' discovery remains unknown. Legends claim
they were discovered by a hunter named Ukwa around 4,000 years ago. However,
archaeological evidence suggests their use by indigenous communities might
predate this legend.
41
These caves likely served as a safe haven for early inhabitants during times of
conflict or unrest. The network of passages and hidden chambers offered a natural
defense against invaders.
The caves might have also held spiritual significance. The darkness, the coolness,
and the echoing sounds within the caves might have inspired reverence and awe,
leading to their use in rituals or ceremonies.
(Colonial Era - Present):
While written records might be scarce, the Ogbunike people's oral history
preserves the caves' significance. Stories about their discovery and past uses are
passed down through generations, solidifying the connection between the
community and the caves.
The Ogbunike Caves continue to hold cultural importance. An annual festival

called "Ime Ogba" is held to commemorate their discovery. This festival reflects
the enduring connection between the caves and the community's identity.
(Late 20th Century - Present):
The Ogbunike Caves weren't always a popular tourist destination. Their potential
for tourism development gained traction only in the latter part of the 20th century.
Here's why development was slow:
○ Focus on Local Significance: The emphasis was on preserving the

caves' cultural importance for the Ogbunike community.
○ Limited Infrastructure: The caves' remoteness and lack of
developed infrastructure like walkways or visitor facilities made them
challenging to access for large-scale tourism.
○ Competing Tourist Destinations: Other established tourist
destinations in Nigeria might have overshadowed the Ogbunike Caves
initially.
Despite these challenges, the caves' unique features and historical significance
haven't gone unnoticed:
○ Tentative World Heritage Status: The Ogbunike Caves are listed on

UNESCO's Tentative List of World Heritage Sites, recognizing their
potential cultural and historical importance.
42
○ Local Initiatives: Efforts by local communities and some government

initiatives have focused on improving accessibility and promoting the
caves as a tourist destination.
The Ogbunike Caves are a place where history whispers through ancient chambers,
and nature's beauty unfolds in a labyrinth of passages. By addressing development
needs, fostering a sense of community ownership, and promoting responsible
tourism, the Ogbunike Caves can evolve into a successful tourist destination,
offering visitors a unique blend of historical exploration, cultural immersion, and a
captivating natural wonder.
Fig11: Images showing Ogbunike caves in Anambra state

43
12.1 THE ANCIENT NOK SETTLEMENT
The ancient Nok settlement, nestled in Kaduna State, Nigeria, holds immense
archaeological significance. While not yet a mainstream tourist destination, it
offers a captivating glimpse into a lost civilization and the potential for a unique
historical and cultural tourism experience.
Around 500 BCE, a sophisticated civilization known as the Nok culture flourished
in what is now central Nigeria. The Nok people were skilled farmers,
metalworkers, and most importantly, renowned terracotta sculptors.
The first Nok terracotta figurine was discovered accidentally in 1928, sparking
extensive archaeological investigations. These excavations revealed a wealth of
artifacts, including sculptures, tools, and remnants of dwellings, offering a glimpse
into the Nok way of life.
Despite significant discoveries, much about the Nok culture remains shrouded in
mystery. Their writing system, if any, remains undeciphered, and their societal
structure is unclear. This mystery adds to the allure of the Nok settlement for
history and archaeology enthusiasts.
12.1.1 A Developing Tourist Site
● Untapped Potential: The ancient Nok settlement hasn't yet reached its full
potential as a tourist destination. Here's why:
○ Limited Infrastructure: The site lacks well-developed visitor
facilities, signage, and amenities commonly found in established
tourist destinations.
○ Accessibility Challenges: Reaching the settlement might require
some off-road travel, and public transportation options are limited.
○ Focus on Archaeology: The primary focus has been on
archaeological research, with less emphasis on developing the site for
tourism purposes.
Despite these challenges, there are signs of growing interest:
○ Local Initiatives: Local communities and some government

initiatives are working towards improving accessibility and promoting
the site's potential.
44
○ Educational Value: The Nok settlement offers immense educational

value for students and history buffs. It provides a tangible connection
to a lost civilization and a window into Nigeria's rich pre-colonial
past.
Visitors can witness archaeological excavations in progress, gaining a firsthand

understanding of the ongoing research efforts. Museum exhibits showcase the
remarkable Nok terracotta sculptures, offering a glimpse into the artistic skills and
potential belief systems of the Nok people. Guided tours can provide historical
context and help visitors imagine the lives of the Nok people who inhabited this
settlement centuries ago.
12.1.2 Challenges and Considerations for Sustainable Development
● Preservation and Tourism Balance: Striking a balance between promoting

tourism and ensuring the archaeological site's preservation is crucial.
process is essential to ensure they benefit from tourism and cultural heritage
is protected.
● Responsible Tourism Practices: Promoting responsible tourism practices
like proper waste management and minimizing visitor impact on the
archaeological site is essential.
The ancient Nok settlement stands as a testament to Nigeria's rich and enigmatic
past. By addressing development needs, promoting responsible tourism, and
fostering community involvement, this site can evolve into a captivating historical
and cultural destination, offering visitors a unique opportunity to connect with a
lost civilization and appreciate the ingenuity of the Nok people.
The ancient Nok settlement, nestled in Kaduna State, Nigeria, boasts a rich
historical tapestry. While its primary focus has been archaeological research, its
potential as a tourist destination is gradually unfolding.
(Pre-Colonial Era - 1928):

45
(500 BCE - 200 CE): Centuries before European contact, a sophisticated

civilization known as the Nok culture thrived in central Nigeria. Skilled farmers
and metalworkers, they are particularly renowned for their exquisite terracotta
sculptures.
The Nok people left no written records behind, and the reasons for their decline
remain unclear. Their legacy slumbered beneath the soil for millennia, waiting to
be rediscovered.
(1928 - Mid-20th Century)
The year 1928 marked a turning point. Bernard Fagg, a British archaeologist
working for the Nigerian government, stumbled upon the first Nok terracotta
figurine near the village of Nok. This accidental discovery sparked a series of
archaeological investigations.
Excavations revealed a wealth of artifacts: additional terracotta sculptures, tools,

remnants of dwellings, and evidence of ironworking. These discoveries offered a
glimpse into the Nok way of life and artistic prowess. In the mid-20th century, the
primary emphasis remained on archaeological research and understanding the Nok
culture. Developing the site for tourism wasn't a primary objective.
(Late 20th Century - Present):
As knowledge about the Nok culture grew, the settlement's significance as a

window into Nigeria's pre-colonial past gained recognition. This recognition fueled
interest in its potential as a tourist destination.
Despite the growing interest, several challenges hindered development:
○ Focus on Preservation: Ensuring the archaeological site's

preservation took precedence over extensive tourist infrastructure
development.
○ Limited Resources: Lack of significant investment limited the
development of visitor facilities, signage, and accessibility
improvements.
○ Competing Tourist Destinations: Established tourist destinations in
Nigeria might have overshadowed the Nok settlement initially.
Efforts to promote the site's potential have begun:

46
○ Local Initiatives: Local communities have shown interest in tourism

development, recognizing its potential benefits.
○ Government Involvement: Some government initiatives have
focused on improving accessibility and raising awareness about the
site.
The ancient Nok settlement stands as a testament to the enduring power of the past.
By addressing development needs, promoting responsible
Fig 12: Images showing Nok settlement in Kaduna state
13.1 YANKARI GAME RESERVE
In Bauchi State is the 2,244 km2 Yankari National Park;
Lovated within the heartland of Nigeria's savanna, Yankari Game Reserve boasts a
rich history, diverse wildlife, and the potential to be a thriving tourist destination.
Let's delve into the comprehensive story of Yankari's development as a tourist site:
13.1.1 Attractions
● Diverse Wildlife: Yankari is a haven for diverse wildlife species, including

elephants, lions, buffaloes, monkeys, antelopes, and over 500 species of
birds. Spotting these animals in their natural habitat offers a unique and
unforgettable experience for visitors.
47
● Beautiful Landscapes: The park's diverse landscape, encompassing

woodlands, grasslands, and permanent springs like Wikki Warm Spring,
adds to its scenic beauty.
● Historical and Cultural Attractions: Yankari offers more than just
wildlife. Historical sites like the Marshall Caves and Dukkey Wells provide
a glimpse into the region's past.
13.1.2 Challenges and Considerations for Development
Despite its potential, Yankari faces challenges that require careful consideration:
● Balancing Tourism and Conservation: Ensuring tourist activity doesn't

disrupt the park's ecological balance and wildlife populations is crucial.
● Community Involvement: Including local communities in park
management and tourism development ensures they benefit from tourism
and cultural heritage is preserved.
● Sustainable Practices: Developing eco-friendly infrastructure, promoting
responsible waste management, and minimizing visitor impact are essential.
Yankari Game Reserve's story reflects a global shift towards ecotourism. While the
journey from a protected area to a major tourist destination is ongoing, the
potential for a thriving ecotourism hub is undeniable. By prioritizing conservation,
fostering community involvement, and implementing sustainable practices,
Yankari can evolve into a model for responsible tourism in Nigeria, offering
visitors an unforgettable encounter.
Yankari Game Reserve, nestled in Nigeria's Bauchi State, boasts a rich history
interwoven with conservation efforts and the gradual emergence as a potential
ecotourism destination. Let's delve into the extensive historical development of
Yankari as a tourist site:
Early History: (Pre-Colonial Era - 1930s):
● Indigenous Knowledge and Coexistence: While detailed records are

scarce, it's likely that local communities have co-existed with the wildlife in
the area for centuries. Their traditional knowledge and practices regarding
the land might have laid the groundwork for future conservation efforts.
48
● Hunting Grounds for Royalty: During pre-colonial times, the area

encompassing Yankari might have served as a hunting ground for Nigerian
royalty.
(1930s - 1956):
● Colonial Recognition of Importance: The colonial administration

recognized the ecological importance of the area in the 1930s. This
recognition led to the establishment of the Yankari Forest Reserve, marking
the first formal step towards protecting the land and its wildlife.
● Focus on Preservation: The primary objective during this period was to
preserve the area's natural resources. While limited hunting licenses might
have been issued, tourism development wasn't a primary focus.
(1956 - Present):
● Elevation to National Park Status (1962): In 1962, Yankari's significance

was solidified when it was elevated to the status of a National Park, offering
greater protection and management strategies.
● (Late 20th Century): Despite the national park designation, tourism
development in Yankari remained somewhat limited in the latter part of the
20th century for several reasons:
○ Conservation Focus: Ensuring the park's ecological health remained
the top priority. Large-scale tourism development projects were
considered secondary.
○ Accessibility Challenges: Yankari's remoteness and lack of well-
developed infrastructure, including roads and visitor facilities, made it
difficult for casual tourists to reach.
areas might have deterred visitors.
● (21st Century): The concept of ecotourism, which emphasizes responsible

travel that benefits both conservation and local communities, gained traction
in the 21st century. This shift fueled renewed interest in developing
Yankari's ecotourism potential:
○ Government Initiatives: The Nigerian government has recognized
the park's potential and is investing in infrastructure development
projects, such as improving access roads and park facilities. This
allows for a more controlled and enjoyable tourist experience.
49
○ Research and Conservation Efforts: Increased research on

Yankari's ecology and collaborating with conservation organizations
can inform sustainable development strategies. Collaboration ensures
tourism benefits conservation efforts in the long run.
Fig 13: showing Yankari game reserve in Bauchi state.
14.1 THE TINAPA FREE ZONE AND RESORT
Tinapa Free Zone & Resort, situated in Nigeria's Cross River State, boasts the
distinction of being the country's only retail, leisure, and tourism-based free trade
50
zone. While not yet a fully-fledged tourist destination, Tinapa possesses

undeniable potential to become a vibrant hub for relaxation, entertainment, and
exploration.
14.1.1 Attractions
● Free Trade Zone Advantage: Tinapa operates as a free trade zone, offering
duty-free shopping and potentially lower prices on a wide range of goods.
This can be a significant draw for visitors seeking bargains.
● Retail Paradise: The resort features four emporiums and numerous line
shops, catering to diverse shopping needs. From fashion and electronics to
souvenirs and local crafts, Tinapa offers a variety of choices.
● Entertainment Avenue: Beyond shopping, Tinapa provides an
entertainment strip with an eight-screen cinema, a children's arcade,
restaurants, pubs, a nightclub, and a mini amphitheater. This caters to
visitors seeking a fun and lively atmosphere.
● Artificial Tidal Lake: A unique feature of Tinapa is the presence of an
artificial tidal lake connected to the Calabar River. This scenic spot offers
boat rides and a peaceful escape from the bustling resort area.
● Water Park Fun: The Tinapa Water Park provides a splash of excitement
for families and thrill-seekers. With slides, pools, and various water features,
it's a welcome addition for those seeking aquatic adventures.
● Accessibility: Tinapa is conveniently located near Calabar city and easily

accessible by road. However, public transportation options might be limited.
● Varied Amenities: Accommodation options range from budget-friendly
hotels to more luxurious establishments within the resort complex.
Restaurants cater to diverse tastes and budgets.
● Development Status: It's important to note that Tinapa is still under
development as a tourist destination. Some amenities and facilities might not
be fully operational, and the overall experience may not yet match fully
established resorts.
Tinapa's convenient location makes it a quick getaway option for tourists visiting
Calabar, a city known for its rich cultural heritage and vibrant festivals. The duty-
free shopping aspect and the variety of goods offered can entice visitors seeking
cost-effective options and unique finds. The combination of shopping,
entertainment options, and the water park makes Tinapa a potentially attractive
destination for families with children.
51
Tinapa Free Zone & Resort offers a glimpse into a potentially vibrant tourist
destination in Nigeria. With its blend of duty-free shopping, entertainment options,
and family-friendly activities, Tinapa possesses the potential to become a major
attraction. By addressing development needs, promoting sustainability, and
fostering cultural integration, Tinapa can evolve into a successful tourist
destination, offering a unique and memorable experience for visitors to Nigeria.
Tinapa Free Zone & Resort, a project envisioned as a game-changer for Nigerian
tourism, boasts a fascinating history intertwined with economic aspirations,
ambitious planning, and the evolving landscape of tourist destinations. Here's a
comprehensive look at Tinapa's historical development as a tourist site:
The Dream Takes Flight (Late 1990s):
The story of Tinapa begins in the late 1990s under the leadership of then-Governor
Donald Duke of Cross River State.
Driven by a desire to diversify the state's economy and establish Nigeria as a major
tourist destination, Governor Duke envisioned Tinapa as a one-stop shop for
leisure, business, and trade.
Free Trade Zone Focus: Capitalizing on the concept of free trade zones, Tinapa
was designed to attract businesses and tourists with duty-free shopping and
potentially lower prices on a wide range of goods.
Building the Dream (Early 2000s):
The early 2000s saw a flurry of activity as construction of the Tinapa Free Zone &
Resort got underway. Over $350 million was reportedly invested in the project.
The grand vision encompassed:
○ Retail emporiums and line shops catering to diverse shopping needs.

○ An entertainment strip with cinemas, arcades, restaurants, and
nightlife options.
○ An artificial tidal lake for boat rides and a serene atmosphere.
○ A water park for aquatic adventures and family fun.
○ Accommodation facilities ranging from budget-friendly hotels to
luxury establishments.
52
(Mid-2000s - Present):
The official launch of the first phase of Tinapa in 2007 was met with initial
excitement. However, several challenges hindered its ability to fully flourish as a
tourist destination:
○ Limited Marketing and Promotion: Effective marketing strategies

to attract both domestic and international tourists were lacking.
○ Infrastructure Shortcomings: While initial investment was
significant, issues with infrastructure maintenance and limited
operational facilities detracted from the visitor experience.
○ Legal Uncertainties: The legal status of the free trade zone remained
unclear. Only the federal government has the authority to operate free
trade zones in Nigeria, creating confusion and hindering business
investment.
○ Shifting Tourist Trends: The concept of large-scale, all-inclusive
resorts faced increasing competition from more personalized and
experience-driven travel preferences.
(Present):
Despite the challenges, Tinapa hasn't been entirely abandoned. Local businesses
and Cross River State government continue efforts to improve the resort:
○ Renewed Focus on Domestic Tourism: Efforts are underway to

promote Tinapa as a weekend getaway destination for Nigerians,
leveraging its proximity to Calabar city.
○ Gradual Improvement in Amenities: There have been reports of
ongoing maintenance and attempts to improve the functionality of
existing facilities like the water park.
○ Harnessing Online Presence: Increased online presence through
social media and travel blogs might be attracting a new generation of
visitors.
Challenges and Considerations for development:
● Reinvigorating the Vision: Reconsidering the original vision and adapting

it to contemporary tourist preferences is crucial.
● Sustainable Development: Balancing development with environmental
responsibility is essential. Waste management and energy efficiency
measures need prioritization.
53

process can ensure they benefit from tourism and cultural heritage is
preserved.
● Public-Private Partnerships: Collaboration between the government,
private sector, and tourism stakeholders can facilitate effective management
and promotion.
Tinapa Free Zone & Resort's story serves as a case study in the evolving landscape
of tourism development. While the initial grand vision encountered obstacles, the
potential for a unique tourist destination remains. By adapting to changing
preferences, focusing on sustainability, and fostering community involvement,
Tinapa can still fulfill its promise as a vibrant hub for leisure, entertainment, and
exploration in Nigeria.
Fig 14: Images of Tinapa free zone and resort Cross river state.
15.1 General challenges
While Nigeria possesses significant tourism potential, several challenges hinder the
growth and development of the industry. These challenges include:
Security Concerns:
54
Security issues, such as terrorism, insurgency, and communal conflicts, have a

negative impact on tourism in Nigeria. Perceived and actual security threats
discourage both domestic and international tourists from visiting certain regions,
limiting the growth of tourism in those areas.
Infrastructure:
Inadequate infrastructure is a major challenge for the tourism sector in Nigeria.
Insufficient road networks, unreliable transportation systems, and limited access to
basic amenities hinder the smooth movement of tourists within the country. The
lack of well-developed infrastructure affects visitor experience and the ability to
reach remote tourist destinations.
Image Perception:
Nigeria's image and perception in the international community can impact tourism.
Negative portrayals in the media, concerns about corruption, and safety issues
contribute to a perception of Nigeria as an unsafe destination. This perception can
deter potential tourists from considering Nigeria as a viable travel option.
Lack of Marketing and Promotion:

Insufficient marketing and promotional efforts hamper the visibility and
recognition of Nigeria as a tourism destination. Limited marketing campaigns, both
domestically and internationally, hinder the ability to reach and attract a wider
audience. Greater investment in targeted marketing strategies and collaboration
with travel agencies and tour operators could enhance Nigeria's tourism promotion
efforts.
Visa Processes:
Cumbersome visa processes and restrictions pose a barrier to tourism in Nigeria.
Lengthy and complicated visa application procedures discourage potential visitors,
as the process can be time-consuming and expensive. Simplifying visa processes
and implementing e-visa systems could facilitate tourism growth and encourage
more visitors to explore Nigeria.
55
Quality of Tourism Services:

Inconsistent standards and quality of tourism services, including accommodations,
transportation, and tour operations, impact the overall visitor experience.
Inadequate training and regulation of tourism professionals may lead to subpar
service delivery, affecting visitor satisfaction and the perception of Nigeria as a
desirable destination.
Environmental Sustainability:
Environmental degradation, pollution, and inadequate waste management pose
challenges to sustainable tourism development in Nigeria. The lack of proper
conservation practices and regulations can lead to the degradation of natural
attractions and cultural heritage sites, diminishing their appeal to tourists.
Limited Tourism Products and Diversification:

Nigeria's tourism offerings are often concentrated in a few locations and centered
around specific attractions. Diversification of tourism products, including the
development of niche tourism sectors, such as adventure tourism, cultural tourism,
and eco-tourism, would attract a broader range of tourists and enhance the
country's competitiveness.
Addressing these challenges requires a coordinated effort from the government,

private sector, and relevant stakeholders. Investment in infrastructure development,
improved security measures, targeted marketing campaigns, training and capacity
building, policy reforms, and sustainable tourism practices are key areas that need
attention to unlock Nigeria's tourism and foster its growth as a vibrant tourism
destination.
17.1 General Conclusion:

Nigeria's tourism sites are vast and diverse, offering a myriad of experiences that
encompass culture, nature, history, and urban vibrancy. As the country continues to
develop its tourism sector, there is immense opportunity for travelers to discover
56
the beauty and richness that Nigeria has to offer. From exploring ancient
civilizations to embarking on wildlife adventures or indulging in vibrant cultural
festivals, Nigeria has the potential to be a truly captivating destination for tourists
from around the world.
CITATION
57
● UNESCO World Heritage Centre:

https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/bj
● National Commission for Museums and Monuments (Nigeria):
https://museum.ng/
● EMuseum (British Museum):
https://www.britishmuseum.org/about-us/british-museum-story/contested-
objects-collection/benin-bronzes
● UNESCO World Heritage Centre:
https://en.unesco.org/biosphere/africa/okwangwo
● Nigerian National Parks Service:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_River_National_Park
● BirdLife International: [invalid URL removed]
● "Avian diversity in the Oban Hills, southeastern Nigeria" by T.I.
Joshua et al. (Bird Conservation International, Vol. 15, No. 4,
2005):https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335950841_Avifauna_Speci
es_Diversity_of_Nigeria
https://museum.ng/
● "The Ogbunike Caves: Their Significance in Igbo Cosmology" by S.I.C.
Okeke (Anthropos, Vol. 80, No. 1/3, 1985):
https://www.ikengajournal.com.ng/admin/img/paper/9%20Ogbunike
%20cave%20in%20Nigeria22.pdf
● "A Report of the Antiquities of Ogbunike" by Thurstan Shaw (Nigeria
Magazine, No. 82, 1955): [Available in print sources]
https://museum.ng/
● "The Nok Culture of Nigeria" by Peter Breunig (African
Archaeological Review, Vol. 5, No. 1,
1987):https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/nok-culture/

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A term paper for URP 412 on Tourist sites in Nigeria.

DABUL SOPHIA SECHIVIR 2019/1/78685VP

DEPARTMENT OF URBAN AND REGIONAL

In conclusion, Nigeria's tourist sites offer a captivating journey through history,

1.1 TOURISM IN NIGERIA.

Historical Landmarks: Nigeria is steeped in history, with numerous historical

Urban Vibrancy: Nigeria's cities showcase a unique blend of modernity and

TOURIST SITES IN NIGERIA

2.1 EKO ATLANTIC CITY

transportation systems. Tourists can expect a comfortable and technologically

○ Eko Marina: A haven for luxury tourism with high-end hotels,

2.1.1 Challenges and Considerations for development:

● Accessibility: Currently, access to Eko Atlantic is limited. Developing

2.2 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT.

Early Days (1940s-1960s):

From Ranching to Resort (1960s-1990s):

Rejuvenation and Repositioning (1999-Present)

Eko Atlantic City's historical development showcases a continual adaptation to

Fig1: Image of Eko Atlantic city

Fig1.2: Image showing Eko Atlantic city from a different angle.

3.1 OBUDU MOUNTAIN RESORT

● Scenic Beauty: Obudu's picturesque landscape features rolling hills, lush

Accommodation: Obudu Mountain Resort offers a range of accommodation

3.1.2 Challenges and considerations for development:

● Seasonality: The rainy season (April to October) might impact outdoor

3.2 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT.

Early Inhabitants (17th Century Onwards):

● The Obudu Plateau wasn't a desolate area waiting to be discovered. Long

European Exploration and Ranching (1940s):

● The documented history of Obudu as a resort begins in the 1940s. Accounts

The Birth of Tourism (1960s Onwards):

Modernization and Challenges (1980s - Present):

● Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Obudu Mountain Resort continued to

Obudu Mountain Resort's journey from a cattle ranch to a renowned tourist

Fig 2:Images showing Obudu mountain resort

4.1 THE IBENO BEACH

● Beachcombing: Search for unique seashells and treasures along the

4.1.2 Challenges and considerations for development:

● Accessibility: Ibeno Beach is located in a remote area, and transportation

4.2 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

Early Recognition of Tourism Potential (Mid-20th Century Onwards):

● While a precise date is unknown, awareness of Ibeno Beach's potential as a

Recent Developments and Growing Recognition (Late 20th Century -

Fig3: Images showing Ibeno beach

5.1 MAMBILA PLATEAU

It is situated in Taraba State which is located in the northeastern part of

5.1.2 Challenges and Considerations for development:

● Accessibility: The Mambilla Plateau's remote location can be challenging to

● Accommodation: Luxury accommodations are scarce. There are

5.2 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

● The Mambilla Plateau's history stretches back centuries. Several ethnic

Colonial Era: (Late 19th - Mid-20th Century)

Post-Colonial Era: (Mid-20th Century Onwards):

● Following Nigeria's independence in 1960, the Mambilla Plateau's potential

Increased Recognition and Development Efforts (Late 20th Century -

● The late 20th century saw a renewed focus on tourism development in

Fig4: Images showing Mambila plateau Taraba state

6.1 NGWO PINE FOREST

The Ngwo Pine Forest is still under development as a tourist destination.