George Lamming s

cc
ln the Castle of My Skin":
Finding Promise in the Land
NEIL T E N KORTENAAR

W-JANDRÀ p o u c H E T P A Q U E T i n her authoritative book on the

novels of George L a m m i n g analyzes In the Castle of My Skin as
a sociological and political study of Barbados. She finds that the
narrative reproduces the historical process whereby a feudal mer-
cantilist economy gave way to a capitalist market economy. But i n
treating the novel as a sociological study, Pouchet Paquet ignores
what is distinctive about the book : its ungainly style and its erratic
narrative, aspects that longtime students of Caribbean literature
no longer see but every undergraduate coming to In the Castle of
My Skin for the first time notices.
T h e novel occupies a special place i n the hearts of many early
West Indian readers for whom it represents that greatest of mira-
cles: the naming i n literature of what had previously gone u n -
named. I n it, they saw their own experience given the dignity of
liter ature for the first time. But a younger generation with access
to a large and flourishing West Indian literature often compares
Lamming's novel unfavourably with other, later texts. However,
Lamming's pioneer work deserves to be studied and not with
the condescension accorded lesser writers. Lamming's bulgy, u n -
gainly style is not the work of an apprentice ; it reveals the travail
that gave birth to something new. This formless novel, raw i n
feel, is an ideal locus for studying the struggle that went into
expressing the inchoate, into conceiving the hitherto unimagined.
The narrative that Pouchet Paquet identifies, the progress from
a feudal to a capitalist economy, is evident only to the reader who
has finished the book. But for the reader still reading, still not

ARIEL: A Review of International English Literature, 22:2, April 1991

44 NEIL T E N KORTENAAR

finished, the direction of the narrative is by no means clear. The

text abjures all narrative hooks, all novelistic techniques that
arouse the reader's interest in what happens next. T h e reader is
not allowed to get interested in the personal story of any of the
characters; rather, as soon as the reader's interest is piqued, the
scene shifts and the characters he has met are dropped.
The text refuses to satisfy our traditional expectations of the
narrative : the pleasurable build up and release of tension. There
is something that can be identified as a beginning (the flood that
marks the narrator's ninth birthday) and there is an end (the
moment when the narrator at age eighteen makes ready to leave
the island) but there is a puzzling lack of direction i n the middle.
T h e flood with which the book opens would in another book have
been the climax, the moment when the waters of narrative tension,
fed by swollen streams of unresolved conflict and torrents of water
imagery, would burst through the restraining walls i n a violent,
cathartic release of emotion. Such a climax would overflow with
significance and the reader would think of death and rebirth and
baptism and regeneration, of The Mill on the Floss and The Virgin
and the Gypsy. But L a m m i n g puts this scene at the beginning of
his novel when there are as yet no expectations demanding to be
fulfilled and no pattern of imagery promising significance.
One episode that does produce narrative tension is the violent
riot in town. T h e violence is reported to be coming to Creighton's
V i l l a g e ; the villagers take refuge behind their barred doors; they
come out and take a look around, scurry back behind their doors,
peep out, see some suspicious characters, and pull back their heads.
The build-up is drawn out to such a length that the scene almost
becomes comic. A n d i n the end, nothing happens: the only vio-
lence is to our expectations. A much older L a m m i n g , looking back
on his first novel, has said he should have had the white landlord
killed at this point i n the text (Introduction x i v ) , but his change
of heart is based purely on political considerations and not on
narrative exigencies. Presumably, he still has no qualms about the
narrative slackness of the text.
T h e text introduces a first-person narrator, a young boy, whom
rather mysteriously his friends call G , and who after the first two
chapters disappears for a hundred pages or so, replaced by an
 LAMMING'S "IN T H E CASTLE OF M Y SKIN" 45

omniscient narrator who recounts what happened at the com-

munity school on Empire Day. It is not clear where the young boy,
our original narrator, has gone to. H e is presumably at school when
the school inspector arrives, but we see nothing of h i m and it is
not his consciousness that processes events. The narrative at this
point tells us things the young boy could not possibly know, such as
what is going on i n the mind of the head teacher, who has dis-
covered compromising photos of his wife i n the possession of one
of his subordinates.
But the narrative centre does not merely shift from first to
omniscient third person. A t one point i n the long third chapter,
set i n the schoolyard, the omniscient narrator himself disappears.
A l l narrative mediation is replaced by the dramatic presentation
of a group of boys sent to wash off their bloodied schoolmate at a
tap. I n the dramatic dialogue, these boys are labelled First Boy,
Second Boy, T h i r d and Fourth Boys — as if they were secondary
characters in a play. The boy narrator, G , or even the omniscient
narrator, if either of them had recounted this scene, would surely
have used the boys' names.
The young boy returns to his narrative duties just when we
expect not to see more of this truant. ( W e never do see h i m at the
school but we cannot be sure he was not there all the time. ) The
rest of the text continues the inconsistency established i n chapter
three. Some chapters are recounted by the boy G , sometimes he
disappears altogether, and some chapters present the dramatic
dialogue of an O l d M a n and an O l d W o m a n who call each other
M a and P a . The text is a veritable anthology of narrative modes.
Late i n the book, we are given excerpts from G's d i a r y — a s though
L a m m i n g had suddenly remembered a narrative mode that his
encyclopedia did not yet include.
In later scenes, the young boy is present but he might as well
not be. Chapter Six presents the long philosophical discussions that
the boy's friends, Trumper, Boy Blue, and Bob, engage i n on the
beach. The boy is present — we saw h i m arrive at the beach with
Bob •— but for dozens of pages he says not a word ; not to his
friends, not even to us, the readers. W e have no idea what he
thinks of Trumper's and Boy Blue's epistemologica! speculations.
It is as though the G of the boy's name stood for Ghost : he hovers
46 NEIL T E N KORTENAAR

around the scenes he describes, not taking part and even going
unseen.
T h e formlessness of the novel requires explaining, and it can, I
think, be explained. In the Castle of My Skin is balanced between
two poles, the self and the community, which correspond to the
two economic systems Pouchet Paquet finds are at work i n the
novel. T h e feudal world of the village seems to its members to
have a wholeness; everything is i n its proper place. This is a
peaceful, ordered world based on paternalism: those i n power
protect and care for those who depend on them ; those below work
for and accord respect to those above. The hierarchy that char-
acterizes the community ( M r . Creighton i n the Great House at
the top, the overseers below h i m , and the villagers below that)
assures a stability and a comprehensible order. The symbol of this
organic whole is the cherry tree that spreads out over the neigh-
bours' fences in all directions: " T h e roots were i n one yard, but
its body bulged forth into another, and its branches struck out over
three or four more" ( 16 ).
T h e reader will have no trouble judging the paternalistic
ideology of M r . Creighton ; it is intended to mask and make toler-
able the unjust relations between the classes. But there is something
attractive about this feudal world nonetheless. There is an alter-
native father figure, the old man P a , from whom the narrative
does not withhold its admiration.
W e have i n this unself-conscious community part of the explana-
tion for the inconsistency and the lack of direction of the text. Paul
Ricoeur argues that narrative has validity as a mirror of human
experience because we human agents emploi our experience i n
narrative. There is a hermeneutic circle whereby life is configured
as narrative in art, artistic narrative is read and interpreted, and
we readers then prefigure our own lived experience i n the form of
narrative. Ricoeur does not say, though we can conclude, that
where people do not emploi their lives and do not see their lives
in terms of narrative, no narrative can be told of them. A novel
requires a narrative agent with a narrative project (a quest or
an ambition or a hope or a fear) who self-consciously emplois his
own narrative. H e is not free to make his own life; on every side
he must wrestle with a world that would frustrate his desire to be
 LAMMING'S "IN T H E CASTLE OF M Y SKIN" 47

author of his own Ufe. But it is because he imagines himself as

having a story that a story can be told of h i m . Creighton's Village,
on the other hand, does not have its own narrative because the
villagers do not conceive of themselves as narrative agents. A novel
cannot be a valid configuration of lived experience where that
experience is not emplotted i n the sort of narrative one finds
in novels.
In portraying the unself-conscious community of Creighton's
Village, L a m m i n g displays a disorienting lack of commitment to
the characters and their unfolding stories. In the organic com-
munity where individuals are interchangeable—"Three, thirteen,
thirty. It does not matter" (24) —• there are no individuals to be
the centre of narrative interest. Characters go unnamed because
their individual selves are of no importance; they are just the head
teacher or the shoemaker. The narrative takes u p a character,
establishes who he is, and then abruptly drops h i m . After seeing
the head teacher agonizing over the evidence of his wife's infi-
delity, we do not see h i m again for another hundred pages and we
never hear more of his relations with his wife. Despite the care with
which he was described i n the schoolyard scene, we learn that he
is not of any real interest to the narrator and should not be to us.
Yet, In the Castle of My Skin has i n the boy G a character as self-
conscious as any anywhere. H o w can this extreme self-consciousness
be accounted for, given the unself-conscious environment i n which
it finds itself? A s Sandra Pouchet Paquet established, the village
may appear stable, but change is coming. The strike of the dock
workers and later the riots i n town disturb the old order. M r .
Slime's Friendly Society and Penny Savings Bank marks the first,
apparently beneficent, appearance of capitalism i n this otherwise
feudal world. The Friendly Society encourages a new attitude to
wealth; wealth can be amassed as capital and invested. A s capital,
money becomes a source of power. T h e empowerment brought by
new conceptions of wealth is a double-edged sword, however. Some
are given power; some find themselves in the power of others.
Capitalism brings with it a new attitude to the land. T h e land is
no longer where one lives and what one works. I n the feudal
system, the land belonged to the owner but it was worked by the
villagers and it was inconceivable that M r . Creighton could ever
48 NEIL T E N K O R T E N AAR

take the land from them. U n d e r the new dispensation, land is a

commodity to be bought and sold. M r . Creighton sells to M r .
Slime with the result that the shoemaker and M r . Foster are
dispossessed and P a is sent to the almshouse.
Colonizer and colonized in the feudal system never saw each
other objectively and apart from their roles in the system, and
there was something reassuring in those roles. Everyone had a
place. The young boys and their teachers, however, feel differently.
T h e fixed roles i n an organic system do not provide security but
are cages that threaten to imprison. T o be seen by another is a
threat. T h e boys and their teachers never meet each other's eyes;
when one of them is seen,
[d]eep down he felt uneasy. He had been seen by another. H e had
become part of the other's world, and therefore no longer in com-
plete control of his own. The eye of another was a kind of cage.
When it saw you the lid came down, and you were trapped. (65)

The boys' parents, living in a paternalistic feudal world, accept

authority. However, the young boys live i n a world that has alto-
gether less stable foundations. The boys at school study the pennies
they are given on Empire D a y and wonder about the king's face
on the coin. " C o u l d you have a penny without a face?" D i d the
king sit while someone drew his face on each of the coins? " H o w
would he find the time to sit till all those million pennies were
done?" (45). Another boy throws all these suggestions i n doubt
by insisting that the king is never seen. The man that appears in
newspapers or in newsreels is not the king but the king's shadow,
a man whose duty it is to replace the king who can never be seen.
Where is the authority that mints the pennies, that guarantees the
currency on which everything i n a capitalist economy depends?
There is something unreal about money, and something unreal
about the world. T h e boys cannot see the whole. They have no
relation to the makers of their w o r l d ; the world of authority, of
money, of history, and of books is a shadowy unreal world. A l l
that they can be sure of is the self.
Under the old dispensation, the community had a white father
in M r . Creighton and a black father i n P a . T h e young boys of the
next generation are fatherless. G speaks of being fathered by his
 LAMMING'S " I N T H E CASTLE OF M Y SKIN" 49

mother, but that is as much as to say that he has not been fathered
at all. H i s mother belongs to an unself-conscious, natural world
that as far as he is concerned exists only to serve his needs. T h e boy
recognizes no authority outside the self and no past with claims
on h i m . T h e flood with which the novel opens wipes away the past
and cleans the slate.
W e might call this existential solipsism the "island self." Bob, i n
a scepticism worthy of Berkeley and H u m e , denies that there is
anything else in the world apart from Barbados (147-48). H i s
father, a fisherman, has sailed far out to sea and has never seen
other land. The scepticism is extended to include the whole of
the world outside the self.
T h e community denied the possibility of history because it did
not believe in change. W h a t was and what would always be were
the same. The island self too is timeless and outside change.
Trumper and Boy Blue both have had an experience of leaving
time behind them, which Trumper expresses thus :
A n ' sometimes sittin' here or there or anywhere for that matter, I
feel that where I sittin' now I was sittin' all the time, an' it seem I
was sittin' since I can remember myself. 'Tis as if time like the
clock itself stop, an' everything you tell yourself is all right. (114)

W e have then two poles on which the text is strung. T h e island

self is highly conscious, and alienated from others. Community is
unreflective and based on interpersonal relations. Self is locked
within the castle of its skin ; community is anchored by the Great
House. Community is represented by the organic image of the
tree ; self is an individual on the shore facing the sea.
W h a t the two poles have i n common is that they are both anti-
historical and anti-narrative. Narrative involves a narrative agent
acting on and being acted upon by his world. It involves inter-
action. But i n Lamming's Barbados, we have either a fixed world
without distinct selves or selves that are cut off from the world
outside. Narrative is impossible.
Patricia T o b i n has called the principle of order and continuity
represented by the progression from father to son "the genealogical
imperative" (5). In narrative, the plot, that is, the linear suc-
cession of events from a first cause, corresponds to the genealogical
50 NEIL T E N KORTENAAR

imperative and guarantees the proper respect for authority. Where

the genealogical imperative has been subverted, as it has been
among the boys i n Lamming's novel, narrative progression, too, is
derailed. L a m m i n g presents two worlds : one a world with a father
but no son — the static world of P a and M a — and the other the
fatherless existence of G and his friends.
Patricia T o b i n admires modernist novels that subvert linear
plot and with it the patriarchal authority of the genealogical i m -
perative. Lamming's subversion of narrative puts h i m i n good
company. But L a m m i n g is not a postmodernist playing clever
games with narrative expectations because he is out to subvert the
cheerful, unthinking acceptance of authority that those expecta-
tions imply. W h e n postmodernists subvert narrative sequence and
with it causality and connection, they draw attention away from
story, character, and theme, focussing it on the words themselves.
This does not describe Lamming's novel. Lamming's text is repeti-
tious. H e can never say anything once, but must repeat it a dozen
times i n words that vary only slightly. But this is not the repetition
of images, themes, and words that by setting up rhythms and
establishing patterns allows the text to acquire a surfeit of meaning.
Repetition i n Lamming's novel does the reverse. Rather than sug-
gest meaning, it drains everything of meaning. T h e novel seems to
mean less than it says. Postmodernist texts demand reading —
readers believe that if only they reread the text one more time they
would be vouchsafed the significance that the text both promises
and denies. Readers of In the Castle of My Skin do not have the
same sense that they are missing something that another reading
might deliver.
T h e colonial world depicted in the novel knows only an unthink-
ing trust in a known world or a radical doubt that corrodes all
possibility of knowing. There is no possibility of acting on the
world or of making one's own world. This paralysis is reflected i n
the text's own unaccountability. M r . Slime represents the new
forces associated with capitalism. But for the larger part of the
novel he is regarded sympathetically; he is the young man who
cuckolds his superior; he is the energetic one who awakens the
village from its slumber and calls it to self-determination. L a m m i n g
disdains the development of character : M r . Slime the adulterer
 LAMMING'S "IN T H E CASTLE OF M Y SKIN" 51

becomes M r . Slime the hero who becomes M r . Slime the villain

— all without any concern for consistency or narrative logic. The
radical changes we are supposed to make in our judgement of h i m
are not prepared for: we have an infuriating sense that the author
uses M r . Slime only to fulfil whatever function his political inten-
tion requires at the moment. I n the end, his Friendly Society is
revealed to have evil consequences, but because M r . Slime is never
presented directly we cannot be sure if he has been corrupted by
the ready profits he could make or if he was always a scheming,
dangerous capitalist. We have real difficulty i n judging h i m , in
spite of his name that promises easy judgement.
M r . Slime's name, with its Dickensian or Trollopian overtones,
invites mistrust of h i m , and Sandra Pouchet Paquet does find h i m
sinister. H i s name associates h i m with such Victorian characters as
Chevy Slyme, U r i a h Heap, and the Rev. O b a d i a h Slope, but para-
doxically he has none of the oiliness of his precursors. This is yet
another example of L a m m i n g somehow meaning less than he says;
there are also a M r . Foster, a Boy Blue, and a Trumper, whose
names are merely names, with no deeper significance. Lamming's
colonial society is full of imported signs that do not operate as signs
do elsewhere, promising a richness of significance that always finally
eludes the reader. In another world, perhaps i n the world of a
Victorian novel, these signs would belong and fit into a larger
pattern of significance. I n Barchester Towers, Trollope introduces
his M r . Slope as the lineal descendant of Laurence Sterne's D r .
Slop (22). M r . Slope was conceived within a literary tradition.
Trollope's novels are not faithful mirrors of absolute reality—they
advertise their fictional nature. However, as J . Hillis M i l l e r has
argued, their imaginative wholeness is a mirror of the wholeness
with which the society which produced them has itself been
imagined. Trollope and his readers have their imaginations shaped
by a literary tradition ; their understanding of the world they live
in and their reading of novels are alike shaped by this tradition.
N o r is it too far-fetched to imagine that a branch of Slope's family
emigrated to America and became the Snopeses of Yoknapataw-
pha County. Faulkner, too, has created a whole fictional world
that testifies to the fullness that America has i n its own imagination.
52 NEIL T E N K O R T E N AAR

Lamming's M r . Slime, i n spite of his name, is not related by

blood or its literary equivalent, intertextuality, to any of these. H e
is a black colonial, the descendant of slaves. H i s name has been
arbitrarily given h i m and does not identify him i n the same way
that F l e m Snopes's name identifies h i m . Rather than locate h i m
in a literary tradition and in a thoroughly imagined world, M r .
Slime's name reveals his lack of connection and the hollowness of
his world.
Signs i n Lamming's novel do not expand by emitting rays of
infinite significance; they are black holes that absorb meaning and
do not let any of it escape. The colonial society L a m m i n g writes
about lacks imaginative wholeness : it was created by others and
never had the reality i n the imagination of its members that E n g -
land had i n the imagination of the English, or Dixie had i n the
minds of Southerners. T h e Little Englanders i n In the Castle of
My Skin have no conception of a history they are making, so
L a m m i n g cannot tell their story. Their landscape has not been
endowed with significance, so L a m m i n g cannot describe it. A n d
they have not imagined themselves and each other sufficiently, so
L a m m i n g has trouble naming them.
The novel may have no direction and no narrative thrust, but,
as I said above, it does have an end, and an end that seems to make
narrative sense of the whole. In the final pages of the novel, G
meets Trumper who has returned from America. Trumper has
renounced all his ideas of the existential loneliness of the self; he
has found a political purpose. Trumper has lost his debilitating
self-consciousness and now sees that he has been shaped by the
world and can only understand himself by understanding the
world. H e identifies with others of his race and class. A n d he is
ready to act on the world that has made h i m . H e has a narrative
project he is engaged i n . H e now has a story.
Suddenly, at the end of the novel, Trumper's name, which had
seemed vaguely comical but without significance, is revealed to
have meaning. So too at the end of the book M r . Slime's name,
which had not really identified him i n any final way, proves to have
held his fate. H e is a money-grubbing capitalist related to Flem
Snopes after all. The capitalism which M r . Slime represents will
integrate Barbados into a world economy. So, too, In the Castle of
 LAMMING'S "IN T H E CASTLE OF M Y SKIN" 53

My Skin, the text in which M r . Slime is represented, integrates

Barbados into a world literature.
Trumper has recognized the connections that i n the modern
world bind human beings together and bind some hand and foot.
His response is a political one. H e will resist the narrative imposed
by others and he will make his own narrative. By giving Trumper
the final word, the novel implicitly agrees with Trumper's vision.
The novel's close validates a point of view that condemns most
of the text itself. G is told to wake up and not lose himself in
such introspection as pervades the novel. The novel stands self-
condemned of sterility and paralysis, but in the end it affirms that
the West Indies stands ready to make its own narrative.

WORKS CITED

Lamming, George. In the Castle of My Skin. 1953. London: Longman, 1987.

. Introduction. In the Castle of My Skin. New York: Schocken, 1983.
Miller, J. Hillis. The Form of Victorian Fiction. Notre Dame: U of Notre
Dame P, 1968.
Pouchet Paquet, Sandra. The Novels of George Lamming. London: Mac-
millan, 1982.
Ricoeur, Paul. Temps et Récit I. Paris : Seuil, 1984.
Tobin, Patricia. Time and the Novel. Princeton: Princeton U P , 1978.
Trollope, Anthony. Barchester Towers. 1857. Harmondsworth : Penguin, 1983.