General Biology Q4 M3-Edited
General Biology Q4 M3-Edited
General Biology Q4 M3-Edited
Department of Education
Regional Office IX, Zamboanga Peninsula
General Biology 2
Quarter 4 - Module 3
Plant and Animal Systems and
Their Functions: Transport and
Circulation
Name of Learner:
Grade & Section:
Name of School:
Module Plant and Animal Organ Systems and Their
1 Functions
What’s In
Activity 1: The chambers of the Heart
What’s New
Circulation in animals is basically due to the circulatory
system. Circulatory system are the highways over which
red blood cells carry oxygen to the tissues and remove
carbon dioxide. The key to circulation in vertebrates is the
organ that pumps the blood through the system, the
heart. A cardiovascular system consists of the heart,
blood and blood vessels. The heart pumps the blood
which circulates to other body parts through blood
vessels. Along the way, nutrients and other substances
are delivered to body tissues and wastes are removed to
be excreted out from the body.
Activity 4: Cross Word Puzzle
Across
5. The instrument used for measuring heart beat
6. These carry blood from all parts of the body back to the heart
Down
1. The process of removal of wastes produced in the cells of the living organisms is
called
2. The process by which blood is filtered periodically through an artificial kidney
3. The vascular tissue for the transport of water and nutrients in the plant is called the
Absorption of water plus Take one container full of water and place
macronutrients and the potato partially dipped in it. For some
micronutrients through the root time leave it and then we can see that the
system is possible by diffusion. level of sugar increases, the reason is water
Root hairs increase the surface moves from low concentration to a high
area for transport. Water concentration. This is an example of the
molecules pass through the transport of plants.
epidermis, cortex, endodermis and
pericycle; then they move upwards
by means of xylem vessels.
Transportation In Plants
Transport in plants – plants are the type of organisms that have an autotrophic mode
of nutrition. By taking in carbon dioxide from the air, minerals, and water from the soil,
plants make their own food. After that, they release oxygen and water vapor. This process
is Photosynthesis.
By this process, plants synthesize their food in
the leaves. For trees, leaves are considered to
be food factories. For the process
of photosynthesis, raw materials should be
transported to the leaves. For transport in
plants, they need a transport system to move
food, water, and minerals around because for
them no heart, no blood, and since these
plants do not have a circulatory system,
transportation makes up for it.
Vascular tissues are normally conducting tissues. The formation of these tissues can be done
by xylem and phloem of a plant. Without the use of pump how water moves up the plant against
gravity in tubes made of dead xylem cells can be explained by only the transportation process.
In plants, there are pipe-like vessels through which water and minerals can enter the plants.
These vessels are made up of elongated cells and thick walls. A group of cells forms a tissue
that performs a specialized function within the organisms. These are conducting tissues.
These conducting tissues are divided into two types which are xylem and phloem.
• Xylem: It is a vascular tissue that spreads from the top to bottom of the plant. For the
transport of water molecules, it helps a lot. It also plays a vital role in the case of dissolved
substances from the root hairs to aerial parts of the plant. It transfers water in one
direction. Commonly, xylem occupies the central part of the vascular bundle. It mainly
includes different types of cells such as tracheid, vessels, and xylem parenchyma
and xylem fibers.
• Phloem: It is also vascular tissue. In a plant where the necessity of food molecules is
there, the use of the phloem transportation process will take place. Some elements are
there in the phloem such as sieve elements, phloem parenchyma, fibers, and companion
cells.
The transportation process in this tissue is bidirectional. In association with xylem, it forms
vascular bundles. The edges of vascular bundles are occupied by phloem.
Figure 1: The difference between xylem and phloem
Animal Circulation
Let us follow the journey of blood through the human heart, starting with the entry of
oxygenated blood into the heart from the lungs. Oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the
left side of the heart, emptying directly into the left atrium through large vessels called
pulmonary veins. From the atrium, blood flows through an opening into the adjoining
chamber, the left ventricle. The blood is prevented from going back into the atrium by a
large one-way valve, the mitral valve, whose flaps are pushed shut as the ventricle contracts.
Prevented from reentering the atrium, the blood within the ventricle takes the only other
passage out of the contracting left ventricle. It moves through a second opening that leads
into a large vessel called the aorta. The aorta is separated from the left ventricle by a one-
way valve, the aortic valve. Unlike the mitral valve, the aortic valve is oriented to permit the
flow of blood out of the ventricle. Once this outward flow has occurred, the aortic valve closes,
thus preventing the reentry of blood from the aorta into the heart.
The aorta and all of the other blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart are arteries.
Many of these arteries branch from the aorta, carrying oxygen- rich blood to all parts of the
body.
The blood that flows into the arterial system eventually returns to the heart after delivering
its cargo of oxygen to the cells of the body. In returning, it passes though a series of veins,
eventually entering the right side of the heart. Two large veins collect blood from the systemic
circulation. The superior vena cava drains the upper body, the inferior vena cava the lower
body. These veins empty deoxygenated blood into the right atrium. The right side of the heart
is similar in organization to the left side. Blood passes from the right atrium into the right
ventricle through a one-way valve, the tricuspid valve. It passes out of the contracting right
ventricle through a second valve, the pulmonary valve, into the pulmonary arteries, which
carry the deoxygenated blood to the lungs. The blood then returns from the lungs to the left
side of the heart with a new cargo of oxygen, which is pumped to the rest of the body.
Figure 2: The pathway of blood in the heart
Animals have evolved a variety of mechanisms to cope with the problems of fluid balance. In
many animals the removal of water or salts is coupled to the removal of metabolic wastes
from the body. The organ that carries out these processes is the kidney. Kidneys possess
two segments that carry out different functions; Filtration, in which blood is passed through
a filter that retains blood cells and proteins but passes water and small molecules;
Reabsorption, in which desirable ions and metabolites are recaptured from the filtrate,
leaving metabolic waste and water behind for later elimination and Excretion, which is the
elimination of a variety of potentially harmful substances that animals eat, drink, or inhale.
In this process the roughly 2 million nephrons that form the bulk of the two human kidneys
receive a flow of approximately 2000 liters of blood per day.
The Regulation of mammalian kidney function:
I. Receptors in the juxtaglomerular
apparatus function in the kidney’s
autoregulation system. A. The receptors trigger
constriction or dilation of the afferent arteriole to
keep blood flow and filtration constant during
small variations in blood pressure.
II. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) promotes
water conservation.
A. It is secreted from the hypothalamus via
the pituitary when osmoreceptors detect an
increase in the osmolarity of body fluids.
B. It makes the walls of distal tubules and
collecting ducts more permeable to water, and
thus the urine becomes more concentrated.
What’s More
Activity 6: Take-Home Research
1. Research on the following technologies related to the circulatory system.
A. Pacemaker
B. Electrocardiograph (ECG)
C. Stethoscope
D. Defibrillator
E. Sphygmomanometer
F. Computerized axial tomography (CAT)
G. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
2. Of the three processes – filtration, reabsorption, elimination – which is (are)
accomplished by a kidney dialysis machine? Explain any limitations of the
device.
What I Have Learned
Right atrium
Left atrium
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
Pulmonary vein
Pulmonary artery
Tricuspid valve
Aortic valve
aorta
inferior vena cava
superior vena cava
pulmonary valve
mitral valve
What I Can Do
Assessment
1. Blood passes from the right atrium into the right ventricle through a
one-way valve, the bicuspid valve.
2. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) promotes water conservation.
Books:
General Biology 2 Teaching Guide for Senior High School
Understanding Biology, Raven and Johnson, Mosby Publishing (Pages 591-757)
Electronic Resources:
https://www.toppr.com/guides/science/tra
nsportation-in-animals-and-
plants/transportation-in-plants/
https://physicscatalyst.com/class-
7/Transportation-in-Animals-and-Plants-
worskheet.php
Crash Course_Circulation and Respiratory
System.www.youtube.comwatch?V_9fxm85F
y45Q
https://study.com/academy/answer/if-the-
two-pulmonary-arteries-were-clamped-shut-
would-you-expect-systemic-edema-or-
pulmonary-edema-to-follow-explain.html
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Editors: Kathleen Kris P. Here the trees and Golden beams of
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