TH E

K I N G S EN GL I S H
’

No le vell d m alic e
’

I nfec ts on e c o mm a in th e c o u r se I h o ld .

Ti mon f
o A tnens , I i 4 8
. . .

S E C O ND E D I T I O N

O X F O RD

AT THE C L A R E ND O N PR E S S

1 906
 H E N RY F R O WD E , M A . .

PU B L I S H E R TO TH E U NI VE R S I T Y O F O X F O R D

L O ND O N, E D I NB U R GH

NE W YO RK AND TO RO NTO

Ad d t O L i b o
 P R E F AC E N

TH E c o m p il e rs O f thi s b o o k w o u l d b e w anting i n cou rt es y

i f th e y d id n o t e x p r e s s ly s a y what might o th e rw i s e b e s a fe ly
l e ft to th e r e ad e r s d i s c e rn m e nt : th e f r e qu e nt a p p e aran c e i n
’

’ ’
i t o f any au thor s or n e w s p a p e r s na m e do e s not m e an that
that auth o r o r n e w s p a p e r o ffe nd s m o r e O ft e n than oth e r s
again s t rul e s o f gram m ar o r s tyl e ; it m e re ly s how s that
th e y h av e b e e n am o ng t h e n e c e s s a r i ly l im it e d n u mb e r cho s e n
to col l e ct i n s tanc e s f ro m .

T h e p l an O f th e book w a s d ictat e d by th e fo l l o wing

c o n s id e ration s I t is not o riou s that E ngli s h writ e rs s e ldo m
.

lo o k i nt o a gram m ar o r com p o s itio n bo ok ; th e r e ad ing

Of gram mar s is r e p e l l e nt b e cau s e b e ing bou nd to b e
-

e xhau s t i v e on a gr e at e r o r l e s s s cal e th e y m u s t give

,

mu ch s p ac e to th e Obviou s o r th e u nn e c e s s ary ; and com

p o s itio n bo o k s a re O ft e n u s e l es s b e cau s e th e y e n f orc e th e i r
warn ing s only by f abricat e d bl u nd e r s again s t which e v e ry
ti ro fe e l s hi m s e l f qu it e s a fe Th e p rinci p l e ado p t e d h e r e
.

h as th e r e for e b e e n ( 1 ) to p a s s by al l rul e s o f what ev e r

,

ab s ol ut e i m p ortanc e that a re s hown by Ob s e rvation to b e

,

s e ld om o r n e v e r brok e n ; an d ( 2 ) to i llu s trat e by l iving

e x a m p l es with th e nam e o f a r e utab l e autho r i ty attach e d
, p
t o e ach a ll blund e r s th at ob s e rvatio n s how s to b e com m on
, .

Th e r e ad e r how e v e r w h o i s thu s le d to s u s p e ct that th e only

, ,

m e tho d fo ll ow e d h as b ee n th e r ej e cti o n o f m e th o d will find ,

it is ho p e d a p ractical s e curity agai n s t i nconv e n i e nc e i n th e

,

v e ry ful l I nd e x .
iv P R E FA C E

F u rth e r ,
inc e th e p o s itiv e l it e rary vi r tu e s a re not to b e
s

ta u ght by b r i e f q u otatio n n o r oth e rwi s e atta i n e d than by

,

i m p r o vi ng t h e gi ft s O f nat u r e with wid e o r ca r e fu l r e ad i n g ,

wh e re a s s om e th ing m ay re al ly b e d o n e fo r th e n e gativ e
vi r t u e s by m e re e xhibitio n O f what s houl d b e avoid e d th e ,

e xam p l e s c o ll e ct e d hav e had to b e e xam l e s O f th e bad and

p
n o t O f t h e good To thi s i t mu s t b e add e d that a con s i d e rabl e
.

ro o rtion f t h e n e w s p a p e r e xtract s a re a s i s s o m e ti m e s
p p o ,

a p p a r e n t not f ro m th e e di t o rial b u t fro m t h e c o r r e s p o nd e n c e

, ,

col u m n s ; th e nam e s attach e d a re m e r e ly a n a s s u ra nc e that

th e p a s s ag e s hav e actually a p p e ar e d i n p ri nt and not b e e n ,

n o w i n v e n t e d to p oi n t a m oral .

Th e e s p e cial thank s o f t h e co m p i l e r s a re O ff e r e d to
D r Bradl e y j oint e d it o r O f th e Oxf or d E ngl is /t D i c ti on a ry
.
, ,

who h as b ee n good e nough to i n s p e ct th e p roo f s h e e t s and ,

who s e many val uabl e s ugg e s tion s hav e l e d to t h e r e m o val o f

s o m e t o o unqual ifi e d s tat e m e nt s s om e c o n fu s e d e x p o s iti o n
, ,

a nd s om e p o s itiv e m i s tak e s It is d u e to h im how e v e r to

.
, ,

s ay that h i s warning s hav e now and th e n b e e n d i s r e gard e d ,

wh e n it s e e m e d that br e vity o r s o m e oth e r advantag e c o ul d

b e s e cur e d withou t gr e at ri s k O f m i s u nd e r s tanding .

Th e Oxf or d E ngl is /t D i cti on a ry it s e l f h a s b e e n o f much

s e r vic e. O n al l qu e s tion s o f vocab u lary e v e n i f s o s l i ghtly
,

h a n dl e d a s i n th e fi rs t cha p t e r O f thi s book that g r e at w o rk

,

is now i nd i s p e n s abl e .

PR E F A C E T O T H E S E C O ND E D ITIO N
I N thi s e diti o n ne w e xam p l es hav e b e e n add e d or s ub s titu t e d
h e r e and th e r e .
 C O N T E NT S

PA RT 1
PAGE
C H A PT E R I V O C A B U LA R Y
.
,

Ge n e ral Pri n c i p l e s
F a m iliar an d far—fe tc he d w o r ds
C o n c r e t e an d a b s trac t ex p r es s i o n
C ir cu ml ocu ti o n
S ho rt and l o n g w o rd s
S ax o n an d Ro man c e w o rd s
Re qu ir em en t s o f d i ff e r en t s tyl e s
M ala p ro p s
N eo l o gi sm s
Am eric an i sm s
Fo re i gn w o r ds
Fo rmati on
S la n g
I n di vi du a l
M u tu a l

Aggr a vafe

C HAPTER I I . S YN T A X , pp . 6 0— 1 7 0
C a se
Nu m b e r
C o m p arat iv es an d sup erlativ e s
Rel ativ e s
D e fi n i n g an d n o n defi n ing r el ati ve c l au se s
-

T[ ml an d w /z o o r tonic/z

A n d w h o, and wh o"
;

C a se of th e r e l ative
M i s c ell aneo u s u s es o f th e r elative
fl CONTENTS

Partic i pl e and ger u n d

Partic i p l e s
T he g e r u n d
D i s ti n g u i sh i n g th e g e r u n d
O m i s s i o n o f th e g e r u n d s u bj e ct
C h o ic e b e tw ee n ge r u nd an d i nfi n iti ve
S ha ll an d w ill
Th e p u r e sys t e m
T h e c o l o u r e d fu t u r e sys t em
-

The p lai n fu t u r e sys t em

-

S e c o n d pe r s o n q u e s ti o ns
-

E x a m p l e s o f p ri n c i p al sent enc es
S u b s ta n tival cla u ses
Co n diti o n al cla u se s
I n d e fi nit e clau ses
E x am p l e s O f s u b ord i nate clau ses
Pe r fe ct i n fi n itive
C o n diti o na l s
D ou bt [b a t
Pr ep o s iti o n s

CHAPTE R I II . A I R S A ND G R A C E S ,
1 7 1- 21 8

C e rt a i n t yp es O f hu mou r
E l e gan t va riati o n
I nv er s i o n
E x cl am ato ry
B al an c e
I n syn t ac ti c c l au ses
N egativ e an d fal se
,
-
emph s s
a i
M i sc e ll ane o u s
Arc h ai sm
O cca s i o n al
S u s t ai n e d
M e ta ph o r
Rep e titi o n
 CONTENTS fli

M i sc ell an eo u s
T rit e p h ra ses
I r o ny
S u p e rl ativ e s ithou t
w t/z e
Cheap o ri gi nality

C H APTE R I V . P U N C T UA T I O N , 21 —2 0
9 9
Gen er al di ffi c ulti es
Ge n e ral p r i n c i p l es
Th e s p o t p l agu e
O ve r s t opp i ng
-

U n de r s t o pp i n g
-

Gr amm ar an d punctu ati o n

S u b s t an tiv al c l au se s
S u bj ec t & c an d ve rb
,
.
,

Adj e c tival clau se s

Adv e r b i al c lau se s
P ar e nthesis
M i spl ac ed co mmas
Enume r ati on
C o mma b etw een in d ep en den t s e n t ences
S emi c o l o n w i th su b o r dinate m emb er s
E x c l ama ti o ns an d s t a t e me nt s
E x c l amati o n s an d que s ti o n s
I nt ernal ques ti o n an d ex c l amati o n m ar k s
Unaccou n t ab l e c om mas
Th e c o l o n
M i s cell aneou s
Dashes
Gen er al ab u se
L egit i mat e u se s

D e b a tab l e qu e s ti ons
C o mm o n m i su se s
H yp hen s
Qu o t ati o n m ark s
E xce s s iv e u se
 C O NT E N T S
Q uo tati o n ma rk s ( c onh nu ed)
O r de r w ith sto p s
S i n gl e an d d o u bl e
M i s p la c e d
H al f q u o tati o n

P A RT I I .
p . 2 91 to th e end

E UPH ON Y, 1 —1 o

J i n gl e s
Al lit e rati o n
Re p eat e d p re po s iti o n s
S e q u e n c e o f r e l a tiv e s
S e qu e n c e o f t/z a t & c
'
.
,

M e tri c al p r o se
S e n t e n c e ac c e n t
C a u sa l a s c l au ses
We n s an d hyp ertroph i e d memb er s
Car e l e ss r ep etiti o n

Q O TATI ON &c
U , 1 1 19
.
,
-

C om mo n m i squ o ta ti o n s
U n c o mmo n mi s qu otati o n s o f w ell k no w n passages
-

M i squ o t ati o n o f l e ss fam ili a r p assages

M i s a pp li ed an d m i su n de r st o o d qu o tati o n s an d ph ras e s
All u s i o n
I nco rrec t a ll u si o n
D o v et a il e d an d adap t ed qu otati o n s an d p h r a ses

T rit e qu o t ati o n
L ati n a bbr evi a ti o n s & c
,
.

GRAMMAR , 2 0- 37
U n equ al yok efe ll o w s an d de fec tive do u b l e ha r ness
C o mm on p art s
Th e r t r i
w o ng u n ng

E lli p s e in su b o rdi n at e cl au se s
S o m e ill egiti mat e infi nitives
 CONTENTS ix

S p lit in fi n itives
C o mp o u n d p a ss ive s
C o n fu s i o n w ith n e gat ive s
O m i s si on O f as

O th e r lib e rti e s t ak e n w ith as

B r achyl o gy
B e tw e e n tw o s t o o l s
Th e i mp e r s o n al on e

A p la ce d b e t w e en the adj e c tiv e an d its n oun

D o a n d he
F r e sh t rt s
s a

Vulgari s m s an d c o ll oqu iali sm s

M EANI NG 8 — 8
, 3 4
T aut olo gy
Re dun da n c i e s
A : to w h ether

S u p e rflu o u s bu t an d th ough
[f o nd w hen

M altr e at e d i di o m s
T r u i sm s an d c o n tradi c t ion s in t er ms
D o u bl e e m p h as i s

S p l it au x iliari e s
O v e rl o a di n g
D em o n s tr ati ve, n o un , an d p a rtici p l e or a dj ec tive
AMB I GUI T Y, —
49 52
F al s e c
s e nt

5O . M i s p l ac e m e n t of w o r ds
5 1 . Am bi gu o u s p o s iti o n
5 2 . Amb i gu o u s enu m e r ati o n

S TYL E , 5 3 to th e end

53 . An tic s
54 . Jo u rn al ese
55 . S omew h a t, & c .
 CONTENTS

C l um sy p atc h i n g
O m i s s i o n o f th e c o nj u n cti o n tha t
M e a n i n gl e s s w h i le

C o mme rc iali s m s
Pe t Phra se s
A ls o as c o nj u ncti o n ; and dir t .
 C H A PT E R I

VOCA BU L A RY

G E NE R AL

A NY o newho wi s h e s to b e c o m e a g o o d writ e r s h o uld

e nd e avou r b e fo r e h e al l o w s h im s e l f t o b e t e m p t e d by t h e
,

more s h o wy q u aliti es to b e di re ct s i m p l e bri e f vig o r o u s

, , , , ,

and l u cid .

Thi s g e n e ral p rinci p l e may b e tran s lat e d i n to p ractical r u le s

i n th e d o mai n o f v o cabul ary a s fo ll o w s
P r e fe r t h e fam il i ar w o r d t o th e fa r fe tch e d -
.

P re fe r th e conc r e t e word to th e ab s tract .

P r efe r th e s ingl e w o rd to th e C ircu m locution .

P r e fe r th e s h o rt w o rd t o t h e lo n g .

Pr e fe r t h e S ax o n wo rd t o th e R o man c e 1
.

Th e s e ru l e s a re giv e n r o ughly i n o rd e r O f m e rit ; t h e l a s t i s

al s o th e l e a s t I t i s t r u e that i t is O ft e n gi ve n al o n e a s a s o r t
.
,

o f c o m p e ndiu m O f all th e o th e r s I n s om e s e n s e it is that

.

th e writ e r wh o s e p e rc e n tag e O f S ax o n w o rd s is high wil l

g e n e rally b e fo u nd to hav e fe w e r w o rd s that a re o u t O f th e
way l o n g o r ab s tract and fe w e r p eri p h ra s e s than a n o th e r ;
, , , ,

1
Th e R o m a n ce lang u ag e s are th o se wh o s e gra m matical s t ru ct u re a s ,

w ell a s p art at l e a s t o f th e ir v o cab u lary is dir e ctly d es c e n d e d fr o m L ati n

,

a s I talia n F r en ch S p a n i s h
, , U n d e r R o m a n c e w o rd s w e i n cl u d e all that
.

E n g l i s h h a s b o rr o w e d fro m L ati n e ith e r dir e ctly o r thr o u gh th e R o m a n c e

language s An d w o rd s b o rr o w e d fr o m Gre e k in gen e ra l u se ra ngi ng fr o m
.
,

a l nz s t o m etei n s ch os i s m a
py y f
,
or t h e p u r p o s e s o f thi s cha p t e r b e c o n s id e r e d

a s Ro m an c e T h e va s t n u m b e r o f p u re ly s ci e n tifi c Gr e e k w o rd s a s oxy gen

.
, ,

m en i ngi ti s are o n a di ff e re n t fo o ti n g s i n c e th e y a re u su ally th e o n ly w o rd s

, ,

fo r what t h e y d en o t e .

NS
.
 2 V O C A B U L A RY

and conv e rs e ly B u t i f i n s t e ad O f h is S ax o n p e rc e ntag e s

.
,
’

b e ing th e nat u r a l and u n d e s i gn e d c o n s e qu e nc e o f h is b r evi ty

( and t h e r es t ) th o s e o th e r qual
, it i e s hav e b e e n attai n e d by h i s

con s ci o u s l y r es t r i cti n g him s e l f to S ax o n h is p ai n s wil l have ,

b e e n w o r s e tha n wa s t e d ; t h e tai nt O f p r e ci o s i ty will b e o v e r

all h e h as w r itt e n O b s e rvi ng that tr a n s la te i s d e r iv e d f r o m
.

L atin and l e a r n i n g that th e Eli z ab e tha n s had an o th e r w o r d

,

f o r it h e will p u l l u s u p by engl i s h i ng h is q u o tati o n s h e wil l

,

p u z z l e t h e g e n e ral r e ad e r by i nt r o d uc i n g h is bo o k with a
f o r e

w or d . S u ch f r e ak s s h o uld b e l e ft t o th e G e r man s w h o hav e ,

by thi s ti m e s u cc e e d e d i n e x p e l li n g a s ali e ns a g r e at m any

w o rd s that w e r e g o od e nough fo r Go e th e A n d th e y i n d e e d .
, ,

a re v e r y lik e ly right b e cau s e t h e i r la n guag e is a thor o ughbr e d

,

o ne o u r s i s not and can now n e v e r b e anything bu t a hyb r id ;

, ,

f o r e w or d i s
( o r may b e
) S ax o n ; w e c a n fi n d o u t i n t h e

d icti o na r y wh e th e r i t i s o r n o t ; b ut p r ef a ce is E n gli s h di c ,

t io n a ry o r no d ic tion ary ; and w e wa n t t o writ e Engli s h n o t ,

S ax o n A d d to thi s that e v e n if th e S ax o n c r it e r i o n w e r e
.
,

a s afe o n e m o r e kn o wl e dg e than m o s t O f u s hav e i s n e e d e d to

,

a p p ly i t F e w w h o w e r e n ot d e e p i n p hi lol o gy wou l d b e
.

e d to s tat e that n o word i n t h e f o l l o wing li s t e xtract e d

p pr e ar (
f r o m th e p r e fac e to th e Oxf or d D ic ti on a ry ) i s E ngl i s h
ba ttle bea s t bea u ty beef bi ll blu e bo n ne t bor der bos s bou n d
, , , , , , , , , ,

bow l br a ce br a ve br i be br u is e br u s h bu t t bu tton D r M u r ray

, , , , , , , . .

"
Ob s e rve s that th e s e a re now n o l es s nativ e ‘
and n o l e s s ,

i m p o rtant con s titu e nt s o f o u r vocabulary than t h e T e u t o ni c ,

’
word s .

Th e re a re m or e ov e r in nu m e rabl e p ai rs O f s ynonym s about

, ,

which th e S ax o n p ri nci p l e g i v e s u s no h e l p Th e fi rs t t o .

hand a re er e and bef or e ( b o th S ax o n ) s a ve and ex cep t ( b o th ,

R o manc e) a n en t and a bou t ( both S ax o n again )

,
H e r e i f th e .
,

S axon ru l e h a s nothi n g t o s ay t h e familiar rul e l e av e s n o

’
,

d o ubt T h e i nt e l lig e n t r e ad e r who m our wri t e r h a s t o con

.

s id e r wil l p o s s i bl y n o t kn o w th e lingui s ti c fact s ; i nd e e d h e

m o r e l ik e ly than n o t tak e s s a ve fo r a S axo n wo r d B u t .

 G E N E RA L PRINCIPLES 3

he d o e s know th e r e fl e ctio ns that th e word s i f h e ha p p e n s ,

to b e r e ading l e i s ur e ly e nough fo r r e fl e ction e xcit e i n hi m , .

A s h e c o m e s to s a ve h e wo nd e r s Why n o t ex cep t ? A t s ight

, ,

O f er e h e is i rr e s i s tibly r e m i n d e d o f that s a d s p e ctacl e ,

a m e chanic w e aring h is S u n d ay cl o th es o n a w e e kday A n d .

a nen t to c o n tinu e t h e s i m i l e i s nothi ng l e s s than a ma s qu e rad e

‘

, ,

c o s t u m e Th e Oxf or d D i c ti on a ry s ay s d r ily o f th e la s t w o r d
.

‘
C o m m on in S cotch law p hra se o l o gy and a ffe ct e d by many
,

Engl i s h w r it e r s it m igh t hav e gon e f u r th e r and s aid ,

’
a ff e ct e d in any Engli s h w r it e r ; s u c h things a re anti
q u a r i a n rubbi s h Ward o u r S tr e e t E ngli s h
,
-
Why n
. o t (a s o u r

i magin e d i nt e ll i g e nt r e ad e r a s k e d ) — why n o t bef or e ex cep t , ,

and a bou t ? B r e ad is th e s ta ff o f l i fe an d word s l i k e th es e

, ,

which a re com m o n an d a re n o t vulgar w hich a re g o od e n o u gh

,

fo r the high e s t a n d n o t to o g o o d fo r th e l o w e s t a re t h e s ta p l e ,

o f l it e ratu re . T h e fir s t thi n g a w r it e r m u s t l e a r n is that h e is ,

n o t to r ej e ct t h e m unl e s s h e can s how g o od ca u s e B ef or e .

and ex cep t i t m u s t b e cl e a r ly u nd e rs t o o d hav e s u ch a p re

, ,

s c r i p tiv e r ight that t o u s e oth e r w o rd s i n s t e ad is not m e r e ly

n o t to cho o s e th e s e i t i s to r ej e ct th e m
,
I t may b e d o n e in
.

p o e try ,
and i n t h e s ort o f p ro s e that i s hal f p o e try : to d o it

(
e l s e wh e r e i s to i n s ul t bef or e to i nj u r e er e which i s a d e l i cat e
,

fl o w e r that wil l l o s e it s qu al ity i f mu ch ha n dl e d ) and to mak e ,

on e s s e n t e nc e b o th p r e t e nti o u s and f r igid

’
.

I t is n o w p e rha p s cl e a r that th e S axon oracl e is n o t i n

f all ibl e ; i t will s o m e ti m e s b e d u mb a n d s om e t i m es l ie
,
.

N e v e rth e l e s s it i s n o t with o u t i ts u s e s a s a t es t T h e w o rd s
‘

.
,

t o b e ch o s e n a re th o s e that th e p robabl e r e ad e r is s u r e to
u nd e r s ta n d witho u t wa s t e O f ti m e and th o ught ; a go o d p r o

p o r ti o n O f th e m will in f act b e S ax o n b u t mainl y b e ca u s e

,

it hap p e n s that mo s t ab s tract word s — whi ch a re by o u r s e cond

rul e to b e avoid e d — a re R o manc e Th e t r u th is that al l fi ve
.

r u l e s w o uld b e O ft e n fo u nd to gi ve th e s am e an s w e r ab o u t th e
s am e w o rd or s e t o f w o rd s . S c o r e s O f illu s trati o n s m i ght b e
p r o duc e d ; l e t o n e s u ffic e : [ n t h e c o n te m p l a te d e ve n t u a l i t
y
B 2
4 V O CA B U L A R Y

( a p h ra s e no wor s e than what any o n e ca n p ick fo r hi m s e l f

ou t o f h is p a p e r s l e ad ing articl e fo r t h e day ) is a t o nc e th e
’

fa r fe tch e d t h e ab s t r ac t t h e p e r i p hra s ti c t h e l o ng a nd th e
-
, , , ,

R o man c e fo r if s o I t d o e s n ot v e ry gre atly matt e r by which

,
.

o f t h e fi ve road s th e nat u r al is r e ach e d i ns t e ad O f t h e mon

s tro s ity s o l o ng a s i t i s r e ach e d

, Th e fi ve a re i nd icat e d .

b e cau s e ( 1 ) th e y d i ffe r i n d i r e ct n e s s and ( 2 ) i n any giv e n ca s e ,

o nly o ne O f th e m m ay b e p o s s ibl e .

W e will now p ro c ee d to a f e w e xam p l es o f how n o t to wri t e ,

roughly cla s s ifi e d u nd e r th e fi ve h e ad ing s though a ft e r wh a t , ,

h as b e e n s aid it will cau s e n o s u rp ri s e that m o s t o f th e m m ight

,

b e p lac e d d i ffe r e n tly S o m e s ort o f corr e ction i s s u gg es t e d

.

fo r e ach b u t t h e r e ad e r will i ndulg e ntly r e m e mb e r that to

,

corr e ct a bad s e nt e nc e s ati s fact o r ily is not alway s p o s s ibl e ;

i t s hould n e v e r hav e e xi s t e d that is all that can b e s aid I n , .

p arti cula r s e nt e nc e s ov e rload e d with ab s tract wo r d s a re i n t h e

, ,

natu r e o f thi n g s not curabl e s i m p ly by s ub s tituti ng e qu ival e nt

,

concre t e word s th e r e can b e no s uc h e qu ival e nt s th e s tru e

tur e h as to b e mor e or l e s s chang e d .

1 . P r e f e r t h e f am i l i ar w or d to th e far- fe tch e d .

Th e old I mp e rial n aval po licy which,

h as fail e d c on s p ic u o u sly be ca u se it
a n tagon i z ed th e u n a l ter a bl e s u p r em a cy of Col on i a l n a ti on a l i s m . Ti m es .

( t
s oo d i n th e way o f that n ati o n al a mbiti o n which m u s t alway s b e
u p p e r m o s t in th e C o l o n ial m i n d )

B u tt e rc u p s m ad e a s u nlight O f th e ir o w n a n d in th e s h e lt e r o f ,

s catt e r e d c o p p ic e s th e p al e w i n d fi ow er s s till dr e a m e d in whit e n e s s .

E F B EN S O N
. . .

We k no w what an a n emon e is : wh e th e r w e k n ow what

a ll

a w i n dy low er is unl es s w e hap p e n to b e G ree k s chol ars i s

‘
, ,

qu it e d oubt ful .

Th e s tat e o f P o l an d a n d th e ex ce s s es c o mm itt e d by m o bili z e d tr o op s

, ,

hav e b ee n Of a fa r m o r e se ri o u s n at u re tha n has b e en all o w e d to tr a nspi r e .

— Ti mes c m )
( o e o u
. t
Re fo rm c o n v e r s e s with p o s s ibiliti e s , p er ch a n ce with i m p o ss ibiliti es b u t
h ere is s acre d fact E M E R S O N ( p e rha p s ) . .

T a nn e r s an d u s e r s a re s tr on gly o f o p i n i on that th e r e is n o r oom f o r

 FA R -
F ET C H E D A ND A B S T RA C T W O R D S 5

f urth e r ha n c em en t b ut on that p o i n t th e re is alway s ro o m for d o ubt

en ,

e s p e cially wh e n t h e exp or t p h a s e i s tak e n i n t o c o n s id e rati on Ti m es . .

( s tat e o f th e ex p o rt trade )
W itchcraft h a s b e e n p u t a s t o p t o by Ac t O f P arlia me n t b ut th e
m y s t e ri o u s r e lati o n s which it em bl em ed s till c o n ti n u e — C AR L Y L E .

(s y mb o li z e d )
I t will o n ly hav e it s e l f to tha n k if f u t u r e di s a s t e r r e ward s its n es ci en ce
o f th e c o n diti o n s o f s u cc e s s fu l war fare ( ig n o ra n c e )
— Ou tl ooh . .

Con ti n u a l v i gi l a n ce i s i mp er a ti ve on th e p u bl i c t o e n s u r e Ti m es .

( W e m u s t b e e v e r o n th e watch )

T h e s e m a n o eu vr e s a re by n o m e a n s n e w a n d th ei r r ecr u des cen ce i s ,

h a r d ly ca l cu l a ted to i nflu en ce t h e d ev el op m en t o f e ve n ts . Ti m es .

r
( th e p e sen t u s e o f th e m i s n o t like ly to b e e ff e ctiv e )
I hav e n o p art i c u lar b u s i n e s s at L s aid h e ; m e r e ly
‘ ‘
I w as

g o i ng th i ther to p a s s a day o r tw o — B O RR O W ( th e re) .

’
.

2 . Pr ef e r th e t or d ( or rath e r e x p r e s s ion ) t o th e
c on c r e e w

ab s tract I t m ay b e h e r e r e m a r k e d that ab s t r ac t e x p r e s s i o n
.

and th e e x c e s s iv e u s e O f n o u n s a re al m o s t th e s am e thi n g .

Th e cur e c o n s i s t s v e ry m uch th e r e for e i n th e cl earing away , ,

o f nou n rubbi s h .

Th e gen er a l p ov er ty of exp l a n a ti on a s to th e d i cti on of p a r ti cu l a r

h a s es s emed to p oi n t i n th e s a me di r ecti on —
Ca m br i dge Un i v er s i t
p r e
y .

R ep or ter .

(It w as p e rha p s wi n g to th i s al so that

o th e dicti o n Of p artic u lar p hra se s
t
w as of e n s o badly e x p lai n e d )
An el em en ta ry con di ti on of a s ou n d d i s cu s s i on i s a f r a nh r ecogn i ti on

of th e gu lf s ev er i ng tw o sets Ti m es
of f a cts . .

( Th e re c an b e n o s o un d di s c u s s i o n wh e r e th e g u l f s e v e ri n g tw o s e t s o f
f act s i s n o t f ra n kly re c o g n i z e d )
Th e s ign s of th e ti m es p oi n t to th e n eces s i ty of th e m od ifica ti o n of th e
sy s tem of a d m i n i s tr a ti o n Ti mes . .

( I t i s b e c o m i ng cl e ar that th e ad m i n i s trativ e s y s te m m u s t b e m o difi e d )

N o y ea r p a s s es n ow w i th ou t ev i d en ce of th e tr u th of th e s ta tem en t th a t
th e w o rk o f g o v e r n m e n t i s b e c o m i n g i n cr e a s i n gly di ffi c u l t — S p ecta tor .

( E v e ry y e ar s h o w s agai n h ow tru e it is that

Th e firs t p rivat e c o nfe re n c e r el a ti ng to th e q u es ti on f
o th e con voca ti on

of rep r es en ta ti ves of th e n a ti on t oo k p lac e y es t e rday Ti mes . .

( o n n ati o n al r ep re s en tat i o n)
Th er e s eems to h a v e been a n a bs ence of a ttemp t a t con ci l i a ti on betw een
r i v a l s ects — D a i ly Tel e r a h
.
g p .

( T h e se ct s s ee m n e v e r e v e n to hav e tri e d mu t u al c o n ciliati o n )

 6 V O CA B U L A R Y

Z e al ,how e ve r mu s t not o utru n d i s cre tion i n changi ng

,

ab s t r act t o c o n cr e t e Ofi cer i s conc r e t e and ofi ice ab s t r act ;

.
,

bu t w e d o n o t p r omo te to ofi icer s a s in th e fo l l o wing qu o ta tion , ,

b u t t o ofi ces — o r wi th m o r e e xactn e s s i n thi s cont e xt to

, ,

c o m m i s s i on s .

Ov re ca d e t s of th e M ilitary C o ll e ge s w e re p r omoted to ofi cers at

th e P alace of Ts ar s k o e S e l o ye s t e rday .
— Ti m es .

3 . P r e f e r th e si ng e w o r d to t h e C irc umloc u tion

l . A s th e
w o rd ca s e s e e m s t o l e n d it s e l f p a r ticularly to abu s e ,
we s tart
with m o r e tha n o n e s e ci m e n o f i t
p .

I n acc u raci e s w e re i n m a ny ca s es d u e to cra m p e d me th o d s of writin g .

Ca m bn dge Un i v er s i ty Rep or ter (O ft e n )

'

T h e ha n dwriti ng w a s o n th e wh o l e g o o d with a fe w e xa mp l e s
, of

re m arkably fi n e p e n m a n s h i p i n th e ca s e bo th f
o b o y s a d
n girl s — [ bi d
( by b o th b o y s
F e w ca n didat es s h o w e d a th o r o ugh k no wl e dg e o f the t ex t O f 1 K i n g s ,

a n d i n m a ny ca s es th e a n s w er s lack e d car e — [bi d ( m a n y a n s w e rs )

T h e m att e r will r e m ai n i n ab e ya n c e u n til th e B i s h o p h a s had ti m e
to b e c o m e m o r e f u lly ac q u ai n t e d with th e di o c e se a n d t o a s c e rtai n whi ch ,

p art o f t h e city w ill b e m o s t d e s irabl e fo r r es i d en ti a l p u rp os es Ti m es . .

( h is r e s id e n c e )
M W itt e i s ta hi ng a cti ve mea s u r es f or th e p r omp t p r ep a r a ti on of
.

m a ter i a l f or th e s tu dy o f th e q u es ti on of th e ex ecu ti on of th e I mp er i a l
w i th r cy or m s Ti m es
"
Uh a s e d ea l i ng . .

( activ e ly c o ll e cti n g all i n f o r m ati o n that m ay b e n e e d e d b efo r e th e T s ar s

’

r ef o rm U ka se c an b e ex e c u t e d )
T h e R u s s ia n Go v e r n m e n t is at la s t f ac e to f ac e with th e gre a t e s t cri s i s
o f th e war i n th e s h ap e of th e f a ct th a t t h e S ib e ria n railway i s n o l on g e r

ca p abl e — S ecta tor

p ( fo r
) o r ( z)
.

Mr J . 0 h a s been m a d e th e r ecip i en t of a s ilv e r me dal .

Gu er n s ey A d v er ti s er ( r e c e iv e d )
.

4 . P r e f er th e s h o rt w o r d to th e l ong .

O ne of th e m o s t i m p o rta n t r e fo r m sm e n ti o n e d in th e r e s cri p t i s th e
u n ifica ti on of th e orga n i z a ti on of th e j u d i ci a l i n s ti t u ti o n s a n d th e
h b u n a l s o th e i n d ep en den ce n eces s a ry f or s ecu r i ng
g u a r a n te e f or a ll t e t r i f
to a l l cl a s s es of th e com m u n i ty eq u a l i ty bef o r e th e l a w Ti m es . .

( i s that o f t h e C o u rt s ,
which n e e d a u n i f o r m s y s t e m ,
a n d th e i n d e p e n d e n c e

w ith o u t which it is i m p o s s ibl e fo r all m e n to b e e q u al b e fo re th e law )

I m e r e ly d e s ir e d t o p o i n t o u t th e pr i n cip a l r ea s on w h i ch I bel i ev e
th e gr ea t ex agger a ti on h i ch is occa s i on a l ly t o be obs er v ed
ex i s ts f or w
 V O CA B U L A RY

O p i n i o n p r e vail s i m p ro v e m e nt is out o f th e qu e s ti o n B ut if
,
.

it c o uld onc e b e e s tabl i s h e d that s i m p licity w as t h e t r u e

id e al many m or e w r it e rs wo u ld b e fo und ca p abl e o f c o ming
,

n e ar i t than e v e r mak e any e ffo r t that way now Th e fact .

r e main s at a ny rat e that d i ffe r e n t ki nd s O f c o m p o s iti o n r e q u i re

, ,

d i ff e r e nt tr e at m e nt ; but any att e m p t to go i nto d e tail s o n

t h e qu e s ti o n woul d b e too a mbiti o u s ; t h e r e ad e r can o nly
b e wa r n e d that in thi s fact may b e f o und go o d r e a s on s fo r
s o m e ti m e s d i s re gard ing any o r all o f th e p r e c e di ng ru l e s .

M or e ov e r th e y mu s t n o t b e ap p l i e d e ith e r S O u n int e l lig e ntly

,

a s to s acrific e any r e al ly i m p o rtan t s had e o f m e aning o r s o ,

inva r iably a s to l e av e a n i m p r es s ion o f monotono u s and

unr e l i e v e d e m p ha s i s .

T h e r e s t O f thi s c ha p t e r wi ll b e d e vot e d to m or e s p e ci al and

d e fini t e p oi nt s — mala p ro p s n e o lo gis ms A m e ric an is ms for e ign , , ,

word s bad formation s S lang and s om e p articular word s

, , , .

M AL A P R O P S
B efor e cla s s i fyi ng w e d e fin e a m ala p ro p as a word u s e d in
,

th e b e li e f that i t h a s th e m e aning r e ally b e longing to anoth e r

wo rd that r e s e mbl e s i t i n s om e p articular .

I . W ord s nt ai n i n g th e s am e s t e m b u t n e c es s ar i l y or at
co , ,

l e a s t i n d i s p u t ab l y d i s t i n gu i s h e d b y t e r m i n a t i o n o r p r e fi x
,
.

S h e writ e s comp r eh en s i v ely e n o u gh wh e n s h e writ e s t o M d e

‘
.

B as s o mp ie rre : he w ho r u n s m a y r ead I n f act G i n e vra s e p i s tl e s to

.
’
,
’

h er w e althy ki n s m a n w e re c o m m on ly b u s i ness d o c um en t s u ne qu iv o cal ,

a p p l icati ons f or ca s h .
-
C . B R O N TE .

Th e co nt e xt p rov e s that co mp r ehens i bly is m ea nt .

Th e w o rki ng O f th e s ta ff at th e ag en t s di s p o s al w a s to a great ex t en t ’

v o l u n tary a n d th e r efo r e re q u ir e d all th e i n fl u e n c e o f j u di ci a l m a n age

, , ,

m e n t in o rd e r to av o id i n e v itabl e d iffi c u t es
l i — Ti mes (j u dici o u s ) .

A n ot u ncom mon bl u nd e r .

B y all m e a n s l et us hav e bright h e arty , , an d v ery r ever e n d s e r vic e s

D a i ly Tel egr ap h .
( r e v e re n t )
No t u nc o m m o n .

H e ch u ckl e d at h is i i — C O R E LL I
own p p
er s cu t
y . .
 MAL A PROP S 9

I f the writ e r h ad a l ittl e m o re p ersp i cu i ty h e w ou ld hav e k n o w n that

the C h u rch C on gr e s s w ou ld d o n o thi g
n o f t h e ki n d — D a i ly Tel egr ap h .

P er sp i cu i ty i s cl e arn e s s o r tran s p ar e ncy i n s ight is p er sp i ca c i ty .

w hy o f s tyl e ,
a c i ty O f mind
-
V e ry c o m m o n
. .

S e l e ct e d in th e b egi n n i n g , I k n o w , f o r y o u r gre at ability a n d tr u s t/u l

“

n es s . D I C ENS
-
K( tr u s tw.o rthi n e ss )

W i s e , fi rm , faithl e s s s e cr e t , crafty, p a s s i on l e s s ; watch ful an d i n s cru t

‘

abl e ; ac u t e a n d i ns ens a te— withal p erfe ctly d e c o r o u s what m o re c o u ld -

be d e s ire d —C . B R ON T E .

A pp ar e ntly fo r i ns en s ible i n th e m e aning h ar dhear ted Th o u gh .

m od e rn u s ag e fl u ctu at e s it s e e m s to t e nd t o ward s th e m e aning

, ,

s tup i dly u n mo ved by p r u d en ce or by f a c ts ; at any rat e a cu te

and i ns ens a te a re i ncom p atibl e .

I n th e m e a n ti me th e c o l o s s al adv erti s e men t in th e Ge rm a n P re s s o f

Ge r m a n ai m s , of Ge r m a n i n t er e s t s , an d o f Ge r m a n p o licy i n con ti n en tly
r o c e e d s — Ti mes
p .

Th e idiomati c s e n s e o f i ncon ti nen tly is i mmedi a tely ; it s ee ms

h e r e t o b e u s e d f o r c on t i n u a lly .

I w as a w a i ti n
g with r e al c u ri o s ity to h ear th e way in which M . Loub e t
w ou ld to - day ac qu it h i ms e l f — Ti mes . .
( waiti n g )
A w a i ti ng is always tran s itiv e .

B ut th ey to o will f ee l th e p ai n j us t wh ere you fe el it n o w a nd th ey will ,

beth i n h th e m se lv e s th e o n ly u n happ y o n th e e arth —C R O C K E TT . .

Th e re is no s o rt O f au thority lik e with fo r be th i a h— th i n k —

Obj e ct and co m p l e m e n t To beth i nh on es elf is t o r e m e mb e r
.
,

or to h it u p on an id e a .

An d P i z arr o e s tabli s h e d th e c ity O f Ar e u i a s i n c e a r i s en to s u ch

q p ,

c o mme rcial c e l e brity — P R E SC O TT . .

A r e th u s a aro s e a di ffi culty ari s e s ; b u t t o gr e atn e s s w e can

only ri s e — u nl e s s i nd e e d w e wak e to find o ur s e lv es fam o u s ;
, ,

th e n w e d o ari se to gr e atn e s s .

2 . W or d s l i k e t h e p r e vi o u s s e t, e x c ep t t h at t h e d i ff er e nt i a
ti on m ay p o s s i b l y b e d i s p u t e d .

Th e l o n g dro ught l eft th e t o rren t of wh i ch I a m s p eaki n g a n d s u ch ,

o th e r s in a s tat e c liarly f av rabl t b f th ir l a t acti on

, p e u o u e o o s er v a n ce o e e s

o n th e m o u n tai n s fr o m which th e y d e s c e n d —R U S K I N b rvati

( O s e on ) . .
10 V O C A B U L A RY

O bs er va n ce is ob e di e nc e c o m p l i an c e & c T h e Oxf or d D ic
, ,
.

t i on a r y r e c o g n i z e s o bs er va n ce i n t h e s e n s e O f watching b ut ,

giv e s n o a u th o r ity fo r it lat e r tha n 1 7 3 2 e xc e p t anoth e r p a s s ag e

f r o m R u s ki n ; t h e nat u r al c o nclu s i o n is that h e accid e n tal ly
fail e d t o r e c o g n i z e a val uabl e d i ffer e ntiatio n l o ng a rr iv e d at .

I t is p hy s ic a l s ci e n c e , a n d e x p e ri e n c e , th a t m a n o u ght to c o n s u lt in
r e ligi o n , m o ral s , l egi s l a tu r e, a s w e ll a s in k n o wl e dg e a n d th e art s .

M O RLE Y .
( l e gi s lati o n )
L eg i s la tu r e i s th e l e gi s l ativ e b o d y — in E ngland K ing L ord s , , ,

and Co m m o n s . T o call back th e O ld con f u s i o n is a n O ffe nc e .

Th e a p p o s it e di s p lay o f th e d ia m o n d s u s u ally s t o p p e d th e t e ar s that

be ga n to flo w h e re ab o u t s ; a n d s h e w o u ld r e m ai n in a comp l a i s a n t s tat e
u n t il — D I CK E N S
( c o m p lac en t )
.

O u r C o rr e s p o n d e n t add s that h e is f u lly p e r s u ad e d that R o z h d e s t

ve n s k y h a s n o thi n g m o r e t o e xp e ct fr o m th e com l a cen cy o f th e F r e n ch
p
a u th o riti e s Ti mes ( c o mp lai s a n c e)
. .

Co mpla is a n t is ove r p ol it e fl att e ring s ub s e rvi e nt &c ,

Com , ,
.

pl ac en t m e an s cont e nt e d ,
s ati s fi e d .

I n th e ri ng O f that y e ar th e p rivil e ge w as withdraw n fro m th e f o u r

sp

a s s o ciat e d b o o k s ell e rs a n d th e con ti n u a n ce of th e w o rk s trictly p r o hibit e d

,
.

— M O R LE Y .

Con ti n u a tion is th e nou n o f continu e gO on w ith con tinu a nce ,

o f c o ntin u e r e m ai n ,
Wi th con ti n u a n ce t h e m e aning w o ul d b e
.

that th e al r e ady p u bli s h e d v o lu m e s (o f D i d e rot s E n cy clop a ed ia )

’

w e r e t o b e d e s tr o y e d ; bu t th e m e a n ing i nt e n d e d is that
t h e p r o mi s e d v o lu m e s w e r e not t o b e g o n e o n with — wh ich
r e q u i r e s con ti n u a ti on A gai n th e t w o n e xt e xtract s fr o m
.
, ,

o n e p ag e S h o w M r M o rl e y w r o n gly s u b s titu ti n g con ti n u i ty

, .
,

which o nly m e an s c o n ti n u o u s n e s s fo r co n ti n u a n ce ,
.

H avi n g arriv e d at a c e rtai n c o n cl u s i on with re gard to th e con ti n u a n ce

o f M r P ar n e ll s l e ad e r s hi p —GL A D S T ON E
’
. .

Th e m o s t cy n ical c o u ld n o t fall a p r e y to s u ch a hall u ci n ati o n a s to

su p pos e that e ith e r o f th e s e c o m m un iti e s c o u ld t o l e rat e s o i mp e n i

tent an a ff r o n t a s th e u n r u ffle d con ti n u i ty o f t h e s tai n e d l e ad e r s hi p .

M O RLE Y .

T he Rev D r U s h e r . . s aid he b eli e v e d th e writ e r o f th e fir s t l e tt e r to b e

e arn e s t i n h is i n q u iry a n d , agr e e d with h im that th e t o p ic o f it w a s
tr a n s cen d en ta l ly i m p o rta n t — D a i ly Tel egr ap h .
 MA LA PRO PS

Tr a ns cen den tly m e an s i n a s u p e rlativ e d e gr e e tr a ns cenden ta lly

is a p hilo s o p hic t e rm fo r i n d e p e n d e ntly O f e x p e ri e n c e See ,
.

U n til at las t, gath e re d a ltogeth er agai n th ey fi n d th e ir way d o w n to th e ,

t r RUS I N
u f —. K ( all t o ge th e r )
.

At s u ch ti m e s J i mm i e s b e tt e r a n g el w a s al w ay s in th e a s c en d en cy
’
.

Wi n ds or M aga z i n e .

W as in t he a scenda n t : had an a s ce n dency ov e r .

Th e i n c o ns i s t en cy an d e v a s i on of th e attit u d e Of th e Go v e r n m e n t .

S p ecta tor .

E va s i ven es s th e quality e va s i on a p arti cu lar a ct .

Th e req u i s i ti on for a lif e of C hri s tia n ity i s

‘
walk in l ove -
D a i ly
Tel egr ap h .

R equ is i te or r equ i r emen t , th e thing r e quir e d : r equ is i ti on , the

act Of r e qu i r ing i t .

We will h r
e e me e r ly chr o n icl e t h e p r oces s i on o f e v e n t s — S p ecta tor . .

(p r o gr e s s o r s u cc e s s i o n )
I w a s abl e to watch th e E mp e r o r d u ri n g all th e s e i n t e rvi e w s a n d ,

n o tic e d th e fo rcibl e m a n n e r in which h e s p o k e e s p e cially t o t h e S u l ta n s

’
,

u n cl e w h o ca m e f r o m F e z esp eci a lly — Ti m es

, ( s p e cially ) . .

A S it s tan d s it i m p l i e s that h e cam e chi e fl y fro m F e z bu t

, ,

from oth e r p l ac e s i n a m in o r d e gr e e ; i t is m e ant t o im p ly

that h e cam e fo r th i s p articu la r i n t e rvi e w a n d had n o o th e r ,

m o ti v e Th e d i ff e r e n tiati o n o f sp ec and espec i s by no

.

m e an s co m p l e t e y e t but s om e u s e s O f e ach a re al r e ady

,

l u d i crou s R o ughly sp ec m e an s p arti c u la r a s o p p o s e d to

.
,

ge n e ral esp ec p a r ticul a r as O p p o s e d to ord i na r y ; bu t u s ag e

,

mu s t b e cl o s e ly watch e d .

T hat it o cc u rs in v i o l en ce to p o lic e reg u lati o n s is daily a p p ar e n t .

Gu er n s ey A d v er ti s er ( vi o lati o n o f
.
)
I n t h e fi e ld it ai m s at e ffo rt s o f u n e x p e ct e d a n d e x tr e m e vi o l e n c e ; th e
r es ea r ch o f h o s t il e m a s s e s th e ir d e f e at by o v e rwh e l m i n g a n d r e l e n tl e s s
,

a s s a u lt a n d th e ir wh o l e s al e d e s tr u cti o n by rig o ro u s p u rs u i t — Ti m es
, .

( di s c o v e ry )
Th e Obj e ct o f r e s e a r ch i s law s p r inci p l e s fact s & c n o t c o n , , ,
.
,

c r e t e th i n g s or p e r s o n s E nt o m o l o g i cal r e s e a r ch fo r i n s ta n c e
.
, ,

do es no t l oo k fo r i n s e ct s , b u t fo r fact s abou t i n s e ct s .

3 . G i v e -a n d - t ak e f o r m s , in w h i ch th e r e a re tw o w o r d s with ,
 I 2 V O C A B U L A RY

d i ffe r e nt con s tru ction s that m ight p ro p e rly ,

be u s e d and ,
o ne

is giv e n t h e con s tr u cti o n o f t h e o th e r .

A fe w c o m p a n i e s compr i s ed m ai n ly of m ilitia me n Ti m es
,
. .

( c o m p o s e d o f ? c o m p ri s i n g ? )
Th e N ov oe Vr emy a th i n k s th e T s ar s w o rd s will u n d o u bt e dly i n sti l t he ’

C hri s tia n s o f M ac d e o n ia w i t h h o p e Ti m es
— .

i( n s p ire th e m with h o p e ? i n s til h o p e i n t o th e m

H e a p p re ciat e d th e l e i s u r e ly s o l idity t h e l e i s u r e ly b e a u ty O f th e p lac e , ,

s o i n n a te w i th th e g e n i u s o f t h e A n gl o S a x o n E F B EN S O N -
.
-
. . .

( g e n i u s i nn at e i n t h e p lac e ? th e p lac e i n s ti n ct with g e n i u s ?)

4 . W ord s h avi n g p r o p e r l y n e x i o n with e ach oth e rno c on

at all , b ut c o n fu s e d o wing to s u p e rficial r e s e mblanc e .

M r B art o n walke d
. f o rth in ca p e a nd b o a, to r e ad p ray e r s at th e w o rk
h ouse ,
eu p h u i s ti ca l ly call e d th e C o ll e g e — E L I OT ( p
e u h e m i
. s tically )
E up he m i s m is l urring ov e r bad n es s by giving i t a g o o d nam e
S

euph u i s m is a l it e rary s tyl e fu l l O f antith e s i s and S imil e A .

p ai r o f e xtract s ( F r i ed r i ch vol iv pp 5 and 3 )

6 wi ll convinc e ,
.
, .

r e ad e rs that th e s e word s a re d ang e ro u s :

H en c e B ielfe ld g o es to H an o ve r t o gri n ou t euph u i s ms an d m ak e ,
-
,

grac efu l c ou rt b o w s to o u r s u bli me littl e U n cl e th er e — C AR LY L E

-
.

R e ad e r s m a y r e m e m b e r Geo rg e I I h as b een at H a n o v e r fo r s ome

,

weeks p a s t ; B ielfe l d dilig en tly gri nn i n g eu p h e m i s m s and c ou rtly

graci o s iti e s to h i m — C A R L Y LE .

T ro o p s ca p abl e o f con tes ti ng s u c e s sfu c lly ag ai ns t th e f o rc es of o th e r

n ati o n s . Ti m es .

Tho u gh th e r e is authority chi e fl y o ld fo r it go o d g e n e ral , , ,

u s ag e i s again s t con tes t withou t an o bj e ct— c o nt e s t th e vic

tory & c A n d a s th e r e is no p o s s ibl e advantag e i n wri ti n g it
,
.
,

with co n tend r e ady to hand i t i s b e tt e r avoid e d i n t h e i n ,

t r an s itiv e s e n s e .

I n t h e p r e s en t s elf dep r eca tory m o o d in wh ich th e E ngli s h p e o p l e fi n d

-

e m e e —
th s lv s S p ecta tor ( se lf d ep r e ciat o ry ) .
-

D ep r ec i a te,
u nd e rvalu e : dep r eca te, p ray again s t . A b ad b ut
v e ry c o m mon bl u nd e r .

‘
irre p arabl e c o ll e ag u e
An , Mr . Glad s t o ne n o es t in h is diary .

M O RL E Y ( irre p lac e abl e) .

 R
MA LA P OPS — eu p is m , p r ovi ded
h u 1
3

N 0 d e ad col l e agu e is r e p arabl e — th o ugh h is l o s s may or may

not b e s o — thi s s id e t h e D ay o f j udg e m e nt .

S u r e ly h e w a s b e tt e r e m p l o y e d in p lyi n g t h e trad e s O f t i nk e r an d

s m ith tha n i n havi n g r es ou r ce t o vi c e , i n r u nn i n g a f t e r m ilk m aid s ,

fo r
ex a mp l e — B O R R O W
. .
( r e c o u rs e )
Yo u may ind e e d hav e r e c o u rs e to a re s ou rc e ,
but vic e
no t

v e r s a Yo u m ay al s o r e s ort to which mak e s

.
,
th e con fu s i o n
e as i e r .

W hat she w ou ld s ay to h im h ow h e w ou ld take it e v en th e vag u e s t

, ,

r edi ca ti on o f th e ir di s c ou r s e w as b e y o n d h i m t o g u e s s — E F B EN S O N
p , . . .

(p r e dicti o n )
P r edica ti on h a s nothing to d o with th e f u tur e ; i t i s a
s ynonym u s e d es p e cially i n l o gic fo r s ta temen t T h e m is
, ,
.

tak e i s g e n e rall y whi p p e d o u t o f s cho olboy s in conn e xion

with p r a edi cer e and p r aed i ca r e
'

5 . W ord s w h os e m e an i n g i s t ut m i s ap p r e h e n d e d wi ho

ap p ar e n t c au s e Th e hank e ri ng O f ign o r ant writ e r s a ft e r th e

.

u n familiar or i m p o s ing l e ad s to m u ch O f thi s W e s tart with .

two u s e s o f which c o rre ct and i ncor r e ct e xam p l e s a re d e s i rabl e :

i ded wh e r e if i s r e qu i r e d and t h u t i n wr o ng s e n s e s
p r o v , o e e o .

P r o vi ded adorn s e v e ry o th e r p ag e O f G e org e B orr o w ; w e

s hould hav e l e ft i t alon e a s an e cc e ntri ci ty O f h i s if w e had ,

n o t l at e ly f ound t h e wrong u s e m o r e than onc e i n Th e Ti m es .

P r o vi ded i s a s mal l d i s trict i n th e kingd o m o f if ; i t can

n ev e r b e wrong to writ e if i n s t e ad o f p r o vided : to w r it e
o vided in s t e ad o f if wil l g e n e r ally b e wr o ng b u t n o w and
p r ,

th e n an i m p rove m e nt i n p r e ci s ion S O m u ch is cl e ar ; t o .

d e fin e th e boundari e s O f th e di s trict i s anoth e r matt e r ; w e

m ight b e wi s e r m e r e ly to ap p e al to ou r r e ad e rs wh e th e r al l
th e e xam p l es to b e quot e d e xc e p t o ne a re n o t wr o ng ,
B ut ,
.

that w o u l d b e cowardly ; w e lay d o wn th e n that (a) th e , ,

cl au s e mu s t b e a s ti p ulati on i e a d e mand y e t to b e fu lfill e d

,
. .
, ,

e r e m u s t b e a s ti p ulat o r who (c) m u s t d e s i r e o r at l e a s t

( )
b th , ,

in s i s t u p on th e fu lfi lm e n t O f i t
, .
14 V O C A B U L A RY

Gan ga ne ll i w o u ld n ev e r hav e b e en p o i s o ne d p r ov i d ed he had had

n e ph e w s ab o u t to tak e car e o f h i s li f e — B O R R O W . .

Th e r e is n o s ti p u l at o r o r s ti p u lation G ra m mar woul d .

h av e all o w e d P r o vid e n c e to s ay to hi m Yo u s hal l n o t b e ‘

p o i s o n e d p r o vid e d
, y o u s ur r o und y o u r s e l f with n e p h e w s

Th e kick s an d bl o w s which m y h u s ba n d La u n c e l o t w a s in th e habit o f

givi n g m e e v e ry n ight p r ovi ded I ca me h o m e with l e s s tha n fi ve s hilli ng s
, .

— B O OW
RR .

L au nc e l o t , t h e ti p u l ator d o e s s , no t d e s ire t h e f ul fil m e nt . If
h i s s es a re s ub s tit u t e d f o r h i chs a nd blow s , a nd mor e f o r less ,
t h e s e nt e nc e will s tand .

S he an d agr e e d to s tan d by e ach o th e r an d b e tru e to old C h u rch o f

I ,

E n gla n d a n d to giv e o u r g o v e rn o r s warn i n g p r ov i ded th e y tri e d t o m ak e

, ,

u s r en e gad e s — B O RR O W . .

Th e ti p ul at o r s s h e and I d o no t d e s ir e th e fu lfil me nt N o t
s , , .

to give warni ng p rovid e d th e y d id n ot try w o ul d b e Engl i s h

, , .

Th e r e is s i milar c o n f u s io n b e tw ee n th e r e quir e m e nts O f

n e gativ e and p o s itiv e i n th e n e xt
A ci e ty h a s j u s t b e e n fo u n d e d at S arato fl th e O bj e ct b e i n g as th e
'

so , ,

m e m b e r s d e clar e in a m a n i fe s t o to th e L ib e ral s to u s e vi o l e n t m e th o d s a n d ,

e v e n b o m b s p r ov i d ed th e latt e r d o s o th e m s e lv e s — Ti m es . .

I n th e s e circ u m s ta n c e s th e cha n c es a re that th e dir e cti o n t o p r o c ee d

to V ladiv o s t o k at all c o s t s p r ov i d ed s u ch i n s tru cti o n w er e e v e r giv e n
, ,

m a y hav e b ee n r e c o n s id e r e d — Ti m es ( if i n d ee d w a s) .

Th e r e is no s ti p u lation it is o nly a q u e s ti o n Of p a s t f act .

W hat will th e War C o u n cil at

ca p ital d e cid e p r ov i ded th e war i s
th e
t o c o n ti n ue ? Th e l o n g e r L in evi t c h c an h o ld h is p o s iti o n th e be tt e r ,

p vid e d h e d o e s n o t ri s k a s e ri o u s acti o n
r o Ti m es ( if o r as s u m i n g that )
-
. .
,

Th e r e i s n o s ti p ul ati on s ti p ulator o r d e s i re — only a q u e s ti o n

, ,

O f f utu r e f act Th e s e c o n d p r ovi ded i n thi s p a s s ag e i s q u it e

.

co rr e ct Th e i mes w r it e r o r th e R u s s ian Wa r C ou ncil h is

. T —
,

m o m e ntary cl i e nt— i n s i s t s that L i ne vitc h s hal l not ru n ri s k s ,

a n d e ncou rag e s hi m i f that s ti p ulation is f u lfi ll e d to hold on

, ,
.

T O ehe o u t m e an s t o incr e a s e s u pp l e m e n t o r add to It , , .

m ay b e call e d a s ynonym fo r a ny o f th e s e v e rb s but it mu s t

b e r e m e mb e r e d that no s yn o nym s a re e v e r p r e ci s e e qu ival e nt s .
1 6 V O CA B U L A R Y

w o rd I t p rop e rly m ean s th e r e n e w e d i n fl am mati o n O f a

.

w o u nd and s o t h e br e aking o ut again O f a n e p id e m ic &c

, , .

I t m ay r e a s onably b e u s e d o f r e v o l u ti o na ry o r s illy o p in i o n s
t o u s e i t o f p e r s o ns o r th e i r hi s t o r i e s is ab s u rd .

A c o l o ne l o n t he Gen e ral S ta ff whil e a rg u i ng fo r a c o nti n u ati o n o f

,

th e s tr u ggl e o n m etap hy s i ca l gr o u n d s ad m itt e d to m e that e v e n if t h e ,

R u s s i an s r e gai n e d M a n ch u ri a th e y w o u ld n e v e r s u cc e e d in c o l o n i z i n g
it . T h e B o u r s e Ga z ette go es s till f u rth e r I t s ay s that war f o r a ny .

d e fi n it e p u rp o se c e a s e d with th e f all O f M u kd en a n d that i ts con ti n u a ti on ,

i s a pp a r en t n o t f r o m a n y m il itary o r n aval acti o n s b u t f r o m th e fee li n g ,

o f d e p r e s s i o n which i s w e ighi n g u p o n all R u s s ia n s a n d th e r e o rt s o f t h e

p
p e ac e o v e rt u re s Ti m es . .

W e can s u gge s t n o s ub s titut e fo r m etap hy s ica l Though .

w e hav e l o ng known m e tap hy s i cs fo r a bl e ss e d an d my s t e ri o u s

word thi s i s o u r fi rs t m e e ti ng with i t in war o r p ol itic s Th e

, .

’
a p p ar e nt contin u ation h o w e v e r s e e m s da r kly to hint at th e
, ,

o l d qu e s t i o n b e tw e e n p h e n o m e n a an d r e a l e xi s t e nc e so that ,

e r ha p s w e act u al ly a re i n m e ta p hy s ic s all t h e ti m e
p .

I n a w o rd M W itt e w a s alway s a gai n s t all o u r aggr e s s iv e m e a s u r e s

, .

in th e F ar E a s t M W itt e w h o w a s alway s s up p ort e d by C o un t

. .
,

L a m s do rff, h as no s har e i n th e re sp o n s ibility Of all that h a s tr a n spi r ed .

Ti mes .
( hap pe ne d )
As a s ynonym fo r become hnow n tr a n sp i r e is j ou rnal i s ti c and ,
1

u gly but m ay p a s s : a s a s ynonym fo r h app en it is a bad

, ,

bl u n d e r bu t n o t u nco m mon
,
.

It w as, o fc o u r s e M rs S e dl e y s Op i n i o n that h er s on w o u ld
,
.
’
dem ea n
h i m s e l f by a m arriag e with a n arti s t s da u ght e r T H AC K E RAY
— ’
. .

Th e act o r s w h o raddle th e ir fac e s an d demea n th e m se lv e s on th e

s tag e —S T E V E N S ON
.
( l o w e r d egrad e )
.
,

T O demea n on e se l f with ad v e rb o f m ann e r attach e d is to

, ,

b e hav e i n that m an ne r Th e oth e r u s e h a s p robably ari s e n

.

by a natu ral con f u s io n with th e adj e ctiv e mea n ; o n e s u s p e ct s

that it h as cr ep t i nto lit e ratu re by b ei ng u s e d in i nt e ntional
p arody o f vulgar s p e e ch till it w as f orgott en that ,
i t w as

p ar o dy B ut p e
. rha p s wh e n a word h a s b e e n giv e n f ul l ci ti z e n
right s by Thack e ray a nd S t e v e n s on it is too lat e to e x p e l it ,
.

1
As i n th e c
s e on d q u o tati on from Th e Ti mes on p 4 . .
 M A L A P RO P S 1 7
‘
O x on ie n s is a p p r o ach es th em with c o u rage , h i s th o u ght s are
’
ex

p r e s s e d i n p lai n , u n m i s takabl e la n g u ag e, h ow bei t with th e t ou ch of a

a
m s e t r ha n d — D a i ly Tel egr ap h .

A l bei tm e an s th ough : h ow bei t always n e ver th eles s b e ginn i n g ,

n o t a s u b o rd i nat e clau se bu t a p rinci p al s e nt e nc e A go o d

, .

e xam p l e o f th e dang e r att e nding ignorant archai s m .

In a w o rd C o u n t v o n B il l o w w h o t oo k a v e ry r o s y vi e w o f th e
, ,

agr e e m en t la s t y e ar n o w s u dd e n ly di s c o v e r s that h e w a s s light e d a n d

, ,

is i n dig n a n t i n th e p a u l o p os t f u t u r e ten se
- — Ti m es .

Th i s j e s t wo u ld b e p e dantic in a ny ca s e s inc e n o o n e but ,

s ch o o l ma s t e rs and s choolboy s kn o w s what t h e p au lO p o s t -

f u tur e t e n s e i s B e ing t h e o ne r e p r e s e nt e d in E ngl i s h by

.

I s h a ll h a ve been h i l led i t h as f u rth e r n o a p p li cati o n h e r e ;

, , ,

p a u l o a n
-
te p a-
s t te n s e i f th e r e w e r,
e s uch a thing m ight ha ve ,

m e ant s om ething A s i t i s p edantry i s combin e d with

. ,

inacc u racy .

6 . W ord s u s ed in u n ac c u s om e d , t t h o u gh n ot i m p os si b l e,
s en s e s t i o n s Thi s is d u e s o m e ti m e s t o that av o id
o r ap p l i c a .

anc e O f th e obviou s wh ich s p oil s mu ch m o d e rn writi n g and ,

s om e ti m e s to an ignoranc e o f E n l i s h id iom e xcu s abl e in

g
a fo re ign e r but not i n a n ativ e
,
.

No o n e can i magi n e n o n i nt e rv e n ti o n c arri e d thr ough s o d e sp era t e an d

-

s o con seq u en ti a l a war a s t hi s — GR E E N W OOD .

I f i mp or ta n t o r f a tef u l wil l n o t d o it is b e tt e r t o writ e ,

a w a r s o des er a te a n d s o i h tha
p p g
r e n a n t w t co n s eq u e n ces n

to abu s e a word w ho s e id iomatic u s e s are p articularly w e ll

mark e d A con se qu e n tial p e r s on i s o n e w h o lik e s to e xhibit
.

h is con s e q u e n c e ; a con s e qu e nt ial am e nd m e n t i s o ne that is

a natural con s equ e nc e o r c o r o ll ary o f anoth e r .

H al f of M r Ro o s ev e lt s s p e e ch d eal s with thi s d o u bl e n ee d o f j u s tic e

.
’

and s tre ngth th e o th e r hal f b e i n g a s hi ll ed a p p licati o n

,
of W a s hi n gt o n s ’

m ax i ms to p r es e n t circ u m s ta n c e s — Ti m es ( s kil fu l ) .

Idiom c o n fin e s s h illed e xc e p t in p o e try alm o s t e ntir e ly to

, ,

th e w ord l a bou r and to cra ft s m e n — a s kill e d ma s on fo r

, ,

in s tanc e .
1 8 V O C A B U L A RY
I t i s t o th e C o nv e n ti o n , th e re fore that r e fe r e n c e m u s t b e m ad e fo r a n
,

i n tel l igen ce o f t h e p ri n ci p l e s o n which th e E gy p tia n Go v e rn m e n t h a s

act e d d u ri n g th e p r e s e n t a n Ti mes ( u n d e r s ta n di ng )
w — .

N 0 o n e can s ay why i n tell igence s h o u ld n e ve r b e fo l l o w e d by

a n Obj e ctiv e g e nitiv e a s g r am ma r ian s cal l thi s ;
,
bu t n e a r ly
e ve r y o n e kn o w s a p a r t fro m th e t e chn ical t e rm that i t
, ,

n e v e r is Idi o m is an autocrat with whom it

.
,
is alway s w e l l
t o k e e p o n go o d t e rm s .

E a s i e r to r ep ro d u c e in ,
its con ci s i on , i s t he d e s cri p ti o n O f th e day .

H ] AM ES
. .
( c o n ci s e n e s s )
a t e rm in th e o logy t o which i t may w e ll b e l e ft I n
Con cis ion i s ,
.

critici s m tho u gh i ts u s e is i n cre a s ing it h as s til l an e x o ti c air

, ,
.

7 . S i m p l e l ove of th e l o n g w ord .

Th e wid e p u blic i mp o rta n c e O f th e s e p r op o s al s ( c u s t o ms r e g ulati on s )

has n ow b c c iv d i d u l t m a r — Gu er n s ey A dv erti ser
ee n o n e e n n o es ory nn e . .

W e hav e touch e d s hortly u p on s om e four do z e n O f what w e

cal l mala p ro p s No w p o s s ibl e m ala p ro p s i n o u r e xt e nd e d
.
,

sense a re to b e r e ck o n e d n o t by t h e
, do z e n bu t by th e ,

m i lli o n M or e ov e r out O f our f ou r d o z e n n o t mor e than

.
, ,

s om e hal f a d o z e n a re u s e s that i t i s worth any on e s whil e

’

to r e gi s t e r i nd ividually in h is mind fo r avoidanc e T h e con .

e lu s ion O f which i s thi s : w e hav e mad e no att e m p t at c ata

lo gu i ng th e m i s tak e s o f thi s s ort that mu s t not b e co m mi tt e d

e v e r y o n e m u s t con s tru ct h is own catalogu e by car e Ob s e rva ,

ti on and th e r es olve to u s e no w o rd who s e m e aning h e is n o t

,

s u r e O f— e v e n though that r e s o lv e b r ing on h i m t h e e xtr e m e

hu m i liation O f now and th e n O p e ning th e dictionary O ur ai m .

h as b ee n n o t to mak e a l i s t but to incul cat e a f ra m e o f m i nd

, , .

N E O L O GI S M S
M o s t p e o p l e o f l it e rary ta s t e wi ll
on thi s p oin t I t m u s t s ay

n e e d s b e that O ffe nc e s com e ; but w o e to that man by who m

’
t h e O ffe nc e com e th Th e y are L ib e ral C on s e rvative s th e ir
.
-
,

l ib e rali s m b e ing g e n e ral and th e or e ti c th e i r con s e rvati s m ,

p a rti c u l ar and p racti cal A n d i nd e e d i f no n e w w o rd s w e r e.

,

to a p p e ar i t wo u l d b e a S ign th at th e language w as moribu nd ;

,
 N E O L O GI S M S 1 9

but it is w e ll that e ach n e w wo rd that d o e s a p p e ar s h o u ld b e

s e v e r e ly s c r u t i n i z e d
.

Th e p r o g r es s o f art s and s ci e nc e s giv e s occa s i o n fo r th e

larg e maj o ri ty O f n e w word s f o r a n e w thing w e m u s t hav e
a n e w n a m e ; h e nc e fo r in s tanc e mo tor a rgon app en dici ti s
, , , ,
.

I t is int e re s tin g t o s e e that th e la s t wo rd di d n ot e x i s t or w a s ,

at l e a s t to o Ob s c u r e t o b e r e cord e d wh e n th e Oxf or d D ic
,

ti on a ry b e gan to c om e out i n 1 8 8 8 ; w e cann o t d o with o u t

i t n o w N or is th e r e in th e s am e v o l u m e a ny S ign o f a rgo n
.
,

which now h a s th r e e p ag e s o f th e E ncy clop aed i a B r i ta n n ica

to it s e l f Th e d i s c o v e re rs O f i t are to b e tha nk e d fo r havi ng
.

al s o i nv e nt e d fo r i t a nam e that is s hort int e lligibl e to th o s e ,

at l e a s t w h o kn o w G r e e k f r e e o f barba ri s m and ab o v e al l
, ,

p r o nounc e abl e . A s to ba r bari s m it m ,

ight i nd e e d b e d es ir ed

that th e man o f s ci e nc e s ho u l d alway s cal l i n t h e m an o f

Gr e e k co m p o s i ti o n a s g o d fath e r t o h is gas o r h is p roc e s s ; but
it is a p oint o f l e s s i m p o rtan c e Ev e ry o n e h as b e e n told at
.

s chool h o w te legr a m o u ght to b e telegr ap h eme ; bu t by th i s

tim e w e have l o ng c e a s e d to mourn fo r th e e xt r a s yllabl e and ,

b egu n s e riou s l y t o con s id e r wh e th e r th e fu rth e r s hort e ni ng

i nt o w i r e h as not b e e n r e s i s t e d a s l ong a s h o n o u r d e mand s .

A m o ng oth e r art s and s ci e nc es that o f l e xic o gra p hy ,

ha p p e n s to hav e fo und c o nv e ni e nt a n e ol o gi s m that m ay

h e re b e u s e d to h e l p i n th e v e ry s light cla s s ification r e qui re d
fo r t h e n e w w o rd s w e a re m o re c o nc r e d with that i s tho s e
e n —
,

who s e o bj e ct is l it e rary o r g e n e r al and not s ci e n tifi c A n o nc e

,
.
‘

w o rd ( and th e u s e might b e e xt e nd e d to n o nc e p hra s e and ‘

-

nonc e s e n s e — th e latt e r not n e c es s arily th o ugh it may h e

-
,

s om e ti m e s e qu ival e nt t o n o n s e n s e ) is o n e that is con s t r uct e d

,

to s e rv e a n e e d o f th e m om e nt Th e w r it e r is not s e ri o u s ly
.

p utting f orward h is word as o n e that i s fo r t h e f utur e t o hav e

an ind e p e nd e nt e xi s t e nc e h e m e re ly h a s a fa n cy to it fo r thi s
onc e Th e m o tiv e may b e l a z i n e s s avoidanc e o f th e Obvi o u s
.
, ,

l ov e o f p re ci s i o n o r d e s i r e fo r a bre vity o r p r egnancy that

,

th e languag e a s at p r e s e n t c o n s t i t u t e d d o es n o t s e e m t o hi m
C 2
20 V O C A B U L A RY

to ad m it O f Th e fi rs t tw o a re bad m o tiv e s th e thi rd a good

.
, ,

and th e la s t a m ix e d o ne B u t i n al l ca s e s i t m ay b e s aid that .

a w r it e r s ho u l d n ot i nd u lg e i n th es e u nl e s s h e i s qu it e s u r e h e
is a g o o d wri t e r .

c o u ch b u n k
Th e -
un de r th e wi n do w to c o n c eal th e s u m mer ly r ecl i ner .

M E RE D IT H .

Th e adj e ctiv e is a no n c e s en s e -
s u mmer ly
l wh e r e m e a ning
,
e se
’
s u ch a s o n e e x e ct s i n s u m m e r
p t h e n o u n is a no n c e word -
.

I n C hri s tia n art we m a y cl e arly trac e a p arall e l r ege es s

n i — S P ENCE R . .

Opp iti o n
os on th e p a rt of th e l oq u en tly w eak e r of the p air .

M E RED ITH .

Pic tu re s q u i tie s .
— S L AD E N .

Th e twa ng o f a m u s ical i n s tru men t — M E RE D I T H

v er ber a n t .

A R u s s ia n ar m y i s a s o lid m achi n e a s m a n y w a r f a mou s g ene ral s ,

-

hav e fo u n d to th e ir c o s t — Ti mes . .

S uch c o m p ou n d s a re O f c o urs e much u s e d ; bu t th e y a re

u gly wh e n th e y a re oti o s e
; it might b e w o r th whil e t o tal k o f
a wa r fa m o u s b r e w e r o r o f a p e ac e fa m o u s g e n e ral j u s t a s
-
,
-
,

w e O ft e n hav e occa s ion to s e ak o f a car e t knight but o f

p p
-
,

a carp e t b r oo m o nly i f i t is n e c e s s ary to guard again s t m i s tak e

-
.

R u s s ia s di s p o s iti o n i s aggr es s iv e
’
J a p an m ay c onq u e r b u t s h e will ,

n ot aggr es s . Ti m es .

Th o ugh aggr es s i s in th e dictionary e ve ry o n e will fe e l th at i t is ,

rar e e n o ugh to b e p ra ctic a lly a n e ologi s m and h e r e a nonc e w o rd ,

-
.

Th e m e r e f act that i t h as n e v e r b e e n brought into c o m mo n

u s e th ough S O Obviou s a f orm i s s u fl
,
flcie n t cond e m nation .
,

S he did n o t an s w e r at o n c e fo r in h er rath e r s up er s en s i ti z ed mo o d
, ,
-
,

it s e e m e d to h er — E F B EN S O N . . .

Th e wo r d is w e i magin e a l oan fro m p hotogra p hy

, ,
Ex .

r e s s i n s s o r e dol e nt O f t h e lab o rato r y a re a s w e l l l e f t al o n e

p o

unl es s th e m e ta p h o r th e y s u gg e s t is r e ally val uabl e P e r ha p s .

,

if r a ther
and s up er w e r e canc e ll e d agai n s t e ach oth e r ,
s en s i ti ve

m ight s u ffi c e .

N t ri ou s ly
o o and un ct u ou s ly r ecti tu di n ou s . Wes tmi n s ter Ga z ette .

S om e r e ad e r s wi l l r e m e mb e r origi n O f th i s i n C e cil th e
’
Rh o d es s f amou s r e mark abo u t t h e u nctuou s r e ctit u d e O f
B ri ti s h s tat es m e n and th e curiou s e p id e mic O f word s i n
,
 N EOLO GIS MS 21

-
u de that p r evail e d fo r s o m e m o nth s i n th e n e w s p a p e r s ,

e s p e cial l y t h e Wes tm i n s ter Ga z e tte Cor r ec ti tu d e a n e e dl e s s .

,

var i ant fo r cor r ec tnes s h a s n o t p e ri s h e d l ik e t h e r e s t

, .

W e o n ly re fe r to it agai n b e ca u s e M r B al fo u r cl e arly thi n k s it n e c e s s ary

.

to vi n di cat e h is clai m s to c o rr e ctit u d e T h i s d e s ir e fo r c o rr e ctit u d e i s

.

a m u s i n gly ill u s trat e d in th e O u tl ooh thi s w ee k which Wes tm i n s ter ,

Ga z ette .

A ll th e s e fo rmation s wh e th e r ha p p y o r th e r e v e rs e m ay b e
, ,

a s s u m e d to b e con s ci ou s o n e s : th e f e w that n o w fo ll o w w e
—

s hall cal l th e m n e w e v e n i f th e y hav e a p lac e i n d i cti o nari e s ,

s inc e th e y are c e rtainl y not curr nt e —a re p o s s ibly u ncon s ciou s

T h e m i n u t e s to di nn e r ti me w e r e
-
b ere d a n d th e y num , br i s hen ed th e ir
s t ep s back t o th e h o u s e — E F B EN S O N ( q u ick e ne d )
. . .

H e w as i n s o m e a m a z e m e n t at h i m se l f r em i n d/ u l o f th e di ffe ren t
“
.

n at u r e — M ERE D I T H ( m i n d fu l )
.

’
R em i n df ul s hould s u r e ly m e an ‘
which r e m ind s ,
not ‘
w ho
’
r e m e mb e rs
P e r s i s t en t i ns u ccess h o w e v e r did
, ,
not p r e v en t a r ep e titi on o f th e s a me
que s ti o n — Ti m es (fail u r e )
.

T h e b e s t s a fe g u ard agai n s t any d ep l acem en t O f th e c en tr e o f gravity

in th e D u al M o n archy Ti mes . di
( p s lac e m e n t) .

W hich w o uld c o n d e mn th e E a s t to a l on g p e ri o d o f u n q u i et — Ti mes . .

( u nre s t )
M e re sl i p s v e ry l ik e ly I f it is s u p p o s e d that th e r e fore
, .

th e y a re n o t w o rth n otic e th e a n s w e r is that th e y a re i nd e e d

,

quit e u ni m p o rtant i n a writ e r who allows hi m s e l f o nly o n e

s u ch s l i p in fi fty o r a hund r e d ag e s bu t o n e w h i s u n f o rtu
p o ,

nat e e n o u gh to mak e a s e cond b e for e th e fi rs t h as fad e d f r o m

th e m e m o ry b e com e s at o nc e a s u s p e ct W e a re u n e a s i ly o n .

th e watch fo r h is n e xt la p s e w o n d e r wh e th e r h e is a fo r e i gn e r
,

or an Engli s hman n o t at h o m e i n t h e l it e r a r y la nguag e a n d ,

fall i nt o t hat critical t e m p e r which i s th e la s t h e w o u ld cho o s e

to b e r e ad i n .

Th e n e xt two e xam p l e s a re quit e d i s tin ct f r o m th e s e

wo r d s cl e a r ly c r e at e d o r e xhu m e d b e cau s e t h e w r it e r fe e l s
, ,

that h is s tyl e r e qu i r es galvan i z i n g i n t o e n e r gy

22 V O CA B U L A R Y
A man of a c o ld p er s ev er a n t characte r — C A RLY LE
, . .

Ro bb e d o f t h e j u s t fr u it s o f h e r vict o ry by th e arbitrary a nd f or ce u l
f
i t e r fe re n c e o f o u t id e P w e r
n s o s — Ti m es .

A ll t h e cim e n s y e t m e n ti o n e d hav e b e e n p rod u ction s o f

s pe

i nd ivid u al ca p r ic e : th e wri t e r fo r s o m e r e a s o n o r o th e r t o o k
a l ib e r ty o r mad e a mi s tak e wi th o n e e x p r e s s i o n ; h e m ight
, ,

a s w e ll o r a s ill hav e d on e it n ith a n o th e r e nj oyi n g h is l i t tl e

, , ,

e ffe ct o r tak ing h is littl e n a p at thi s mo m e nt o r at that

,
B ut .

th e r e a re o th e r n e ol o gi s m s O f a v e ry d i ff e r e n t ki nd which ,

c o m e i nto e xi s t e nc e as th e c r ys tall i z ation O f a p ol iti cal t e n

d e n e y o r a m o v e m e nt i n id e a s P r i me M i n is ter Ca bi n et.
, ,

'
H i s h i aj es ty s Opp os i tion hav e b e e n n e ol ogi s m s O f thi s ki n d
,

i n th e i r d ay all s ta nd ing fo r p articular d e v e l o p m e nt s O f th e

,

a r ty s y s t e m n d all o f th e m r bably i n m r e o r l es s
p a , p o ,
o ,

g e n e ral u s e b e fo r e th e y mad e th e i r way into bo o k s S u ch .

w o rd s i n o u r d ay a re r a c ia l and i n tellec tu a ls Th e fo r m e r
,
.

is an u gly wo r d t h e s t r ang e n e s s O f whi ch is d u e to o u r

,

i n s tinctiv e fe e l ing that t h e t e rminati o n a l h a s no b u s in e s s -

at th e e n d O f a word that is n o t Obviou s ly L ati n N e v e r .

t h e l e s s t h e n e w i m p ortanc e that h as b e e n attach e d fo r t h e

la s t hal f c e nt u ry to th e id e a O f com mon d es c e nt as O p p o s e d
t o that o f m e r e artifi cial nati o nality h a s mad e a w o rd
n e c e s s a ry . R acial i s not th e word that m ight hav e b e e n
o rnam e ntal as w e ll a s u s e ful ; but it is t o o w e l l e s tabli s h e d
t o b e now u p root e d [ n tellec tu a ls is s till a p o logi z e d fo r in 1 9 0 5
.

by Th e Sp ec ta tor a s a conv e n i e nt n e olog i s m

‘
I t is alr e ady
fam il ia r to al l who giv e any tim e to Ob s e rving conti n e ntal
p oliti c s though th e I nd e x t o t h e E n cy c lop a ed i a
, ( 1 90
3) kn o ws

i t n o t A u s e h as not y e t b e e n fo u n d fo r th e word i n h o m e
.

l itic s a s fa r a s w e hav e Ob s e rv e d b u t th e fact that i nt e ll e ct

p o ,

i n any c o u ntry is r e c o gni z e d a s a d e finit e p ol itical factor is

not e w o rthy ; a n d w e s houl d hail i n tellec tu a ls as a good om e n
fo r t h e p r ogr e s s o f th e world .

Th e s e and th e s ci e ntific a re th e s ort o f n e ol o gi s m that

, ,

m ay fairly b e w e lcom e d B ut th e r e is thi s d i s tinction With

. .
 24 V O C A B U L A RY

that what w e a re o ft e n r u d e e n o ugh to cal l th e ir vulgari s m s

a re i n fact g o o d o ld Engl i s h [ gcs s e is a fav o u r it e e x p r e s s ion
.

o f C ha u c e r s
’
and th e s e ns e h e s o m e ti m es giv e s i t i s v e ry
,

fi n e ly d i s ti n gu i s h e d f r o m t h e r e g u l a r Y a nk e e u s e B ut th o u gh .

i t is good O l d E n gl i s h i t is n o t go o d n e w E n gl i s h I f w e u s e
,
.

th e p h r a — a r e n th e tically that i s l ik e C hau c e r a n d t h e

se p , ,

Yank e e s w e hav e it n o t f r o m C ha u c e r but f r o m t h e Y ank e e s , ,

and with th e i r no t h is e xact s had e o f m e aning I t m u s t b e

, ,
.

r e cogn i z e d that th e y and w e i n p arting s o m e hu nd r e d s O f,

y e a r s ago s tart e d o n s l ightl y d iv e r g e nt road s i n languag e long

,

b e fo r e w e d id s o in p o l iti c s I n th e d e tai l s O f d iv e r g e nc e
.
,

th e y hav e s o m e ti m e s had th e b e tt e r o f u s F a ll is b e tt e r o n .

t h e m e r it s than a u tu mn i n e v e ry way : i t i s s h o rt S axo n

, ,

l i k h e o th e r thr e e s e a s o n n am e s ) p ictur e s qu e i t r e v e al s i ts
( e t ,

d e rivation t o e v e ry o ne who u se s it not to th e s ch o lar only , ,

l ik e a u tu mn and w e onc e had a s goo d a right t o it a s th e

A m e r ican s but w e hav e ch o s e n t o l e t t h e right la p se and to ,

u s e t h e word now i s n o b e tt e r than larc e ny .

Th e o th e r s id e o f thi s i s that w e a re e ntitl e d to p rot e s t

wh e n any o n e a ss u m e s that b e cau se a word O f l es s d e s irabl e
cha r act e r is c u rr e nt A m e ri can i t is th e r e for e to b e cu rr e nt
,

E n gl i s h . Th e r e a re c e rtai n A m e r ican v e rb s that re mind

E n gl i s hm e n o f th e barbari c tas t e i ll u s trat e d by s u ch t o wn
n am e s a s M e m p hi s an d th o s e m e nti o n e d i n t h e l a s t s e cti o n .

1
A v e ry fi rm s tan d o u ght t o b e mad e again s t p la ca te tr a nsp i r e , ,

and a n tago n iz e al l O f which hav e Engli s h p atr o n s

,
.

’
Th e r e is a r e al dang e r o f o u r lit e rature s b e i ng am e ricani z e d ,

and that not m r e ly e i n d tail

e s o f v cab lary which a re al l
o u —

that w e a re h e r e d i r e ctl y c o nc e rn e d with — but i n its g e n e r al '

t o n e M r R u dyard K i p li n g is a v e ry gr e at writ e r a n d a
. .
,

p atri otic ; h is i n fl u e nc e i s p robably t h e s t r ong e s t that th e r e is

at p re s e nt i n t h e la n d ; b u t h e a n d h is s cho o l a re am e r ica n i z i n g
us . H is s tyl e e xhibit s a s o r t o f r e m o r s e l e s s a nd s ci e ntific
1
E v e n i n th e l egiti m at e s en se (s e e
p o rigi n ally a ha
.
pp y m e ta p h o r
f or m y s t e ri ous l eaki ng o u t ,
b u t n o w v u lgat iz e d a n d d e ad
 A M E R I CA N I S M S 25

e ffi ci e ncy i n th e choic e O f e p ith e t s and oth e r w o r d s that

s ugg e s t s t h e a pp licati o n o f col o u r e d p h o t o gra p hy t o d e s c ri p

tion th e cam e ra is s u p e rs e ding th e hu man hand W e q u o t e .

t w o s e nt e n c e s f r o m th e fi r s t p ag e o f a s t o ry and r e mark that ,

in p re K i p ling day s n o n e o f th e w o rd s w e ital i ci z e w o uld have

-

b e e n l ik e ly ; n o w th ey m ay b e match e d on n e arly e v e ry p ag e
,

o f an u p to dat e no vel is t
‘ - -

B e tw een th e s no w whit e c u tt e r an d th e fl at t op p e d hon ey colou red

- -
,
- l

r o ck s o n th e b e ach th e gr een wat e r w a s tr o u bl e d with s hr i mp p i tch -

ri s o n e r s O f war bathi n g — K I P L I NG
p
- -
. .

F ar o u t a three f un n e ll e d Atla n tic tra ns po rt with t urtl e b ow an d s t em

,
-

wa ddl e d i n f r o m t h e d e ep s e a — K I P LI NG . .

Th e w o rd s a re a s w e s aid e xtr e m e ly e ffi ci e nt ; but th e

, ,

i m p ul s e that s e l e ct s th e m is i n harmony with A m e rican n o t ,

with Engli s h m e thod s and w e ho p e it m ay b e d e v e l o p e d i n

, ,

A m e ri ca rath e r than h e r e W e can n o t go m o r e f ully i n to

.

th e p o int i n a digr e s s ion l ik e thi s B u t tho u gh w e hav e .

d igr e ss e d it h as not b ee n q u it e withou t p u r p o s e : any o n e

,

who agr e e s with u s i n thi s will s e e i n i t an add itional r e a s o n

fo r j e alou s ly e xclu ding A m e r ican word s and p hra s e s Th e .

Engl i s h and t h e A m e rica n la n guag e and l it e ratur e a re b o th

go o d thing s b u t th e y a re b e tt e r a p art than mix e d .

F ix u p (organ i z e ) back o f ( b e hi nd ) any w ay ( at any rat e)

, , ,

s tand p oi nt
(p o i nt o f vi e w ) back n u mb e r ( a n ti q u at e
,
d ) r ight -

al o ng ( at onc e ) s om e ( to s o m e e xt e n t ) j u s t ( qu it e o r v e r y
, , ,

‘
j ust m ay b e ad d e d a s ty p i cal A m ericani s m s o f
a d i ffe re n t kind f r o m e ith e r f a ll o r a n tagon iz e ; bu t it is n o t
wo r th wh il e to m ak e a l a r g e c o ll e cti o n ; e v e r y o n e k n o w s a n
A m e ricani s m at p r e s e nt wh e n h e s e e s i t h o w l o n g that w i l l
, ,

b e t r u e i s a m o r e anxi o u s qu es ti o n .

An d, ba ch of all that , a circ u m s ta n c e which g av e gr eat fo rc e to all that

e ith e r h as e v e r s aid , th e ran k a n d fi le th e gre at m a s s o f th e e
p po l e o n

e ith e r s id e w e r e d e t e rm i n e d
, C H O AT E .

1
No t that thi s w o rd call s fo r c e n s u re in it s e l f ; b u t wh en p acke d
i n t o a s en t e n c e with s n ow w h i te gr een an d s h r i mp p i n h it c o n tr i b u t e s
-
, ,
-
,

n o tic e ably t o that e ff e ct o f bri e f a n d s tartli n g e x h a u s t iv e n e s s which i s o n e

vari e ty o f what w e hav e s tig m ati z e d a s e ffi c re n c y .

 26 V O C A B U L A RY
H a nd w e r bach n u m ber flint a nd s t ee l r ea p i n g m achi ne s — K 1 PL I NG
-
po ,
-
,
- -
. .

S o m e o f th e m hav e i n s e cr e t a p p r o x i mat e d th e ir s ta n dp oi n t to that

l aid d o w n by C o u tn T i a i
s z n h is p r gram
o m e s p e e ch — Ti m es .

W e cl o s e th e s e cti o n by p u tting pla ca te and a n tagon iz e i n

t h e p illory I t may b e r e ma r k e d that th e latt e r fi ts i n w e l l
.

A n o th e r u s e
’
e n o u gh with E m e r s o n s c u r i o u s bi z a rr e s tyl e .

o f j u s t is p ill o r i e d al s o b e ca u s e it is n o w i n f u l l p o s s e s s i o n O f
,

o u r ad v e r t i s e m e n t c o l u m n s and may b e e x p e ct e d t o i n s in u at e
,

]
it s e l f into th e in s id e s h e e t s b e fo r e l o ng .

W hen c e p l a ca ted th e S e n at o r s will

on be r e l u cta n t to d e p riv e h o ne s t
cr edito r s o f th e ir right s Sp ecta tor
— .

I t i s t r u e th e s u bj e ct is A m e rican p oli tic s bu t e v e n s o w e ,

s ho u ld hav e lik e d to s e e thi s s trang e r r e c e iv e d c e r e m o ni o u s l y

a s w e ll a s p o lit e ly that is with quotatio n mark s ; t h e italic s

, ,

a re o u r s o nly .

Th e o ld I m p e rial
aval p o licy wh ich h a s fail e d c o n sp ic u ou sl y b e ca u s e it
n ,

a n t a on i z ed th e u n alt e rabl e s u r e m acy o f C o l o n ial n ati o n ali s m — Ti m es

g p .

I f F at e fo ll o w s an d li m it s p o w e r p o w e r att e n d s a n d a n tagon i z es F at e
, .

— E M ERSON .

H av e yo u e v e r th o ught j u s t h ow m u ch it w o u ld mea n to th e h o m e
— A dv er ti s em en ts p a s s i m .

F O R E I GN W O R D S
Th e u s ual p rot e s t m u s t b e m ad e t o b e tr e at e d no d oubt ,

with t h e u s ual di s re gard Th e d i ffi culty i s that s o m e F r e nch

.
,

L atin and oth e r w o r d s are now al s o E ngl i s h though th e

, ,

fiction that th ey a re n o t i s s til l k e p t u p by i talic s and (with

F r e n ch word s) con s ci e ntiou s e ffort s at p ronu nciation S u ch .

a re tete d ti te , en n u i ,
-
s ta tu s u
q ,o r a i s on d e tr e
’ ’

, ei r en i co n , n egl i ge ’

and p e rha p s hu nd re d s m or e Th e n ovic e who is t o ld to .

av o id f or e ign wo rd s and th e n o b s e rv e s that th e s e Engl i s h

,

word s a re u s e d fr e e ly tak es th e rul e fo r a coun s e l o f p e rfe cti o n

,

— n o t acc e t e d by good writ e r s and c rtainly not to be

p e ,

acc e p t e d by hi m who i s s o m e tim es hard p u t to i t fo r th e

,

ornam e nt that h e fe e l s h is matt e r d es e rv e s Ev e n with th e .

1
I t h as w o u ld b e di ffi c u lt to s ay j u s t h o w m a n y w e ddi n g s o f fa m o us
. It
e
p po l e hav e b e e n c e l e brat e d at S t Geo rg e s C h u rch H a no v e r S qua re
.
’

,
’

Wes tmi n s ter Ga z ette .

 FO R E I G N WO R D S 27

b es t wi l l in th e w o rld h e find s that th e r e a re ma n y w o r d s o f

,

whi ch h e cann o t s ay wh e th e r th e y a re y e t E n gli s h o r n o t a s ,

h i b i m d i that th r
‘

g a u c er e e t,
s e c a a r a ,
er e s o up c o n s o , e ,
e is no ,

d rawi ng th e lin e H e can only b e t o ld that al l w o r d s n o t

.

E ngl i s h i n a p p e aranc e a re i n E ngl i s h writing u gly a n d n o t

p r e tty ,
and that th e y a re o nly j u s ti fi e d ( )
1 i f th e y a ff o rd mu ch
th e S h o rt e s t o r cl e ar e s t i f n o t th e o n ly way t o th e m e a n i n g
,

( thi s i s u s ually tru e o f t h e w o rd s w e hav e call e d r e all y E n gli s h ) ,

o r (2
) i f th e y hav e s om e s p e cial a p p ro p riat e n e s s o f a s s o c i ati o n

or all u s i o n i n th e s e nt e nc e th e y s tand i n Thi s will b e i ll u s .

t ra te d by s o m e o f th e d i p lo m ati c w o rd s giv e n b e low and by ,

th e qu o tati o n contai n ing th e w o rd ch a s s eu r .

S om e l ittl e a s s i s tan c e may how e v e r b e giv e n o n d e tail s, , .

I . To s ay d i s tr a i t in s t e ad o f a bs en t o r a bs en t m i n ded bien
-
,

en ten d u f fo r o c ou r s e , s a n s fo r w i th ou t ( it i s l i ke I
, g u es s go o d ,

old E ngl i s h bu t no t g o od E ngli s h ) , q u a n d m eme fo r a ny h ow ,

l ib i ng o rf a ncy , r ed a c ti on fo r ed i ti ng co i l te
’

penc h a n t f o r or ed i tion ,

q u e c o i l te fo r a t a ll cos ts , S ch a denf r eu de fo r ma l ic i ous p lea s u r e,

oeu vr e fo r w o r b , a l ma( xc m a ter
e p t with s tr o ng e xt e nuating
e

ci r cu m s tanc e s ) fo r Un i ver s i ty — i s p re t e n s ion and nothing e l s e .

Th e s ub s tit u t e s w e hav e o ffe r e d a re not i n s i s t e d u p on ; th e y

may b e wro n g o r not th e b es t but E ngli s h can b e fo und fo r
,

al l th e s e M or e ov e r what w as s ai d o f s p e cial a s s ociati o n o r

.
,

allu s i o n may a p p ly ; to cal l a l unch e o n dej eu ner how e v e r

’

, ,

a s i n th e a p p e n d e d e xtract b e ca u s e it is t o b e e at e n by
,

F re n chm e n is hard ly cov e r e d by thi s tho u gh it is a p rai s e

, ,

w o rthy att e m p t at what th e critic s call giving an atmo s p h e r e .

I t w a s r e s o lv e d that o n th e o cca s i o n o f th e vi s it o f th e F r e n ch F l e e t
in Au gu s t th e C o r p o rati o n s h o u l d o ff e r th e o ffi c e r s a n a p p r o p riat e r e cep
ti o n a n d i n vit e th em to a dej eu n er at th e Gu ildhall — Ti m es
’

. .

B ut ak i ng b r o adly what a writ e r e ffe ct s by u s ing th es e

S
p e ,

o rnam e n t s i s to mak e u s i magin e hi m t e l l ing u s h e i s a wi s e

fe l l o w and o n e that hath e v e rything hand s o m e ab o ut him ,

i n cl uding a g e ntl e m anly acq u a i n ta n c e with th e F r e nch la n

guag e S om e ill u s tration s follow
.
28 V O C A B U L AR Y
M o t o ri s t s l o s e m o re
tha n th ey k no w by beti s es o f thi s ki n d Ti mes . .

H is d e t e r m i n ati o n to c o n d u ct th e m to a s u cc e s s fu l i s s ue c oute q u e
co nte m ight r e s u lt in c o m p licati o n s — Ti m es .

T h e gl o o m which t he R u s s ia n tr o u bl e s hav e ca u se d at B e lgrad e h a s

to s o m e e x t e n t b e e n light e n e d by a c e rtai n S ch ad enf r e u d e o v e r th e
d i ffi c u lti e s with wh ich th e H u n garia n cri s i s thre at en s th e n e ighb ou ri n g
M o n a rc h y . Ti m es .

r e c e n t r e p e ru s al
A l e ft th e i m p r e s s i o n wh ich is s o o ft e n p ro d u c e d
by th e ex hibit i o n i n b u lk o f th e oeu v r e o f a d e c e a se d Ro yal A cad e m icia n
—i t h a s e m ha s i z e d S ch ill e r s d e fici e n ci e s with ou t layi n g e u al e m ha s i s
’

p q p
o n h is m e rit s Ti m es
. .

Th e fo l l o wingi n s tan c e s a re of l e s s famil iar F r e nch or L atin

word s u s e d wa n to n ly
S o, w o u ld hav e th o u ght th e fe v e r o f Ne w Yo rk w as abat e d h e r e
o ne , ,

e v e n a s t h e s m o k e o f th e ci ty w a s b u t a gray ta ch e o n t h e h o ri z o n .

E F B EN S O N
. . .

E ith e r w e know that tache m e an s s tai n o r w e d o n ot I f , .

we do ,cannot ad m ir e ou r n o v e l i s t s s u p e ri o r l e arn ing : if

we

w e d o n o t w e m u s t b e doubt f ul wh e th e r w e gra s p t h e wh o l e
,

o f h is p o s s ibly val u abl e m e aning H is cal culati o n is p e r ha p s .

that w e s hall know it and s hall f e e l com p li m e nt e d by h is j u s t

,

c o nfid e nc e i n u s .

W h en rm al c on v e n ti o n g ov e rn i n g th e relati o n s be twee n vict o r s

th e n o
a n d va n q u i s h e d i s d u ly t e e s tabli s h e d it will b e ti me to chro n icl e th e
-
,

c o nj e ct u re s r e lati n g to p eac e in s o me o th e r p art o f a j o u r nal tha n that

d e v o t e d t o f a i ts di v er s Ti m es . .

I t is tru e Th e Ti mes d o e s n o t cond es c e nd to an O dd s and -

E nd s o r a M i s c e ll an eo u s c o l u m n ; b u t many oth e r E ngl i s h

,

n e w s p a p e rs d o u nd e r vari ou s t itl e s ; and th e Ti mes w r it e r

,

m ight hav e thro wn the hand k e rchi e f to o ne o f th e m .

ti m es hav e cha n g e d an d th i s p ro c e d u r e e n t e r s i n t o th e cat e go ry

B ut ,

o f v i ei ll e es cr i m e wh e n n o t e m p l o y e d by a m a s t e r ha n d a n d m ad e t o

c rr es p o d s u p e rficially with fact s Ti m es

o n — .

I n r e lat i o n t o m ilitary o rga n i z ati o n w e ar e s till in th e fl o u ri s h i n g re gi o n

of th e v i ei ll es p err u q u es . — Ti m es .

Th e u s e rs o f th e s e two vari e ti es who to j udg e f ro m th e , ,

titl e at th e h e ad o f th e i r articl es a re o n e and t h e s am e p e rs o n , ,

mu s t hav e s o m e thing n e w e r than vieux j eu J u s t a s that h as .

b egu n to b e i nt e lligibl e to th e r e s t o f u s it b e co m es it se l f vieux ,

 FO R E I G N W O RD S 29

j eu to th e m I t is lik e th e man O f h i gh e s t f a s hi o n cha n gi n g

.

h is hat bri m b e cau s e th e m an o f m id dling fa s hi o n h a s fo u nd

-

th e p att e rn o f it .

Th e f a m iliar g e n tl ema n b u rgl ar w h o havi n g p lay e d w o l f to h is fe ll o w s

, ,

q u a fi n a n ci e r j o u rn ali s t a n d barri s t e r u n d e rtak e s to rai s e b u rglary f r o m

, , ,

b e i n g a trad e at l e a s t t o th e l up i n e l e v e l o f th o s e p ro fe s s i o n s — Ti m es .

It is q u it e n e e d l e s s and hardl y c o rr e ct t o u s e q u a in s t e ad o f
, ,

as ex c e p t wh e re a s har p d i s ti n cti o n is b e i n g mad e b e tw e e n two

co e xi s t e nt fu n cti o n s or p oint s o f vi e w a s i n th e n e xt qu o tati o n , .

U ganda n e e d s q u it e di ffe r e nt tr e at m e nt i f i t is r e gard e d a s a

cou ntry fr o m what it n e e d s a s a c am p aigning gr o u n d
F or thi s p o i n t mu s t b e ta tly b r
o ne c ons n in m i n d — t h e m o n e y
s p en t to

dat e w a s s p e n t with a vi e w o n ly to s trate gy T h e r e al d e v e l op m en t o f th e

.

c o u ntry q u a c o u n try m u s t b egi n t o day Ti m es -

. .

T h e re ad e r w o u ld n o t car e to h av e m y i m p r e s s i on s th e re a n e n t ; an d ,

i n d ee d it w ou ld n o t b e w o rth whil e to re c o rd th em a s th e y w e re th e
, ,

i m p r e s s i o ns o f an ign or a n ce cr a s s e C B R ON T E
— . . .

’
Th e w r it e r who allow s C harlott e B ront e s e xtraordinari ly
c o nv m c m g p ow e r o f p r e s e ntm e nt to t e m p t hi m i nt o i m itati ng

h e r ma n y l it e rary p e ccadill o es wi ll r e a p d i s a s t e r Th er ea n en t .

i s as annoying a s ign or a nce cr a s s e .

I t w as h e w h o by d o ct o ri ng th e E m s di s p atch in 1 8 7 0 c on v ert e d
a ch a m a de i n t o a f a nf a r onn a de an d th u s r en d er e d th e F ra n c o Ge r m a n -

—
war i n e vitabl e Ti mes .

W e can all m ak e a s hr e wd gu es s at m e aning o f f a n th e

d how m any av e rag e r e ad e r s hav e th e r e m o t e s t
f a r o nn a e :

id e a o f w hat a ch a ma de is ? and i s th e f unction o f n e w s

1

a e r to f o rc e u p o n u s again s t ou r wil l th e buying o f F r e n ch

p p s

d ictionari es P
2 . A mong th e
d i p l omatic word s en ten te m ay p a s s a s ,

s u gg e s ti n g s o m e thing a li ttl e m o r e d e finit e and o fl i c ia l tha n

er s ta n d i ng d emen ti b e cau s e th o ugh i t d e n o t e s t h e
’

g o od u n d ,

s am e a s d e n i a l o r co n tr a d i c ti o n it conn o t e s that n o
,
mo r e

1
R e ad er s hi s t o ry are of c o u r s e lik e ly to b e fa m iliar with it ; it o cc u r s
of ,

fo r i n s ta n c e s c o r e s o f ti m e s in C arlyl e s F r i edr i ch I n s u ch w o rk I t I S
’
.
,

l e giti m at e b e i ng s u r e b e tw een c o n t ex t an d r e p e titi o n to b e c o m p reh e n s i

, , ,

b le ; b u t thi s d o e s n o t a p p ly to n e w s p a p e r wri ti n g .
3 0 V O C A B U L A RY

c r e d e nc e n e e d b e giv e n to i t than is u s ual ly giv e n to th e

h o n es t m e n s e nt t o lie abroad fo r th e go o d o f th e ir co u nt r y
‘ ’

as fo r ba l lon d es s a i w e s e e n o ad vantag e in i t o v e r b i te and

’

, ,

fly g i n a b i te which a re good Engli s h ; i t is how e v e r o wi ng

, , ,
’
to for e ign cor r e s p ond e nt s p e rv e rt e d ta s t e s al r e ady m o r e ,

fam il i ar Th e word s ital ici z e d in th e followi ng qu o tation s

.

a re s till mor e qu es tionabl e

Th e tw o S p e cial C o rr e s p o n d e n t s in B e rli n of l e adi n g m or n i ng

th e
n e w s p a pe r s , th e M a ti n a n d t h e Ech o de P a r i s , rep o rt a m ark e d deten te ’

in th e s it u ati o n .
-
Ti mes .

E n te n te com p r e h e n s ibl e to e v e ry o ne ; bu t with deten te

is
’

many O f u s a re i n th e h u m iliat ing p o s ition o f not knowi ng

wh e th e r to b e glad o r s orry .

Al l th e gr e at w sp a p er s have i n s i s t e d u p o n th e i nopp ort u ne ne s s o f

ne

t h e d ema r ch e o f
’
W illia m I I Ti m es ( p ro c e e di n g ) . .

Th e e n to u r age a n d c ou n s ell o r s o f th e S u lta n c o n ti nu e to re mai n

s c ep tical Ti m es
. .

M e re l a z i n e s s e v e n i f th e word m e an s a nything di ffe r e nt

,

f ro m but th e writ e r h as at l e a s t giv e n u s an

co u n s ell or s ;
ind i cati o n that i t is o nly v e rbiag e by r e v e al ing h is s tyl e i n ,

con ti n u e to r e ma i n .

In di p l o matic circl e s th e wh o l e a ff air is l o ok e d u p on a s a n a cte de

m a l vei ll a n ce t o ward s th e A n gl o F r e n ch en ten te Ti m es -
. .

Yo u hav e b e e n i mm e n s e ly am u s e d c yre na i c ally e nj o yi ng th e m o m e n t

,

f o r th e m o me n t s s ak e b u t l o o ki ng b ef o re a n d a f t e r ( a s yo u ca n no t h e l p
’
,

l o o ki ng in th e th e atre) yo u hav e b ee n di s c on c e rt e d an d d er ou te Ti m es ’ ’

. .

I n s p it e h o w e v e r o f th i s d e n ial a n d o f o th e r o ffi cial di men ti s th e

, , ,

I tal ia n P r e s s s till s e e m s d is s a tis fi e d — Ti m es .

I n thi s th e r e is cl e arly not t h e d i s ti nctio n that w e s ugg e s t e d

e e e e l e en —
b tw n n ia and d m ti t h e only thing that could e xcu s e
d
’

th e latt e r W e h av e h e r e m e r e ly o n e o f tho s e e l egant variati on s

.

tr eat e d o f in th e cha p t e r A irs and G rac es

3 .I t s om e ti m e s occu r s to a writ e r that h e would lik e to

avail hi m s e l f o f a for e ign w o rd o r p hra s e wh e th e r to mak e ,

a g e nu i n e p o int or to s how that h e h as the gi ft o f tongu es ,

 3 2 V O CA B U L A R Y

sp e ak e r trying to writ e E n gl i s h : b ut it w a s not wors e than wh at

t h e Engl i s h wri t e r w h o com e s b e l ow hi m do e s d e lib e rat e ly :
O ur en v el o p i ng m o v e m en t , which h as be en p ro c e e di ng s i n ce s ev er a l

M aki ng e v e ry all o wa n c e f o r s p e cial circ u m s ta n ce s , th e m a n n e r in which

th e s e a m at e u r s o ldi e rs o f s e v e n w e e k s s e rvic e ac q u itt e d
’
th em s e lves c o m
p e l s o n e f ur i o u s ly t o th i n k W es tm i n s ter G a z ette .

A warn ing m ay b e giv e n that i t is d ang e r o u s to tran s l at e

if y o u d o n o t k now fo r c e r tain what th e o r iginal m e an s To .

a s k what th e d e vi l s o m e o n e w as d o ing i n that l le i

ga ry s

t e m p ting and fatal, .

A p p e nd e d a re th e p a s s ag es i llu s trating th e t w o d i ffe r e nt

m otiv e s fo r tran s l ation
If we c o u ld take th i s a s su ra n ce at i ts fac e val ue an d to th e f oot o f th e
l etter , w e s h o u ld hav e to c o n cl u d e -
Ti m es .

I t wil l b e o b s e rv e d (a ) that l i ter a lly giv e s th e m e aning

p e r fe ctly ; ( )
b that to t h e f oo t of th e l e tter i s ab s o l u t e ly
u nint e l ligibl e t o any o ne n o t p re viou s ly acq u ai nt e d with a n
p i ed d )
e l a l e t/r e ; ( c that th e r e is no wit o r oth e r adm i rabl e

qual i ty i n th e F r e nch it s e l f Th e writ e r is m e anly ad mi r ing

.

m e an thing s ; noth ing could p o s s ibly b e mor e fatuou s than

s uch hal f h e art e d galli c i z i ng
-
.

th ou ght af t erward s b u t it w a s the sp i ri t of th e s ta i r cas e what a p ity

I , ,

it w a s that I did n o t s tan d at the d o o r with a hat sayi n g Giv e an o b o l t o

, ,

B li ari s
e s u — M O RL E Y .

Th e F r e n ch have had wit to p ack i nto th e word s esp r i t

th e
’ ’
d es ca l i er t h e com mon e x p e ri e nc e that o n e s ha p p i e s t r e t o rt s
o ccu r t o o n e o nly wh e n t h e chanc e o f utt e r ing th e m is
’
g o n e th e d oor is clo s e d and on e s fe e t a re on th e s tairca s e
, , .

That is w e l l worth i ntrodu cing to an E ngl i s h aud i e n c e ; t h e

o nly q u e s tion i s wh e th e r it i s o f any u s e t o tran s lat e i t wi th o u t

e x p l a n ation No o n e wi ll k now wh at sp ir i t of the s ta ir ca s e

.

i s who i s not al r e ad y f amiliar with esp r i t d es ca lier ; and e v e n

h e w h o is may not r e cogni z e i t i n d i s g u i s e s e e i ng that esp r i t ,

d o e s n ot m e an s p irit ( which s ugg es t s a gobl i n lu rking i n th e

hall clock) but wit ,
.
 ‘V
VO R D S T R A N S L A TE D O R D O VET A I L E D 3

W e cann o t r e f r ain f r o m adding a va r iation that d e p riv e s an

pi ed d e l a l e ttr e e v e n o f it s qu a i n t n es s

The t on e o f Ru s s ia n o ffi cial s tat e me nt s o n th e s u bj e ct i s n o t e n c o u rag

ing, b u t th e n p e rha p s th e y o u ght n o t t o b e tak e n at t h e l e tt e r — Ti m es
, , . .

4 . C l o s e ly
conn e ct e d with thi s m i s tak e o f t ra ns lati n g is t h e
o th e r o f taki ng l i b e rti e s with f o r e ign p h r a s es i n th e i r o r igi n al

fo r m dov e tail i ng th e m i n t o th e co n s tructi o n o f an E ngl i s h

,

s e n t e nc e w h e n th e y d o n o t l e nd th e m s e lv e s t o i t I n L a t in .

word s and p hra s es o th e r ca s e s s h o u l d alway s b e cha ng e d to

,

th e nominativ e what e v e r th e gov e r n m e n t i n t h e E n gli s h

,

s e nt e nc e u n l e s s t h e L ati n wo r d that acco u n t e d fo r t h e c a s e

,

is i nclud e d i n th e quotati o n I t will b e adm itt e d that al l th e .

fou r p a s s ag e s b e lo w a re u gly
Th e wh o l e p arty w er e e ngag e d oh ne R a s t with a p r o digi ou s q u a t ity
n of

H o st in a c o n t i nu ou s so cial e ffo rt — E F B EN S O N . . . .

G e rm an i n whi ch ,
so fe w
E ngl i s h m e n a re at th e ir e a s e is ,

th e l a s t among th e hal f d o z e n b e s t know n la nguag e s to p lay

- -

th e se trick s w ith . Th e fa c e tiou s n es s h e r e i s i nd e s cribably

h e avy .

Th e cl e rgy in r o ch e t alb , , an d o th e r b e s t p on tifi ca l i btts r

— C AR L YLE .

Th e int e ntio n i s agai n fac e ti o u s b u t th e i n co ngrui ty

b e tw ee n a L ati n in fl e ct e d ablat iv e an d E ngli s h u n in fle c t e d
o bj e ctiv e s is a kin d o f p i p ing to which n o man can d anc e ;

that th e E ngli s h i n and th e L ati n i n ha p p e n to b e s p e l t al i k e

is n o d e fe nc e i t is cl e ar that i n is h e r e E ngli s h n o t L ati n ; ,

e ith e r i n p on tifi ca l i bu s o r i n o th er p on tifi c a l i a ,

.

T h e f eeli n g that on e is a n a n teced en tem s ce l es tu m a ft e r wh om a s u e,r

th o u gh la me , N em e s si is h o bbli n g .
— TR O LL O P E .

A n tecede ns s celes tu s is n e ce ss a r y .

which w e re so e vid en t in t h e day s of th e e arly C h u rch ,

a re n o w
— D a i l Tel e r a h
n on e s t .
y g p .

A ll thi ng s c o n s id e r e d
w o n d er th e y w e r e n o t n on es t l ong a go Ti m es
, I . .

S uch m altr e atm e nt o f n on es t i n ve n tu s wh i ch s e e m s to ha v e ,

amu s e d s o m e p a s t g e n e rati o n s is s u r e ly n o w a s s tal e a n d ,

u n r o fitabl e a s i n d i vi d u a l i t s e l f
p .

D
34 V O C A B U L A RY

5 . A cial caution m ay b e give n ab o u t s o m e word s and

spe

p hra s e s that e ith e r a re s ham s o r a re u s e d i n wr o ng s e n s e s ,

.

O f th e fi r s t kind a re n o m d e p lu me m or a le Th e F r e nch fo r , .

t h e n am e that an a u th o r ch o o s e s t o writ e u n d e r i s n om d e

g u er r e W . e i n t h e p,
r id e o f o u r kn o wl e dg e that gu er r e m e a n s

wa r hav e fo rgott e n that th e r e is s u ch a thin g a s m e ta p h o r

, ,

a s s u m e d that an o th e r p h ra s e is r e qu i r e d fo r l it e ra ry cam p aig n

ing th e r e u p o n a s c e r tain e d th e F r e nch fo r p e n a n d s o e v o lv e d
, ,

n o m d e p l u me I t is u n fo rt u nat e ; fo r w e n o w h av e t o choo s e
.

b e tw e e n a bl u n d e r and a p e dant r y b u t wri t e rs who know

t h e f act s a re b e ginn ing to r e concil e th e m s e lv e s to s e e ming

p e dantic f o r a ti m e and r e viving n

,
o m d e gue r r e .

Th e F r e nch fo r what w e call m or a le writing it in i tal ic s ,

u nd e r th e i m p r e ss ion that i t i s F r e nch is act u all y mor a l , .

Th e o th e r i s s o fa m il iar how e v e r that it i s d oubt fu l wh e th e r

, ,

i t w o u l d not b e b e tt e r t o d ro p th e ital ic s k e e p t h e e and t el l ,

-
,

t h e F r e nch that th e y can s p e ll th e i r wo r d as th e y p l e a s e and ,

w e s hal l d o th e lik e with o u r s S o M r K i p l i ng . .

T h e Ga u l , v er a n arti s t bre ak s e n cl o s u r e to s t u dy
e , th e m o ral e [ ] at
s ic ,

th e p r e s e n t day o f th e Briti s h s ail o r m a n — K I P L I N G

,
. .

I n th e s e c o n d cla s s o f p hra s e s W ho s e m e aning is mi s tak e n w e

, ,

choo s e s ca nda lu m magn a tu m a r r ier e pens ee p h a n ta s magor i a

'
-
, , ,

and c u i bon o ?
S ca nda lu m magn a tu m i s a favou ri t e wi th th e low e r cla s s -

nov e l i s t w h o tak es m agn a tu m fo r a p a r tici p l e m e aning m agn ifi ed ,

a nd fi nd s th e co mbi nati o n l e s s hom e ly than a s haching afi a ir .

I t i s a g e nitiv e p l ural n o un and t h e am p lifi e d tran s lation o f

,

t h e t w o word s which w e bo r ro w f rom t h e E n cy clop a ed i a

, ,

r u n s : S land e r o f gre at m e n s u ch as p e e rs j udge s o r gr e at

‘
, , ,

o ffi c e r s o f s tat e wh e r e by d i s cord m ay ari s e withi n t h e r e al m

,

A r r i er e p en s ee w e hav e s e e n u s e d with c o m i c i nt e nt b u t s a d
’
-
,

e ffe ct fo r a bu s tl e o r d r e s s i m p ro ve r
,
and w ith S ad i nt e nt
-
,

b ut c o m i c e ffe ct fo r a n a ft e r th o ught ; it i s b e tt e r confi n e d

,

t o i ts r e al m e aning o f an u l t e ri o r o bj e ct i f i nd e e d w e cannot ,

b e cont e nt with o u r o w n l anguag e and u s e t h o s e word s i n s t e ad .

 FO RE I G N WO RD S : B L U N D E RS -
c u i bo n o ?
35

P ha n ta s magor i a is a s ingul ar nou n ; at l e a s t th e F re nch

m o n s tro s ity fr o m which i t is b o rrow e d f a n ta s magor ie is , ,

s ingular ; and i f u s e d at all i n Engl i s h i t s h o u l d b e s o with

, ,

u s to o . B ut th e fi n al a i rr e s i s tibly s u gg e s t s a p l u r al to th e
-

val o r o u s writ e rs who a re i m p r e s s e d w ith o ut b e i ng t e r r i fi e d by

th e u n known ; s o :

No t that s u ch ph a n ta s m agor i a a re to b e c o m p ar e d fo r a m o m en t w ith

su ch d e s irabl e thi n g s a s f a s hi o n fi n e cl
, o th e s — B O RR O W .

Cu i bon o is a not o r iou s t r a p fo r j o u r n ali s t s I t i s nat u rally .

s u r r i s ing to any o n e who h as n o t p u s h e d h is cla s s ic s fa r

p
to b e told that t h e l it e ral tran s lat i o n o f i t is not TO W hat ‘

’
good t hat is What is t h e g o od o f i t ? bu t Who
‘ ‘

Th e form e r r e nd e ring is not an ab s ol u t e l y

i m p o s s ibl e o n e o n th e p ri n ci p l e s o f L atin gram m a r whi ch ,

a dd s to t h e c o n fu s ion B u t i f that w e r e its r e al m e a n i n g

.

it wo u ld b e i nd e e d a s toni s hing that it s ho u ld hav e b e co m e

a famou s p h ra s e th e u s e o f i t i n s t e ad o f What is th e g o od ? ‘ ’

w o uld b e as s i lly and gratu it o u s a s o u r abov e m e nti o n e d to -

th e f oo t of th e le tter E v e ry s ch o lar know s h o w e v e r that

.
, ,

c u i bon o ? do e s d e s e rv e t o b e u s e d i n i ts t r u e s e n s e I t is
,
.

a s h r e wd a n d p r e gnan t p hra s e lik e ch er ch ez la f em me o r esp r i t

Ch er ch ez la f e m me wra p s u p in it s e l f a p e r ha p s
’
d es ca l ier .

inc o r r e ct bu t s till int e r es ti ng th e o r y o f l i fe that wh e n e v e r

—

anyth ing g o e s wrong th e re i s a woman at t h e b o tt o m o f i t ;

fi nd h e r a nd al l wi ll b e e x p lain e d
,
Cu i bono ? m e a n s a s w e
.
,

s aid ,
W h o b e n e fit e d ? I t is a R o man l awy e r s maxi m w h o ’

h e ld that W h e n y o u w e re at a lo s s to t e ll wh e r e th e re s p o n s i
b ili ty fo r a c r i m e l ay you r b e s t chanc e w a s to inq u i r e w h o had
,

r e a p e d th e b e n e fit o f i t I t h as b ee n w o rth whil e t o d e v o t e a
.

fe w lin e s to th i s p hra s e b e cau s e n o thi ng c o u ld b e tt e r S h o w

,

at onc e what is worth tran s p lanting int o Engli s h and what ,

da ng e rs await any o n e who u s e s L ati n o r F r e n ch m e r e ly

b e cau s e h e h as a ta s t e f o r o rna m e nt I n t h e fo ll o wing q u o
.

f atio u t h e m e ani n g ,
th o u gh m o s t o b s cu r e l y e x p r e s s e d is ,

r o bably co rr e ct an d cu i bo n o s tand s fo r : Wh e r e can t h e

p
D 2
3 6 V O C A B U L A RY

s to ry hav e com e from ? why w h o will p r o fi t by a m is u n de r ,

s tand ing b e tw e e n I taly and F ranc e ? G e rma n y o f cou r s e ; s o ,

do u btl e s s G e r many i nv e nt e d t h e s tory ?

Cu i bon o is qu it e
’
.

ca p abl e o f i m p lying al l that ; b u t a m e rci fu l w r it e r wil l giv e

h is r e ad e rs a l ittl e m o r e h e l p
( B e rli n ) T h e n e w s which awak e n s t h e m o s t h o p e fu l i n t e r e s t i s t h e

s t o ry o f a c o n c e s s i o n t o a F ra n c o B e lgia n s y n d icat e i n t h e harb o u r o f

-

Tri p o li Th e r e i s a m a n i fe s t d e s ire that th e s tat e m e n t s h o u ld b e c o n

.

fir m e d a n d that it s h o u ld hav e th e e ff e ct o f e x citi n g th e I talia n p eop l e an d

ali e n ati g th e r
n m f o m F ra c e C i
n u bon o.
— Ti m es .

6 I t n o w only r e main s to ad d that th e r e a re F r e nch w o rd s

.

good i n s o m e c o nt e xt s an d not i n o th e rs R egi me is go o d i n

,
.

t h e c o mb ination a n c i e n r eg i me b e cau s e that is th e bri e fe s t way

,

o f al l u d ing t o th e s tat e o f thing s i n F ranc e b e for e th e R e vo l u

t ion F u rth e r i ts u s e i n th e fi r s t o f th e a p p e nd e d p a s s ag e s i s
.
,

a p p r o p riat e e nough b e cau s e th e r e is an u n d o ubt e d p arall e l

,

b e tw e e n R u ss ia n ow and F ranc e th e n B u t in th e s e cond .

,

ad m i n is tr a ti on ought to b e t h e word

T hr o wi n g a fl o o d o f light u p on th e p r o c ee di n g s o f th e e x i s ti n g r egi m e
’

in R u s s i a — Ti mes .

He s ai d that th e go o dwill an d fri e n d s h i p o f th e M il n e r r egi m e had

r e s u lt e d in th e e ff e ctiv e c o o p e rati o n of th e t w o c ou n tri e s
-
Ti m es . .

Th e w o rd e mp loy e
o ft e n a long ugl y and u nn atu ral s u b
is
’

, ,

s t itu t e f o r m en w or h men o r h a n ds o n e o f whi ch s houl d hav e

, , ,

b e e n u s e d i n th e fi rs t two o f th e p a s s ag es b e low B ut it h a s a .

val u e wh e r e cl e rk s o r high e r d e gr e e s a re to b e i nclud e d a s i n ,

t h e third p a ss ag e I t s ho ul d b e u s e d a s s e ldo m as p o s s ibl e

.
,

that is all
Th e ware h o u se s o f th e Ru s s ia n S t e a ms hi p C o m p a n y h er e hav e b ee n
s e t o n fi re by s o m e di s m i s s e d emp l oy es — T i m es
’

. .

T h e emp l oy es o f th e T ra n s C a u ca s ia n l i n e to day s tr u ck w o rk
- -
.

Th e p r oj
ne w
e ct A rticl e 1 7 ,
o rdai n s that all empl o es o f th e railway s
, y
’

what e v e r th e ir ra n k o r th e n at u re o f th e ir e m p l oy m en t a re to b e c o n s id e r e d ,

as p u bli c o ffi c ial s — Ti m es .

F i nally e v e n w o r d s that hav e not b egun to b e natu ral i z e d

,

m ay be u s e d e xc e p tionally wh e n a re al p oi nt can be gain e d by

 F O R E I G N WO RD S FO R M A T I O N , 37

it To s ay ch a ss eu r i n s t e ad o f spor ts ma n g u n o r o th e r
. , ,

Engl i s h w o rd is g e n e ral ly ridicul o u s B u t o u r E ngl i s h n o t i o n

,
.

o f th e F r e nch s p o rt s ma n ( r ight o r wrong ) i s that h e s p o r t s n o t

b e cau s e h e lik e s s p o rt bu t b e cau s e h e l ik es th e p ictu r e s qu e

,

co s tum e s it giv e s an e xcu s e fo r C on s e qu e ntly th e wo r d is .

qu it e a p p r o p ri at e in th e fol lowing
B u t th e c o s t u m e o f th e ch a s s eu r s gr e e n v e lv e t v e ry R o bi n H oo dy
—
,
-

had b e en m o s t ta s t efu l — E F B EN S O N . . . .

FA L S E , U GL Y ,
OR N E EDL ESS FO RM ATI ON S
1 . As
a natural l ink b e tw e e n thi s s e cti o n and th e l a s t th e ,

p ractic e o f taking F r e nch word s and S

p e lling th e m a s E n gl i s h
may s tand fir s t With F r e nch word s th at fill a d e fi nit e blank
.

i n E ngl i s h th e ti m e co m e s wh e n that s ho u ld b e don e i f i t can

, .

With s om e word s i t cannot ; no o n e h as y e t s e e n h is way to

giving enn u i a n E ngl i s h l o ok With dis h a bil le o n t h e oth e r .
,

hand which a p p e ar s i n th e d i ctionary with s p e l l ing s to s u i t

,

1
all ta s t e s many att e m p t s hav e b e e n m ad e Thi s word h o w
,
.
,

e ve r w e l l illu s trat e s th e i m p ortanc e o f o n e p r inci p l e that

,

s ho u l d b e ob s e rv e d i n b o rrowing f ro m F r e n ch U nl e s s t h e .

n e e d is a v e ry crying o ne no word s hould b e tak e n that ,

o ffe rs s e riou s di ffic u lti e s o f p ro nu nciation I n des h a bille a re

’ ’

at l e a s t two p robl e m s (h and l l ) o f which an E ngli s h man,

fight s s h y Th e con s e qu e nc e is that though i ts E ngli s h

.
,

hi s tory dat e s back s om e c e nturi es it is v e ry s e l d o m h e a r d ,

in conv e rs atio n ; no word no t u s e d i n c o nv e r s ati o n b e c o m e s

a tru e nativ e ; an d d is h a bille i s th e r e fo r e b e i n g gradually
o u s t e d by n eg lige wh ich can b e p ro noun c e d w ith o u t fe ar
’

.
,

A s d i s h a bi lle i s r e ally quit e c u t o ff f r o m deish a bille i t i s a p ity

’

i t w as not fu rth e r d e p riv e d o f i ts final e ; that w o ul d hav e -

e nc o urag e d u s t o call i t d i s h a bi l an d it m ight hav e mad e -

,

g o o d i ts footing .

N a i vete is an o th e r word fo r which th e r e i s a cl e ar u s e and

’

th o u gh th e E ngli s h man can p r o nou nc e i t without d i ffi culty i f

1
Th e Oxf ord D i cti on a ry h a s fo u rt e e n vari e ti e s .
3 8 V O C A B U L A RY

he choo s es h e g e n e ral ly do e s p re fe r d oing w ithout i t alto

,

g e th e r t o att e m p ting a p re ci s i on that s trik e s h i m as e ith e r

u n d igni fi e d o r p r e t e nti o u s I t is th e re for e t o b e wi s h e d that
.

i t m ight b e d i s e ncu mb e r e d o f its dia e r e s i s i ts acc e nt and its , ,

i tal i c s I t is tr u e that t h e fi r s t S ight o f naiv e ty is an u np l ea

.

s ant s hock b u t w e o u ght to b e glad that t h e thing h a s b e gu n

t o b e d o n e and i n S p eaking s acri fic e o u r p rid e o f knowl e dg e
,

and cal l it n o vi ty .

Th e ca s e o f ba n a l i ty is v e r y d i ffe r e nt I n o n e s e n s e it .

h as a s t r o ng e r clai m than n a i vety i ts adj e c tiv e ba n a l b e ing ,

much old e r i n E ngli s h than n a i ve ; but th e o ld u s e o f ba n a l

i s as a l e gal t e rm c o nn e ct e d w ith fe udal i s m That u s e is .

d e ad and its s e cond l i fe is an i nd e p e nd e nt o ne ; i t is now

,

a m e re b o r r o wi n g f rom F r e nch Wh e th e r w e a re to acc ep t i t

.

o r n o t s houl d b e d e cid e d by wh e th e r w e want i t ; and with

c o m mon c o m m onp la ce tr i te tr i vi a l m ea n v u lga r al l p rovid e d
, , , , , ,

with nou n s wh i ch agai n can b e e k e d o u t with tr u is m an d

,

p l a t i tu d e ,a s h i f t c an s u r e ly b e m ad e with o u t it I t i s o n e .

o f tho s e f or e ign fe ath e r s l ik e i n ti mis m i n ti m i ty f e mi n i n i ty

, , , ,

d i s ti n c ti on a nd d is ti ngu is hed (th e l a s t p ai r now banal i ti e s i f

anyth ing w a s e v e r banal ; s o d o e xtr e m e s m e e t ) i n which ,

writ e r s o f l it e rary c r itici s m l o v e t o p a r ad e and wh ich ord i n ary ,

p e r s o n s s h o u ld d o th e ir b e s t to p l uck f r o m th e m p r o t es ting ,

wh e n th e r e is a chanc e and at al l ti m e s r e fu s ing th e c o m p l i m e nt

,

o f i mitati o n B ut p e rha p s t h e word that th e c r iti c s woul d

.

m o s t o f all d e light th e ir r e ad e rs by fo rg e tting is meticu lous .

B e fore add ing an e xa m p l e or two w e draw att e ntion to th e ,

dang e r o f accid e ntal ly a s s imi lati n g a good E ngli s h wo rd to

a F re nch o n e A mende is good F r e nch ; a mends is good
.

E ngli s h ; but a men d ( noun ) is n e ith e r

Triviality v e r ch ildi s h n e s s an d n a iv ety —H S W E E T

an d o -
. . .

Agri p p a h i m s e l f w a s p ri m arily a p arad o x mo n g e r M a n y o f h is

-
.

s u cc e s s o r s w e r e in d e ad e arn e s t a n d th e ir re p e titi o n o f h i s i n g e n u it i e s
,

b e c o m e s ba n a l in th e e x tre m e B e rch e r hi m s elf c a n by n o me a n s b e

.

ac qu itt e d o f thi s charg e o f ba n a l i ty Ti mes . .

40 V O CA B U L A R Y

l ight e d o r l it and that ,

th e u se o f i t i n o u r d ay s is a gram matical
1
bl u n d e r .

B ut e v e ry y ear p l e ad e d s tr onger a n d s tr onger fo r th e E arl

’
s c o ncep

ti o n .
—
J . R GRE EN
. .

C o m p a r ativ e adv e r b s o f thi s ty p e m u s t b e fo rm e d o n ly f r o m

th o s e p o s itive adve r b s which d o n o t u s e ly a s h a r d f a s t -
, ,
.

W e talk o f goi ng s tr o ng and w e m ay th e r e fo r e ta l k o f goi ng ,

s tr o nger ; b u t o u t s id e s la n g w e hav e t o cho o s e b e tw e e n

s tr o ngl i er — o e tical xalt e d o r a ffe ct e d — and m r e s tr o ngly
p e o , ,
.

Th e il e n c e that u n der /a i d
s th e e e n v v o ic e o f th e br e ak er s al ong th e
s ea fr o n t — K I P L I NG . .

L ie and l ay hav e c o s t u s all s om e p e r p l e xity i n childhood .

Th e d i s ti n ction i s m o r e d i ffi cu lt i n th e com p o u n d s with o ver

a nd u n der b e cau s e i n th e m li e i s t ran s itiv e a s w e l l a s lay
,
- -
,

but i n a d i ffe r e nt s e n s e A n y o n e who i s no t s u r e that h e is .

s o u nd o n th e oint by i n s t i nct m u s t tak e t h e t roub l e t o r e s o lv e

p
th e m i nto l i e o ver o r lay over & c which at o n c e cl e ars u p t h e ,
.
,

d o ubt A mi s tak e with th e s im p l e v e rb i s s urp ri s ing wh e n

.

mad e as in th e fol l o wi ng by a writ e r o n gra m m ar

, ,

I m et a lad w h o t o o k a p a p e r fro m a p ackage that h e carri e d and -

thr u s t it i n t o m y u n willi n g ha n d I su sp ect e d h i m o f havi n g l a i d in wait .

fo r th e p u rp o s e — R G W H I T E . . .

A c o n fu s ion , p e rhap s b e tw e e n ,
lay w ai t and l ie i n w ait .

I am n ot s u e r that y ou r s a n d my rt s w ou ld
e ff o s u ffi ce s ep arat ely ; b ut
y o ur s an d m i n e t o g e th e r ca n n o t p o s s ib ly fail .

Th e fi rs t you r s is quit e wr o ng ; i t S houl d b e y ou r Thi s .

m i s tak e is c o mm o n Th e ab so l ut e p o s s e s s iv e s o u r s and y ou r s
.
, ,

h er s m i n e a n d th i n e ( with which t h e p o e tic o r e u p h o ni c u s e

, ,

o f t h e l a s t t w o b e fo r e vow e l s h a s n o thing to d o
) a re t o b e

u s e d only a s p ronou n s o r a s p r e d i cativ e adj e ctiv e s n o t a s ,

attribu t e s to an e x p r e s s e d and fol l o wing n o u n That th e y .

w e r e u se d by o l d writ e r s a s in o u r e xam p l e i s i r r e l e van t Th e .

1
A l i t i s d ue , n o d o u bt , to m e r e i n adv e rt e n c e o r ig no ra n c e : th e fo r m
re d litt e n wi n d o w s , fo r which th e Oxf o r d D i cti o n a ry q u o t e s
’
Ii tten -

Po e, L ytt o n, W M o rri s, a nd C r o ck e tt , b u t n o o l d writ e r, is s ha m archa i s m

.
.
 U N G RA M M A TI C A L F O RM A T l O NS 4 1

c o r r e ct m od e r n u s ag e h as now es tabli s h e d it s e l f W e ad d .

thr e e s e nt e n c e s fro m B u rk e Th e r e lati o n b e tw e e n n o a n d .

n on e i s t h e s am e a s that b e tw e e n y ou r and y o u r s I n t h e fir s t .

s e nt e nc e m o d e r n u s ag e w o u l d w r it e a s t h e c o rr e ct n o or bu t
, (
o r f e w if a ny
a f e w i s unc o m f o rtabl e
) e ith e r f ew o r n o or , ,

n o r ay s o r bu t a f ew F o r th e s e cond w e m ight p o s s ibly

.

tol e rat e to th eir a s w ell a s to y ou r ow n ; o r w e might wr i t e

to th ei r cr ow n a s w ell a s to y ou r ow n Th e thi r d i s q u it e .

tol e rabl e a s i t i s ; but a ny o n e w h o d o e s n o t l ik e th e s o u n d

can writ e a n d th ei r a nces tor s a nd ou r s I t mu s t alway s b e .

r e m e mb e re d i n thi s a s i n oth e r con s t r ucti o n s that th e ch o i c e ,

is n o t b e tw e e n a w e l l s ounding bl u n d e r and an i ll s o u ndi n g

- -

corr e ctn es s b u t b e tw e e n an ill a n d a w e l l s o u nd i n g c o r r e ct

,

n e s s Th e bl und e r s h o u l d b e r u l e d o u t and if th e fi r s t fo r m
.
,

o f t h e corr e ct c o n s tr u cti o n that r t s it l f d e s n o t s o u nd

p e s e n s e o

w e ll anoth e r way o f p u tting i t m u s t b e l o ok e d fo r ; p at i e nc e

,

wil l alway s fi n d i t Th e fl e xibility gai n e d by habitual s e l e c

.

tion o f thi s ki nd whi ch a l ittl e c u ltivati o n wi l l mak e e a s y a n d

,

i n s tinctiv e is o ne o f t h e mo s t e ss e ntial e l e m e nt s i n a g o o d
,

s tyl e F o r a m o r e i m p o rtant i l lu s trat i o n o f t h e s am e p r in ci p l e

.
,

th e r e mark s on t h e g e ru nd in th e S ynta x cha t e r

p (p 2 0)
1 .

may b e r e fe rr e d to .

Black b o di e s r e fl e cti n g n on e or b u t a few ray s — B U R K E

, .

Yo u alt e r e d th e s u cc es s i on to th ei r s , as w e ll as to y ou r ow n cro w n .

B URKE .

T h e y a nd w e a n d , th ei r and o ur a n c es t o rs hav e b een ha pp y

, u n de r
that s y s t e m —B U R K E . .

3 . F o r m a t i o n s vi o l at i n g a n al o gy .

An d th en it i s i ts p a n ach e, i ts car e l e s s a- m or a l R en ai s s a n c e ro m a n c e .

Ti m es .

B ut she i s p e r fe ctly nat u ral a n d whil e

, pe r fe ctly a m or a l , no m o re
i mm oral tha n a bird o r a kitt en Ti mes
.
-
.

A ( n ot ) i s G r e e k ; m or a l i s L ati n I t is at l e a s t d e s i r abl e .

that i n maki ng n e w wo r d s th e t w o l anguag es s h o u ld n o t b e

m ix e d Th e int r icat e n e e d s o f s ci e n c e may e r ha p s b e
p
.

a ll o w e d t o ov e rr id e a l it e r ary p rinci p l e o f thi s s o r t ; and

42 V O C A B U L A RY

accord ingly th e Oxf or d D ic ti o n a ry re cogni z e s that a is co m

p o und e d with L atin w o rd s i n s ci e nti fic and t e ch n ical t e r m s ,

a s a s ex u a l
-
bu t p u r e ly l it e r ary work e r s m ay b e e x p e ct e d t o
ab s tai n Th e o bvi o u s e xcu s e fo r thi s fo rm ati o n is that th e
.

L atin n e gativ e p r e fix i s al r e ad y tak e n Up i n i m m or a l which ,

m e an s c o ntrary to m oral ity whil e a word i s want e d to m e an ,

u nc o nc e rn e d wi th m o rality B ut wi th n on f r e e ly p r e fi x e d to .

adj e ctiv es in Engli s h ( though not i n L atin ) th e re ca n b e no ,

obj e ction to n on m or a l The s e cond o f ou r i n s tanc e s is a fe w

-
.

w e e k s l at e r than th e fi rs t a n d th e hy p h e n h a s d i s a p p e ar e d ;
,

s o quickly h a s Th e Ti mes convinc e d i t s e l f that a mor a l is

a r e gular Engl i s h word .

Th e r e w as no so cial or c
e o no m ic j eal o u s y b e tw ee n th em , n o r a ci a l

ave r s i o n Ti mes
. .

C o n c es s i o n s wh ich b e s id e s dam agi n g H u ngary by rai s i n g r a ci a l

, a nd

l a ng uage q u e s ti o n s o f all ki n d s w o u ld ,

T h e acti o n o f fo re ign c o u n tri es a s to th e ir coa s ta l trad e Ti mes . .

H e r riv e ri n e trad e Wes tm i n s ter Ga z ette

. .

I t h a s b e e n al re ad y s tat e d that a l is m ai nly co nfin e d to -

unmi s takabl e L ati n s t e m s Th e re is w h i ms ica l ; and th e r e .

m ay b e oth e rs that br e ak th e r u l e th o u gh th e Oxf o r d ,

D i c ti on a ry a l s ufi i x
-
i ca l s uj i x i a l s uj i x ) giv e s no e x c e p
,
-
,
-

ti o n s Th e ugly word s r a ci a l and coas ta l th e m s e lv e s m ight

.

w e l l b e avo id e d e xc e p t i n t h e rar e ca s es wh e r e r a ce and coa s t

u s e d adj e ctivall y w il l n o t d o th e w o rk (th e y would i n th e
p r es e nt i n s tanc es ) ; a nd th e y s houl d not b e m ad e p r e c e d e nt s

fo r n e w formation s I f la ngu age i s b e tt e r than l i ngu i s tic m u ch

.
,

mor e r a ce than r a cia l s i m i l arl y r i ver than r i ver i ne , .

What s he w as p l e a s e d t o t e r m th e ir s u p e ri o r i n t e llig e nc e
, an d more
re al a n d r el i a bl e r o bity — C B R O N T E ( Vi l l ette
p . .
,

I t is ab s urd at thi s ti m e o f d ay to mak e a fu s s abou t th e

word I t i s with u s and will r e mai n wi th u s what e v e r p e d
.
,

a nt s and p u r i s t s may s a y I n s uch ca s es o bs ta p r i n cip i is is th e

.

only h o p e ; r el i a ble might on c e hav e b e e n s u p p r e s se d p e rha p s ; ,

i t cannot now B ut i t is s o fought o v e r e v e n t o d ay that

.
,
-
,

a s hor t di s cu s s io n o f i t m ay b e look e d fo r Th e obj e ction .

 FO RMA T I O N A ND A N A L O G Y— r el i a ble 43

to i t i s obvi o u s : you d o not r e ly a thing th e re fo r e th e th i ng

can no t b e r e liabl e it s hou l d b e r e ly o n abl e ( lik e co me a t—a ble ) - - -
.

S o m e o f t h e a n al o gi e s p l e ad e d fo r i t a re p e r ha p s i r r e l e vant — a s
la ugh a ble a va i la ble ,
F or th e s e may b e fo r m e d fro m t h e n o u n s
.

l a ugh a va il s inc e a ble is not o n ly g e ru nd ival ( ca p abl e O f

, ,
-

b e ing laugh e d at ) but al s o adj e ctival ( conn e ct e d with a la u gh )

,

thi s h a s c e r tai n ly ha p p e n e d with s ea s o n a ble b u t that w ill n o t

h e l p r el ia ble which by a n alogy s h o uld b e r el ia n cea ble It
,
.

i s mor e to th e p oi n t to r e m a r k that with r el i a ble m u s t go

disp ens a ble ( with i n d i sp ens a ble) a n d dep e n da ble b o th q u it e old ,

w o rd s and d isp os a ble ( i n i ts co m mon e r s e n s e ) ; n o o n e a s far

, ,

as w e kno w o bj e ct s t o th e s e an d o th e r s l i k e th e m ; r el i a ble i s
,

mad e into a s ca p e goat Th e w o rd it s e l f m or e o v e r b e s id e s

.
, ,

i ts wid e p o p u l a r ity i s n o w o f r e s p e ctabl e an tiq u ity dati n g at

, ,

l e a s t f r o m C ol e ridg e I t m ay b e add e d that it is p r o bably to

.

th e cam p a ign agai n s t i t that w e o w e s uch p a s s iv e m o n s t r o s i ti es

’
as r e ady to b e ava i l e d o f fo r a va i la ble which is a s w e s ai d
‘
, , ,

p o s s ibly n o t o p e n to t h e s a m e obj e ction a s r el i a bl e .

Ihav e h e re t ofo re d e s ig n at e d th e m i su se of c e rtai n w o rd s as B r i ti ci s m s .

-
R G W H I TE
. . .

B r itan ni c B ri ta n n ic is m ; B r iti s h B r iti s hi s m

,
. B rit ic ?

4 . N e e d l e s s , t h ou gh c o rr e c t f o r m a ti o n s .

Th e s or d or a n d fi lt h s of n at u re , th e s u n s h all dry up —. E M E R S ON .

As ca u deo c a n do r , a r deo a r d or ,
to u nd e r s tand so — w e a re

s ar doo s o r dor Th e R o man s how e v e r n e v e r fe l t that th e y

.
, ,

n e e d e d t h e wo rd ; a n d i t is a r o u n d ab o ut m e th o d fi rs t to
p r e s e n t th e m wi th a n e w word and th e n t o borrow i t f ro m

th e m ; fo r i t will b e o b s e rv e d that w e hav e n o l ivi n g s u ffi x

-
or i n E ngl i s h nor i f w e had anything n e a r e r than s or d i d
, , ,

t o attach i t t o P e rha p s E m e r s on th o ught s or d or w as a

.

L atin w o r d .

M e r e ly n o ddi n g h is h e ad a s an enj oi n der to b e car efu l D I C K E N S

— . .

A s r ej oi n r ej o i n der s o e nj oi n e nj oi n der ,
Th e w o rd is n o t .

giv e n i n th e Oxf or d D ic ti on a ry fr o m which it s e e m s l ik e ly ,

44 VO CA B U L A R Y

that D ick e n s i nv e nt e d i t c o n s c i o u s ly o r u ncon s ciou s ly Th e

, .

o nly o bj e cti o n t o s u ch a word is that i ts having h ad to wa i t

s o lo n g i n S p it e o f i ts o bvi o u s n e s s b e fo r e b e i ng mad e is
, ,

a s t r o n g a r gu m e nt again s t t h e n e c e s s ity o f it We m ay .

r e g r e t that i nj u nc tio n hold s th e fi e ld havi ng a m u ch l e s s ,

E ngl i s h a p p e aranc e ; but i t d o es ; and in lang u ag e th e o ld

e s tabli s h e d that can s til l d o th e w o r k i s n o t t o b e t u rn e d o u t

fo r th e n e w fa n gl e d that m ight d o it a S h ad e b e tt e r but mu s t

-
,

fi rs t ge t it s e l f k nown and acc e p t e d .

Opp o s i tely th e bad n e s s o f a walk th a t is s h u ff li n g an d a n u tt e ra n c e

, ,

that i s i n di s ti n ct is all e ge d — S P E N C E R .

Thi s o n t h e oth e r hand is a n archai s m now ob s ol e t e

, , ,
.

Why it S ho u ld n o t hav e liv e d is a my s t e ry ; bu t i t h a s n o t ;

’
and t o w r it e i t i s to giv e on e s s e nt e nc e th e air o f a n o ld
c u ri o s ity s h o p .

Agai n a s i f t o i n ten s a te th e i n fl u e n c e s that a re n o t o f rac e what w e

, ,

th i n k o f wh e n w e talk of E n gli s h trait s r eally n arr o w s it sel f to a sm all

di s tric t — E M E RS ON .

A favou ri t e wi th tho se al l i e d e x p e ri m e nt e r s in word s ,

E m e r s o n and C arlyl e A word m e anin g to m a he i n ten s e is

.

n e c es s ary and th e r e a re p l e nty o f p a r al l e l s fo r th i s p artic u l ar

fo rm . B ut C ol e ridg e had al r e ady m ad e i n ten s if y i n trodu cing ,

i t wi th an e l aborat e a p ol o gy i n whi ch h e c on fe s s e d that i t

s o u nd e d u nc o uth I t is u ncouth no l o ng e r ; if i t had n e v e r
.

e xi s t e d p e rha p s i n ten s a te wo u l d n o w hav e b e e n s o no long e r

, ,

u nco u th n ess b e ing b o th e tym o logically a nd oth e rwi s e a

, ,

matt e r o f s trang e n e s s as agai n s t familia r ity I t i s b e tt e r t o .

form w o rd s o nly wh e r e th e r e is a cl e ar d e m and fo r th e m .

5
. L o n g an d o r t r i v
sh a l s T h e f ol lowing e xam p l.e s i llu s trat e

a f o oli s h t e nd e ncy F ro m th e adj e ctiv e perf ec t w e fo rm th e

.

v e r b to p erf ec t and f ro m that again th e nou n perf ec ti on ;

,

t o tak e a f urth e r s t e p f orward t o a v e r b to p erf ec ti on

i n s t e ad o f re tu rning to th e v e rb to p erf ec t i s a s u p e rflu ity o f
naughtin e s s F ro m t h e n o un s ens e w e m ak e th e adj e ctiv e
.

s en s i ble ; it is ge n e rally qu i t e n e e d l es s to go forward t o

 N EED LES S FO RM A T I O N S 45

i n s t e ad o f back to o u r o r igi nal n o u n s en s e T o

s en s i blen es s .

i t i o f t n u s e d by ha s ty writ e r s w h o hav e n o t ti me
q u e en s e

to r e m e mb e r that qu iet is a v e r b With ex temp or e r e ady .

to s e rv e e ith e r as adv e r b o r a s adj e ct iv e why mak e ex te mp o ,

r a n eous or ex te mp or a n eou s ly ? A S t o con tu m a ci ty t h e w r it e r ,

w a s p r o bably u n awar e that c o n tu nz a cy e xi s t e d Con tu m a c i ty .

m igh t b e fo rm e d f r o m con tu max l ik e a u da ci ty f r o m a nd o x , .

Th e R o man s had o nly th e s h o r t fo rm s a u d a c i a c o n tu m a c i a , ,

w h ich s ho u l d hav e giv e n u s a u d a cy a s w e l l a s c on tu m a cy b ut

b e cau s e o u r anc e s t o r s b u r d e n e d th e m s e l v e s with an e x t r a
s yll ab le i n o n e w e n e e d n o t th e r e f o r e d o s o i n t h e o th e r .

Th e i n n e r re ligi o u s ly m o ral p erf ecti on i ng o f i n divid u al s Ti mes

,
. .

S he lik e d th e q u ality o f m i n d which m ay b e br o adly call e d s en s i ble

n es s . Ti m es .

B roadly o r l e ngthily ?
,

M D e lca s s e S p e aki n g ex tei np or a n eou s ly b u t with n o t es s aid

.
’

, Ti m es , .

An d n o w M dll e S t P i e rr e s a ffe ct e d i n t e rfe r e n c e p r o v o k e d con

’
.
,

tu m a ci ty — C B R ON T E
. . .

I t is t
o f en a v e ry e a s y thi n g to act p r u den ti a lly ,
ala s " to o o ft e n
b ut
on ly a f te r we hav e t o il e d to o u r p r u de n c e thr o u gh a fo r e s t o f d e l u s i o n s .

DE QU I N C E Y .

P r u de n t giv es p r u den ce and p r u dence p r u den tia l ; th e latt e r

,

h as its u s e : p r u d e ntial c o n s id e r ati o n s a re th o s e i n wh ich

p r ud e nc e i s all o w e d t o o ut w e igh o th e r m o tiv e s ; th e y may be
p rud e nt witho u t b e ing
p r u d e ntial and vi c e v e r s a B
,
u t b e f o r e .

u s ing p r u den ti a lly w e s h o u ld b e qu it e s u r e that w e m e an

s om e thi n g d i ffe r e nt f ro m pr u de n tly S o agai n p a r ti a lly wh i ch
.
,

S ho u ld b e r e s e rv e d a s far a s p o s s ibl e fo r t h e m e an i n g w i th
1
r t i a l i ty i s n o w com m o nly u s e d fo r l
p a , p a r t y
Th e se ri e s of ad m i n i s trativ e r e f o r m s p la n n e d by th e C o n v en ti on had
b e en p a r ti a l ly carri e d i n t o e ffe ct b e fo r e th e m e e ti n g o f P arlia m en t in
1 6 54 ; b u t th e w o rk w a s p u s h e d o n — J R GR E E N
. . . .

1
Th e d e p r e cat e d h as p e rha p s cre p t in f ro m s u ch p hra s e s a s th e s u n
u se

w a s p a r ti a l ly ec l ip s ed an ada p tati o n o f a p a r ti a l e c l p s e ; a n d t o s u ch
,
i

p hra s e s it s h o u ld b e r e s trict e d Th e ca s e w a s p artially h e ard o n O ct 1 7

. .

i s a m big u o u s ; a n d t h e s e c o n d e x a m p l e in th e t e x t i s al m o s t s o n e arly ,

e n o u gh to S h o w that th e li m itati o n i s d e s irabl e T h e r u l e S h o u ld b e n e v e r

.

t o writ e p a r ti a l ly with o u t fir s t c o n s id e ri n g th e clai m s o f p a r tly .

4 6 V O C A B U L A RY
That t h e gravi ty of th e it u ati on
s is p a r ti a l ly a p p r e ciat e d by th e
b r a cracy
u e u m ay b e i nfe rre d fro m —Ti m es .

E x cep ti ng,in s t e ad o f ex c ep t is to b e cond e mn e d wh e n th e re

,

i s n o n e e d fo r i t We s ay n ot ex cep ti ng o r n o t e ven ex cep ti ng

.
, ,

o r w i th o u t ex c ep ti ng ; but wh e r e th e e x c e p ti o n i s all ow e d no t ,

r ej e ct e d t h e S h o r t fo r m is th e r ight o n e as a co m p ari s o n o f
, ,

t h e fo l l o wing e xa m p l e s wi l l S how
Of all ci e ti e s
so n ot ev en ex cep ti ng th e R o m a n R e p u blic E ngla n d ,

h a s b e e n t h e m o s t e m p hatically p litical
o —M O RL E Y . .

Th e M i n i s t e r w a s o blige d t o p r e s e n t t h e B u dg e t b e fo re M ay e ach
y e ar ex cep ti ng in t h e e v e n t o f th e C o rt e s havi n g b ee n di s s o lv e d — Ti m es
, .

Th e s oj o u r n o f b e llig e re n t s hi p s i n F r e n ch wat e r s h a s n e v e r b ee n
l i m it e d ex cep ti ng by c e rtai n cl e arly d e fi ne d r ul e s — Ti m es .

E x cep ti ng th e E n gli s h F r e n ch a n d Au s tria n j o u r n al i s t s p r e s e n t n o

, , ,

o n e had b e e n ad m itt e d — Ti m es .

I n n u m e r abl e o th e r n e e dl e s s le ngth e nings m ight b e p ro

d u c e d , fro m which we choo s e o n ly p r e ven ta ti ve fo r p r e ve n ti ve ,
and to exp er i men ta l i z e fo r to ex p er i m en t .

O n th e th e r hand wh e n u s a g e h as d i ffe r e ntiat e d a long

o ,

an d a s hort form e ith e r o f whi ch m ight o rigin ally hav e s e rv e d ,

t h e d i s tinction m u s t b e k e p t l m m ova ble and i r r e m o va ble

.

j udg e s a re d i ffe r e nt thing s th e s hort er word h a s b e e n wrongly

cho s e n i n :
B y su s pe n di ng c on s cri p t i on an d re s t o ri n g th e i m m ova bi l i ty of th e
J u dg e s Ti mes
. .

6 . M e r el y u gl y f o rm a t i on s .

Th e t e rminati on cr a cy is now s o f r e e ly a p p l i e d that i t i s

-

t o o lat e t o com p l ai n o f thi s e xc e p t on th e grou nd o f u gl i n e s s .

I t may b e p o int e d o u t h o w e v e r that th e v e ry s p e cial u gl i n e s s

, ,

o f bu r ea uc r a cy i s d ue to t h e way i ts mongr e l o r igi n is fla u n te d

i n o ur fac e s by th e t e lltal e s yll abl e ea u it is to b e ho p e d -

that fo rm at i o n s s i mil ar i n thi s r e s p e ct m ay b e avoid e d .

An o rdi n ary r e ad e r
,
i f a s k e d what w a s th e m ai n i m p r e s s i o n gi v e n by

th e S h or t H i s to ry of th e E ngl i s h P e op l e, w o u ld a n s w e r that it w a s th e
i m p r es s i o n o f p ict u re s qu e n e s s an d vi v i di ty B R Y C E
— .

I n s ou nd th e r e can
,
be n o qu e s tion b e tw e e n v i vi d i ty with it s
 48 V O C A B U L A RY

s
p e a k e rs lang in th e i r m o uth s ; i f h e i s wi s e h e wil l
,
to p u t s

mak e th e l e a s t p o s s i bl e u s e o f thi s r e s ou rc e ; a nd t o i n t e r lard

th e n o n c o nv e r s atio n al p art s o f a b o ok o r articl e with s la n g
-

qu o tati o n ma r k s o r n o q u otati o n m a r k s i s a s b ad a s int e r ,

lard i ng with F r e nch F o r e ign wo rd s and s lang are as s p u r i o u s

.
,

o r nam e n t s o n t h e s am e l e v e l
,
Th e ital ic s but not th e qu o ta .
,

ti o n m a r k s i n th e s e e xam p l e s a re ou rs
,

Wh en th e m ad ne s s m o ti f
b e i n g tre at e d on th e s tag e S hak es p ear e
w as
,

( a s w a s th e c u s t o m o f h is th e atr e ) tr e at e d it f o r a l l i t w a s w or th car e
‘

l e s s o f th e b o u n dari e s b e tw e e n fe ig n i n g a n d r e ality — Ti m es . .

B u t e v e n th i s s it u ati o n p eter s o u t th e w i fe b e i n g s en t away with

‘ ’

h e r fat e u n d e cid e d a n d th e h u s ba n d r e p r e s e n t e d a s a fo rcibl e fe e bl e

‘ ’
-
, ,

p e r s o n by t h e dra m ati s t a n d a s a fee bl e p er s o n t o u t c o u rt by th e act o r , , .

Ti m es .

M Bar on
. y ou n g e r is a mu s i n g a s th e bou n der O livi e r Ti mes
th e
’
. .

A s ki n g o u r se lv e s th i s q u e s t i o n ab o u t M r T h u r s t o n s p lay w e fi nd
’
.
,

that it h a s give n u s a ha p o rth o f p l ea su re to an i n t o l e rabl e d e al o f

’

b o re d o m W ith its p ri m ary p o s t u lat e s teep a s it is w e will n o t

.
,
‘ ’
,

q u arr e l Ti.m e s .

T h e y will fi n d n o s u btl e ty in it n o lit e rary art n o p r o f un dity o f fe e li n g ;

, ,

b ut th e y will a s s u r e dly fi n d br e adth c o l ou r an d s tr e n gth I t i s a p lay

, , .

that hit s yo u a s th e children s ay ba ng i n th e ey e

,
Ti m es
,
-
.

T h e y d eriv e n o adva n tage f r o m s ch e m e s o f la n d s e ttl e m en t f r o m w h ich

th e m a n w h o h a s br o k en th e la n d i n gets th e v o t e r g e t s th e
‘
th e boot
’
,

l an d t h e Go v e rn m e n t g e t s th e v o t e a n d th e L on d on lab ou r m ark e t g et s
, ,

th e ri s k Ti m es
. .

Th e e ff e
ct o f u s ing quotation m ark s with s lang i s m e r e ly to
c o n v e r t a m e ntal i n t o a m o ral w e akn e s s Wh e n th e y a re not .

u s e d w e may m e rci ful ly a s s u m e that th e writ e r d o e s n o t know

,

th e d i ffe r e nc e b e tw e e n s la n g a n d go o d E ngl i s h and s i n s i n ,

ign o ran c e : wh e n th e y a re h e i s t e lli ng u s I know it is , ,

naughty bu t th e n it i s n ic e M o s t o f u s woul d rath e r b e

, .

tak e n fo r knav es than fo r f o ol s ; an d s o th e quotatio n m ark s

a re u s u al ly th e r e .

—
With thi s advic e n eve r to u s e s l ang e xc ep t i n dialogu e ,

and th e re a s l ittl e a s m ay b e — w e migh t l e av e th e s ubj e ct ,

e x c e t that th e s ugg e s tion w e hav e mad e abou t th e uncon s ci o u s

p
u s e o f s lang s e e m s t o r e q u i r e j u s ti fyi ng To j u s ti fy it w e .
,
 S L A N G — bi h e , n i ce 49

m u s t att e m p t s om e analy s i s how e v e r s l i ght o f d i ff e r e n t s o r t s

, ,

o f s lan g .

To th e o rdi nary man o f av e rag e i nt e l l ig e nc e an d m i ddl e

,

cla s s p o s iti o n S l ang c o m e s f r o m e v e r y dir e cti on f r o m ab o v e

, , ,

f r o m b e l o w and f ro m al l S id e s a s w e ll a s f ro m t h e c e n t r e
, ,
.

What c o m e s f r o m s o m e d i r e ctio n s h e W il l kn ow fo r S lang ,

what com e s fr o m oth e rs h e m ay n o t H e m ay b e e x p e ct e d .

t o r e cogni z e wo rd s f ro m b e l o w S o m e o f th e s e a re s h o rt e n i ng s
.
,

by th e l o w e r cla s s e s o f wo r d s wh o s e fu l l fo rm c o nv e y s n o
,

cl e a r m e a n ing a n d is th e r e for e u s e l e s s to th e m A n an ti
, , .

q u a t e d e xam p l e i s m o b f o r m o bi le
, v u lg u s That w a s o nc e .

S lang and is n o w good E ngl i s h

, A m o d e rn o n e i s bihe
.
,

whi ch will v e ry lik e ly b e good E ngl i s h a l s o i n t i m e But .

though its br e vity is a s t r ong r e com m e ndatio n and its ,

u n c o uthn e s s r bably n mor than s u bj e ctiv e and tran s itory

p o o e ,

it i s a s y e t s lang S uch word s s ho u l d n o t b e u se d i n p ri n t

.

till th e y hav e b e co m e s o familia r that th e r e i s not th e s l ight e s t

t e m p tation to d r es s th e m u p in quotat io n mark s Though .

th e y a re th e mo s t e a s ily d e t e ct e d th e y a re al s o th e b e s t ,

s lang ; wh e n th e ti m e co m es th e y tak e th e i r p lac e i n th e

,

languag e a s word s that will la s t and n o t lik e many o f th e , ,

mor e highly d es c e nd e d word s d ie away u s e l ess ly a ft e r a b ri e f

,

p po u la r ity .

A n o th e r s e t o f word s that may b e s aid to c o m e f ro m b e l o w ,

s inc e i t ow e s it s e xi s t e n c e to th e va s t nu mb e r o f p e o p l e who

a re i n cap abl e o f a p p r e ciati ng fi n e s had es o f m e aning is ,

e x e m p lifi e d by n ice a wf u l bloomi ng

, ,
W o rd s o f thi s cla s s .

fortu nat e ly n e v e r mak e th e i r way i n th e i r s lang se n s e s int o , .

lit e ratur e ( e xc ep t o f cou r s e di alogu e ) Th e abu s e o f n ice h as

, , .

go n e o n at any rat e fo r ov e r a c e ntury ; th e cu ri o u s r ead e r

may find an int e r e s ting p ag e u p on i t in th e fou rt e e nth cha p t e r
o f N or th a nger A bbey B ut e v e n now w e do n o t talk i n
bo o k s o f a n ice day only o f a n ice d is ti nc tion O n th e oth e r
, .

hand th e s lang u s e mak es u s s hy i n d i ffe r e nt d e gr e e s o f

,

writing th e word s i n th e i r l egi timat e s e n s e : a n ice d i s tinc ti on

NS .
E
5 0 V O C A B U L A RY

we writ e al mo s t witho u t qual m s ; a n a wf ul s tor m w e th i nk

twic e ab o u t ; a nd a s to a bloomi ng gi r l w e hardly v e ntu re i t ,

n owad ay s Th e mo s t r e c e nt s u ffe r e r o f thi s s ort i s p e r ha p s

.

ch r o nic . I t h as b e e n ado p t e d by th e ma s s es a s fa r a p art at,

l e a s t a s i n Y ork s hi r e an d i n L ondon fo r a m e r e i nt e n s iv e i n
, ,

t h e s e n s e o f r e m a r ha ble Th e n e xt s t e p i s f o r i t to b e tak e n
.

u
p i n p arod y by e
p p o l e who know b e tt e r ; a ft e r wh ich it may
b e e x p e ct e d to s u cc e e d a wf u l .

S o m uch fo r t h e s l ang f ro m b e l o w ; th e ord in ary man can

d e t e ct i t H e is n o t s o i n fal l ibl e about what c om e s to h i m
.

f ro m abov e W e a re by n o m e an s s u r e that w e s hal l b e

.

corr e ct i n ou r p a r ti cul ar attribu tio n o f th e hal f d o z e n word s -

now to b e m e nti on e d ; b ut i t is s a fe to s ay that th e y a re

al l at p r e s e nt e nj oying s om e v o gu e a s s lang and that ,

th e y al l com e f ro m r e gion s that to m o s t o f u s a re ov e rh e ad .

P h en omen a l s oon w e ho p e to p e ri s h u nre gr e tt e d i s ( at l e a s t

, , , ,

ind i r e ctly through th e abu s e o f p henomen on ) fro m M e ta

,

p hy s ic s ; i m m a n en c e a word,
o f t e n m e t i n s ingul ar co m p any ,

f ro m C o m p arativ e Th e ology ; ep och ma h i ng p e rha p s f ro m th e

P hilo s o p hic H i s torian ; tr u e i n w a r d n es s f ro m L it e rary C rit i
c is m ca d
( which i s i t a pp
,
e ar s E t o n,
i an f o r c a d e t) f rom t h e

U p p e r C la s s e s p sych olog ica l momen t fro m S ci e nc e ; th r a s on i ca l

and cryp tic f ro m A cad e m i c C ircl es p hilis ti n e f ro m th e r e gion
o f c ul tur e A mong th e s e t h e o ne that wil l b e mo s t g e n e rally
.

all ow e d t o b e s l ang — ca d — is i n fact th e l e a s t s o ; it h a s by

thi s ti m e l i k e m ob p a s s e d its p robation and tak e n i ts p l ac e
, ,

a s an orthod ox word s o that all who d o not fi nd ad e quat e

,

e x p r e s s ion fo r th e ir f ee l ing s i n th e orth od ox hav e tu rn e d away

to bou n der and oth e r form s that s till a dm it th e e m p ha s i s o f

qu o tati o n mark s A s fo r th e r es t o f th e m th e y a re b eing
.
,

s ubj e ct e d t o that u s e at onc e ov e r fr e qu e nt and i naccu rat e

,
-
,

which p r od uc e s o n e ki n d o f s lang B ut th e av e rag e m an

.
,

s e e i ng fro m what e xal t e d quart e rs th e y co m e i s d a z z l e d i nto ,

ad m i r ati o n and hardly knows th e m fo r what th e y a re .

By th e s l ang that co m es f rom d i ffe r e nt s id e s o r f ro m th e

 S LAN G : VA R I O U S S O U R C E S 5 1

c e ntre w e m e an e s p e cial l y th e m any w o rd s tak e n o rigi n a lly

f r o m p arti c u la r p ro fe s s ion s p ur s u it s or ga m e s b u t e x t e n d e d
, , ,

b e y o nd th e m A mong th e s e a man is n atu rall y l e s s critica l

.

o f what c o m e s f r o m h is o w n d aily conc e rn s that is i n h is , ,

vi e w from th e c e ntre F r on tisp i ece fo r fac e p e r ha p s originat e d

,
.
, ,

i n t h e d e s ir e o f p ri z e ring r ep ort e r s to vary t h e w o rd s i n th e ir

-

d e s cri p tiv e fl ight s Negot i a te (a di ffic u l ty Si c ) p o s s ibl y co m e s

.
,
.

f ro m t h e hunting fi e l d p e o p l e wh o s e conv e rs ation run s m uch

-

u p o n a l i mit e d s ubj e ct f ee l th e n e e d o f n e w p h ra se s fo r th e
too fam il iar thi ng s A n d both th e s e word s a s w e l l as i nd i vidu a l
.
, ,

which m u s t b e tr e at e d mor e at l e ngth in t h e n e xt s e cti o n a re ,

illu s tration s o f a t e nd e ncy that w e hav e cal l e d p olys yllabic

h u mour and d i s cu s s e d i n th e C ha p t e r A i r s a n d Gr aces W e .

n o w add a s hort li s t o f s lang p h ra s e s o r word s that can mo s t

o f th e m b e r e fe rr e d wi th m or e o r l e s s o f c e rtai nty to p a r tic u l ar

occu p ati o n s Wh e th e r th e y a re r e cogni z e d a s s lang wil l c e rtai n ly

.

d e p e nd i n p art o n wh e th e r th e o ccu p at i o n is fa mi liar though ,

s o m e tim e s t h e f am i liarity will d i s g u i s e and s o m e tim es it wil l ,

conc e al th e s l angin e s s .

To hedge the dou ble e ven t ( tu r f) ; f r on ta l a tta ch ( war ) p lay

,

the ga u z e s tu mp ed ( c r ick e t) ; to r u n — th e s how See — (e ngi n e

, ,

d riving ) hnoch ou t ta he i t lyi ng do w n ( p ri z e ri ng ) ; l og r olli ng

,
- -
,

s l a ti n
g ,
b i r r ell i ng
( l it e ratu r e
) ; to ta c h l e a p robl e m & c -

,
.

( football ) t o t a h e a ba c le s ea t ( coachi n g ? ) b ed r oc h to ex lo i t
p , ,

h ow i t p a ns ou t ( m i ning ) w h ole h oggi ng w or ld p ol i cy (p ol iti c s ) -

,

fl o o r ed
( p
I . ri z e ring 2 s chool ) ; th e u n d e.r d og ( d o g g fi h t i n g)
-

(
up to da te adv e rti s ing
) r e cor d — ti m e & c
( athl e ti c s
) eu c,
h r ed.
-
,

g go i n o n e b e t te r g o i n g,
N ap ( card s
); t o c or n.e r — a thing

( com m e rc e ) — a p e r s o n c hi c ( s oci e ty j o urnal i s m );

u r ow n of s o r ts c l i m b dow n globe tr o tter to l az e
on
y o , , , (p e rha p s ,

n o t a s s ignabl e ) .

G ood and s u ffi ci nt occa s i on wil l ari s e rar e l y fo r u s ing

e s — —

mo s t o f th es e p hra s e s and th e r e s t o f th e s l ang vocabulary .

To tho s e how e v e r w h o d e s ir e that what th e y w r it e may

, ,

e ndur e it i s s ugg e s t e d that a s s tyl e i s th e gr e at anti s e p tic s o , ,

E 2
5 2 V O CA B U L A RY

S l ang is th e g re at c o r r u p ting m att e r it is p eri s habl e it s e l f and ,

i n fe ct s what s r o un d t t h e catchword s that d e light o ne

i i —

g e n e rati o n s tink i n th e n o s t r i l s o f th e n e xt i n di vidu a l which ,

al mo s t mad e th e fo r t u n e o f many a Vi ctoria n hu mori s t is ,

o n e o f t h e m od e r n e d i to r s s hibb o l e th s fo r d e t e cti ng t h e unfit

’
.

A n d e v e n tho s e w h o r e gard o nl y t h e p r e s e nt will do w e l l to

r e m e mb e r that i n l i t e r atu r e a s e l s e wh e r e th e re a re as m any
c o n s e r vativ e s a s p r ogr e s s iv es a s m any who e x p e ct th e i r wri t e rs,

to s ay thi ng s a littl e b e tt e r tha n th e y co u l d d o th e m s e lve s a s

w h o a re fl att e r e d by th e p roo f that o n e man i s no b e tt e r than

an o th e r .

‘
S k e p s ey did c o m e back to L o n d on with rath er a da mag e d f r on ti s
p i ec e
’
V
,
ict o r s aid — M E R E D I T H . .

H en s o n h o w e v e r o n c e n egoti a ted a s p ri n t d o w n h is wi n g a n d p u t in
, , ,

a fi n e dr o pp i ng s h o t to Au b e rt w h o s av e d Gu er n s ey E v en i ng P r es s
,
. .

P a s s en g e r s th e g u ild add u s ually arri ve at t h e la s t mome n t b efo re

, ,

s aili n g wh en th e m a s t e r m us t c on c en trat e h is m i nd u p o n n egoti a ti ng

,

a s a fe p s ag
a s e — Ti m es .

T o d e al with th e s e ex t en s iv e an d p u r e ly l o cal br e e di n g grou n d s in th e

m a nn e r s u gg e s t e d by M aj o r Ro s s w o u ld b e a v e ry ta l l or der Ti m es .
-
.

I n ab ou t tw e n ty m i n u t e s h e r e t u rn e d acc o mp a n i e d by a highly i n ,

tel l ige n t l o o ki n g i n d i v i d u a l d r es s e d in bl u e a n d bl ack with a

-
art ic larly
, p u ,

whit e cravat a nd with o u t a hat o n h is h e ad ; thi s i n di vi d u a l wh o m

, ,

I s h o u ld h av e m i s tak en f or a g e n tl e m a n b u t fo r th e i n t e llig e n c e d e i ct e d
p
in hi s fac e h e i n tr o d u c e d to m e a s th e m a s t e r o f th e in n — B O R R O W
, . .

A S evre s va s e s o ld y e s t e rday at C hri s ti e s r ea l i z ed what is b e li e v e d to ’

b e th e r ecor d p ri c e o f g u i ne a s Ti mes . .

Yo u c o u ld n o t if yo u had tri e d hav e m ad e s o p e rfe ct a p lac e for tw o

, ,

girl s to l ou n ge in to l a z e in to r e ad s illy n o v e l s in o r to go to s l e ep in o n
, , ,

dr o w s y a t e r o o ns C R O C K E TT
f n — . .

M r Bal fou r s s ome what th r a s on i ca l e ul ogi e s —Sp ecta tor

.
’
. .

A qu arr e l so me s o m e what th r a s on i ca l fighti ng m a m S p ecta tor

,
-
.

Th e tr u e i n w a r dn es s o f thi s s tat e m e n t is Ti mes -

.

W e d o n ot k n o w what i n w ar d n ess th e re m ay b e in th e o rd e r o f h is
di s c o u r s e s th o u gh e ach o f th e m h a s s ome art ic u lat e li nk with that which
,

p r e c e d es Ti
. m es .

S u ch a d e p art u re fr o m e ti qu e tt e at th e p s ych ol ogi ca l m omen t s h o w s

tact a n d di s cre ti on Ti m es . .

H e a s s e rt s that ab o u t f ou r y e ar s a go th e re w as q u it e a n Arg enti n e

boom in Ne w Z e ala n d Ti m es . .
 S LA N G A ND IDIOM 53

N o tr e atm e nt of
l ang how e v e r s hort s h o ul d o mit th e
s , ,

r e mi nd e r that s lang and id i o m a re hard to di s ti n g u i s h a n d ,

y e t i n l it e rat u r e s lang i s bad and idio m g o od

, ,
W e s aid that
,
.

s l ang w as p e ri s h abl e th e fact is that mo s t o f i t p e ri s h e s ; b u t

s o m e s u rviv e s and is giv e n t h e id i o mat i c f r a n chi s e ; wh e n i t ‘

d o th p r o s p e r non e d ar e cal l i t s lang Th e id i o mati c w r it e r

,
’
.

di ffe r s chi e fl y f ro m th e s l angy i n u s i n g what w a s s l a n g a n d is

n o w id iom ; o f wha t i s s till s lang h e choo s e s o n ly that p art

wh ich h is i n s ight a ss u r e s hi m h a s th e s o r t o f m e r it that wil l

.

r e s e rv e it I n a s mal l p ar t o f th e i r v o cab u lary t h e idi o matic

p .

and th e s l angy wil l c o i ncid e and b e th e r e fo r e c o n fu s e d by th e

,

u nd i s c e r n i ng Th e o nly advic e that c a n b e giv e n t o novi c e s

.

u nc e rtai n o f th e i r o w n d i s cri minati o n is to k e e p car e fully o ff

t h e d e batabl e gr o u nd F u l l id i o m and ful l s la n g a re a s f a r
.

a p art as vi rt u e and vi c e ; an d y e t
Th e y o ft s o m ix , th e di ff e r en c e is to o n ic e
W h e re en ds th e v irt u e o r b e gi n s
,
th e vic e .

A ny o ne w h o can confid e ntly a s s ign e ach o f th e fo llowing

p h ra s e s to i ts o w n t e rritory m ay f e e l that h e is not i n m uch

d ang e r :
O utr u n th e c o n s tabl e th e m an in th e s tr ee t ki cki n g y ou r h e e l s b e tw e e n
, , ,

t w o s t o o l s c u tti n g a l o s s ridi n g f o r a f all n o t s e e i n g th e w o o d f o r th e tr e e s

, , , ,

m i n di n g y o u r Ps a n d Q5 cr o s s i n g t h e ts b eggi n g th e q u e s ti o n s p e cial
, , ,

p l e adi n g a b o n e to p ick hal f s e a s o v e r t o o th a n d n ail bl uff m a ffi c k

, , , , , ,

a ta ll o rd e r it h a s c o me to s tay
, .

P A R TI C U L A R W O R D S
I n divid u al , m u t u al , un i qu e aggravati n g
, .

To use i n d i vi d u a l
wr o ngly i n th e tw e nti e th c e ntu ry s tam p s
a writ e r more d e finit e ly tha n al mo s t a n y o th e r s i ngl e s o l e ci s m
, ,

n o t a s b e ing g e n e rally ign o r an t or fo o li s h bu t a s b e i n g with o u t ,

th e lit e rary s e n s e F o r t h e wo r d h a s b e e n p ill o ri e d ti m e

.

a ft e r ti m e ; e v e ry o ne who is i nt e r e s t e d i n s tyl e at all — which

i ncl u d e s e v e r y o ne who a s p i r e s t o b e r e adabl e — m u s t at l e a s t
b e awa r e that th e r e i s s o m e my s t e ry ab o u t th e w o r d e v e n i f ,

h e h a s n o t p e n e trat e d i t H e h as th e r e fo r e tw o c o u r s e s
.
, ,
54 V O CA B U LA R Y

O p e n to h i m : h e may l e av e t h e word alon e ; o r h e may fi nd

o u t what i t m e an s ; if h e in s i s t s o n u s ing i t w ithout fi nd ing

o u t h e will com m i t h i m s e l f
,
Th e adj e ctival u s e o f i t p r e s e nt s
.

n o d i ffi cu l ty ; t h e adj e ctiv e a s w e l l a s th e adv e rb i n d i vi du a ll

, y ,

i s al way s u s e d right ly i f at all ; it i s th e n o u n that go e s

w r o ng A n i n d i vi d u a l i s n o t s i m p ly a p e r s o n ; i t is a
.

s ingl e s e a rat e
, p o r p r ivat
,
e p e r s on a p e r s o n a s o pp o,
s e d to
a combi n ati o n o f p e r s on s ; thi s qual i fication thi s o p p o s ition , ,

m u s t b e e ffe ctiv e ly p res e nt to th e m i nd o r th e word is not ,

i n p lac e I n th e n i n e t e e nth e s p e ciall y th e e arly nin e t e e nth

.
,

c e ntu r y thi s d i s tin ction w as n e gl e ct e d ; mainl y u nd e r th e

,

im p ul s e o f p oly s yllabi c hu mou r th e word which d o e s m e a n ,

i n s om e s ort o f way w a s s e i z e d u on a s a f ac e tiou s

p er s o n , p
s ub s titut e fo r i t ; not o n ly that ; i t s p r e ad e v e n to g o o d
writ e rs who h ad no fac e tiou s i nt e ntion ; i t b e cam e th e kind
o f s lang d es crib e d i n t h e l a s t s e ction which i s highly p o p ul ar ,

u nti l i t s udd e nly tu rn s d i s gu s ting I n r e adin g m any o f th e s e

.

writ e r s w e fe e l that w e m u s t m ak e allowan c es fo r th e m o n

thi s p oint ; th e y only fail e d to b e right wh e n e v e ry o n e e l s e
w a s wr o n g B ut w e if w e d o it s in agai n s t th e light
.
, ,
.

To l e av e no p o s s ibl e d oubt abou t t h e d i s ti n ction w e s hal l ,

giv e m any e xam p l es d ivid e d i nto ( 1 ) right u s es ( 2 ) wr o ng

, ,

u s es ( 3 ) s e nt e n c e s i n whi ch though th e auth o r h as u s ed th e

, ,

word rightly a p e rv e rs e r e ad e r m igh t tak e i t wrongly I t

, .

will b e ob s e rv e d that i n ( I ) to s u b s tit u t e m a n or p er s on would

d i s tinctl y w e ak e n th e s e n s e ; in th e s e nt e nc e fro m M acaul ay
it wo u l d b e p racti cal ly i m p o s s ibl e Th e word s italici z e d a re .

tho se that p rov e th e contra s t wi th bod i e s o r o r gani z ation s , ,

’
to hav e b e e n p re s e nt to t h e writ e r s m i nd tho u gh it may ,

o ft e n ha
pp e n that h e do es not actually s how i t by s p e cifi c

m e ntion o f th e m O n th e oth e r hand i n ( 2 ) p ers on o r m a n

.
,

o r no m ight always b e s ub s titut e d with o u t h arm to th e s e n s e ,

th o ugh s om e ti m e s a mo re e xact word (not i n di vidu a l) might

b e p r e fe rabl e I n (3) l i ttl e d i ffe r e n c e w o uld b e mad e by t h e
.

s ub s tituti o n .
5 6 V O C A B U L A RY

tr e at e d o f l at e r i t h as s e e m e d that a n e ff e ct m ight b e
,

p r o du c e d by m e r e i t e rati on .

Th e w o r d m u tu a l r e q u i r e s c a u tion A s with i nd i vidu a l .

,

a n y o n e w h o is n o t p r e p a re d to cl e ar h is id e a s u p o n i ts

m e a n ing will d o w e l l to avoid it ; i t is a v e ry t e l ltal e word ,

r e ad i ly c o nvi cti ng th e u nwary and o n th e o th e r ha n d i t may ,

qu it e e a s il y b e d o n e wi thou t E v e ry o ne know s by n o w that .

o u r m u tu a l f r i e n d is a s o l e ci s m M u tu a l i m p li es an acti o n .

o r r e lati o n b e tw e e n two o r m or e p e r s on s o r thing s A d o ing ,

o r s tand ing t o B a s B d o e s o r s tand s t o A L e t A and B b e .

th e p e r s on s i n d i cat e d by ou r C t h e f r ien d No s uch r e ci p rocal

,
.

r e lati o n is h e re i m p li e d b e tw e e n A and B ( w h o fo r al l w e
kn o w m ay b e e n e m i e s ) bu t o n ly a s e p arat e th o ugh s i m ilar
, ,

r e l ation b e tw e e n e ach o f th e m and C Th e r e is n o s u ch .

thi n g a s a m utu al fr i e nd i n th e s i ng u lar ; b u t t h e p hra s e

m u tu a l f r ien ds m ay withou t non se n s e b e u s e d t o d e s c r ib e
e ith e r A and C B and C o r i f A and B ha p p e n t o b e al s o
, ,
,

f r i e nd s A and B a n d C
,
O u r m u tu a l f r i en d i s n o n s e n s e ;
.

m u tu a l f r i en ds though n o t n o n s e n s e is bad E ngli s h b e cau s e

, , ,

it i s ta u tologi cal I t tak e s t w o to m ak e a f r i e nd s hi p a s to

.
,

mak e a qu a r re l ; a nd th e r e for e al l f r i e nd s a re m u t u al f r i e nd s ,

a n d f r i en ds al o n e m e an s as m u ch a s m u tu a l f r i en d s M u tu a l .

w ellw i s ner s o n t h e oth e r hand i s g o o d E ngl i s h a s w e l l a s

g o o d s e n s e b e cau s e it is p o s s ibl e fo r m e to b e a m an s w e ll
,
’

wi s h e r th o ugh h e hat e s m e M utual l o v e u nd e r s tanding .

, ,

i n s u ranc e b e n e fi t s d i s l ik e m utua l b e n e factor s backbit e rs

, , , , ,

ab e tto r s m ay al l b e cor r e ct th o u gh th e y a re al s o s o m e ti m e s
, ,

u s e d i nc o rr e ctly l i k e o u r m u tu a l
, f r i en d wh e r e t h e r ight w o rd ,

w o u l d b e co m mon .

F u rth e r i t is to b e car e fu lly o b s e r v e d that th e word m u tu a l

,

i s an e q u ival e nt i n m e aning a n d s o m e ti m e s a c o nv e ni e nt o n e
,

f o r g r am matical r e a s o n s o f th e p r o n o u n ca ck o tner with

,

va r i o u s p r e p o s iti o n s To u s e i t a s w e l l a s ea ch o tner is e v e n
.

mo r e cl e arly tau tol og i cal th an th e al r e ady m e nti o n e d m u tu a l

 P A RT I C U L A R W O R D S : M u tu a l 57

If thi s b e th e ca s e m u ch of th e l o s t m u t ual u n d e r s ta n di n g and u n ity o f

,

fe e li ng m ay b e r e s t o re d Ti m es
. .

C o r r e ct if mu tu a l is c o n fin e d to u n der s ta nd i ng : th e y n o lo ng e r
,

u nd e r s ta n d co c li o tner .

O n ce th e ir di ffe r en c e s r e m o v e d b o th fe lt that in p re se n ce o f ce rtai n

,

i n calc u labl e fact o r s in E u r op e it w ou ld b e o f m u t u al adva n tag e t o draw

cl o s e r t o g e th e r Ti m es
. .

S l i ghtly cl u m s y ; b u t it m e an s that th e y wou ld ge t advantag e

o m m en o t/z er by d rawi ng t o g e th e r an d m ay s tand
f r ,
.

c o n v e rs i n g with h is An dal u s ia n lady l o v e in r o s y wh i s p e r s ab o u t

-

th e ir m u t u al p a s s i o n fo r S p a n i s h ch o c o lat e all th e whil e M E R E D I T H .

-
.

S u r e ly yo u hav e h e ard M rs T o ddl es talki n g to M rs D o ddl e s ab o u t

. .

th e ir m u t u al m aid s T H AC K E RA Y
— . .

I nd e fe ns ibl e .

T h e r e m ay b e , m o r e o v e r, whil e e ach h a s th e k e y of th e fe ll o w br e a s t ,

a mu t u ally se n s itiv e n e rv e — M E RE D I TH .

A n e r v e cann o t r e s p o nd to e ach oth e r n e rv e s can a co m mon

n er ve w o ul d hav e d o n e or m u tu a lly s ens i ti ve n er ves .

I t i s n o w d e fi n it e ly a n n o u n c e d that K i n g E dward will m e e t P re s id e n t

L o u b e t thi s a ft e rn o o n n e ar P ari s O u r P ari s C o rr e s p o n d e n t s ay s t h e
.

m e e ti n g will tak e p lac e by m u t u al d e s ire . Ti m es .

R igh t w r o ng ac c o r di n g t o what is m e ant by des i r e

or .

( )
I I f i t m e an s th at K ing E dward a n d M L o u b e t d e s i r e d .
,

that i s had a y e a r n i ng fo r e ach oth e r it is corr e ct ; bu t th e

, , ,

writ e r p r o bably d i d n o t int e nd s o p o e tic a fl ight (2 ) I f it .

m e an s that th e y m e r e ly d e s i r e d a m e e ti n g it is wro ng e xactly , ,

a s o u r m u tu a l f r i e n d i s wro n g Th e r e l ati o n i s n o t o ne
.

b e tw e e n A and B ; it i s o n ly that A an d B hold s e p a rat e ly

th e s am e r e lati o n t o C th e m e e ti n g ,
I t s h o u l d b e co m mon
.

d es i r e .
(3) I f d e s i r e i s h e r e e qu ival e nt t o r eq u es t a n d e ach ,

is r e p r e s e nt e d a s having r e qu e s t e d th e o th e r t o m e e t hi m it ,

i s agai n c o rr e ct ; b u t o nly p ol it e n e s s t o th e w r it e r w o u ld
i nd u c e a n y o n e t o tak e thi s alt e r nativ e .

Th e carp e nt e r h o ld s th e ha mme r in o n e ha n d th e n ail i n th e o th e r a n d , ,

th e y d o th e ir w o rk e q u ally w e ll S o it is with e v e ry craf t s m a n th e ha n d s

.

a re m u t u ally b u s y Ti m es
. .
5 8 V O CA B U L A RY

Wrong . Th e hand s a re no t bu s y w i t/z o r up on ea c/z o t/z er ,

b u t with o r u p o n th e work A s c o m mon ly wou ld b e a m big u ou s

.

h e re equ a lly o r a l i l e s h o u l d b e u s e d o r s im p ly bot/t M u tu a lly

,
’

, .

s er vi c ea ble agai n wo u l d hav e b e e n r ight

, , .

Th e r e w e r e o th e r me a n s o f c o m m u n icati o n b e t w een C larib e l a n d h e r

new r
p po het .B o o k s w e r e m u t u ally l e t t
n o e ach 0 th e r — B E A C ON S
. F I E L D .

Thi s s u r p ri s i n g s e nt e nc e m e an s th at Vanity F ai r w a s l e nt
to P arad i s e L o s t and P aradi s e L o s t to Van ity F ai r I f w e
, .

’
fu rth e r a s s u m e fo r p o lit e n e s s s ak e that mu tu a lly is n o t m e r e
tautol ogy with to ea c/z o tb er th e o nl y th i n g l e ft fo r it to m e an
,

i s by w eb o t/z er Th e doubt th e n r e m ain s wh e th e r ( 1 ) P ara

.

d i s e L o s t w as l e nt to Van ity F ai r by P aradi s e L o s t and ,

Vanity F ai r to P arad i s e L o s t by Vani ty F ai r o r ( 2 ) P aradi s e ,

L o s t w as l e n t to Vanity F ai r by Va nity F ai r and Vanity ,

F ai r to P aradi s e L o s t by P arad i s e L o s t Th i s may b e .

c o n s id e r e d c ap tio ns ; but w e s t ill wi s h th e a u thor h ad s ai d

e ith e r Th e y l e nt e ach oth e r book s
,
o r B ook s w e r e l e n t by
, ,

th e m to e ach oth e r .

A thing is u n i qu e o r n ot u niqu e ; th e r e a re no d egr e es o f

,

u niqu e n e s s ; nothing i s e v e r s o m e what o r rath e r u n iqu e ,

th o ugh many thing s a re al mo s t o r i n s o m e r es p e ct s u niqu e .

Th e word i s a m e mb e r o f a d e p r e ciating s e ri e s S i ngu la r .

had onc e th e s t ron g m e a ning that u n i qu e h as s till i n accu rat e

but n o t i n oth e r writ e r s I n c o n s e qu e nc e o f s l o v e nly u s e
.
,

s i ngu la r no l ong e r m e an s s ingular b u t m e r e ly r e m arkabl e ;

,

i t is worn ou t ; b e fo re long r a tner u n i qu e wil l b e fa m il iar ;

u n i qu e that i s wil l b e worn o u t i n tu r n and w e s hal l hav e
, , ,

to r e s ort to u nex a mp led and k e e p tha t cl e ar o f qual ifi cation s

a s l ong a s w e can H a p p ily it i s s ti l l ad m itt e d that se nt e nc e s
.

lik e th e t w o giv e n b e low a re s ol e ci s m s ; th e y contai n a s e l f

c o ntrad ic t i on F o r th e oth e r r e gr e t tabl e u s e o f u n iqu e a s
.
,

wh e n th e adv e rti s e m e nt col u m n s o ffe r u s what th ey call u n i qu e

opp or tu n i t i es ,
i t m ay g e n e ral ly b e a s s u m e d with s a fe ty that
th e y a re lying ; but lying is not i n it s e l f a l it e rary o ffe nc e ,

s o that with th e s e w e hav e noth i ng to d o .

 PA R T I C U L A R W O R D S : Un i qu e, aggr a va te 59

Thrill swh i ch gav e h im r a t/f er a pl a r H U TT ON u n i qu e e su e — . .

A v ery u n i q u e child th o u ght I — C B R ON T E

,
. . .

is to b e tra n s lat e d i n t o R u s s ia n b y M R o b e rt B o k e r o f S t P e t e r s .
,
.

b u rg T hi s is a s om e w lz a t u n i qu e thi n g to ha p p en to a n E n gli s h t e x t
.

b o o k Wes tnz i n s ter Ga z ette

.
’

To aggr a va te annoy o r e n rag e ( a p e r s on) bu t to

is no t to ,

mak e w o r s e ( a conditi o n o r tro u bl e ) T h e acti v e p a r ti ci p l e .

s h o ul d v e ry rar e ly and t h e r e s t o f t h e activ e p racti cal ly n e v e r

, ,

b e u s e d withou t an e x p re s s e d obj e ct and that o f th e right ,

kind .I n th e s e n t e nc e A n aggr a va ti ng c ir cu ms ta nce w a s

,

tna t tue s n ow w a s d i r ty th e m e aning i s n o t that th e d i r t w a s

,

ann o yi ng but that i t add e d t o s om e oth e r m i s e ry p r e viou s ly

,

e x p re s s e d o r i m p l i e d B u t as th e dirt ha p p e n s to b e ann o ying

.
,

al s o thi s u s e is e a s ily m i s u nd e r s tood and is p r o bably th e

, ,

origi n o f th e not o riou s vulgari s m ; s i nc e it al mo s t in e vitably

l ays a writ e r O p e n to s u s p ic ion i t is b es t av o id e d O f th e , .

fo ll o wing qu otation s th e fi r s t is q u it e c o rre ct th e o th e r fo u r

'

, ,

as cl e arl y wrong ; i n t h e la s t aggr i eved would b e th e right ,

word .

A p r e m at u r e i n itiativ e w ou ld b e u s e l e s s and e ve n da nge r o u s b e i ng ,

calc ulat e d rath e r to aggravat e tha n to s i m p li fy th e s it u ati o n Ti m es -

.

P e rha p s th e m o s t tryi n g an d aggravati n g p e ri o d o f th e wh o l e s ix

m o n th s d u ri n g wh ich th e s i e ge h a s l a s t e d w a s thi s p e ri o d o f e n fo rc e d
i d l enes s waiti n g fo r th e day o f e n try Ti m es . .

Th er e i s a c o l d fo r m al ity ab o u t th e av e rag e E n gli s h ma n ; a lack o f

e ffus iv e d i s p o s iti o n t o i n g ratiat e hi m s e l f a n d a n al m o s t aggravati n g ,

i n di ffe r e n c e to ali e n c u s t o m s o r c o n v en ti o n s — Ti m es . .

M rs C raigi e may p o s s ibly b e r e gardi n g h im with a n iro n y too fi n e

.

fo r u s t o d e t e ct ; b u t t o th e o rdi n ary m i n d h e a pp e ar s t o b e c o n c e iv e d i n
t h e s p irit o f r o m a n c e a n d a v e ry s t u p id t ir e s o m e aggravati n g m a n
, , ,

h e is . Ti m es .

‘
W e ll r I m v e ry m u ch o blig e d to yo u M i s s e s Br o w n
,
I m
’
su e
’
, ,
’
s aid th e
u n fo rt u n at e y o u th gre atly aggravat e d
,
D I C KE N S .
-
.

N e v erth e l e s s it i s an aggravat i n g b o ok th o u gh w e are b o u n d

, ,
to ad m it
that w e ha xe b ee n gre atly i n t e r e s t e d Wes tmi n s ter Ga z ette . .
 C H A PT E R I I

S Y N TA X
CAS E

T H E R E is n o t m u ch o p p o rt u nity i n E ngl i s h fo r go ing wr o ng

h e r e b e ca u s e w e h av e s h e d mo s t o f o u r ca s e s T h e p e rs o nal
,
.

p r ono u ns and w h
, o a n d i ts c o m p o u nd s a re t h e o nly w o rd s ,

that vi s ibly r e tai n thre e — call e d s u bj e ctiv e o bj e ctiv e p o s s e s , ,

s iv e I n n o u n s t h e fi r s t two a re indi s tingui s habl e an d a re

.
,

call e d th e co m mo n ca s e O n e r e s u l t o f thi s s i m p licity is

.

that th e s e n s e o f ca se b e ing al mo s t lo s t th e fe w m i s tak e s

, ,

that can b e mad e a re m ad e o ft e n — s o m e o f th e m s o o fte n

that th e y a re now al m o s t right by p r e s cri p tion .

1 I n a p p o s ition
. .

A p ron o u n a p p e nd e d to a n ou n and i n th e s am e re lation ,

to t h e r e s t o f th e s e nt e nc e s h o u ld b e i n th e s a m e cas e
, .

D i s r e gard o f thi s is a bad bl und e r .

B u t to b eh o ld h e r m o th e r — s he to wh om she o we d her b e i ng "

S . F E RR I ER .

2 . Th e c o m p l e m e n t with a m, a r e, i s , &c .
,
s hould be sub

e ct iv e
j .

I am sh e, s h et ill d e ath
m e,
a n d b e y on d i t —M E RE D I T H . .

Wh om w o u ld yo u rath e r b e ?
To h o w m a n y m ai m e d a n d m o u r n i n g m illi o n s i s th e fir s t a nd l
so e

a nge l vi s ita n t h i E a s te rn s call Az ra e l C B R ON T E

m ,
— . . .

T hat s h i m
’
.

I n th e l a s t but o n e h i m w o u ld no d o u bt hav e b e e n d e fe n d e d
,

by th e w r it e r s i nc e t h e fu ll fo r m wo u ld b e h e w ho m a s a n
, ,

attractio n to th e van i s h e d w h o m B u t s u ch attracti o n is n o t .

r ight ; i f h e al o n e is fe l t to b e u n co m fo r tabl e w h om s h o u ld ,

n ot b e o m itt e d o r i n thi s e xalt e d c o nt e xt it might b e h e th a t

, , .

O n th a t s h i m s e e 4 b e low
’
.
, ,
 CA S E 61

3 . Wh e n a v e r b r
or
p p e o s iti o n gov e rn s two p ron o u n s u n i t e d
by a n d, &c th e s e con d is a t to go wr o ng — a bad bl u n d e r
.
, p .

B e tw ee n y ou a nd I i s o ft e n h e ard in ta l k and i n l it e rat u r e ,

An d d e ar le t yo u a n d I s ay a fe w w o rd s ab o u t thi s u nf o rt u n at e
no w , my ,

a fi a ir — T R O L L O P E
’

. .

I t i s k e p t l o ck e d u p i n a m arbl e ca s k e t q u it e o u t o f r e ach o f yo u o r 1 , .

— S . F E R RI E R .

S h e fo u n d e v e ry o ne s att e n ti on dire ct e d to M ary

’
,
an d s h e h e rs el f e n t ire ly
o v erl o o k ed — S . F ERRI E R .

4 i nt e rr o gativ e w ho is o ft e n u s e d fo r w h om a s Wh o
. Th e , ,

did y o u s ee ? A di s ti ncti o n s h o u l d h e r e b e m ad e b e tw e e n
conv e rs atio n writt e n or s p ok e n an d forma l writi ng M any
, ,
.

e ducat e d p e o p l e f e e l that in s aying I t i s l Wh o m do y ou ,

m ea n ? i n s t e ad o f I t s m e Wh o do y ou m ea n ? th e y wil l b e
’

talk ing l ik e a book and th e y j u s tifiably p r e fe r g e n iali ty to ,

gramm ar B ut i n p rint u nl es s it is d ialogu e th e corr e ct

.
, ,

fo rm s a re advi s abl e .

5 Ev e n with
. word s that hav e no vi s ibl e d i s tinction b e tw e e n

s ubj e ctiv e and obj e ctiv e ca s e it is p o s s ibl e to go wrong ; f o r ,

th e ca s e can alway s b e i n fe rr e d th o ugh n o t s e e n Con , .

s e qu e ntly a word s h o u ld n e v e r b e s o p lac e d that i t m u s t b e

tak e n twic e on c e a s s ubj e ct and o nc e a s obj e ct Thi s is s o

,
.

com mon a blu nd e r that i t wi ll b e w e ll to giv e a good nu mb e r

o f e xam l es I t occ u r s e s e cial ly with t h e r e l ativ e f r o m it s
p p .
,

e arly p o s ition i n t h e s e nt e nc e ; but a s t h e fi r s t two e xam p l e s ,

s how it m ay r e s ult fro m th e e xc e p tional p lacing o f o th e r

,

word s al s o Th e m e r e r e p e tition o f th e r e lati v e o r i n s e rti o n

.
,

o f i t o r oth e r p ronoun g e n e ral ly m e nd s th e s e nt e nc e ; i n t h e ,

fi rs t e xam p l e chang e s h ou ld o n ly be to only to be ,

.

Th e occu p a ti o n f
o th e m ou th s f
o th e Ya l u , h o w ev e r , h is M aj es ty con

s id er ed u n de s irabl e ,
an d s h ou ld on ly be carri e d o u t in th e la s t re s o rt .

Th i s th e tro ng se n s e
s of L ady M ac la u ghla n had l ong p e rc e iv e d a n d ,

w as th e p ri n ci p al re a so n of h er l cti n g
se e so w eak a w o m a n a s h e r c o m
—S F E RR I ER
p an i on . . .
 62 S YN T A X

Q ualiti e s w h i ch it w o u l d c os t m e a g re at d e al t o ac u ir e a n d w o u ld
q ,

l ead to n o thi ng M O R L E Y
— .

A r e c o rd e d s ayi n g o f o u r L o rd w h i ch s o me high e r critic s o f th e Ne w

.
Te s ta me n t r e gard as o f d o ubt fu l a u th e n tic ity a n d is c e rtai n ly o f d o u bt f u l
,

i n t e rp re tati o n .

A w e ak n e s s w h i ch s o m e w o u ld m i s call gratit u d e a n d is o f t en ti m e s ,

th e c o rr u p t e r o f a h e art n o t ig bln o e —RI C H A R D S O N . .

A nal o g o u s to th e s e a re th e n e xt thr e e e xam p l es which will ,

r e qu i r e s e p arat e c o m m e nt
K n o wl e dg e to t h e c ertai n ty of whi ch no au th o rity c o u l d add o r take ,

away o n e j o t o r t ittl e H U X L E Y
,
— . .

To is a p p l icabl e to a dd not to ta he a w ay , Th e f ul l form i s .

giv e n by s u b s tit u t i ng fo r or and f rom th e c e rta i nty o f whi ch

n o authori ty coul d Thi s is cl e arly too c u mbr o u s I n s e rting .

or f r o m a ft e r to i s th e s im p l es t corr e ction bu t th e r e s u lt is
rath e r formal B e tt e r p e rha p s th e c e rtai nty o f which coul d
.
, ,

not b e incr e a s e d or di min i s h e d o ne j o t by any a uthority

F r om h is c o n v e r s ati on I s h oul d hav e p r o nou n c e d h im to b e fitt e d to
ex ec l in what e v e r walk of a m biti on he had ch o s e n to e xe rt h is abil it i e s .

A se cond i n is
r e q u ir e d Thi s co m mon s love nlin es s r es u lt s
.

f ro m t h e m od e rn s u p e rs titi o n agai n s t p utti ng a p r e p o s ition

at th e e nd T h e p articu l ar s e nt e nc e m ay how e v e r b e
.
, ,

m e nd e d oth e rwi s e than by i n s e rting i n i f ex cel is m ad e ,

a b s o lut e by a com ma p lac e d a ft e r it Ev e n th en th e i n .

,

w o ul d p e r ha p s b e b e tt e r at th e e n d o f th e clau s e than at th e
b e ginning .

L a s tly m ay b e men ti o ne d a p ri n ci p l e up on w h i ch C la u s e wit z i n si s t e d

with all h is s tr en gth , and c o u ld n e v er s ufli c iently i mp re ss up on h is Ro yal
s ch o lar . Ti mes .

Th e i talici z e d up on (w e hav e nothing to d o with th e oth e r

up on ) i s right with i ns i s t bu t wrong though i t mu s t n e c e s
, ,

s a ri l b u l i d agai n with i m I t i t h r lt f t h
y e s pp e p r es s ,
s e e s u o . e

s am e s u p e r s tition M e nd e ith e r by writing up on a ft e r i n s is ted

.

i n s t e ad o f b e fo re w h i ch o r by in s erti ng w hich he aft e r a nd

,
.

6 . A ft e r as and th a n .

Th es e ro rly conj unction and tak e th e s am e ca se

‘
a re p p e s ,
04 S YN TA X

A
d i ffi c u l t q u e s tio n how e v e r a r i s e s with r e lativ e s a ft e r tha n
, , .

I n th e n e xt t w o e xam p l e s w h om is a s mani fes tly wro ng a s

w h o i s m a n i fe s tly i n t o l e r abl e

D r D ill o n ,
. tha n w h om no E n gli s h m a n h a s a p ro fo u n d e r ac q u ai n ta n ce
with Ti m es .

It w as a p l e a s u re to h e ar C a n o n L iddo n , tha n w h om , in h is day th e re

,

w as no fi ne r p re ach e r .

Th e nly c o rre c t s o l ut i o n 18 to r e ca s t th e s e nt e n c e s
o Fo r .

i n s tanc e w h os e a cqu a i n ta n ce w i th
,
i s u nr i va lled a mong
E ngl is h men ; and u n s u r a s s ed i n h i s d a h
p y a s a p r e a c e r .

B ut p e rha p s th e conv e ni e nc e o f tha n w h o m i s s o gr e at that to

rul e it out amou nt s t o s aying that man is mad e fo r gra m mar
an d n o t gra m ma r fo r m an .

7 C. o m p ou nd p o s s e s s iv e s .

Thi s is s tri ctly th e p r o p e r p lac e fo r drawing at t e ntio n to

a qu es tion that h as s o m e i m p ortanc e b e cau s e i t b e ars o n th e
v e ry com m o n co n s tructi on d i s cu s s e d at s o m e l e ngth i n t h e
g e ru nd s e cti o n Thi s is th e q u e s tion wh e th e r and to what
.
,

e xt e nt com p ou n d p o s s e s s iv e s m ay b e r e cogni z e d
,
S om e .

ay s ome o n e els e s
’ ’
e o l e s oth e r s s a y s o m e o n e s el s e O ur
p p , .

o w n o p ini o n i s that th e l att e r is u ncall e d fo r and p e d antic .

’
O f th e thr e e al t e rnativ e s S m i th th e ba k er s w if e S m i th s w if e
’

, ,

the ba her th e w if e of S m i th the ba h er t h e l a s t i s r e dol e nt o f

, ,

O l l e ndor ff th e s e cond thru s t s i t s ambiguity u p o n u s and p ro

,

vok e s a n invol u ntary s m il e a nd th e fi r s t al o n e is fe l t to b e ,

natural It mu s t b e con fe s se d how e v e r that i t is g e n e ral ly

.
, ,

av o id e d i n p rint whil e th e f orm that w e hav e v e ntu r e d to

,

cal l p e dantic is not u nco m mon I n th e fi rs t o f th e e xa m p l e s .

that follow w e s hou ld b e i nclin e d to chang e to N a nny the

,

ma id of a ll w or k s and i n th e s e cond to the day of F r ea

’
- - -
, ,

g o d d e s s of & c ,
.

An o th e r m in d that w as b e i n g wr o u ght u p to a cli ma x w as ann y s , t h e N ’

m aid o f all w o rk , w h o had a war m h eart

- - - — E LI O T . .

F riday i s F rea s day , th e g o dd es s of p ea ce an d j oy and fr u it fu l ne s s

’
-
.

J . R GR EE N
. .
 CA S E, N UMBER 65

N U M BE R
V e ry l ittl e c o m m e nt wi ll be ne e d e d w e hav e o nl y to co n
vinc e r e ad e r s that mi s tak es a re co m m on and cau tio n th e r e fo r e
,

n e c e s s ary .

I . Th e co p ul a s ho u ld alway s agr e e with th e su bj e ct ,

not

with th e com p l e m e nt Th e s e a re wrong .

Th e p ages which d es crib e h o w t h e 3 4 th O s aka R egi m e n t wi p e d o u t th e

traditi o n that had s u rviv e d s i n c e th e S aig o re b elli o n i s a ty p ical p i ece
o f d e s cri p ti o n Ti mes . .

A boy dr e s se d u p a s a girl a n d a gi r l dre s se d u p a s a girl i s to th e e ye ,

at l e a s t th e s a m e th i ng —Ti m es
, . .

P e o p l e d o n o t b e li e v e n o w a s th e y did b u t th e m o ral i n con s i s ten ci es o f ,

o ur c o n t e m p o rari e s i s n o p r oof t h e r e o f D a i ly Telegr ap h .

-
.

It m u s t b e r e m e mb e re d that i n qu e s ti o n s th e s u bj e ct o ft e n
com e s a f t e r t h e v e rb and t h e c o m p l e m e nt b e for e i t ; b u t t h e
s am e rul e m u s t b e k e p t E g i f th e la s t e xam p l e w e r e p u t
. . .
,

a s a qu e s tion i n s t e ad o f a s a n e gativ e s tat e m e n t What p r o o f ,

’
i s th e i ncon s i s t e nci e s ? woul d b e wrong and What p roo f a r e ,

&C i right
.
’
.

S om e nt e nc es i n which th e s ubj e ct contai n s on ly a s u p e r

se ,

lativ e & c hav e th e p e c u liarity that s ubj e ct and c o m p l e m e n t

,
.
,

may al mo s t b e c o n s id e r e d to hav e chang e d p l ac e s ; a nd thi s

d e fe nc e wou l d p robably b e p u t i n fo r th e n e xt thr e e e x am p l e s
b u t wh e th e r act u ally wrong o r n o t th e y a re u n p l e a s a n t Th e
, ,
.

no u n that s ta n d s b e for e t h e v e r b s h o u ld b e r e gard e d a s th e

s ubj e ct and t h e v e rb b e ad a p t e d to i t
,
.

Th e on ly th i ng S ia mes e ab o u t th e C o n sul , ex epc t th e hatch me n t a nd

th e fl ag ,
w er e h is s e r v a n ts .
—S L A DEN .

Th e on ly difi cu l ty in F i nn i s h a re th e ch a nges un d e rg o n e by th e s t e m .

S WE E T .

Th e m o s t p o m p o u s m on u m en t o f E gy p tia n gr e at n es s , a n d o n e o f th e

m o s t b u lky w o rk s o f m a n u al i n d u s try , a r e th e p yra m id s — .

j o H NS O N .

The ne xt ex am p l e is a curious p r o bl e m ; th e su bj e ct to
F
66 S YN T A X

w er e is i n se n se p l ural , b ut in g r am mar s ingular ( fi n di ng ,

v e r bal n o u n )
F i n d i ng M i s s a p lac e s o s o litary e n gag e d i n a j o u rn e y s o
V e rn o n in ,

d a ng e r o u s a n d u n d e r t h e p ro t e cti o n o f o n e g e n tl e m a n o n ly w er e ci r cu m
, ,

s ta n ces t o e x cit e e v e ry fe e l i n g o f j e al o u s y S C O TT .
-
.

2 . M i s tak e s in th e n u mb e r of
v e rb s a re e xtr e m e ly c o m m on
wh e n a s i ngu lar n o u n i n t e rv e n e s b e tw ee n a p l u ral s u bj e ct
( o r a p l u r al n o u n b e tw ee n a s ingu l ar s u bj e ct ) and i t s v e r b .

I t is w o rth whil e to i ll u s trat e th e p oi nt abu nd antly ; fo r i t

a p p e ar s that r e al d o ubt can e xi s t o n th e s u bj e ct No o ne °

b u t s cho o l ma s t e r s a n d s choolboys know s is e xc e e dingly p oor

E ngli s h if i t i s n ot a bs olu tely ba d gr a mma r ( fro m a r e vi e w o f
,
’

thi s b o o k l s t ,

An d d o w e w o n d e r , wh e n th e f ou nd a ti on of p oli ti cs a re in th e l e tt e r o n ly ,

that m a n y e vil s s h o u ld ari s e —j o w E TT .

Th e re i s m u ch in th e se c e re m on ial a ccr eti on s a n d tea ch i ngs o f th e

C h u rch whi ch ten d t o c o nfus e a n d di s tract a n d wh ich h i n d e r u s
,

D a i ly Te l egr ap h .

Thi s s e n t e nc e s trictly tak e n as it s tand s wo u ld m e an s om e

, ,

thi ng that th e w r it e r b y n o m e an s i nt e nd s it t o viz Though ,

.
,

th e c e r e m o ni e s a re con fu s ing th e r e i s a g r e at d e al i n th e m
,

An i mm en s e a m ou n t o f conf u si on a n d i n d iper en ce p r ev a i l i n th e se d ay s ’
.

D a i ly Te legr a ph .

T h e y p ro d u c e d vari o u s m ed i ca m en ts , th e le thal p ow er of w h i ch w er e
t ll e d at large
ex o . Ti m es .

T h e p a r ti ti on wh ich th e tw o m i n i s t er s m ad e o f t h e p ow er s o f go v e m
m e n t w er e s i n g u larly ha p p y — M A C A U L AY . .

On e at l e a s t o f th e q u a l i ti es which fit it f o r trai n i ng o rdi n ary m e n u nfit

it for trai n i n g a n e x tra o rdi n ary m an — B AG E H O T . .

I f ail e d to p a s s i n t h e s m all a m ou n t o f cl a ss i cs which a r e s till h e ld to

b e n e c e s s ary Ti mes . .

T h e T ib e ta n s hav e e n gag e d to e x cl u d e f r o m th e ir c o u n try th o s e

d a n g e r o u s i nflu en ces w h os e app ea r a nce w er e th e ch i ef ca u s e o f o u r
acti o n Ti mes
. .

S u n dry o th e r r e p u tabl e p er s on s I k no w n o t wh o m w h os e j o i n t v i r tu e
, ,

s till h eep t h e law i n g oo d o d ou r —E M E R S ON . .

Th e p ractical r es u l ts o f th e r e c o gn iti o n o f th i s tr u th i s a s f o ll o w s .

W H . . M AL L O CK .
 N UM BE R : I N T E RV E N I N G N O U N ,
7 71m 67

Th e O rdi n at i o n s er vi ces o f th e E n gli s h Ch u r ch s ta tes thi s to b e a tr u th .

D a i ly Tel egr ap h .

A ll s pe cial r igh ts o f v oti ng in th e e e l cti on of m e mb e r s w as ab o li s h e d .

J . R GR E E N
. .

Th e arat e p ow er s o f thi s g re at ofi cer o f S tat e w h o had o ri gi n al ly

sep ,

act e d o n ly a s P r es id e n t o f th e C o u n cil wh en di s chargi n g its j u dicial

f un cti o n s s eem s to h av e b ee n th o r o u ghly e s tabl i s h e d u n d e r E dward I
, .

J R GR E E N
. . .

3 . Th ey , them, thei r , thei r s , a re o ft e n u s e d in r e fe r r ing back

to s ing u lar p r o n o m i nal s (as ea ch one a ny body e very body ) o r , , , ,

to s ingul ar n ou n s o r p hra s e s (as a p a r en t n ei ther 7 ach n or ,

S i ll) o f which th e d o u bt fu l o r d oubl e g e nd e r cau s e s aw kward

f
,

n es s I t is a r e al d e fici e ncy i n E n gli s h that w e hav e n o

.

p ronoun l ik e th e F
,
r e nch s o i s o n t o s tand f or h i m or h e r
, ,
- -
,

h is or her ( fo r h e or s he F r e nch is no b e tt e r o ff tha n E ngli s h )

- - - -
.

O u r vi e w tho u gh w e ad m it it to b e di s p u tabl e is cl e ar
, ,

that they thei r &c s h o uld n e v e r b e r e s ort e d to a s i n th e

, ,
.
, ,

e xa m p l e s p r e s e ntly to b e giv e n th e y a re With a vi e w t o .

avoid ing th e m i t s houl d b e ob s e r v e d that (a ) t h e p o s s e s s iv e

,

o f one ( ind e fin it e p ronou n ) i s on e s and that o f o n e ( nu m e ral

’
,

) h h ( O f
’

p ronou n i s e ith e r i s or e r or i ts n e do e s n
,
o t org e,
t o n e s

o w n nam e : I s a w o n e o f th e m d r o p h i s cigar h er m u ff or i ts , ,

l e av es ) ; (b) h e h is h i m m ay g e n e rally b e al low e d to s tand

, , ,

fo r th e com mon g e nd e r ; t h e p artic u l ar av e r s i on s hown t o

th e m by M i s s F e rrie r i n th e e xam p l e s may b e r e fe rr e d to h e r
sex and u ngallant a s it m ay s e e m w e s hal l p robably p e rs i s t
, ,

i n r e fu s ing wo m e n th e i r d u e h e r e a s s tubbornly a s E ngl i s h m e n

conti n u e t o o ffe n d th e S cot s by s aying E ngla nd i n s t e ad o f
B r i ta i n ( )
c S e nt
. e nc e s m ay h o w e v e r e a s ily b e c o n s t r u ct e d

( N e ith e r j o hn n o r M ary kn e w h is o w n m in d
) i n which h i s

i s u nd e niably awkward Th e s o luti o n is th e n what w e s o.

o f t e n r e com m e nd t o d o a l ittl e e x e rci s e i n p ara p hra se ( y oh n

,

a nd M a ry w er e a li h e i r r es ol u te fo r i n s tanc e ) ( )
d Wh e re ,
.

l e gal p r e ci s ion is r e ally n e c es s a r y h e or s h e m ay b e w r i tt e n ,

in f ull C o rr e ction s acc o r d ing to th e s e r u l e s wi l l b e a p p e nd e d

.

i n b r ack e t s to th e e xam p l e s .
68 S YN T A X

A ny body e l s e w ho h a ve on ly th ems el ves in vi e w .

— RI C H AR D S O N .
( h as
hi m s e l f )
Ce n es t l m i r i fi i v l wr i ti g i n carryi n g
’
q u e e p re e p a s q u c o te ,
n n o e n a s -

on e s h e ad ha d S F E RRI ER ( o ne s )
’ ’
’
in h t e i r n — . one s
. .

Th e f e e li ng s o f th e pa r en t u p o n c o m m itti n g th e ch e ri s h e d o bj e c t o f
th ei r car e s
a ffe cti o n s to th e s t o rm y s e a
a nd S F E R RI E R ( h is ) of li fe .
— . .

B u t h e n e v e r all o w e d on e to fe e l th ei r o w n d e fici en ci e s f or h e n e v er ,

a p p e are d to b e aware o f th e m h i m s e lfi S F E R RI E R (one s )

— . .
’

A di ffe r e n c e o f O p i n i o n wh ich l e av es ea ch fr e e t o act acc o rdi ng to th ei r

o w n fee li n g s — S F E R R I E R ( h is )
. .

S u p p o s e ea ch o f u s try u o r h a n d s at i t — S F E RR I E R ( tri e s h is h an d ; . . .

or if a l l of u s a r e w om en tri e s h e r ha n d )
, ,

E v ery body is di c t
s o n en e t d with t h ei r l o t i n li fe — B E AC O N S F I E L D ( h i s ) . .

4 . O th e r mi s tak es inv o lvi ng n u mb e r mad e with u ch p ro s

nom i nal s ,
or with n o u n s col l e ctiv e , p e r s oni fi e d o r ab s tract ,
.

N 0 m an r e ad S c o tt with ou t b e i n g m o re o f a p u blic man w h e r eas

c an ,

th e o rdi n ary n o v e l t e n d s t o m ak e it s rea der s r a th e r l e s s of on e tha n b efo re .

-
H U TT ON .

An d s o ea ch o f h i s p o rtrait s a r e no t o n ly a p i e c e o f h i s t o ry b u t
‘
.

S T E V E N S ON .

L e R o m a n d u n S p ahi Az i dayé an d R arah u ea ch c o n tai n s th e hi s t o ry

’
,

o f a l o v e aff air — H j A M E S . . .

H e m a n ag e s to i n t e r e s t u s in th e m e n w h o ea ch i n t u rn wi s h e s t o ,

e ngi ne e r R ichard B ald o c k s fu t u re Wes tm i n s ter Ga z ette

’
. .

Wh e n ea ch is a p p e nd e d i n a p p o s iti on to a p l u ral s ubj e ct it ,

s houl d s tand a ft e r th e v e rb or a u xilia r y whi ch s hould b e , ,

a ch w is h ea ch i n tu r n
p lural r e ad h e r e ; c on ta i n e
( o r each of , ,

w h o m w i s h es i n tu r n ) .

A s th e l e adi n g m ariti m e n a ti on in th e w o rld a n d d ep en d en t wh o lly o n

th e s u p r e m acy o f o ur fl e e t t o m ai n ta i n thi s p o s iti o n e very on e i s virt u ally ,

b o u n d to acc o rd s o m e m e a s u re of ai d to an a s so ciati on wh o se ti me an d
tal en t s are d ev o t e d t o e n s u ri n g thi s i m po rta n t o bj e ct — Ti m es . .

Ev e ry o ne is i nd e e d a ho s t i n hi m s e l f ,
i f h e is t h e l e ading
mari ti m e nation .

I t is in j p a n s i n t e res t s all o w neg o tiati o n s drag c th ei r

’
n ot a to to o n on e

arm i e s ar e re ady to d e live r t h e fi n al bl o w —Ti m es . .

Th e p e rs oni ficati o n of J a p an mu s t be k ep t up by h er .
 N UMBER : N O U N S OF M ULT IT UD E ,
E i ther 69

M a ny of my tno e s , I am greatly afra id will , be th ought a su

perflu i ty .

E V L U CA S
. .
( q uo t e d in Ti m es r e vi e w ) .

M y not e s m ay be a s u p e rflu i ty
many o f my not e s m ay b e ;
s u p e r fl uou s or s u p e rflu it i e s ;
,
o r many a n o t e o f m in e may
be a s u p e rflu ity ; bu t it will hardly p a ss a s it is .

5 Though
. nou n s o f m ultitud e m ay b e f r ee ly u s e d with
e ith e r a s i ngular or a p l u ral v e rb o r b e r e fe rr e d t o by r o no u n s
p ,

o f s ingular o r p l ural m e aning th e y s h o u l d not hav e b o th ,

( e xc e p t fo r s
p e cial r e a s o n s and u on d e l ib e rati o n
p ) i n t h e s am e

s e nt e nc e and word s that wil l rank i n o n e cont e xt a s nou n s o f

m u ltitud e may b e v e ry awkward if s o u s e d i n anoth e r .

Th e at u rally m u ch i mp r e s se d by thi s e vid en c e a n d in co n

p u bl i c is n ,

s i d e ri n g it d o n o t m ak e t h e n e c e ss ary all o wa n c es — Ti mes .

Th e Ti m es B r u s se l s c o rre s p on d en t t e ll s u s that th e commi ttee a d ds

th e s e w ord s to th ei r r ep o rt Wes tm i n s ter Ga z ette . .

T h e G ra n d O p e ra S y n dicat e h a s al s o m ad e a n i mp o rta n t additi o n to

th ei r Ge r m a n t e n o r s Wes tm i n s ter Ga z ette
. .

Th e o n ly p o litical pa r ty w h o c o u ld tak e o ffi c e w a s th a t which

c on s i s t en tly op p o s e d t e
h A m e rica war B A G E H O T
n — . .

As th e r a ce o f m an a f t e r c e n t u ri e s o f civili z at i o n s till h eep s s o me trait s

, ,

o f th ei r barbaria n f ath e r s — S T E V E N S ON .

Th e bat tl e s hi p K n ia z P o t e m ki n o f w hi ch t h e cr ew i s s aid to hav e ,

m u ti n i e d a n d mu rd e r e d th ei r o ffi c e rs — Ti m es . .

6 . Nei ther , p rono

e i th e r
u n s s hould al
,
w ay
as s tak e a s ingu l ar ,

v e rb— a m u ch n e gl e ct e d r u l e S o al s o every . .

The c on c ep ti on i s fa u lty for tw o re a s ons n e ith e r o f wh ich a r e no t i c e d ,

by P lat o —JO W E TT . .

n e ith e r o f which a r e v e ry a m iabl e m o tiv e s f o r re ligi o u s gratit u d e .

T H AC K ERAY .

He a sk e d th e garden e r wh e th e r e ith e r of th e ladi e s w er e at h om e .

TR O L LO P E .

Wer e how e v e r may b e m e ant fo r th e s ubj un ctiv e wh e n i t

, , ,

would b e a f aul t o f s tyl e n o t o f g r am mar ,

.

I thi n k al m o s t ev ery one o f th e j u dg es o f th e H igh C o u rt a r e re p re

s e n t e d h e r e —L O R D H AL S B U R Y
. .

E v ery W arwick i n s tit u ti o n ,

f r o m th e c o rp o rati o n to th e s ch o o l s a n d
th e al m s h o u s e s ,
h a ve j o i ne d ha n d s in p atri o ti c fe ll o w w o rki n g — S p
-
ea h er . .
 7 0 S YN T A X

7 . F or rh e tori cal r e as on s a v e rb ,
of e t n p r e c e d e s its s ubj e ct ;
bu t e nthu s ia s m e v e n ,
if a p p ro p riat e ,
s hould not b e allow e d to

o v e r r id e t h e concord s .

An d of thi s e m o ti o n w as b o rn all th e gods of a n ti q u ity —

. D a i ly

B ut u n fo rt u nat e ly th ere s eem s to be sp e r ad abro ad c e r ta i n m i s con

B utwith th e s e s u gge s t i o n s a r e j o i ne d s o m e v e ry g o o d expos i ti on o f

p ri n ci p l e s which s h o u ld u n d e rli e e d u cati o n g e n e rally — S p ecta tor . .

S ir H e n ry C a mp b e ll Ba n n e r m a n h a s re c e iv e d a r e s o l u ti o n to whi ch i s
-
,

a pp en d e d th e n a mes o f e ight L ib e ral m em b e r s a nd ca n didat es fo r E a s t

L on d o n Ti mes .

C O M P A RATI V E S A ND S U P E RL ATI V E S

chi e f p o i nt that r e qu i re s m e nti on is il l tre atm e nt o f th e

Th e
m or e I n thi s p h ra s e th e is n ot th e arti cl e bu t an adv e rb
.
, ,

e ith e r r e lativ e or d e mon s trativ e I n th e m or e the mer r ier it is .

fi rs t r e lativ e an d th e n d e mon s trativ e : b y how much w e a re - -

m ore b y s o mu ch w e s hall b e m e rri e r Wh e n th e r e l ativ e the

,
- -
.

i s u s e d it s hould alway s b e an s w e r e d r e g u larly by or it s e l f

, ,

an s w e r th e d e mon s trative the A tt e m p t s to vary t h e fo rmul a

,
.

a re g e n e rally u nha p p y ; fo r i n s tanc e ,

He w as l e avi ng h is E n gli s h b u s i ne s s in th e han d s o f B ilt o n w h o ,

s ee m e d to h im , th e mo re he k n e w h im , e x tra o rdi n arily e ffi c ie n t .

E . F B E N S ON
. .

fi w h os e e z ci en cy i mp r es s ed h i m the
'

Thi s s h o u ld ru n ,
p e rha p s : '

m or e the mor e h e k n ew h i m — th o ugh i t m u s t b e con fe s s e d that

,

th e d o ubl e f o r m i s n e arly alway s u ncom fo r tabl e i f i t h a s no t

th e e lbowro o m o f a wh o l e s e nt e nc e t o it s e l f That h o w e v e r .
, ,

i s rath e r a qu e s ti o n o f s tyl e tha n o f s yntax ; and oth e r

e xam p l e s wi l l accord ingly b e fo u n d in t h e s e ctio n o f th e
C ha p t e r A i r s a n d Gr aces c o nc e r n e d with o r igi nal ity .

Th e f arth e r we adva n c e i n t o it , w e s ee c o nfu s i o n m o re an d m o re u n fo ld

it s el f i n t o o rd e r — . C A R L Y LE .

M o s t r e ad e rs will that thi s is an uncom fortabl e com p rom i s e

fe e l
b e tw e e n The f a r ther w e a d va n ce the m or e do w e s ee and A s
 72 S YN TA X

an s w e r m ay b e s ure that th e com p arati ve h as no right to

, we

its th e W e s ta r t with a s e nt e nc e that is e ntitl e d to its th e

.
,

b u t o th e r w i s e u n idi o mati c .

We a re n o t a whit th e l es s d e p re s s e d in s p irit s at t he s ight o f all th i s

u n r e l i e v e d m i s e ry o n th e s tag e by th e r e m i n de r that E u ri p id e s w a s
m o v e d t o d e p ict it by c e rtai n o cc u rr e n c es in h is o w n c o n t e mp o rary
A th e ns — Ti m es .

Th e l es s is les s on th a t that w e a re r e m ind e d

a cc ou n t, viz . , .

B u t t h e p r e p o s iti o n r e q u i r e d wh e n th e cau s e is gi v e n i n thi s

c o n s tr u cti o n by a n ou n is f or n o t by R e ad f or th e r em i nder
, . .

T h e ty p e is s h o wn i n N o n e th e be t ter f or s eei ng y o u O ur .

s e nt e n c e i s i n fact a m ixtu r e b e tw e e n O u r d ep r es s i o n i s n o t

les s e n ed by th e r e m i n der and We a r e n o t the less dep r es s ed

,

fo r th e r em i n der ; an d th e c o n f u s io n i s th e wor s e that dep r es s ed

by ha p p e n s to b e a c o m m o n p h r a s e .

Th e s u gge s ti o n a s r e gard e d M r S o w e rby w as c e rt a i n ly tr ue a n d w a s

, .
, ,

n o t th e l e s s s o a s r e gard e d s o m e o f M r S o w e rb y s f ri e n d s — TR O L L O P E
’
. . .

Th e t e ll s u s that w e can by looki ng about u s find an an s w e r

e ith e r t o N o t l es s tr ue by w h a t a mou n t ? o r to No t less tr u e o n

w ah t a cco n t
u ? Th e re i s n o an s w e r to th e fi rs t e xc e p t N o t
les s tr u e a bou t th e r i en ds i n p r op or ti on it w a s tr u er a bou t
f as

hd r . S ow er by and n on e to th e se con d e xc ep t N o t les s tr u e

a bou t th e f r i e n ds beca u s e i t w a s tr u e a bou t M r S ow er by
. . B oth
a re m e aningl e s s and , t h e th e is s u p e rfl uou s and wr o ng .

Ye t as critici s m i s m or e val u abl e tha n that

h is of o th e r m e n, so it is
th e m o r e rar e ly m e t w it h — S p ecta tor .

Thi s is su tangl e o f th e two fo rmula e a s

ch an o dd s o the .
,

m or e th e mor e that t h e r e ad e r i s t e m p t e d to c u t th e knot

,

and i magin e what i s hardly p o s s ibl e that the is m e an t fo r th e ,

o r d inary articl e agr e e ing with h i n d of c r i ticis m u nd e rs t o o d

,

b e tw e e n the and m or e O th e rwi s e i t m u s t b e cur e d e ith e r by

.

o m itti n g th e o r by wri ting Th e m o r e va lu a ble h i s cr i tic is m th e

, ,

mor e r a r ely i s i t me t w i th I f th e latt e r is d on e th a n th a t of

.
,

o th er m en will hav e to go Whi ch s ugg e s t s th e furth e r

.

ob s e rvation that the with a com p arativ e is al mo s t always wro n g

 CO M P A R A TI V E S — th e m or e 73

wh e n a th a n cla u s e is a p p e nd e d Thi s is b e cau s e i n th e fu l l

-
.

d o ubl e clau s e th e re is n e c e s s ari l y not a fi x e d s tandard o f

com p ari s on b u t a s l id ing s cal e Th e fol l o wing e xam p l e not
,
.
,

c om p licat e d by any th e wil l m ak e th e p oi nt cl e ar

,

M y e y e s a re m o r e an d m or e av e rs e to light tha n e v e n — S . F E R RI E R .

Yo u can bem o r e av e rs e than e v e r o r mo r e and m o re av e r s e , ,

but n o t m o r e and mor e av e rs e than e v e r E ver can o nly .

m e an th e s i n gl e p oint o f ti m e i n th e p a s t w hi ch e v e r i t w a s , ,

at whi ch y o u w e r e m o s t av e r s e B u t to b e m o r e and m o r e .

av e r s e is to b e m or e av e rs e at e ach s tag e than at e ach

p r e viou s s tag e J.u s t s uch a s lid ing s cal e i s e s s e nti al with t h e

m or e th e m or e A n d p e rha p s i t b e c o m e s s o clo s e ly
.

a s s ociat e d with th e p h r a s e that th e e x p r e s s i o n o f a fi x e d

s tand ard o f c o m ar i s o n s u ch a s i s i n e vitab ly s e t u p by a th a n
p ,

clau s e is fe lt to b e i m p o s s ibl e e v e n w h e n th e d e m o n s trativ e

,

th e s tand s al o n e I n th e n e xt two e xam p l e s a n s w e rs to th e

.
,

qu e s tio n M or e on w h a t a ccou n t ? can b e found though th e y ,

a re s o fa r di s gui s e d that th e s e nt e nc e s wou ld b e u ncom fo r tabl e ,

e v e n i f what m ak e s th e m i m p o s s ibl e w e r e ab se nt That is th e .

addi tion o f th e tha n cl au s e i n e ach

-
.

B ut ith e r is that way o p e n n or i s it a n y th e

ne mo re o p en i n th e ca s e
of C a n ada tha n Au s tralia — F GR E E N W OOD
. . .

Th e th e m ight p a s s i f th a n A u s tr a li a w e re o m itt e d an d th e r e ,

w o ul d b e n o o bj e ction to i t if w e r e ad f u rth e r (fo r i n the c a s e)

i
f w e ta h e th e c a s e and b e
,
tt e r s till p lac e d that clau s e fir s t
,
i n
th e s e nt e nc e : No r i f w e tak e th e ca s e o f C anada i s t h e w a y
, ,

any th e m or e o p e n The th e n m e an s o n th a t a ccou n t vi z

.
, .
,

b e cau s e w e hav e s ub s titut e d C anada .

I w o u ld h u m bly p ro t e s t agai n s t s e t ti n g u p a n y s ta n dard of C hri s tia n ity

by th e r e g u larity o f p e o p l e s att e n da n c e at ch u rch o r cha p e l I a m c e rtai n
’
.

p e r s o n ally that I hav e a fa r gr e at e r r e ali z ati o n o f th e g o o d n e s s o f Go d t o

all cr e ati o n I a m c e rtai n that I c a n th e m or e ac k n o wl e dge H is u n b o u n d e d
l o ve fo r all H e h a s m ad e a n d o u r e n tire d ep e n d en c e o n H im th a n
, ,

I cou l d tw e n ty y e ar s a go wh en I att e n d e d ch u rch te n ti m e s wh e r e I n o w

,

g o o n c e — D ai l
y Tel egr ap h .
74 S YN TA X

I n thi th e s, an s w r to M or e
e on w ha t accou n t ? is p o s s ibly
im p l i e d i n t h e la s t clau s e i t would p rh a p s b e i f cl e arly p u t
e , ,

B e ca u s e I go to chu rch s e ld o m e r . Th e right fo r m wo u l d b e ,

ch u r c h
I ca n th e m or e a ch n o w l edge f or go i n
g ( or th a t I go to )
o n ly o n ce w her e tw e n ty y ea r s ago I w en t ten ti m es U nl e s s th e .

th a n -
clau s e is go t r i d o f, w e o ught to hav e m or e with o ut th e .

Thi s qu e s ti o n o f the is i m p o rta n t f o r l u cidity is rath e r ,

d ifli c u l t and h a s th e r e for e had to b e tr e at e d at l e ngth

,
Th e .

oth e r p o i nt s that cal l fo r m e ntion a re quit e s im p l e ; th e y a re

i ll o gical i ti e s li c e n s e d by c u s tom b u t p e rha p s b e tt e r avo i d e d ,
.

A v o ida n c e h o w e v e r that p roclai m s its e l f i s not d e s i rabl e

, ,
to
s e t r e ad e r s a s ki ng W h o a re y o u p ray that th e things e v e ry , ,
’
body s ays a re not good e n o ugh fo r y o u ? i s bad p olicy ;
’
‘
i n vitiu m d u c it cul p a e f uga s i car e t art e B u t i f a way round .

p r e s e nt s it s e l f that d o e s not at on c e s ugg e s t a n a s s u m p tion o f

s u p e ri ori ty s o m u ch th e b e tt e r
, .

I . M or e th a n I ca n h elp .

W ith o u t thi n ki n g c rr di n g p hra se in h is n at ive la n gu age

of th e o esp o n

m o re tha n h e c an h l W T e p — H S EE . .

W e d o n t ha u l g un s thr ough tra ffi c m o re than w e c a n h el p — K I P L I NG

’
. .

Th e s e r e ally m e an o f c ou rs e m o re tha n h e ( w e ) can n ot h e l p

, ,
.

To s ay that h o w e v e r is by thi s ti m e i m p o s s ibl e M ore than

, , .

h e n e e d i f ( wh e n ) h e can h e l p it t o o m u ch u nn e c e s s arily and

, , , ,

o th e r s u b s titut e s wi ll s o m e ti m e s d o
,
.

2 . M os t of a ny (s ing u lar ) .

A p o liti cal d e s p o ti s m th e m o s t u nb o un de d b o th in p o w e r a n d p ri n ci p l e,
, ,

tyra y that v r i t d l —
of a y n n n e e e x s e s o o n g GAL T .

S h e h a s th e m o s t c o m f o rtabl e r e p os it o ry o f s t u p id fr i e n d s to hav e
r e c o u r s e to o f a n yb o dy I e v e r k n e w —S F E R R I E R . . .

An d th e y had th e r e adi e s t e ar fo r a b o ld h o n o u rabl e s e n ti m e n t o f any , ,

cla ss o f m e n th e w o rld e v e r p r d c e o u d — S T E V E N S ON .

L at i n at a n y rat e s h o u ld b e a n e s s e n tial i n gr e di e n t i n c u lt u r e a s th e
b e s t i n s tr u m e n t o f a n y lan g u age fo r cl e ar a n d acc u rat e ex p r e s s i on o f
thought Ti m es . .

T h e fir s t cha p t e r whi ch fr o m th e l e ss o n s i t e nfo rc es i s p e rhap s th e m o s t

,

val u abl e of a ny in th e p r e sen t v o l u me —S I R G T G O L D I E . . .

 C O M P A RA T IV E S , R E L A T IV E S 75

D i s r a e li aid that had larg e s t p arlia men tary kn o wl e dg e

‘
s he th e o f a ny

m an h e had met B Y
— R CE .

Th o ugh thi s is e xtr e m e ly c o m mon a s th e e xam p l e s a re e n o u gh ,

to s ho w th e r e is s e ld o m any o bj e ction to s aying e ith e r mos t of

,

a ll or m or e th a n a ny .

3 M os t wi th word s that do not ad m it

. d e gr e e s of .

Un i qu e h a s b e e n s e p arat e ly d e alt with i n th e cha p t e r o n

Voca bu la ry [ dea l i s an o th e r w o rd o f th e s am e s o rt A n i dea l
. .

s ol u ti on i s o n e that c o ul d n o t o s s ibly b e i m p r o v e d u p o n an d
p ,

m os t i s non s e n s e with i t [ dea l a nd m os t obvi ou s s h o u ld b e.

r e ad i n th e e xam p l e
T hat th e tra n s fo r m ati on o f th e R e g u lar Ar m y i n t o th e g e ne ral s e rvic e
A r m y a n d o f th e M ilitia i n t o th e h o m e s e rvic e Arm y i s a m o s t id e al a n d
o bvi o u s s o l u ti o n ad m it s I th i n k o f n o c o n tradicti o n — Ti m es
, ,
. .

R E L A TI V E S

a . D e fi ni n g t i ve c l au s e s
a n d n o n -d e fi n i n g r e l a .

F o r t h e p u r p o s e s o f b and c b e l o w al l r e lativ e clau s e s a re

. .
,

divi d e d into d e fin ing and n o n d e fin ing Th e e xact s e n s e i n -

.

whi ch w e u s e th e s e t e rm s is i ll u s t r at e d by th e fo ll o w i n g
gro u p s o f wh i ch ( i ) contai n s d e fi ni n g cla u s e s ( i i ) non d e fi n ing
, ,
-
.

(i) call e d y e s t e rday l e ft n o addre s s

Th e m a n w ho .

M r L o v e lac e h a s s ee n d iv e r s a p art m e n t s at W i n d s or : b u t n ot o ne h e
.
,

s ay s that h e th o u ght fit f o r m e
, R I C H AR D S ON .
—
.

H e s e cu re d h er s i n c e r e r e gard by th e f e e li n g s which h e m a n i fe s t e d
, .

— T H AC K E R AY .

Th e J o ne s w ho di ne s with u s t o n ight i s -
n ot th e J on e s w h o w a s at s ch o o l
w ith yo u .

Th e b es t v e l that Tr o ll o p e e ve r wr o t e w a s
no

An y m a n th at k n o w s thr e e w o rd s o f Gr e e k c o u ld se ttl e that p o i n t .

( ii ) At th e firs t m e e ti n g wh ich w a s h e ld y e s t e rday th e chair

, ,

D e p u t i e s m u s t b e e l e ct e d by t h e Z e m s tv o s wh ich m u s t b e e x t e n d e d ,

a n d p o p u lari z e d b u t n o t o n th e ba s i s o f
, Ti m es .

Th e E m p e r o r W illia m w h o w a s p r e s e n t ,li s t e n e d to a l o yal addr e s s .

-
Ti m es .

Th e tat ue o f th e E m p e ro r F re d e rick which is th e w o rk o f th e s c u l p t o r

s ,

P r o fes s o r U p h n e s r e p r e se n t s th e M o n arch o n h o r s e bac k — Ti m es

, .

J o ne s w h o s h o u ld k n o w s o m e th i n g o f th e m att e r thi n k s di ffe re n tly

, ,
.
7 6 S YN T A X

Th e fun ct io n Of a d e fi ning r e lativ e cl au s e is to l i m it th e

a p p l i cati o n o f th e ant e c e d e nt ; wh e r e that is al r e ady p re ci s e ,

a d e fining clau s e is n o t want ed Th e l i m itation can b e .

e ff e ct e d i n m o r e than o n e way accord ing to t h e nat u r e o f ,

th e ant e c e d e nt A s a rul e t h e ant e c e d e nt giv e s u s a cla s s

.
,

to s e l e ct f r o m th e d efi ning clau s e e nabl e s u s to m ak e th e

,

s e l e ction. Thu s i n ou r fi rs t e xa m p l e th e ant e c e d e nt l e av e s

’
u s to s e l e c t f rom t h e g e n e ral cla s s o f m e n th e d e fini n g ‘
,

clau s e fi x e s th e p a r tic u l ar m an ( p re s u mably t h e o nly man ,

o r th e only m an that wo u ld oc c u r in th e co nn e xi o n ) who ‘

call e d y e s t e rd ay S o m e ti m e s h o w e v e r t h e fu nction s o f th e , ,

two a re r e v e rs e d Wh e n w e hav e an ant e c e d e nt with a

.

s u p e rlativ e o r oth e r word o f e xcl u s iv e

, or c o m p r e h e n s iv e
’ ’ ’
m e aning s u ch a s al l
, on ly
‘
any w e know al re ady how
,
‘
,
‘
,

to m ak e ou r s e l e ction a nd o nly wait fo r t h e r e l ativ e clau s e

,

to t e ll u s f r o m what cla s s to m ak e i t W e know that w e a re .

’
to choo s e th e b e s t nov e l : t h e r e lativ e clau s e l i mit s u s to
‘

t h e work s o f Trollo p e We a re to choo se any m an w e l ik e

.
‘ ’
,

p rovid e d (’
s ay s ou r r e l ativ e cl au s e ) that h e know s thr e e word s

o f G re e k .I n e ith e r ca se th e work o f d e fini tion is d on e by

,

t h e e xcl u s ion ( i m p li e d in t h e r e l ativ e clau s e ) o f p e r s on s or

things that th e ant e c e d e nt b y it s e l f migh t b e tak e n to i ncl ud e .

Th e p oi nt to notic e i s that which e v e r way th e d e fining ,

clau s e do e s its w o rk i t i s e s se ntial t o and in s e p arabl e f ro m

,

its an t e c e d e nt I f fo r any r e a s o n w e wi s h to ge t rid o f i t w e

.
,

can only d o s o by e mbodying i ts cont e nt s in th e ant e c e d e nt

’
‘
Th e man i n P ari s with who m I c o rr e s p ond m u s t b e com e
’
‘
M y P ari s corr e s p o nd e nt To r e mov e th e cl au s e altog e th e r
.

i s to l e av e t h e ant e c e d e nt with e ith e r no m e aning or a wrong

o ne . E v e n in s uch e xtr e m e ca s es a s th e w i s e s t m an that ‘

e v e r liv e d th e m e an e s t fl o w e r that bl ow s wh e r e th e d e fining

clau s e may s e e m o tio s e and th e r efo re d e tachabl e w e might ,

cl ai m that f u t u r e wi s e m e n and p a s t an d futur e fl ow e rs a re , ,

’
e xcl ud e d ; b u t w e s hall b e tt e r r e al i z e t h e wri t e r s i nt e ntion
if w e ad mi t that th es e clau s e s a re only a p r e t e nc e o f li mita
 R E L A T IV E S D E F I N I N G A ND NO N D E F I N I N G 7 7 -

ti o n d e s ign e d to e xclu d e th e r e al ity ; i t is a s i f t h e writ e rs ,

invit e d to s et l imit s to th e i r s tat e m e nt s had r e fe rr e d u s ,

re s p e ctiv e ly to Ti m e an d S p ac e .

Thi s fact th at th e r e m o val o f a d e fin ing clau s e d e s tr o y s

,

th e m e aning o f t h e ant e c e d e nt s u p p li e s an i n fall ibl e t e s t fo r

,

d i s tingu i s hi n g b e t w e e n t h e d e fining and th e n o n d e fi n i n g -

cl au s e : th e l att e r can always th e fo rm e r n e v e r b e d e tach e d

, ,

without d i s turbing th e truth o f t h e main p re dication A n o n .

d e fining clau s e giv e s i nd e p e nd e nt com m e nt d e s cri p ti o n , ,

e x p l anation anything b u t l i mitation o f th e ant e c e d e n t ; i t

,

can always b e r e w r itte n e ith e r as a p ar e nth e s i s or a s a s e p arat e

s e nt e nc e and thi s i s tr u e how e v e r e s s e ntial t h e clau s e m ay b e
, ,

to th e p oi nt o f th e m ai n s tat e m e nt J on e s in ou r la s t .
‘ ’
,

e xam p l e ab ov e is quot e d chi e fl y a s o n e who s hou ld kno w ‘

,

; bu t thi s n e e d not p r e v e nt u s f ro m
’
s o m e thing o f t h e matt e r

writing : J o n e s think s d i ffe r e ntly ; a nd h e s hould know

‘

s om e thing o f th e m att e r .

T o fi nd th e n wh e th e r a clau s e d e fin e s or do es not d e fin e
, , ,

r e mov e it and s ee wh e th e r th e s tat e m e nt o f whi ch it fo rm e d

,

a p art is u nal t e re d : if n o t th e clau s e d e fi n e s Thi s t e s t can

,
.

b e a p p li e d with o u t d i f ficul ty to al l th e e xam p l e s giv e n abov e .

I t is tru e that w e s o m e tim e s ge t am biguou s ca s e s : a ft e r

r e moving th e r e lativ e cl au s e w e cann o t always s ay wh e th e r
,

th e s e n s e h a s b e e n alt e r e d o r n o t That m e an s h o w e v e r
.
, ,

n o t that o u r t es t h as f ail e d b u t that th e clau s e i s actu ally

,

cap abl e o f p e r fo rming e ith e r fu ncti o n and that th e mai n ,

s e nt e n c e can b e ar two di s tinct m e aning s b e tw ee n which e v e n ,

cont e xt may not e nabl e u s to d e cid e Th e p oi nt is ill u s trat ed .

,

i n d i ffe r e nt d e gr e e s by th e f o ll o wing e xam p l es

,

Mr H. . Le w i s
th en brought f o rward an a men d m e n t which had b e en ,

p u t d o w n by M r Tre v elya n an d wh ich p ro vid e d for a n ex t en s i on o f th e

.

r o c e s s o f i n c o me t rad
-
a ti — Ti m es
p ax g u o n .

T hi s w a s h e ld to p o rt en d d e v e l o p me nt s that s o me h o w o r o th e r hav e
n ot fo ll ow e d — Ti m es .

Th e fo rm e r of th es e is qu it e a mb iguou s . Th e bringi n g
7 s S YN T A X

fo rward of an am e nd m e nt ( no m att e r what o r who s e) may

b e al l that t h e w r it e r m e an t to t e ll u s o f i n th e fi r s t in s tanc e ;
t h e r e lativ e cl a u s es a re th e n n o n d e fi n i n g cl au s e s o f d e s crip
-

tion O n th e o th e r hand b o th c lau s es m ay qu it e w e l l b e

.
,

m e an t to d e fi n e ; and i t i s e v e n p o s s ibl e that t h e s e cond is

m e ant to d e fi n e and th e firs t not tho u gh th e co o rd inatio n
, ,

is th e n o f a ki n d that w e s hal l s h o w u nd e r c to b e i m p ro p e r . .

’
S im i la r ly i n th e s e c o n d s e nt e nc e to p o r t e nd d e v e lo p m e nt s
, ,
‘

m ay p o s s ibly b e com p l e t e i n it s e l f ; th e wh o l e m ight th e n b e

p ara p hra s e d thu s : I t w as thought that th e m att e r w o uld
‘

’
not s to p th e re : but i t h a s M o r e p r o bably th e cl a u s e i s
.

m e ant t o d e fin e : I t w a s h e ld t o p ort e nd what hav e s i nc e

‘

p r o v e d to b e u nr e al i z e d d e v e l o p m e nt s Thi s vi e w i s c on .

fi rm e d as w e S hall s ee both by th e u s e o f that ( not which

, ,
‘

and by th e ab s e nc e o f a co mm a b e fore i t .

P u nctu atio n is a t e s t that would not always b e a p p licabl e

e v e n i f all writ e rs c o u ld b e a s s u m e d to p u nctuat e corr e ctly ;

but it is o ft e n a gu id e t o th e writ e r s i nt e ntion F or ( 1 )

’
.

a non d e fi n i ng clau s e s hould alway s b e s e p arat e d f ro m th e

-

ant e c e d e n t by a s to p ; ( 2 ) a d e fi ni ng clau s e s ho u l d n e v e r b e
s o s e p arat e d u nl e s s it i s e ith e r p r e c e d e d by a p ar e nth e s i s

i ndicat e d by s to p s or coordinat e d with a form e r d e fining

,

clau s e o r with adj e ctiv es b e l onging to th e ant e c e d e nt ; a s

i n th e fo l lowing e xa m p l e s
Th e on ly circ u m s ta n c e in fact t hat c o u ld j u s ti fy s u ch a c our se
, ,

I t i s h e o n ly w h o d o e s thi s w h o fo ll o w s th e m i n t o all th e ir f o rc e a n d
,

m atchl e s s grac e that d oe s o r c a n fe e l th e ir f u ll val u e —H AZ LI TT

, .
~
.

P e rfe ct ty p e s that s ati s fy all th ese re qu ire men t s a re n o t to b e

, ,

l ook e d f or .

I t wil l occur to th e r e ad e r that ou r l as t two e x am p l e s are

s tri ctly s p e aking e xc e p tion s to t h e rul e o f d e fin ing cla u s e s ,

s i nc e th e y t e l l u s o nly what is al r e ady im p l i e d a nd c o u ld ,

th e r e for e b e r e move d withou t i m p airi ng th e s e n s e That .

is tru e to s om e e xt e nt o f many p arall e l d e fini ng clau s e s

th e y a re admi s s ibl e how e v e r i f with o ut actual ly giving any
, , ,
80 S YN T A X

‘
L e wi s ; th e r e l ativ e is n o n de fi n ing ; and th e cl au s e is (not
’
-

m e r e l y c o nt r ib u t e s to ) a c o m m e n t .

T h at a n d W h i ch’ ‘ ‘
b . who or
’
‘
That is e vid e nt l y r e ga r d e d by many writ e rs as n othing
’
mo r e tha n a n o rn am e ntal va r iati on fo r w h o and which to ‘ ’
,

b e u s e d n o t i nd e e d i m m o d e rat e ly b u t qu it e with o u t d is
, ,

c r i minati o n T h e o p i n i o n i s e xcu s abl e ; i t i s n o t e a s y t o

.

d raw any d i s ti n ctio n that is at al l co n s i s t e ntly s u p p ort e d by

u s ag e Th e r e w a s fo r m e r ly a t e nd e n cy to u s e that fo r ‘ ’
.

’
e v e rythi ng : t h e t e nd e n cy now i s to u s e w ho and which ‘ ‘ ’

fo r e v e r ythi n g
’
That fr o m di s u s e h a s b e gu n to acq u ir e
.
‘
, ,

an archaic fl av o u r which with s o m e a u th o r s is a re c o m m e n d a

,

ti o n D e Q u in c e y fo r o n e m u s t c e r tai n l y hav e h e l d that i n

.
, ,
’
e xalt e d p ro s e that i n all c o nn e x i o n s w a s th e m o r e dign i fi e d
‘
, ,

r e lativ e ; h is high e r fl ight s abound i n c u r io u s u s es o f th e

w o rd s o m e i n s ta nc e s o f wh i ch a re q u o t e d b e l ow
, .

Th i s c o n fu s io n is to b e r e gr e tt e d ; f o r alth o ugh no d is tin c

tion can b e auth o ritativ e ly d rawn b e tw e e n th e two r e lativ es
a n o b v i o u s o n e p r e s e nt s it s e l f Th e fe w l i m itation s o n that .
‘

’
and who ab o ut whi ch e v e ry o ne is agr e e d al l p o i nt to
‘

’ ’ ’
‘
that a s th e d e fining r e lativ e who or whi ch a s th e n o n ,
‘ ‘

d e fi ning W e c an n o t s ay M y fath e r that l e ft B e rli n la s t

.
‘
,
’
n ight wil l s h o rtly arriv e and an e xam i nati o n o f i n s tanc e s
, ,
’
would s h o w that w e ca n n e v e r u s e that wh e re th e clau s e is ‘

u n m i s takably n on d e fi n ing O n th e o th e r hand w e cann o t -

.
,

A l l which I can d o i s u s e l e s s
’
s ay thi s tim e it is tr u e th e , ,
’
g e n e rali z ation wil l n o t ho ld ; which can and s om e ti m e s ‘
,
’
mu s t b e u s e d and w h o co m m o nly i s u s e d i n d e fining
, ,
‘
,

clau s e s But that i s e x p l ai n e d p artly by th e o bvi ou s i nc o n

.

’
ve n i e n c e s o m e ti m e s att e ndi n g t h e u s e o f that a nd p artly ‘
,

by th e g e n e ra l t e nd e ncy to e xcl u d e i t f ro m r e gular u s e whi ch ,

h as al r e ady r e s ult e d in m aking i t s e e m archai c wh e n u s e d o f

p e r s on s e xc ep t i n c e rtai n fo rm ula e
, .

Th e rul es giv e n b e l ow a re a modifi cati o n o f thi s p rinci p l e ,

’
that that is th e d e finin g who or whi ch th e no n d e fi n ing ,
‘ ’ ‘ -
 R E L A T IVE S — th a t, w h i ch 81

r e lativ e th e re a s on fo r e ach mod i ficati o n is giv e n i n its p lac e .

W e m u s t h e re re mind th e r e ad e r o f t h e d i s ti nctio n d r awn i n

a b e tw e e n d e fi ning and n o n d e fi n in g clau s e s a d e fi n in g cl au s e
.
-

l i mit s th e a p p l icatio n o f th e ant e c e d e n t e nabl ing u s to s e l e ct ,

f r o m th e wh o l e cla s s to whi ch th e ant e c e d e nt i s a p p l icabl e

th e p arti c u lar i nd ivid ual o r i n d ivi dual s m e ant .

I .That s h o u ld n e v e r b e u s e d t o introd u c e a n o n
‘ ’

d e fining clau s e ; it is th e r e f or e i m p ro p e rly u s e d in all th e

f ollowing e xa m p l e s
by h er s id e w a s k neeli n g h e r b e tt e r a ng e l that hid h i s f ac e with
B ut ,

wi ngs : that w ep t an d p l e ad e d f or h e r : that p ray e d wh e n s h e c o u ld n o t :

that fo ught with H e av e n by t e ar s fo r h e r d e liv e ra n c e — D E QU I N CE Y .

Re n d e ri n g tha n k s to Go d i n th e h igh e s t — that havi n g h id h i s fac e ,

thro u gh o ne g en e rati on b e hi n d th ick cl o u d s o f war on c e agai n w a s ,

a s c ndi g D E QU I N CE Y
e n — .

An d with my o w n littl e s t o ck o f m o n e y b es id e s that M rs H ogga rty s

’
, .

card p arti es had l e s s en e d by a g oo d fi ve an d tw en ty s h illi ng s I cal c u

- - -
,

lat e d —TH A C K E R AY .

H o w to k e e p th e p r o p e r bala n c e b e tw e en th e s e t w o t e s ty o l d wra ngl er s ,

— M E RE D I T H
that rare ly p u ll th e right way t oge th e r i s a s m u ch , .

N ataly p ro m i s e d a m en d ment with a s t ee ly s m ile that h is li p s m i mick e d

, ,

fo n dly M E RE D I T H
.
-
.

I t i s o pp o s e d t o o u r C o n s tit u ti o n that o nly all o w s th e C ro w n to r e m o v e

,

a N o rw e gia n C ivil s e rva n t — N A N S E N . .

I ca nn o t b u t fee l that in m y p e r s o n a n d o v e r m y h e ad y o u d e s ir e to
a y an u n ex a m p l e d h o n o u r t o th e gr e at c ou n try that I r e p r es e n t to its
p ,

B e n ch an d B ar that daily s hare y o u r lab o u rs an d k eep s t e p with y o u r

,

p ro gre s s
— C H O AT E
.

’
‘
That I r e p r es e nt is right : ‘
that daily s har e is wrong .

As todi cti o nari es of th e p r e s e n t day that s we ll e v e ry fe w y e ars by th e

,

th ou s a n d it e m s th e p r es en c e o f a w o rd in o n e o f th e m s h o w s me re ly
,

— R G W H I TE
. . .

Th e s a n dy s tri p al o n g th e c o a s t is fe d o n ly by a fe w s ca n ty s tr e a m s ,

that f ur n i s h a r em arkabl e c o n tra s t to th e va s t v o l u m e s of wat e r which r o ll

d o w t e a st e r s id e
n h E n s — P R E S CO TT . .

’
‘
That and whi ch s houl d chang e p lac e s .

Th e cial a n d e c o n o m ic s ci e n c e s that n o w sp e cially i nt er e s t

so , me , h av e
no c o n s id e rabl e p lac e in s u ch a re fo rm Ti mes . .

If thi s is a d e fi n i n g clau s e e xclu di n g

,
‘
t h e s o cial and e c o no mic
G
82 S YN T A X

s ci e nc es that d o i nt e r e s t th e writ e r th e com m a a ft e r

’
no t ,
’
s ci e nc e s s h o ul db e r e mov e d
‘
.

2 . Wh o o r wh ich s h o u ld not b e u s e d in d e fining

‘ ’ ‘ ’

clau s e s e xc e p t wh e n cu s t o m e u p h o ny o r c o nv e ni e nc e is , ,

T h e p rin ci p al e xc e p tion s
’
d e cid e dly again s t th e u s e o f that ‘
.

wil l b e n o t e d b e low ; bu t w e S hall fi r s t giv e in s ta n c e s i n

’
w h ich that is r ightly u s e d and oth e rs i n whi ch it might
‘
,

hav e b e e n u s e d with advantag e .

I n th o s e highly i mp r e s s i o n abl e ye ar s th a t l ie b e tw een s ix an d te n

S p ecta tor .

T h e o b s tacl e s that h e dg e in children fr o m N at u r e — S ecta tor

p .

Th e w h o l e p ro d u c i n g a n e ff e ct that is n o t with o u t a c ertai n p oe try .

He will d o a n yth i ng that h e d e em s c on v e n i en t — B O R R O W . .

Th e w e ll s ta ff e d a n d w e ll e q u i p p e d H igh S ch o o l s that a re n o w at ‘ ’
- -

w o rk had n ot yet s p ru n g i n t o b e i ng — Ti m es .

T h e n S ir you k e e p u p r e v e nu e law s which a re m i s ch i e v o us in o rd e r

, , ,

r rv
to p e s e e trad e l aw s th at a re u s e l es s — B URKE .

’
‘
That h o ul d hav e b ee n u s e d i n both clau s es
s .

Th e s tr u ggl e that lay b e fo r e h im J R GR E E N .

-
. . .

Th e r e g o es a n o th e r so rt of a n i mal that is d i ffe re n tiati ng fr om my

spe ci e s H G W E LL S— . . .

T h e re are o th e r p o w e r s , t oo, that c ou ld p er fo r m th i s grat eful b ut

o n e r ou s d u ty — Ti m es . .

I n th e fo llowing e xa m p l es that is to b e p re fe r r e d to
’
‘
,
’
which e s e cial ly with ant e c e d e nt
p it and a f t e r a s u e rl a
p
‘
,

tiv e o r oth e r word o f e xcl u s ive o r com p r e h e n s ive m e aning ,

’
s uch a s all only any ‘
,

Th e rt un iti e s whi ch Lon d on h a s giv en th e m — Ti mes

op po .

T h e p ri n ci p l e s which u n d e rlay th e agr e e m e n t Ti mes . .

O n e ca u s e wh ich s u r e ly c o n trib u t e s t o th i s e ff e ct h a s its r o o t in ea rly

ch ildh oo d — Sp ecta tor .

A m ee ti n g wh ich w a s h e ld y e s t e rday wh ich c o ns i s t e d in th e , m ai n of

a bitt e r p er s o nal attack —RO S E B E RY .

‘
Which con s i s t e d I S right : b ut we s houl d hav e ‘
that w as
’
h e ld t h e cl au s e d e fi n e s .

Th e firs t th i n g wh ich t h e p e s on w h o r d e s ire s to b e a m iabl e mus t d e t er

m i n e t o d o is —S
p ecta tor .
 R E L A T I VE S — tha t, w h i ch 83

Th e m o s t ab o m i n abl e d in an d c o n fu s i on wh i ch it i s p o s s ibl e fo r a
re a s o n abl e p e r s o n to c o n c e iv e — PO E .

R e v e r e n tial o bj e cti o n s c o mp o s e d o f all which h is u n s tai n e d f am ily

,

c o u ld p ro t e s t — M E RE D I T H .

H e r e q u ir e d all th e s o lac e which h e c o u ld d e riv e fr o m lit e rary s u cc e s s .

-
M ACAU L AY .

All th e e vid e n c e which we hav e e v e r s ee n t end s to p r o v e

M AC A U L AY .

A battl e mo r e
bl oo dy tha n a ny which E u r op e s aw in th e l o ng i nt e rval
b e twe en M al p la q u e t an d E yla u M A CAU LAY .
-
.

Th e o n ly o th e r bi o gra p hy wh ich c o u n t s f o r m u ch i s
Th e F r e n ch Go v e r n m e n t are a n x i o u s to av o i d a n ythi n g which m ight
b e r e gard e d a s a br e ach o f n e u trality Ti m es . .

I t w a s th e e ccl e s ia s tical s y n o d s which by th e ir ex a m p l e le d th e way to

o ur n ati o n al p arlia m e n t s — J R GR E E N . .

I t i s th e littl e thre ad s o f Wt h th e i n n e r s u b s ta n c e o f th e n e rv e s i s
c o mp o se d wh ich s u b s e rve s en s ati o n — H UX LE Y . .

’
Ofwhi ch in a d e fi n ing clau s e is o ne o f th e r e c o gni z e d
‘

’
e xc e ti on s ; but w e o u ght to hav e that u b s e rv e
p s .

I t is n ot wages and cost s of ha n dli n g which fall , b u t p r o fit s a nd r en t s .

I t h as b een F r en ch
rt s whi ch hav e b e en ch osen for th e b egi nn i ng
po
a n d f o th e en d o f h i s cr u i se
r — Ti m es .

Wh o is it w h o talk s ab o u t m o ral ge o gra p hy — E F B E N S ON . . .

3 W e
. com e now to t h e e xc e p t ion s T h e r e ad e r will hav e .

noti c e d that o f all th e in s tanc e s giv e n in ( 2 ) th e re is only o ne

th e la s t — in whi ch w e r e c o m m e nd th e s ub s ti tution o f that
‘

’ ’
fo r who i n all th e oth e rs i t is a qu e s tion b e tw e e n that
‘ ‘
,
’ ’
and which ‘
That u s e d o f p e r s on s h as i n fact com e to
.
‘
, ,

look archai c : th e only ca s e s i n which i t is now to b e p re fe rr e d

t o w h o a re tho s e m e nti o n e d abov e a s p articularly r e qui r i n g
’
‘
that i n s t e ad o f which ; tho se na m e ly in which th e ant e
‘ ’

, ,

c e d e nt is it or h a s attach e d to i t a s u p e rlativ e o r o th e r w o r d
‘

of e xclu s iv e m e ani ng We s ho u l d not th e re fo r e in t h e

.
, ,
’
S p ec ta tor i n s tanc e abov e s ub s titut e t h e p e rs on that d e s ire s ,
‘

fo r who d e s ir e s b u t w e s houl d s ay
Th e m o s t i m p artial crit ic that c o u ld b e fo u n d .

Th e o n ly m a n that I k n o w o f .

An y on e that k n o w s a n yth i ng k no w s thi s .

G 2
84 S YN T A X

It w as yo u that s aid s o .

Who is it that talk s ab o u t mo ral ge o gra p hy ?

of is
’
O u t s id e th e s e s
p e ci al ty p e s ,
‘
that u s e d p e s r on s ap t to
so u nd archai c .

4. I t wil l al s o hav e b e e n n o ti c e d that al l t h e r e lativ e s i n

( )
2 w e r e e ith e r i n t h e s u bj e ctiv e ca s e o r i n t h e obj e ctiv e ,
’
with o u t a p r e p o s ition That h as n o p o s s e s s iv e ca s e and
.
‘
,

ca n n o t tak e a p r e p o s i ti o n b e for e i t A ccord in gl y th e man .

‘

that I fo u nd th e hat o f wil l o f c o u rs e giv e p lac e to th e m an ‘

’ ’
who s e hat I fo und and th e hou s e i n which thi s ha p p e n e d ‘

wil l g e n e r al ly b e p r e fe rr e d to th e h o u s e that thi s ha pp e n e d ‘

in Th e l att e r t e nd e ncy i s m o di fi e d i n th e s p ok e n languag e

by th e co nv e ni e nt o m i s s ion o f that ; fo r al way s i n a d e fi ning ‘ ’

clau s e though n e v e r i n a non de fi ning a r e lativ e in th e

,
-
,

o bj e ctiv e ca s e with or w ithou t a p r e p o s ition can b e d ro p p e d

, ,
.

B ut fe w writ e rs lik e as a g e n e ral rul e e ith e r to d ro p th e ir

, ,

r e lativ e s or to p u t p r e p o s iti o n s at th e e n d Th e fri e nd s

‘
.

’ ’
I w a s tr a v e lling with th e bo o k I got it f ro m t h e p l ac e
‘ ‘
, ,

I fo u nd i t i n wil l th e r e fo r e u s ually a p p e ar a s
’
,

Th e fri e n d s with wh o m I w as trav e lli n g .

The b oo k fr o m wh ich I go t it .

Th e p lac e in which I f o u n d it .

5 . E u p hony d e m and s that that that S hould b e com e

‘

‘
that which e v e n wh e n th e word s a re s e p arat e d ; and m any
’
w rit e r s f rom a f e e ling that
,
which is th e natural corr e lativ e ‘

’
o f th e d e mon s trativ e that p re fe r th e p l u ral tho s e which ,
‘

but t h e firs t e xam p l e quot e d i n ( 2 ) s e e m s to S how that tho s

that can b e qu it e u n o bj e ctionabl e .

6 A c e rtai n awkwardn e s s s ee m s t o att e nd th e u s e o f that ‘ ’

.

wh e n th e r e lativ e is w id e ly s e p arat e d f r o m i ts ant e c e d e nt .

Wh e n fo r i n s ta n c e two r e lativ e clau s es a re coord i nat e s om e

, , ,
’ ’
writ e rs u s e that i n th e fi rs t which in th e s e cond clau s e
‘
,
‘
,

though both d e fi n e Thi s p oint wil l b e il lu s trat e d i n c

.

wh e r e w e s hall notic e that i nc o n s i s t e ncy i n th i s r e s p e ct s om e

ti m es ob s cu re s th e s e n s e .
 R E L A TI V E S a nd
— w ho , a nd w h ich 85

I t may s e e m to th e r e ad e r that a rul e with s o ma n y e x c e p

ti on s to i t is not worth o b s e r ving We would r e mi nd h i m .

()i that it i s ba s e d u on
p th o s e p al p abl e m i s u s e s o f t h e

r e lativ e s ab o ut wh ich e v e r y o n e is ag r e e d ; (ii ) that o f th e

e xc e p ti o n s th e fi r s t a n d la s t r e s ul t f r o m a n d m i ght d i s a p p e a r ,
’
with th e e ncroach m e nt o f who and th e g e n e r al vagu e n e s s
,
‘

about t h e r e l ativ e s ; whil e th e oth e r t w o b e i ng o bvi o u s and ,

cl e arly d e fi n e d d o n o t i nt e r f e re with t h e re m ai n i n g u s e s o f
,

‘
that ( )
i ii that i f w e are to b e at t h e e x p e n s e o f mai ntai ning

tw o d i ffe r e nt r e l ativ e s w e m ay a s w e ll giv e e ach o f th e m

,

d e finit e w o rk to d o .

I n th e fo l l o wing s ub s e cti o n s w e s hall not o ft e n al lud e to t h e

d i s tinction h e re laid d o wn Th e r e ad e r will fi nd that o u r .

r u l e s a re quit e a s o ft e n viol at e d a s ob s e rve d ; and m ay p e r

ha p s c o nclud e that if th e vital d i ffe r e nc e b e tw e e n a d e fining
a n d a non d e fi n in g cl au s e w e r e con s i s t e ntly mark e d wh e r e v e r
-
,

it i s p o s s ibl e by a d i s cri m i nati ng u s e o f that and whi ch

,
‘

fal s e c o ord inati o n a nd oth e r m is h a n d li ngs o f th e r e l ativ e s

w o uld b e l e s s co mm on than th e y a re .

0.
‘
And w h o ‘
an d w h i ch ’
.

Th e vario u s p o s s ibil iti e s o f r e lativ e c o o rdin ation right an d ,

wrong m ay b e thu s s tat e d : ( i ) a r e lativ e clau s e m ay b e

,

rightly or wrongly coo r d inat e d with anoth e r r e lativ e cl a u s e ;

’
thi s w e s hall cal l O p e n c o ordination ; (ii ) i t m ay b e rightly
o r wr o n gly co o rd i n at e d with word s that a re e qui val e n t t o

a r e lativ e cla u s e and fo r whi ch a r e lativ e clau s e can b e

,

s ub s ti tut e d ; lat e n t c oord inati o n ; ( iii ) a clau s e that h as

‘ ’

obvi o u s ly n o coordinat e o p e n o r lat e nt may y et b e i n t r o , ,

’
d u c e d by an d o r oth e r word i m p lyi n g c o o r d i n ati o n ; fo r
‘

s uch o ffe nd e r s which cann o t b e co o rd i n at e a n d w il l n o t b e

,
’
s ub o rd i n at e i n s ubordinati on is n o t t o o ha r s h a t e r m
,
.

Th e f o ll o wing a re o rdina r y ty p e s o f t h e th r e e cla s s e s

i( ) M e n w h o are a m biti o u s an d wh o s e a m biti o n h as n e v er b ee n
,

thwart e d ,

P itt w h o w a s a mbiti ou s b u t wh o se a mbit i o n w a s qu alifi e d by

, ,
86 S YN TA X

( n ) Ambiti ou s m e n wh o se a m biti o n h a s n e ve r b ee n thwart e d

, and ,

An e vil n o w ala s " be y on d o ur p o w e r to r e m e dy a n d f o r which w e

, ,

hav e to tha n k th e fo lly o f o u r p r e d e c e s s o r s .

iii
( ) B e i n g th u s p r e s s e d h e gr u dgi n gly c o n s e n t e d at l as t to a re d is tr ib u
,

ti o n a n d which I n ee d n o t s a y it w a s h is d u ty to hav e o ffe r e d in th e

, , ,

fir s t i n s ta n c e .

’
A c o o rd i n at i o n i n which and is th e nat u ral conj uncti o n ‘

may al s o b e ind icat e d s im p l y by a co m m a ; th e r e is s a fe ty

i n thi s co u r s e s i nc e th e cla u s e fol lowi ng th e co m m a m ay b e
,

e ith e r coo r dinat e o r s ubordinat e B u t w e hav e to d e al o n ly .

with clau s e s that a re c o m m itt e d to c oord i natio n .

’
I n s ub o rd inati o n will n o t d e tai n u s l o ng ; it is al way s d u e
e ith e r t o n e glig e nc e or t o gro s s ig n oranc e ; w e S hal l ill u s trat e

i t i n i ts p lac e with a fe w e xam p l e s bu t s hal l n o t d i s cu s s it , .

Wi th r e gard how e v e r to o p e n a nd l at e nt coord i nati o n O p i nion s

, ,

di ff e r ; th e r e is a n O p ti mi s t vi e w o f o p e n coord i nati o n and ,

a p e s s im i s t vi e w o f lat e n t b oth o f which s e e m to u s in c o rr e c t

, .

I t is h e l d by s o m e that o p e n coordination (p rovi d e d that th e

re lativ e s have th e s am e ant e c e d e nt ) is n e ve r w r o ng an d by ,

s om e — no t n e c e s s ari ly oth e rs — that l at e nt co o rd i nati o n is

n e v e r r ight : w e s hal l e nd e avour to S h o w that th e f o rm e r i s

o ft e n wro n g and th e l att e r how e v e r u n gai nly o ft e n right

, , , .

Th e e s s e ntial to c o ord in ation i s t hat th e co o rdinat e s

s h o u ld b e p e rform ing th e s am e functio n i n th e s e nt e nc e It .

is not n e c es s a r y n o r is it e n o u gh that th e y s h o u l d b e i n t h e
, ,

s am e gram m atical form : thi n g s o f th e s am e fo rm may hav e

d i ff e re nt functi o n s and thing s o f di ffe re nt fo rm s m ay hav e th e

,

s am e f u ncti o n I f w e s a y U nambiti o u s m e n a n d who hav e

‘
,

unamb iti o u s and w h o h av e n o e x p e r i e nc e

’
no e x p e ri e nc e ’

a re n o t i n th e s am e f orm but th e y hav e th e s am e f uncti o n ,

that o f s p e ci fying th e cl a s s o f m e n r e fe rr e d to Th e ir g r a m .

m a tic a l f orm s ( vocabul ary p e rmitting) a re i nt e rchang e ab l e

a d e fini ng adj e ctiv e can always tak e th e fo rm o f a r e lativ e
clau s e and a d e fining re l at iv e clau se ca n o ft e n tak e th e fo rm
,

o f an adj e ctiv e : i n e x p e ri e nc e d m e n and who hav e n o a mb i

‘
,

U nambiti o u s is th e re for e th e tru e gra m matical

’ ’
tio n .
‘
88 S YN T A X

All t h e t o y s that i nfat u at e m e n , an d which th ey p lay fo r , are th e se lf

s a m e thi n g — E E R S ON
. M .

A ll th e s e a re c o rr e ct i n th e fi r s t both clau s e s a re non -

d e fi ni ng,
in th e oth e r s b o th d e fin e .

Th e b ills w e re s o br o k e n a n d p r e ci p it o u s a s to a ff o rd n o p a s sag e e x c e p t
j u s t u p o n th e n arr o w l i n e o f th e track which w e o cc u p i e d an d which w a s ,

o v e rh u n g with r o ck s f r o m wh ich w e m ight hav e b e e n d es tr o y e d m e re ly

,

by r o lli n g d o w n s t o ne s — S C O TT .

Wr o n g : th e fi r s t cla u se d e fi n e s th e s e cond not ,

.

F ro m d o i ng thi s th e y w e r e p r e v e n t e d by th e di s grac efu l s c en e which t o o k

p lac e a,
n d which th e l e ad e r o f th e O pp o s iti o n t o o k n o s t e p s t o av e rt Ti m es . .

Wrong T h e fi rs t cl au s e d e fin es th e s e c o nd is o bvi ou s ly o ne
.
,

o f c o mm e nt : t h e s cene i s n o t d i s tingu i s h e d fro m th o se that

‘

t h e l e ad e r d i d tak e s t e p s to av e rt .

T h e y p r op o s e that t h e b u ildi n g s s hall b e l o n g t o th e c o mm u n es i n

which th e y s ta n d , an d which , i t i s h op e d , will n o t p erm i t th e ir d e se crati o n .

—S ecta tor
p .

Wro n g Th e co m mu n es that will not

.
p e r mi t ’
not m eant
a re

t o b e d i s tin gu i s h e d fr o m tho s e th at w il l . T h e s e cond clau s e i s

com m e nt th e fi r s t d e fin e s
, .

Th e way which s h e j o ck e ye d J o s a n d wh ich s h e d e s crib e d with

in ,

i n fi it e f u carri d p
n n , e u h i s d light to a p it ch
e — T H AC K E R A Y .

I n th e b e s t F r e n ch wh ich h e c o u ld m u s t e r a n d wh ich i n s o o th w a s o f ,

a v e y u n gra m ati cal s o rt

r m — T H AC K E R A Y .

P e ggy w o u l d hav e lik e d to hav e s h o w n h er t urba n an d bird o f

p aradi s e at t h e ball b u t f o r th e i n fo r m ati o n which h e r h u s ba n d had giv en
,

h e r an d which m ad e h e r v e ry grav e —T H A C K E R A Y
,
. .

All th es e a re wron g Thack e ray wou ld p robably hav e b ee n

.

s av e d fro m th e s e f al s e c o ordinati on s i f h e had ob s e rv e d th e d is

tinction b e tw e e n that an d wh ich ‘

I n t h e b es t F r e n ch ( that )
h e coul d mu s t e r which i n s o o th w as,

Th e re g oe s a n o th e r so rt o f a n i m al th a t i s di ff e r e n tiati n g fr o m my
s pe ci e s , an d wh ich I w o u ld gladly s ee e x t e r m i n at e d — H G W E L L S . . . .

P r o bably th e cond cla u s e lik e th e fir s t is m e ant to d e fin e

se , ,

if s o t h e c o o rd i nati o n is right ; i f n o t i t is wro ng

,
We hav e , .

’
al lud e d t o th e t e nd e ncy t o avoid that wh e n th e re l ativ e is ‘

wid e ly s e p arat e d from i ts ant e c e d e nt ; h e r e th e r e s ult is ,

ambiguity .
 R E L A T IVE S : LATENT CO O RD I N A T I O N 89

An d h e r e h e s aid in Ge r m a n what h e wi s h e d to s ay an d which w a s o f ,

no gr e at i mp o rta n c e an d wh ich I tra n s lat e d i t

,
n o E n gli s h B O R R O W
— . .

Wr ong : what (that wh ich ) d e fin e s th e and which cl au s e s

‘ ’

,
‘ ’

do no t .

( )
ii L a t e nt c o o r d i nat i o n b e tw e e n r e l ativ e clau s e and e u iv a
, q
l e nt is s e ld o m c o rr e ct wh e n t h e r e lativ e clau s e i s n o n d e fi n i n g;
,
-

fo r th e e quival e nt with fe w an d u nd e s i rabl e e xc e p ti o n s i s

, ,

a lway s a d e fin i n g adj e ctiv e or p hra s e and can b e c o o rd i nat e ,

o nly with a d e fi n ing cl au s e Th e e quival e nt m u s t o f c o u r s e

.

b e a tru e o n e ; ca p abl e t h at is o f b e ing c o nv e rt e d into a

, ,

re lativ e cl au s e witho u t alt e ring th e e ffe ct o f th e s e nt e nc e .

N e gl e ct o f thi s r e s t r i cti o n o ft e n r es ult s i n f al s e c o ordination ,

e s p e cially i n o n e p articular ty p e o f s e nt e nc e S u p p o s e that .

a hi s t o r ian a ft e r d e s cribing s o m e national cal amity p r o c e e d s

, ,

‘
I n th e s e d i s tr e s s i n g circ u m s tanc e s H e r e w e m i ght s e e m
’ ’
to hav e tw o p o s s ibl e e q u ival e nt s th es e and d i s t r e s s ing ,
‘
.

F ir s t le t u s e x p a n d th e s e i nt o a r e lativ e cl au s e : I n th e
‘ ’ ‘

’
d i s tr e s s ing ci r c u m s tanc es that I hav e d e s c r ib e d Thi s in .
,

th e cont e xt i s a f air e q u ival e nt and as o ft e n a s n o t wo u ld

, ,

act u ally a p p e ar i n s t e ad o f th e s e B u t n e xt e x p and di s tr e s s

‘ ‘

’ ’
ing °
I n th e s e ci r c u m s tan c e s wh i ch w e r e d i s t r e s s ing a
‘
, ,

n o n d e fi n i ng clau s e
-
To th i s e x p an s ion no w r it e r w o u ld
.

c o n s e nt i t d e fe at s th e o bj e ct fo r whi ch d i s tr e s s in g w as p lac e d
b efo r e th e ant e c e d e nt That obj e ct w a s t o r e c o r d h is o w n
.

’
s en s ibility witho u t di s p araging t h e r e ad e r s by t e l li n g hi m i n s o

many w o rd s (as o u r re lative clau s e d o e s ) that t h e c i r c u m s tanc e s

’
w e re d i s tr e s s ing ; and i t is s e c u r e d by tr e ati ng d i s tr e s s ing ‘

n o t a s a s e p arat e p r e d i cati o n b u t a s an in s e p arabl e p a r t o f t h e

’
ant e c e d e nt D i s tr e s s i ng it wi ll b e o b s e r v e d ca nn o t giv e u s
.
, ,

a d e fi n ing cla u s e ; i t i s o bvi o u s ly m e ant to b e c o e x t e n s iv e -

’
with th e s e
‘
w e a re n o t t o s e l e ct f ro m th e s e c i rc u m s tanc e s ‘

’
tho s e o nly that a re d i s tr e s s ing ‘
M o r e o v e r a s th e s e
’
.
,
‘
,

altho u gh c a p abl e o f a p p e a r ing a s a r e lativ e clau s e can s ca r c e ly ,

r e q u ire an o th e r r e lativ e cl au s e to c o m p l e t e th e l i m itati o n o f

t h e ant e c e d e nt it fo ll o w s that i n s e nt e nc e s o f th i s fo r m c o
,

o rd inat i o n wil l g e n e rally b e w r ong W e hav e e xam p l e s in th e .

9 0 S YN T A X

C ow p e r quotation b e low and ,

i n th e anon ym ou s o ne that
p r e c e d e s it .

J u ic e s r e ady r
p pe ar e d , an d which c an be ab sorb ed i mme diat ely .

H UXL E Y .

A d e l ib e rat e att e mp t to fra me a n d t o v e ri fy g en e ral r u l es a s to p h en o

m e n a o f all ki n d s a n d wh ich c an th e r e fo r e b e p r o p agat e d by arg u m en t
, , ,

o r p e r su a s i o n — L S TE P H E N . .

R u l es that s hal l be g e n e ral and that can ,

A p ai n f u l ,
c o mp r e h en s ive s u rv e y o f a v e ry c o mp licat e d m att e r a n d ,

which r e qu ir e s a gre at vari e ty o f c o n s id e rati o n s i s to b e m ad e — B U R K E , .

T h e g o ld s m ith t o th e r o yal h ou s e h o ld an d w h o if fa m e s p o k e tr u e , , ,

o ft en ti m es act e d a s th e ir ba n k e r w a s a p e r s o n o f to o m u ch i mp o r
,

ta n c e to — S C O TT .

‘
Th e man who w as gold s m ith to and w ho

I t is a c o m p li m en t d ue an d wh ich , I willi ngly p ay, to th o s e w ho

ad m i n i s t e r o ur a ff air s — B U R K E .

A ll th e s e a re co rre ct with , d e fi ni n g coordinat es throughou t .

‘
j un i o r s u balt e r n with p r on o u n c e d m ilitary a n d p o litical vi e w s with
A , ,

n o fal s e m o d e s ty i n e x p r e s s i n g th e m a n d w h o r of
( ) p
s i c o ss e sse s t h e e a ,

th e p u blic — ( u o t e d by th e Ti m es
, Q ) .

h as of
’
‘
Who vi e w s an d who S ic i s t h e co m m e nt
,

t h e Ti mes writ e r Th e coordi n ati on is corr e ct

. .

W hil e th e r e had a m p l e O pp o rt u n ity a ffo rd e d h er o f s t u dyi n g

,
she

f a s hi on abl e l i fe in a ll its vari e d an d cap rici o u s m o o d s a n d whi ch hav e ,

b e en p r e s erv e d to p o s t e rity in h er ad m irable d e li n eati on s of charact e r .

I a m s en s ibl e that yo u ca n n o t i n m y u n cl e s p r e s en t i n fir m s tat e a n d o f

’
,

whi ch i t is n o t p o s s ibl e t o e xp e ct a ny c o n s id erabl e a men d men t i n d u lge ,

u s w ith a vi s it COW PE R .
—
.

Th e s e a re th e in s tanc es o f fal se e x p an s ion al lud e d to abov e .

Th e form e r i s b a s e d o n t h e no n de fi n in g e x p an s io n i n all its

‘
-

mood s whi ch a re vari e d and ca p ri ciou s

,
t h e tr u e e x p an s ion
b e i ng i n al l t h e vari e d and ca p rici o u s mood s i n wh i ch i t r e v e al s
‘

it s e l f a d e fi ning clau s e which wil l n o t d o with th e and whi ch ,

S i milarly t h e s e c o nd i s ba s e d o n th e n o n d e fi ning e x p an s ion

,
-

‘
in my u ncl e s p r e se nt s tat e w hi ch is an i n fi r m o ne th e tru e
’

e x p an s ion i s i n th e i nfirm s tat e i n which my u ncl e n ow is

‘ ’
.

I n both a non d e fi n ing cl a u s e is c o ord i nat e d w ith word s that

,
-

can only yi e l d a d e fining clau s e .

9 2 S YN T A X

’
to c o ntribut e to d e fi nition ; if th e n th e and which cla u s e , ,
‘

d e fin e s t h e writ e r wi s h e s to d i s ting u i s h t h e r e l igion in q u e s tion

, ,

n o t o n ly f r o m th o s e E u r o p e a n r e ligi o n s that hav e not b ee n

c o l o nially i nt r o d u c e d int o A m e ric a b u t al s o fro m th o s e E u r o p e an ,

r e l igi o n s that hav e b e e n i ntr o du c e d but who s e i ntrodu cti o n i s ,

n o t a m att e r fo r r e g r e t that is th e o nly d e fi ni ng m e aning that

u nha p p i ly can b e a r and u nl e s s w e ac c e p t thi s i nt e r p r e tatio n
’

th e c lau s e i s n o n d e fi n i n g
— W e s hall al l u d e to thi s s e nt e nc e
-
.

again i n d wh e r e th e p o s s ibil iti e s o f p ar e nth es i s i n a d e fining

.
,

cl au s e a re di s cu s s e d .

I t ma y tra n g e that thi s i mp orta n t p lac e s h o u ld no t hav e b ee n

s ee m s

c o n fe rr e d o n V aca d e C a s tr o alr e ady o n th e s p o t a n d w h o had s h o w n

, ,

h i m s e l f s o w e ll q u alifi e d to fill it .

xc e p tion s i n whi ch th e
’
One o f ou r
‘
fe w a nd und e s irab l e e ,

clau s e e qu ival e nt is n o n de fi n ing ( who w as al r e ady o n th e

- -
‘

’
fo r a p e rs o n s n am e ca n o nly r e quire a d e fi ning clau s e
t o d i s tingu i s h hi m f ro m oth e r s o f t h e s am e nam e Th e s e nt e nc e .

i s an ugly o ne e v e n i f w e r e m ov e th e and who clau s e

, b ut
th e co o r di nati o n is right .

( )
ii i I n s u b o r d i n a t i on .

Th e tr u ggl e r th e p o o r cl e rk m e cha n i c p oo re r m u s icia n arti s t o r

s , , , , ,

act o r fe e l s n o right to i n tr u d e a n d w h o qu ickly fall s fr o m a fir s t

, ,

tra n s i en t r e s en t m e n t —D a i
ly Telegr ap h .

S u ch a p e r s o n m ay r e s id e t h e r e with ab s o l u t e s a fe ty u n l e s s it b e c o m e s ,

t h e o bj e ct o f t h e g o v e r n m e n t to s e c u r e h is p e r s o n a n d which p u r p o se ,

v
e e n th e n m ight
,
b e di s a pp o i n t e d by e arly i n t e llig e n c e — S C O TT .

Al l th i s wh e n M ada m e s a w a n d o f which wh e n s h e t o o k n o t e h e r s o l e
, ,

o b se rvati o n w a s —C B R O N I E .
' ‘

To th e s e w e m ay add e xam p l e s i n which th e coord inat e d

r e l at iv e s hav e d i ffe r e nt a nt e c e d e n t s I n p ractic e n o thing can .
,

j u s ti fy s u ch c o o r d inati o n i n th e o ry it is ad m i s s ibl e wh e n t h e ,

a n t e c e d e nt s a re coord inat e a s i n t h e fo l l o wi n g s e nt e nc e ,

W e the r e fo r e d e liv e re d li e s to th o s e i n divid u al s a n d at th o s e

th e s upp
,

p lac e s to wh o m th e s p e cial gra n t s had b een m ad e a n d fo r wh ich th e y

, ,

w e r e o rigi n ally d e s ig n e d .

B ut i n th e fol lowing i n s tanc e s ,

o ne ant e c e d e nt is s u b o rdi
n at e t o anoth e r i n t h e s a m e clau s e or i s in a cl au s e s ubordinat e
,

to that o f th e oth e r .
 R E L A T I VE S : CAS E 93

T h e y m arch e d i n t o th e a p art m e n t wh e re th e ba nq u e t w as s e rv e d a n d
which a s I hav e p r om i s e d th e re ad e r h e s hall e nj o y it h e s hall hav e th e
, ,

l ib e rty o f o rd e ri ng hi m s e l f —T H AC K E RA Y . .

A larg e m i n e ral wat e r fi rm in L o n d o n wh o s e o rdi n ary s har e s a re

-
,

a m illi o n in val u e a n d wh ich s har e s alway s p aid a divid e n d b efo r e t h e

,

i mp o s iti o n o f th e s u gar tax hav e n o t p aid an y divid en d s i n c e — Ti m es

-
, .

H e v e ry m u ch d o u bt e d wh e th e r I c o u ld fi n d it o n h is m i n e which w a s ,

l o cat e d s o m e fi ve m il e s fr o m S t Au s t e ll C o r n wall a n d u p o n wh o s e .
, ,

p r o p e rty I had n e v e r b ee n Ti m es —
.

B u t I hav e b e so u ght m y m o th e r w h o is a p p r e h e n s iv e o f M r L o v e lac e s

’
.
,

vi s it s an d fo r fe ar o f wh om my u n cl es n e ve r st ir ou t with ou t ar m s
, ,

R I C H A R D S ON .

It w as o f Mr . L ov e lac e that th e u n cl e s w e re a fraid .

(1 . C as e of th e r el a ti v e .

S p e cial att e nti o n w a s n o t d rawn i n t h e s e ction on C a s e , ,

to
th e gro s s e rro r co m mitt e d i n t h e fo llowing e xam p l e s

I n s ti n ctiv e ly a p p r e h en s ive o f h er fath e r wh om s h e s u p p o s e d it w as , ,

s h e s t o p p e d in t h e dark —D I C K E N S . .

That p e c u liar air o f c o n t e m p t c o m m o n ly di s p lay e d by i n s o l e n t m e n ial s

to th o s e wh om th e y i m agi n e a r e p o o r — C O R E L L 1 . .

I t i s o n ly th o se c o n v e rt e d by th e Go s p e l wh o m w e p r e t e n d a re
i fl u en ce d by it D a i ly Tel egr ap h
n — . .

W e fo u n d th o s e wh o m w e fe are d m ight b e i nt e r e s t e d to withh o ld th e

s e ttl e m e n t al e rt an d p r o m p t t o a s s i s t u s — GA L T . .

M r D o m b e y wh o m h e n o w b e ga n to p erc e iv e w a s as far b e y on d h u m a n
.
,

r e call —D I CK E N S
. .

T h o se wh o m it w a s o rigi n ally p r o n o u n c e d w o u l d b e all o w e d t o go .

r .

B ut th i s l o o k s a s if h e h a s i n cl u d e d th e o rigi n al m e n wh o m h e
d e s ir e s s h o u ld b e in t h e c o u n try n o w Ti m es —
.

W e fe e d children wh o m w e thi n k are h u ngr y Ti m es . .

Th e o n ly g e n tl e m e n h o ldi n g thi s o ffi c e in th e i s la n d wh om h e fe lt , ,

su r e , w o u ld wo rk f or th e s p irit u al go o d o f th e p ari s h Gu er n s ey .
-

A dv er ti s er .

Th e s e writ e rs e vid e ntly think that i n whom w e think a re ‘

’ ’
hungry whom is th e o bj e ct o f w e th i nk T h e r e l ati v e
‘ ’ ‘
.

’ ’
i s i n fact th e s u bj e ct o f a re ; and th e o bj e ct o f w e k n o w
‘ ‘

’
i s th e clau s e w h o a re hungry ; th e o r d e r o f th e w o rd s i s
‘

a n e c e s s ary r e s ult o f th e fact that a r e lativ e s ubj e ct mu s t

s tand at t h e b e gi nning o f i t s clau s e .
94 S YN T A X

( T h e am e awkwa rd n e c e s s ity c o n f r o nt s u s i n clau s es with

s
’
‘
wh e n though & c i n which th e s ubj e ct is a re lativ e S uch
‘
, .
, .

cl au s e s a re p ractical ly r e cogni z e d a s i m p o s s ibl e though O tway , ,

in a co u rag e ou s m o m e nt wr o t e ,

U n bl e m i s h e d h on o u r , a n d a s p o tl e s s l o v e ;
Wh i ch th o p e rha p s n o w h n aw a n o th e r fl a m e ,
’

Ye t I h av e l o v e an d p a s s i o n fo r th e ir n a m e ) .

S om e writ e r s with a co n s i s t e ncy worthy o f a b e tt e r cau s e

, ,

ca r ry th e bl u nd e r i nto th e p a ss iv e r e nou ncing t h e advantag e s ,

’

o f a n a mbiguou s whi ch i n th e activ e ; f o r i n th e activ e

‘

‘
which o f c o u rs e t e ll s no tal es
’
.

As to all thi s th e tr en d of e v e n t s h a s b een th e r e v er s e o f that wh i ch

,

w as an tici p ate d w o u ld b e th e re s u lt o f d e m o crati c i n s tit u ti on s Ti m es . .

’
Which it anti ci p at e d would b e
w as S i m i l arly th e p a s s iv e ,
’
of
‘
m e n wh o m w e k now are hon es t is th e im p o s s ibl e m e n
- - -
‘

me n who w e know a re hon e s t

’ ’
who are known are h o n es t
- - -

giv es th e corr e ct p a s s iv e m en w h o i t i s k n own a re hon es t ’

.

’
N or m u s t i t b e s u p p o s e d that w e know i s p ar e nth e ti c ‘
.

I n no n d e fi n ing clau s es (J o n es who w e know is hon es t ) w e

-
, ,

can r e gard th e wo rd s a s p ar e nth e ti c i f w e C hoo s e e xc e p t ,

wh e n t h e p hra s e is n e gativ e (J on e s who I cannot think is ,

hon e s t ) ; but i n a d e fining clau s e th e y a re anything bu t

p ar e nth e ti c Wh e n w e s ay
. C hoo s e m e n who you kno w
’ ’
a re h o n es t t h e word s know add a n e w ci rcu m s tanc e
‘
, y o u

o f l i m itation : it is not e n ough that th e m e n s ho u l d i n f act b e

h o n e s t ; you mu s t know th e m to b e hon es t ; hon es t me n o f

wh o s e hon e s ty y o u a re not c e rtai n a re e xcl ud e d by th e w o rd s
you know S i m ilarly in th e Gu er n s ey A d ver tis er qu otati o n
,

abov e th e writ e r do e s not go th e l e ngth o f s aying that th e s e

,

a re t h e only g e ntl e m e n who w o u ld work : h e s ay s that th e y

a re th e only o n e s o f who m h e fe e l s s ur e Th e com m a s o f .

p ar e nth e s i s ought th e r e f or e to go a s w e l l a s t h e co m m a a t ,
’
‘
i s land whi c h is i m p ro p e r b e fore a d e fini ng cl au s e
, .

Th e circum s tanc e s u nd e r which a p ar e nth e s i s is ad mi ss ibl e

i n a d e fining cla u s e m ay h e r e b e notic e d .
9 6 S YN T A X

e . M i s c e l l an e o u s
u s e s an d a b u s e s o f t h e r e l a t i v e .

()i A r e lati v e cla u s e i s s om e tim e s c o ord i nat e d with an

ind e p e nd e nt s e nt e n c e ; s uch c o o r di n ation is p e r ha p s al w ay s

awkwa r d bu t is n o t always i n c o r r e ct T h e qu e s ti o n ari s e s
,
.

chi e fl y wh e n th e t w o hav e a co m mo n s ubj e ct e x p r e s s e d only

i n t h e r e lati ve clau s e ; fo r wh e n th e s ubj e ct is e x p r e s s e d i n
b o th th e i n d e p e nd e nt s e nt e n c e m ay b e tak e n to b e coord inat e
, ,

n o t with t h e r e l ativ e cl au s e b ut wi th th e main s e nt e nc e to ,

which t h e re lativ e clau s e is attach e d a s i n th e fo llowi ng ,

i n s tanc e
To b egi n with h e had l eft n o m es s age which
, ,
in it se l f I fe lt to b e
a s u s p ici o u s circ u m sta n c e a n d ( I ) w a s at m y wit s ,
’
end h o w to acc ou n t
p la u s ibly fo r h i s d e p art u r e .

’ ’
R e tai n I and I w a s may b e coo rd i nat e with h e had
‘
,
‘ ‘

’
l e ft : r e mov e it an d th e c o ord ination is n e c es s a r i ly b e tw e e n
,
’ ’
I w a s and I fe lt I n ou r n e xt e xam p l es th e writ e rs a re
‘ ‘
.

com m itt e d
Th e s e
b e atit u d e s a re j u s t law s which w e hav e b een n egl e cti n g a n d ,

have b een r e c e ivi n g in o u r s elv e s th e c o n se qu en c e s that w e re m ee t .

D a i ly Tel egr ap h .

Th e id e a wh ich m a n ki n d m o s t
c o mm on ly c on c e ive o f p r op o rti on i s the ,

s u itabl e n e s s o f m e a n s t o c e rta i n e n d s a n d wh e r e th i s i s n o t th e q u e s ti o n
, , ,

v e ry s e ld o m tr o u bl e th e m se lv e s ab o u t th e e ff e ct of di ff e r en t m e a s u re s o f
thi ng s B U R K E
— . .

F ictiti ou s ca p ital 3 n a m e o f ex tre me i n acc u racy wh ich to o m a n y

,
.
,

p e r so n s ar e i n t h e hab it o f u s i n g f r o m th e ha s ty a s su mp ti o n that what

,

i s n o t r e al m u s t n e c e s s arily b e fi ctiti o u s a n d a re m o r e le d away by ,

a j i ngli n g a n tith e s i s o f w o rd s tha n an acc u rat e p e rc ep ti on o f id e a s .

H . D . M AC L E OD .

Th e fi r s t two o f th es e are wrongly coordin at e d : th e third ,

a cu ri o s ity i n oth e r r e s p e ct s is i n thi s r e s p e ct right Th e , .

r e a s o n is that i n t h e fir s t two w e hav e a d e fi ning i n th e third ,

a n o n d e fi n ing r e lativ e clau s e A d e fi ning cl au s e is gra m

-
.

m a t ic ally e qu ival e nt to an adj e ctiv e ( viol at e d l aw s

’
th e
‘ ‘
,

p po ular and can b e c o o rd inat e d only with anoth e r

word or p hra s e p e r fo rm ing th e s am e fu nction ; now t h e
’
hra hav e b e e n r e c e iving not b e ing attach e d to th e
‘
p se w e ,
 RE LATIVES : C O O RD I N AT I O N 97

ant e c e d e nt by m e a n s o f a r e lativ e e x p r e s s e d o r u nd e r s t o o d , ,

i s n o t e quival e nt to an adj e ctiv e W e c o u ld ha ve h a d and .

‘

(
’
which hav b n ro rly u n h d e lec t i ng
w e
) e e e p p e p i s e f o r n
’
g o r ,

w e co u l d hav e had t h e and s e n t e nc e i n an adv e r bial fo rm

‘
,
’
‘
with th e fitting r e s u lt ; bu t c o o rd i nat io n b e tw e e n t h e t w o
a s th e y s ta n d i s i m p o s s ibl e .

T h e B u r k e s e n t e nc e is a w o rs e o ffe n d e r C o ord i n ati o n .

o f thi s kind i s n o t o f t e n att e m p t e d wh e n th e a n t e c e d e n t o f

t h e r e lativ e is s u bj ec t o f t h e m ain s e nt e nc e ; and wh e n i t is

’

att e m p t e d th e t w o c o ord inat e s m u s t o f c o u r s e n o t b e

,

s e p arat e d by t h e p r e d icat e I f w e had had th e id e a which

.
‘

m ankind mo s t com m o nly c onc e iv e o f p r o p o rt i o n and v e r y ,

’
s e ld o m tro u bl e th e m s e lv e s abou t anyth i n g f u rth e r th e ,

coo r din ation wo u l d hav e b e e n s i m i lar t o th e o th e r and ,

c o uld hav e b e e n re cti fi e d i n th e s am e way ( a n d b e y o n d ‘

whi ch th e y v e r y s e ldo m or to th e e xcl u s ion o f a n y ‘

o th e r c o n s id e rati on s But thi s al t e rati o n w e cann o t m ak e ;

fo r th e r e i s a fu r th e r an d an e s s e ntial d i ffe r e nc e Th e D a i ly .

Telegr aph writ e r e vid e n tly mea n t h is s e c o nd c o ord i n at e t o

do th e wo r k o f a d e fi ni n g cl a u s e ; h e h a s m e r e l y fail e d to
m ak e th e n e c e s s ary co n n e x i o n wh i ch w e s u p p ly a s ab o v e , , ,

e ith e r by t u r ning t h e w o r d s i nt o a s e c o nd d e fi n ing cl au s e o r ,

’
by e mbodyi n g th e m adv e rbially in th e fi r s t B u r k e s i mt e n
, ,
.

ti o n is d i ff e r e nt an d wo u l d n o t b e r e p r e s e n t e d by o u r p ro p o s e d
,

alt e r ati o n i n th e o r d e r A ll that a d e fi n ing cl a u s e c a n d o i n

.

h is s e nt e nc e is to t e l l u s w h a t id e a is g o ing t o b e t h e s u bj e ct .

I f w e w e r e t o giv e a bri e f p ara p hra s e o f th e wh o l e ital i ci z i n g ,

th e w o r d s that r e p r e s e nt t h e s e co nd c o o r d i n at e i t wou ld b e , ,
’
not ma n ki nd s s ole id e a o f p r o p o rt i o n i s th e ada p tati o n
’
but m anki n d s i d e a o f p r o p o rti o n is th e ada p tat i o n
‘

a n d very l i ttle els e ; fo r t h e qu e s ti o n an s w e r e d i s n o t what

’ ‘
,
’ ’ ’ ’
i s mankind s s o l e id e a ? b u t what is m ank i n d s i d e a ? ‘
In
o th e r w o rd s th e s e co n d c o ord inat e b e l o n g s i n int e n t i o n n o t
, ,

l i k e t h e r e l at iv e cla u s e t o th e s u bj e ct b u t t o t h e p r e d i cat e ;
, ,

t o r e cti fy i t w e m u s t e ith e r m a k e i t p a r t o f t h e p r e dicat e

,

H
9 8 S YN TA X

and is n o t c o n c e rn e d with o r by i n s e rti ng th e y ,

‘ ’
,

coord inat e i t with th e m ain s e nt e nc e O bvi o u s as th e latt e r .

c orr e cti o n is th e s e nt e nc e r e p ay s cl o s e e xam inati o n as

, ,

illu s trating th e i nc o h e r e nc e o f th o u ght that may u nd e rl i e

what s e e m s a v e ry t r i fl ing gram m ati cal s li p .

B u t i n o u r third e xa m p l e t h e r e l ativ e clau s e i s non ,

d e fin ing ; i t is gram mati cal l y e qu ival e nt to a nd coul d b e ,

r e p la c e d by an i nd e p e nd e nt s e nt e nc e : M any p e r s on s a re
,
‘

i n th e habit o f u s ing i t
’
Th e r e i s nothing gra m m atically
.

w r ong i n thi s ty p e o f coord ination ; it is o bj e cti o nabl e o nly

b e cau s e it s e e m s to p r o m i s e what i t d o e s n o t f ul fil Wh e n .

t h e co m mon s ubj e ct o f two coord in at e s is e x p r es s e d only

wi th th e fi rs t it is nat u ral to a s s u m e that all word s p r e c e ding
,

it are al s o to b e a p p l i e d to both co o rd inat es ; and th e viola

tion o f thi s p rin ci p l e though not o f cou rs e u ngra m matical
, ,

i s o f t e n fe l t to b e u nd e s i r abl e i n oth e r than r e l ativ e clau s e s .

( )
n I n th e s e nt e n c e s con s id e r e d abov e th e ant e c e d e nt of ,

th e r e lativ e d i d not b e long to th e s e cond coord inat e and ,

coul d not hav e b e e n r e p r e s e nt e d in it wi thou t th e mat e rial

alt e rati o n s th e re p ro p o s e d B ut it m ay al s o ha p p e n that th e
.

ant e c e d e nt a s i n th e fo l lowing e xam p l e s b e long s e q u al l y to

, ,

both coord inat es b e ing r ep r e s e nt e d i n th e fir s t by a r e l ativ e

, ,

i n th e s e cond by s o m e oth e r p ron o u n .

T h er e w e r e tw o o r thr e e w h ose acc u racy w a s m o r e s cr up u l ou s th ei r ,

dg m n t m r n i f rm ly b r n d ca ti — B RYCE
j u e e o e u o s o e a u o u s .

H e r en e w e d th e o l d p ro po s al w hi ch P i z arr o tr e at e d a s a p i e c e o f c o n
,

t e m p tib le s h u ffli n g a n d c u rtly r ej e ct e d i t

,
.

Wh i ch s h e h as it in h er o p ti on e i th e r to d o o r to l et i t al one .

R I C H AR D S ON .

In th e
p ai r o f p arall e l coo rdin at e s f ro m M r B ryc e i n s e rt .
,

th e s u p p r e s s e d
’ ’
w as and it b e com e s cl e ar that who s e
‘
,
‘
,
’
not th e i r is th e right p ro n oun
‘
,
.

I n th e P i z arro s e nt e nc e it I S n ot only s u p e r fl u o u s but

‘
,
‘
,

d i s t urbing to th e r e ad e r who a s s u m e s that wh i ch is com mo n

,

to both clau se s and on r e aching it h as to glanc e back and

,
‘ ’
 mo S YN T A X

( wrong coo r d inati o n o f an ind e p e nd e nt s e nt e nc e with a

d e fining r e lativ e cl a u s e ) .

I t i s n o t e a s y t o s e e why th e r e lativ e m or e tha n oth e r w o rd s

s h o u ld b e m i s hand l e d i n thi s way ; f e w w o u l d writ e bu t s e e
(
)
’

p .6 1 s f , Thi
. . s l e
‘
agu e w e k e p t a n d h a s p r o v e d adva n tag e o u s .

Th e c o nd e n s e d ant e c e d e nt r e l ativ e what is o nly an a p ‘ ’

-

p ar e nt e x c e p tion t o thi s u n iv e r s al rul e I n t h e s e nt e n c e .

’
‘
What I h o l d is m i n e what is o nly o bj e ct to hold n o t ,
‘ ’ ‘ ’
,
’
is ; th e s ubj e c t t o i s is th e whol e nou n cl a u s e
’
s u bj e ct t o
‘ ‘
-

’
S e n t e nc e s o f th i s ty p e s o far f ro m b e ing
‘
what I hold .
,

e xc e tion s
p o f t e n ,
giv e a d oubl e i ll u s t r ation o f th e rul e and ,

l e av e a doubl e p o s s ibil i ty o f e rr o r F o r j u s t as a s i ngl e .

’
‘
what cann o t s tand i n d i ffe r e n t r e lati o n s to two c o ord inat e
v e rb s in its cla u s e s o a s ingl e noun clau s e cannot s ta n d i n
,
-

d i ffe r e nt r e lat ion s to two c o ord inat e m ai n v e r b s W e ca n .

’ ’
s ay What I h av e and hol d wh e r e what is obj e ct to both
‘
,
‘

v e rb s and what is min e and h as b e e n fairly e arn e d by m e

,
’
,

wh e r e i t is s u bj e ct to both ; but w e can not s ay what I have ‘

a n d h a s b e e n f ai r ly e arn e d by m e S im ila r ly w e can s ay

’
.
,
’
‘
What I hav e is mi n e and s hal l r e mai n m in e wh e r e th e ,

noun cl a u s e what I hav e is s u bj e ct to both v e rb s and

-
‘ '

,
‘
What I hav e I m e an to k e e p and wil l s u rre nd e r to no m a n ,

wh e r e i t is obj e ct t o both ; b u t no t What I hav e is mi n e ‘

,

O f th e vari o u s w ay s o f
’
and I will s u rr e nd e r t o n o man .

avoid i n g thi s e rro r (s ubord i natio n ada p tati o n o f v e r b s , ,

in s e rti o n o f a p ron o u n r e lativ e or o th e r wi s e ) that cho s e n , ,

by M i s s B ront e b e l o w i s p e rha p s th e l e a s t c o nv e ni e n t H e r .

s e nt e nc e is how e v e r corr e ct
,
that fr o m t h e Sp ec ta tor is not
, .

No t m e r e ty id ea s b u t what w er e o n c e r ealiti es and that I l o ng

emp , ,

hav e th o u ght d e cay ed — C B R ON T E . .

W hat e v e r w e p o s s es s e d in 1 8 67 th e Briti s h E m p ire p o s ses s es n o w and ,

i s p art of th e D o m i n i o n o f C a n ad a — Sp ecta tor .

Thi ng s that w e r e o nc e r e aliti es and that I l o ng hav e thought ,

d e cay e d a p ai r o f d e fi ning clau s e s .

Th e cond e n s e d what m u s t o f c o u rs e b e di s tingu i s h e d

‘ ’

fro m th e what o f i ndir e ct qu e s ti o n s wh i ch is n o t r e lativ e

‘ ’

,
 R E L A T IVE A ND I N T E R R O GA T IVE w ha t 101

b ut i nt e rrogativ e I n th e fo l lowi ng e xam p l e c o n f u s i o n

.
, of

th e tw o l e ad s to an i m p r o p e r c o o rdination .

W hat s u ms h e m ad e can on ly be c onj ect u r e d ,

b u t m us t hav e b ee n
eno rm o u s — M ACA U L AY .

I n th e firs t s e n t e nc e what i s an i nt e rr o gativ e in th e s e c o nd

,
’
, ,

a c o nd e n s e d ant e c e d e nt r e lativ e s tanding fo r th e s u m s that

-
,

I t i s th e s u m s that w e r e e n o rm o u s : i t is t h e a n s w e r t o th e
q u e s ti o n What s u m s did h e m ak e ? that can o n ly b e c o nj e c
‘ ’

tu re d Th e m i s tak e i s p o s s ibl e only b e ca u s e c a n a n d m u s t

.

d o not r e v e al th e ir nu mb e r : can i s s i n g u lar ‘

mu s t p lural ,
.

Th e d i ffe r e ntiati o n b e tw e e n t h e two w h a ts and th e i r

e q u ival e n t s i s n o t i nd e e d com p l e t e : j u s t a s th e c o nd e n s e d
, ,

ant e c e d e nt r e lativ e re s e mbl e s i n fo rm th o u gh n o t i n t r e at

-
,

m e n t th e u nres o lv e d i nt e r r o gativ e s o th e i nt e r r ogativ e by

, , ,

re s o l u tion int o t h e ( that ) whi ch n o t o nly r e s e mbl e s b u t is

‘ ’

, ,

grammatically id e ntifi e d with th e u nc o nd e n s e d r e lativ e and

,

ant e c e d e nt Th e r es ol uti o n i s n o d oubt c o nv e n i e n t : it

.
, ,

s ho u ld b e notic e d how e v e r that t h e v e rb s with which al o n e

, ,

it can b e e m p l o y e d ( v e r b s that may d e not e e i th e r p e r c e p ti o n

o f a f act o r o th e r kind s o f c tion re p r e ci s e ly th o s e
p e r e p ) a

w i th which a mbig u ity m ay r e s u l t I kn o w t h e h o u s e ( t hat )

.
‘

’
you m e an i t m ay ( a n t e c e d e n t and r e lativ e ) o r may n o t
( r e s o lv e d i nt e rr o gativ e ) f o llow that I hav e e v e r s e e n it W e .
‘

m u s t fi r s t d i s cov e r t h e s c o un d r e l w h o d id i t ; ant e c e d e nt ’

’
an d r e lativ e ? th e n w e m u s t s e c u r e th e s co u nd r e l s p e r s o n ;
r es olv e d i nt e r r o gativ e ? th e n o n ly i n fo rmati o n i s n e e d e d .

‘
I c an giv e a g o od gu es s at th e p r o bl e m that is p u z z l i n g
’
o u : and t h ol ution P— I k now nothing o f t h e s ol u ti o n
y e s ;
I w a s r e s o lvi n g an i n t e r rogativ e .

Thi s how e v e r do e s n o t a ffe ct s e nt e nc e s lik e th e M aca u l ay

, ,

o n e abo v e : f o r alth o ugh th e r e s o lv e d o r u n c o nd e n s e d f o r m s

( h )
’
‘
t e which a r e g r am matical ly i d e nti fi e d th e cond e n s e d
,

o r u nr e s olv e d f o r m s a re n ot .

( )
iv T h e o mi s s i o n o f t h e r e lativ e i n i s o lat e d clau s e s
( a s

o
pp o s e d t o c o ord i nat e s ) i s a q u e s ti o n n o t o f c o r r e ct n e s s
1 02 S YN T A X

b ut of ta s t e s o fa r as th e r e is any qu e s tion at al l A n o n
,
.

d e fi n i ng r e lativ e c a n n e v e r b e o mi tt e d Th e o m i s s i o n o f .

a d e fi ning r e lativ e s u bj e ct is o ft e n e ffe ct iv e i n v e r s e but i n ,

p ro s e is e ith e r an archai s m or a p rovi nciali s m I t m ay .

,

mo r e ov e r r e s u l t in o b s cu r ity a s i n t h e s e cond o f o u r
, ,

e xam p l e s which m ay p o s s ibly p u z z l e th e r e ad e r fo r a m o m e nt

,

No w it w o u ld b e s o m e fr es h i n se c t w o n its way t o a t emp o rary fatal n e w

d e v el o p m e n t H G W E L L S
— . . . .

No o n e fi n d s hi m se l f p la n t e d at la s t in s o t e rribly fo u l a m o ra s s a s h e ,

w o u ld fai n s ta n d s till fo r e v e r o n dry gro u n d —T R O LL O P E . .

B ut wh e n th e d e fi n i n g r e lativ e is obj e ct o r h a s a p r e p o s i ,

tion th e r e is n o l i mi t t o th e o m i s s i on u nl e s s e u p hony i s
, ,

al l o w e d to b e o n e We giv e thre e i n s tanc e s i n which th e

.

r e ad e r m ay o r m ay n o t agr e e that th e r e lativ e m ight hav e

b e e n r e tai ne d with ad vantag e
We do that in o ur z e al o ur cal m er m om en t s w o u ld be a fraid to a ns w e r .

-
S c oTT .

B ut did yo u e v er see a n ythi n g th er e yo u had ne v er s e en b efo r e

B AC E H OT .

T h es e thical j u dge m en t s w e p a s s
e on se l f r egardi ng act s
-
a re o rdi n arily
littl e e mp ha s i z ed — S P E N CE R .

( )
v Wh e n a d e fini n g r e l ativ e h a s t h e s a m e r
p pe o s ition a s

it s ant e c e d e nt i t i s not u ncom m o n i n t h e w r i tt e n a s w e l l a s

, ,

i n th e S p ok e n languag e t o o m it t h e p r e p o s iti on i n th e r e lativ e

,

clau s e Th e r e is s o m e thing to b e s aid fo r a l i c e nc e that rid s

.

u s o f s u ch c umbrou s formu la e a s i n th e way i n which to t h e

e xt e n t to whi ch and th e lik e i n writing how e v e r it s hou ld , ,

b e u s e d wi th caution i f at all .

I n t h e firs t p lac e if t h e p r e p o s ition is to go th e r e lativ e

, ,
’
s h o u ld go too o r if r e tai n e d s ho u ld c e rtai nly b e that n o t
,
‘
,

‘
wh i ch and i f th e v e rb o f th e r e lativ e cla u s e is t h e s am e a s
i n th e m ai n s e nt e nc e it s hould b e r e p r e s e nt e d b y do o r (i n
,

a c o m p o u n d t e n s e) by its a u xilia r y com p on e nt .

B e ca u se th e y f o u n d that it t o u ch e d th em in a way which n o b o ok in

t h e w o rld c o u ld t o u ch t h e m — D a i ly Tel egr ap h .

T h e m an w h o cl e a n e d th e s lat e in th e m a nn e r which S ir E S at o w h as .

d o n e b o th in M o r o cc o a n d J a p a n m ight s u re ly ra nk a s a re fl e ctiv e di p l o
m a ti s t .
—
S p ecta tor .
1 04 S Y N TA X

Th e y w o u ld fi nd su ch faith , su ch b e li e f that w o u ld , be a re v e lati o n to

th e m —D a i ly Telegr ap h
. .

S wi ft s p la n w a s t o o ff e r to f u lfil it o n c o n diti o n s s o i n s u lti n g that

’
no

o n e with a grai n o f s e l f re s p e c t c ld ac c e p t L S T E P H E N
o u — -
. .

f .
‘
t h at
It .
’

T w o c o n s tr u cti o n s clo s e ly al li e d but gra m m ati cally d is, ,

tinct a re o ft e n con fu s e d : (i ) A nt e c e d e nt i t fol l o w e d by

,
‘ ’

’ ’
a d e fining r e l ativ e cla u s e with that (who whi ch ) ; ( iii ) it ‘
,
‘

fo ll ow e d by a cla u s e 1 n a p p o s ition i ntrod u c e d by th e c o nj u n c ,

’
ti on that Th e variou s corr e ct p o s s ibiliti e s a re r e p r e s e nt e d
.

i n th e s e t o f e xa m p l e s giv e n b e low R e lativ e clau s e s a re .

m a r k e d R conj u ncti o n clau s es C O n e i m p o s s i bl e e xam p l e is

, .

add e d in brack e t s to m ark th e tran s ition fr o m r e lativ e to,

c o nj u ncti o n .

( I ) I t is m o ne y that I wan t R . .

( 2 ) I t w a s yo u that t o ld m e R . .

( 3 ) I t w a s yo u t hat I gav e it to (or to wh o m I gav e it ) R , . .

( )
4 I t w a s to yo u that I gav e it C . .

( 5) I t w a s th e R o m a n s that b u ilt thi s wall R . .

( )6 I t i s t h e R o m a n s that w e are i n d e bt e d t o f o r th i s R . .

( 7 ) I t is to th e Ro ma n s that w e a re i n d ebt e d fo r thi s C . .

( 8 ) I t w a s J o n e s wh o s e hat I b o rro w e d R . .

( 9) I t w a s J o ne s s hat that I b o rro we d R

’
. .

( 1 0) I t w a s a k n i fe that I c ut it with R . .

( 1 1 ) I t w as with a k n i fe that I c u t it C . .

( 1 2 ) I t w a s w ith di ffi c u lty that I c u t it C . .

( 1 3 ) ( I t w a s d i ffic u lty that I c u t it with ) R . .

( 1 4 ) I t w a s p r o vi s i o n ally that I m ad e th e o ffe r C . .

( 1 5 ) I t w as in th i s s p ri n g , too that th e p lag u e br o k e o u t C ,

. .

( 1 6) A cc o rdi n gly it w a s with m u ch c o n c e rn that I p re s en tly r e c e iv e d

,

a no e t i n fo r m i n g me of h is d ep art u re . C .

I n th e r e l ati v e con s tr u ction t h e ant e c e d e n t i t i s i nva r iabl e ,

‘
,

what e v e r t h e nu mb e r and g e nd e r o f th e r e lative Th e m ai n .

v e rb is al s o i nva r iabl e i n nu mb e r but in t e n s e is u s u ally ,

ada p t e d to p a s t th o ugh n o t ( fo r e u p hony s s ak e ) to f ut u r e

,
’

circ u m s tanc e s : i t w as y o u that look e d fooli s h but i t is y o u ‘

’
that wi l l l o o k fooli s h
I n both c on s tru ction s t h e that clau s e S u p p l e m e n t e d o r ,
‘
,
’
i ntroduc e d by i t giv e s u s th e s ubj e ct o f a p re d icati o n t h e
‘
, ,
 R E L A T IV E A ND C O N J U N CT I O N am 1 05

r e lativ e cla u s e (wi t h i t) b e i ng e qu ival e n t t o a p u r e n o u n , th e

c o nj u n cti o n c lau s e to a v e r bal n o u n i n a p p o s i tio n p a r tly ,
re

taining its v e rbal charact e r I n both al s o th e p r e di cati o n

.
, ,

an s w e rs an i maginary qu e s ti o n r e c o rd e d d i s tinctly i n th e ,

r e l ative l e s s d i s ti nctly i n th e c o nj u ncti o n cl a u s e

, What d o .
‘

y o u want ? I t ( th e thing ) that I want is m o n e y

’
To wh o m .
’

’
d i d y o u give i t ? I t (th e p e rs on s) that I gav e it to w a s
‘

’
A s to you r cutting it : giv e p arti cular s It
’
y o u r fr i e nd s . .

that I cut it ( my c utting t) w as with a k ni fe

i — .
’

F r o m th e ab o ve e xam p l e s i t will b e s e e n that th e t w o con

s t r u c t i o n s larg e ly ov e rla p Wh e n (a s i n I 2 5 8 ) th e r e lativ e
.
, , ,

i s s u bj e ct o r d ir e ct o bj e ct o f th e cla u s e v e r b o r is i n t h e -
,

p o s s e s s iv e ca s e it cann o t ,
b e r e p lac e d by t h e c o nj u ncti o n bu t
wh e n i ts r e lati o n t o th e cl a u s e v e r b is ma r k e d by a p r e p o s i
-

ti o n th e conj u ncti o n alway s m ay tak e i ts p lac e and s om e ti m e s

, ,

mu s t a s i n 1 2 and 1 3 F o r th e r e l ative clau s e can only b e

, .

u s e d wh e n t h e qu e s ti o n r e fl e ct e d i n it i s cal culat e d t o s e c u r e

th e right kind o f an s w e r No w th e natural an s w e r to t h e

.

’ ’
qu e s ti o n What d id y o u c ut i t wi th ? is n o t difific u lty but
‘ ‘

a kni fe Th e m i s l e ading with is th e r e for e r e mov e d f r o m

th e r e lativ e cl au s e i n 1 and p lac e d w i thi n th e r d icat e t h e
3 , p e ,

’
d e fini t e qu e s ti o n What did you cut it w ith ? givi n g p lac e t o
‘

th e vagu e d e mand f o r p artic u lars

’
With b e ing re m o v ed .
‘
,

th e r e l ativ e cla u s e f all s t o p i e c e s fo r want o f a w o rd t o g o v e r n

,

th e r e l ativ e an d t h e c o nj u ncti o n cl a u s e tak e s i ts p lac e

, I n th e .

s am e way i t w as a ca b (b u t n o t h igh i nd ign a ti on ) that h e

,
‘

d r ov e away i n it w a s a con cer t ( bu t n o t cu r i os i ty ) that

‘

I w as r e turning fr o m ; it w as a beech tr ee ( b u t n o t n u
’ ‘
-

l A nd
’
p ea s a n t c i r c u ms ta nces ) that I f ou nd hi m und e r .
,

g e n e rally it wil l b e fo u nd that a p r e p o s iti o n is ad mi s s ibl e i n

,

t h e r e l ativ e cl au s e o nly wh e n Us e d i n th e l it e ral o r th e m o s t

o bvi o u s s e n s e .

Th e c o nj u n cti o n cla u s e i s a s w e ha ve s aid a v e rbal n o u n ;

, ,

s o fa r a n o un that thing s c a n b e p r e d icat e d o f i t an d s o fa r a ,

v e rb that th e th i n g s p r e d icat e d o f i t a re v e r bal r e lati o n s a n d

 1 06 S YN T A X

v e rbal ci rcu m s tan c e s i ndir e ct obj e ct ag e n t in s tru m e nt m e an s

, , , , ,

man n e r cau s e att e nda nt ci r cu m s tanc e s anything but s ubj e c t

, ,
’
and d i r e ct o bj e ct M y givi n g w a s t o y o u ; my o ffe r ing
.
‘ ‘

’
w a s p r ovi s i o nally ; my c onc e al i ng it w as b e cau s e I w a s
‘

a s ha m e d
Th e m i s tak e s that con s tantly occ u r i n car e l e s s w r i t e r s r e s u l t
from h e s itati on b e tw e e n th e t w o fo r m s wh e r e both a re p o s s ibl e .

Th e co n f u s i o n h o w e v e r o u ght n o t t o ari s e ; fo r alway s wi th

, ,

a r e lativ e cla u s e and n e v e r wi th a c o nj u nction th e c o m p l e m e nt

, ,

o f t h e m ain h
p r e dicat e (t e an s w e r to t h e s u pp r e s s e d q u es ti o n )
i s a n o u n o r th e g r a m matical e qu ival e n t o f a nou n A kni fe .
’

,
’
‘
J on e s , you
‘
my f r i e nd i n C hicag o
‘
th e m an who l iv e s
‘

’
n e xt d oo r a re th e an s w e rs that accom p any th e r e l ativ e cla u s e
,
’ ’
with a k n i fe with d i ffi cul ty
,
‘
to y o u occa s ionally ’
be,
‘
,

ca u s e I w as a s ham e d a re th o s e that acco m p any th e con

j u nction .

Exam p l e s I 5 and 1 6 though q u it e r e cogni z e d typ e s a re , ,

r e ally a r tifi cial p e rv e r s ion s I n I 5 th e tru e q u e s ti o n and an s w e r

.

in th e circu m s tanc e s would b e n o t a s th e s e nt e nc e f al s e ly , ,

i m p li e s Wh e n did t h e p l ag u e br e ak o u t ? That t o o ha pp e n e d
,
‘

’
i n th i s s am e s p ri n g bu t W e r e th e r e any o th e r n o tabl e e v e nt s
,

i n thi s S p ring ? Yes : th e p lag u e b r ok e out I m p r e s s iv e n e ss

’

i s giv e n to t h e an n o u nc e m e nt by th e fiction that t h e r e ad e r i s

wond e ri n g wh e n th e p lag u e b rok e o u t ; i n fact h e is m e re ly ,

waiti n g fo r what e v e r m ay t u rn u p i n t h e hi s tory o f thi s s p ring .

I n 1 6 w e go s till fu rth e r : th e i m p li e d qu e s tion What w e r e ,

‘

’
you r fe e l ing s o n r e c e ivi n g a ( not the) not e P c o u ld n o t .

p o s s ibly b e a s k e d t h e in f ormati on that alon e coul d p rom p t it

i s only giv e n i n th e that clau s e ‘
.

I t h a s b e e n p oi nt e d o u t i n b that a r e lativ e clau s e with .

’ ’
ant e c e d e nt i t p a r t icularly c all s fo r th e r e lativ e that in
‘ ‘
,
’
e n w h e n th e
’

p r e fe r e nc e to whi ch ‘
an d e ve n to w h o Ev ,
‘
.

r e l ativ e is i n th e p o s s e s s iv e ca s e that whi ch h as n o p o s s e s s i ve ,

‘
,

is o ft e n r e tai n e d by tran s fe r r i ng t o th e m ain p r e d i cat e t h e n o un

o n which it d e p e nd s 8 thu s giv e s p lac e to 9 e v e n at th e r i s k ,
 1 08 S YN T A X

be w r i tten . A ny of
th es e e xc e p t w r i tten a bou t to w r i te a bou t
, ,

to be w r i tten may b e a g e r und al s o ; bu t wh i l e t h e p a r tici p l e

,

i s a n adj e ctiv e t h e g e r u n d is a n o u n d i ffe r i ng f ro m o th e r

, ,

n o u n s i n r e tai n ing i ts p o w e r (if t h e activ e g e r u nd o f a tran s itiv e

v e rb ) o f di r e ctl y g o v e r ning a n o th e r n o u n .

B o th th e s e a re o f gre at i m p o r tan c e fo r ou r p u r p o s e Th e .

p artici p l e i t s e l f e v e n wh
, e n c o n f u s i o n wi th t h e o th e r can n ot
o cc u r i s m u ch ab u s e d ; and t h e s l o v e n ly u s e s o f i t that w e r e
,
’
g o o d e n o ugh i n B u rk e s ti m e a re n o w r e c o g n i z e d s o l e ci s m s .

A gai n t h e id e ntity b e tw e e n th e two fo rm s l e ad s to loo s e and

,

u nacc o u ntabl e g e rund con s tru cti o n s that wil l p ro b ably b e

s w e t away
p a,
s s o many oth e r laxi ti e s hav e b e e n with t h e ,

advan c e o f gram m atical c o n s cio u s n e s s We s hal l hav e to d e al

.

w ith both th e s e p o i nt s at s o m e l e ngth .

It is i nd e e d no w o nd e r that th e f orm s i n i ng s hould r e quire -

clo s e att e nti o n E xactly h o w many o ld E ngli s h t e rmi nation s

.

-
i ng i s h e i r to is a qu e s tion d e bat e d by hi s torical gra m m arian s ,

which w e are n o t com p e t e n t to an s w e r B ut w e may p oint .

o u t that w r i t i ng m ay n o w b e
( ) p
I artici p l e — I w a s writi ng
;
I s aw hi m w r iting ; writing p io u s ly h e act s p ro fan e ly 2)
, (
g e ru nd o r f u ll v e rbal n o un I obj e ct to you r writing that
—

— I do not m i nd you
(3 ) hybrid b e tw e e n g e r u nd a nd p artici p l e

writing it (4 ) d e tach e d v e rbal nou n — Wri ti ng i s an acqu ir e d

art 5 ) c o n cr e t e n o u n Thi s writing is i l l e gibl e

— M or e ov e r
.
,

t h e v e rbal n o u n w r i ti ng h a s th e s yn o nym to w r i te o bligat o ry ,

i n s t e ad o f i t i n s om e con n e xi o n s b e tt e r i n s o m e w o rs e i n
, ,

s om e and i m o s s ibl e i n o th e rs ; com ar e fo r in s tanc e : I d o

, p p ,

not l i k e th e tr o u bl e o f w r iting ; I s hal l n ot tak e th e troub l e

to w r it e ; th e troubl e o f writing i s t o o mu ch fo r hi m ; i t i s a
tr o ubl e to writ e ; writing is a troubl e Th e gram mati cal d iffi .

c u lt i e s that i s a re c o m licat e d by con s id e rati o n s o f idi o m

, , p .

I n th e s e p r e lim i nary r e ma r k s h o w e v e r i t i s o nly with th e

, ,

d i s tincti o n o r want o f di s ti n ction b e tw ee n p artici p l e and

g e ru nd that w e a re c o nc e rn e d Th e p artici p l e is an adj e ctiv e
.
,

and s hould b e i n agr e e m e nt with a nou n o r p ro noun ; th e

 P A R T I C I P L E A ND GE R U N D 10
9

g e r u nd is a n o un o f whi ch it s h o u ld b e p o s s ibl e t o s ay cl e a r ly
,

wh e th e r and why it i s in t h e s ubj e ctiv e Obj e ctive o r p o s

, , , ,

s es s ive ca s e a s w e can o f oth e r no u n s

, That th e di s ti n ct i o n.

is o ft e n o b s c u r e d p a r tly i n c o n s e q u e n c e o f t h e hi s t o r y o f t h e
,

la n guag e wil l b e cl e a r f r o m o n e o r t w o fact s and e xa m p l e s

, .

I
. Th e m a n i s b u i ld i ng c o n tai n s what w e s h o u l d al l n o w
call wh e th e r it i s s o o r n o t h i s t o r ically a p art i ci p l e o r v e rbal
, ,

adj e ctiv e : the h ou s e i s bu ild i ng ( o ld e r b u t s t i ll l i v i n g a n d

corre ct E n gl i s h fo r the hou s e i s bei ng bu i l t) c o n tain s a s its ,

r e markabl e d i ffe r e nc e o f m e an ing p r e p are s u s to b e l i e v e ,

a g e r u nd o r v e r bal no u n onc e gov e r n e d by a now l o s t

,

p pr e o s iti on .

2 I n H e s topp ed l a ugh i ng w e hav e a p artici p l e ; in H e

.
,

s topp ed la ugh i ng a v e rbal n o u n g o v e rn e d d ire c tly by th e

,

v e r b ; i n H e bu r s t ou t l a ugh i ng a v e r bal n ou n g o v e rn e d by
,

a vani s h e d p r e p o s iti o n .

P r e s e nt u s ag e d o e s n o t b e ar o u t t h e d e fi nit e mod e rn
3
.

id e a s o f t h e d i s ti nc tio n b e tw e e n p artici p l e and g e ru nd as

r e s p e ctiv e ly adj e ctive and n o u n S o l o n g a s that u s ag e
.

conti n u es th e r e a re vari o u s d e gr e e s o f a mb i guity illu s trat e d

, ,

by th e thr e e f ol l o wing e xam p l e s I t w o u ld b e i m p o s s ibl e .

to s ay what e v e r th e cont e xt wh e th e r th e w r i t e r o f th e fi r s t
, ,

int e nd e d a ge r und or a p arti ci p l e I n t h e s e c o nd a p r e vi o u s

.
,

s e nt e nc e wo u l d p r o bab ly hav e d e cid e d t h e qu es ti on I n th e .

third though gram mar ( again a s m odifi e d by p r es e nt u s ag e )

,

l e av es th e qu es tion o p e n t h e m e aning o f th e s e nt e nc e i s
,

ractically d e ci s iv e by it s e l f
p .

C an h e c o n c e ive M a tth ew A r n old p erm i tti ng su ch a b o o k to b e wri tt en

a n d p u bli s h e d ab o u t h i m s e l f Ti m es .

An d n o d o u bt that en d will b e s e c u r e d by th e Com m i s s i on s i tti ng in

P ari s Ti mes
.
“

T h o s e w h o k n o w l e a s t o f th e m [t h e virt u e s ] k no w v e ry w e ll h o w m u ch
th e y a re c o n c e r ne d i n oth er peop le h a v i ng th e m — M O R LE Y . .

I n th e s e cond o f th e s e if s i tti ng is a p artic i p l e t h e m e aning

, ,

i s that th e e n d will b e s e c u r e d by t h e C o m m i ss i o n which ,

i s d e s c r ib e d by way o f id e ntificat i o n a s th e o n e s i t t i n g i n
1 10 S YN TA X

P a ri s . If g e r u nd th e e n d w i ll b e s e c u re d by t h e
s i t ti ng is ,

wi s e ch o ic e o f P ari s and not a n o th e r p lac e fo r its s c e n e I f .

Com m i s s ion s w e r e w r itt e n th e r e cou ld b e no d o u bt t h e l att e r

’

w as th e m e a n i n g Wi th Co mm i s s i on th e r e i s by p r e s e nt u s ag e
.
, , ,

ab s o l ut e l y n o m e an s o f d e cid i ng b e tw e e n th e t w o m e a n i n g s
a p a rt f rom p o s s i bl e l ight i n t h e cont e xt I n th e third co m .
,

m o n s e n s e i s abl e t o t e l l u s th o ugh gram mar giv e s th e qu e s

,

t i o n u p that what is i nt e r e s ti ng is n o t t h e o th e r p e o p l e who hav e

,

th e m bu t th e qu es ti o n wh e th e r o th e r p e o p l e hav e th e m
,
.

W e s hal l i n t h e s e cti o n o n th e g e r u nd tak e u p th e d e cid e d

, ,

o s iti o n that al l g e r u nd s o ught to b e m ad e d i s tingu i s habl e

p
f r om p artici p l e s W e a re qu it e awar e h o w e v e r that in th e
.
, ,

fi r s t p lac e a languag e d o e s n o t r e mod e l it s e l f to s u i t th e g r am

m ari an s fan cy fo r n e at cla s s i fi cation ; that s e cond ly th e
’

co n fu s ion is n o t m e re ly wanton or ignorant bu t th e r e s ul t ,

o f natu ral d e v e l o p m e nt ; that th i rd ly th e chang e inv o lv e s

s om e i n conv e ni e nc es e s p e ciall y to hu rri e d a nd car e l e s s wri t e r s
, .

O n th e oth e r han d it I S c e rtain that th e p e rman e nt t e nd e ncy

i n lang u ag e is toward s th e corr e ct and l ogical not f ro m i t ; ,

i t is m e re ly ho p e d that th e con s i d e rabl e nu mb e r o f in s tanc e s

h e r e col l e ct e d m ay attract t h e att e ntio n o f s o m e writ e rs who
hav e n o t b ee n awar e o f th e qu e s tion and p e rha p s convi nc e ,

th e m that t h e d i s ti ncti o n is a u s e fu l o ne that a writ e r ought ,

to k now and le t u s k now wh e th e r h e is u s i ng a p artic i p l e o r a

g e ru nd and that to aban do n th e g e ru nd wh e n it cann o t b e
,

d i s ti ngui s h e d wi th o ut clu m s in e s s n e e d cau s e n o d i fficul ty to

any but t h e ve ry u n s kil ful i n hand ling word s .

P A R TI C I P L E S
Th e nattach e d o r wrongly attac h e d p artici p l e is o ne o f
u

t h e blu nd e r s m o s t co m mon with i llit e rat e o r car e l e s s writ e rs .

B ut th e re a re d e gr e e s o f h e i nou s n e s s i n th e o ffe nc e ; o ur
e xam p l e s a re arrang e d f ro m 1 to 8 i n th es e d e gr e e s s tarting
. .
,

with p e r fe ct i nn o c e nc e .

I P arti ci p l es that h av e p a s s e d i nto p re p o s iti o n s c o nj u n c

.
,

tion s or m e mb e r s o f adv e rbial p hra s e s

,
.
 1 1 2 S YN TA X

B ei ng m u ch i n ter es ted in th e c o rre s p on d e n c e b e ari n g o n th e q u e s ti o n

‘
Do we th e fir s t di ffi c u lty ari s i n g in my m i n d i s D a i ly

My f arm c on s i s t e d o f a b o u t tw e n ty acr e s o f ex c e ll en t la n d h a vi ng gi ven ,

a h u n dre d p o u n d s fo r y p r e d c e r s g oo d M L G O L D S M I T H
m e s s o I — ’
.

M e r e u n attach e d p a r ti ci p l e s fo r whi ch n o thi n g can b e

3 .

s aid ,
exc e p t that th e y a re s o m e ti m e s in o ffe n s iv e i f th e word
to b e s u p p l i e d is v e ry vag u e .

D o u bl i ng t h e p o i n t , a n d r u n n i ng al o n g th e s o u th e rn s h o r e of th e littl e
p e n i n s u la ,
t h e s c e n e cha n g e s — F M . . C R AW F O R D .

Th e m o s t tryi n g p e ri o d w as th i s o n e o f e n fo rc e d idl en e s s w a i ti ng
fo r t h e day o f en try . Ti m es .

H a v i ng a cq u i r ed s o m an y tr o p ical c o l o n i e s th e re i s th e un d ou bt e d d u ty
attach e d to s u ch p o s s e s s i o n o f Ti m es .

4 .P a r ti ci p l e s that m ay s om e d ay b e com e p r ep o s i tio n s & c ,

.

S ir q er r i ng to y o u r c o rr e s p on d e n t s (th e B i s h o p o f C r o yd o n s ) l e tt e r
’ ’
—

in to day s i s s u e h e q u o t e s at th e cl o s e o f it t h e fo ll o wi n g p as s ag e
’
-
, ,

D a i ly Tel egr ap h .

He mu s t b e t h e B i s h o p ; fo r th e i m m e diat e ly p r e c e di ng
S i r ma r ki n g th e b e ginn i ng o f th e l e tt e r s how s that no o n e
, ,

e l s e h as b e e n m e nti o n e d ; but i f w e had giv e n t h e s e nt e nc e

with o ut thi s i ndicati o n n o o n e co u l d p o s s ibly hav e b e li e v e d

,

that thi s w a s s o r ef er r i ng is not y e t u n p arti c ip le d .

A n u nwary wri t e r s o m e ti m e s attach e s a p artici p l e to th e

5.

s u bj e ct o f a p r e vi o u s s e nt e nc e a ss u m ing that i t will b e th e

,

s u bj e ct o f t h e n e w s e nt e nc e al s o and th e n fi nd s ( o r rath e r ,

i s n o t awak e e nough t o fi nd ) hi m s e l f m i s tak e n Thi s i s a .

t r a p i nto which g o o d wr i t e r s s om e tim e s fall and s o dang e r o u s ,

to bad w r it e rs that w e s hall giv e m any e xam p l e s I t is .

i m p o r tant fo r th e t iro t o r e al i z e that h e h a s not s ati s fi e d th e

e l e m e nta r y r e q u i r e m e nt s o f gra m mar u nt il h e h a s attach e d t h e

artici l to a n o u n i n th e s am e s e nt e nc e a s it s e l f n o t i n
p p e ,

an o th e r H e m u s t al s o r e m e mb e r that fo r i n s tanc e I w en t
.
, ,

a n d h e ca me though o f t e n s p o k e n o f loo s e l y a s a s e nt e nc e
,
is ,

i n fact a s fu lly two s e nt e nc e s as if e ach hal f o f i t w e r e t e n l i n e s

l o n g and th e two w e r e p art e d by a f ul l s t o p and n o t co n
,

n e c te d by a conj u nction .
 I N C O R R E C T P A RT I C I P L E S 1 1
3

Th ey had n o w re ach e d th e airy dw e lli ng wh e r e M rs M a c s h ak e r e s id e d .

,

an d h a v i ng r u ng, th e doo r w a s at l e n gth m o s t d e lib e rat e ly o p e n e d .

S . FE RRI E R .

Th e l ov er s ght a s h e lt e r a n d m u t u ally ch a r med with e ach o th e r

sou , , ,

ti m e fle w f o r a whil e o n d o w n y p i n i o n s — S F E R R I E R . . .

A m o l e c u lar ch a nge i s p r op agat e d to th e m u s cl e s by which th e b o dy is

r e tract e d a n d ca u s i ng th e m to c o n tract th e a ct o f re tracti o n i s bro u gh t
, ,

ab o u t H U x LE Y
— . .

j os eph a s th e y s u p p o s e d by ta m p e ri ng with W ill go t all m y s e cr e t s

, , , ,

a n d w a s ac q u ai n t e d with all m y m o ti o n s a n d h a v i ng al s o u n d er t a h en

to watch all th o s e o f h i s y o u n g lady th e wi s e f a m i ly w e re s e c u r e , .

R I CH AR D S ON .

M i s s P i n h er ton In vai n
v raw e h e r A ttemp ti ng o n c e tri e d to o e .

to s c o ld h e r in p u blic Re becca hit u p o n th e p la n

, o f a n s w e ri n g h e r i n

F re n ch wh ich q u it e r o u t e d th e o ld w o ma n TH AC K E RA Y
, .
-
.

B u t h e th o u ght it d e r o gat o ry to a brav e k n ight p a s s iv e ly to await

th e a ss a u lt a n d or d er i ng h is o w n me n to charg e t h e h o s til e s q u a d r on s
, , ,

ra p idly ad van ci ng agai n s t e ach o th er m e t m idway o n th e p lai n , .

P R E S CO TT .

A lvarad o r o u se d by th e n o i s e o f th e attack o n thi s q u art e r ha s t e n e d

, ,

to t h e s u p p o rt o f h is o ffi c e r wh en A l magr o s e i z i n g th e o cca s i o n p u s h e d
, , ,

acr o s s th e bridge di s p er se d th e s m all b o dy l eft to d efe n d it a n d f a lli ng

, , ,

o n A lvarad o s r e ar t h a t gen er a l s a w h i m s e l f h e m m e d in o n all s id e s

’

P R E S CO TT .

Ad u r tagh with o u t a w o rd of r ep ly w e n t to th e d oo r a nd s h ou ti ng i n t o
, , ,

th e p a s s ag e s o m e thi n g in I ri s h th e r oom w as i n s ta n tly fill e d with b og ,

trott e r s — B O R R O W
. .

B u t as b e fo r e A n n e o n c e m o re mad e m e s mart a nd h a vi ng eq u ipp ed

, , ,

h er s e lf i n a g o w n a n d b on n e t of m i n e — n o t of th e n ew es t o ff w e s et .

C R O C K E TT .

A t thi s I w a s s il e n t fo r a littl e a nd th e n 1 res o lv e d t o s p e ak p lai n ly ,

to An n e B u t not bei ng r e ady with m y w o rd s s h e go t in fi rs t

.
, .

C R O C K E TT .

F o r m a ny y e ar s [ had to c o n t e n d with mu ch o pp o s iti o n in th e n at u r e

o f s c e p tici s m ; b u t h a vi ng h a d h u n dr e d s o f s u cc e s s fu l cas e s a n d p r o o fs

i t h as b e c o me s u ch a n e s tabli s h e d fact i n th e e a s t e r n c o u n ti e s that m a n y

la n d o wn e rs &c w ou ld n o t thi n k of s i nki ng a w e ll with o u t fir s t s ee ki n g
, .
,

th e aid o f a wat e r divi n e r Ti m es . .

6 . more obvi o u s tra p and con s e qu e ntly l e s s fatal is

A , ,

a chang e fro m th e activ e con s tructi on that m ay hav e b e e n

i nt e nd e d to a p a s s iv e with o u t corr e s p o nding alt e ration s I f ,
.

t h e w ri t e r s o f th e n e xt tw o had u s e d w e m u s t a d m i t in s t e ad o f
NS .
I
 1 14 S YN T A X

i t m u s t be a d m i t ted , a
p ol i cy th a t they p ut f or w a r d , in s t e ad o f a
p olicy f p ut or w a r d , th e p artici p l e s h es i ta ti ng and bel i evi ng
w o u ld hav e had own e rs .

W h il e h es i t ti ng t o acc ep t thi s t e rribl e i n dict m en t o f F r en ch i n fa n cy

a ,

i t m u s t be a d m i tted that F r e n ch l it e rat u r e in all i ts s tr en gth a n d w ealth

i s a gr o w n u p lit e rat u re — Sp ecta tor
-
.

H e an d th o s e with wh o m h e act e d w e r e r e s p o n s ibl e fo r th e p o licy

p r o m u lgat e d — a
p o l i cy p u t f o rward i n all s e ri o u s n e s s a n d h o n e s ty bel i ev i n
g
it to b e es s e n t ial to th e o btai n i n g o f th e b ett e r g o v ern m en t o f I r ela n d .

7 P . artici p l e s that s e e m t o b e long to a nou n but do not ,

.

L e tt e r s o n th e c on s ta n t s t o p p i n g o f o m n ib us e s th u s ca u s i ng co n ,

s i d e ra b l e s u ffe ri n g to th e h o r s es .

D oe s ag r ee with le tter s ? Th e n th e l e tt e rs annoy th e

ca u s i ng

h o rs e s W i th s topp i ng ? T h e n s t o p p ing cau s e s s u ffe ring by

.

s t o p p ing
( th us
) Wi th o mn i bus es ?
. T h e hor ses
p o s s ibly

blam e tho s e i n noc e nt s but w e ca n hard ly S u p p o s e a hu man

,

b e ing e v e n t h e w rit e r o f th e s e nt e nc e s o i ll o gical Th e word

, ,
.

th u s how e v e r is o ft e n con s id e r e d to hav e a kind o f di s p e n s ing

, ,

p o w e r f r e e in g ,
i ts p arti ci p l e f ro m al l obligati ons ; s o :

Th e P ri n c e w a s by th e s p e cial c o m ma n d of h is M aj e s ty th e E m pe ro r
, ,

m ad e th e gu ardia n o f H I H th e C r o w n P ri n c e th u s n ecess i ta ti ng th e
. . .
,

P ri n ce s c o n s ta n t p res en c e in th e ca p ital o f J a p a n — Ti m es
’
. .

Av e ry w e althy m an ca n n e v e r b e s u re e v en o f f ri e n d s hi p —whil e th e ,

high e s t s tr o n ge s t an d n o bl e s t ki n d o f l o v e i s n e arly al way s d e n i e d to him

, ,

in th i s way ca r ry i ng o u t th e f u lfil men t o f th o s e s tra nge b u t tr ue w o rd s

H o w hardly s hall h e that is a rich m an e nt e r th e K i n gd o m o f H e av e n
— C O R E LL 1 .

I t is not love that carri e s ou t bu t th e p ow e r that d e ni e s lov e , ,

wh i ch is not m e ntion e d .

8 . Re ally bad u nattach e d or wrongly attach e d p artici p l e s .

Th e r e ad e r will g e n e rally fi nd n o d i fficu lty in s e e ing what h a s

l e d to th e bl und e r an d if h e wi l l tak e th e troubl e to do thi s
, ,

will b e l es s l ik e ly to m ak e s im ilar blun d e rs him s e l f .

An d th en s toop i ng to tak e u p th e k ey to le t my s elf i n t o th e garden ,

h e s tart e d a n d l o o k e d as if h e h e ard s o m e b o dy n e ar th e d oo r .

R I C H AR D S O N .
1 1 6 S YN T A X

ab o v e m ay b e r e gard e d as ab s ol u t e c o n s tru ction s with th e

s u bj e ct o m itt e d .

with wh o m that I m p ul s e w a s th e m os t i n tractabl e th e m o s t ca p ri ci ou s

I, , ,

t h e m o s t m add e n i n g o f m a s t e r s ( h i m b e fo r e m e al w ay s e x c e p t e d ) .

C B R ON T E
. .

S p e cial i s a m u ch o v e rw o rk e d w o rd i t b e i n g 1005 e u s e d to m e a n
‘ ’
,

gr eat in d egree al s o p e c u liar in ki n d — R G W H I T E

, . . .

Thi s is s aid n o w b e ca u s e h a v i ng been s a i d b e fo r e I hav e b een j u dge d

, ,

a s if I had m ad e t h e p r e t e n s i on s which w e r e th e n a nd which a re n o w

agai n di s clai m ed — R G W H ITE . . . .

TH E G E R UN D
Th e re a re thre e qu e s tion s to b e con s id e re d wh e th e r a
w r it e r o u ght to le t u s know that h e i s u s in g a g e rund a nd not
a p artici p l e wh e n a g e ru nd m ay b e u s e d withou t its s ubj e ct s ’

b e ing e x p r e s s e d ; wh e n a g e r u nd with p r e p o s itio n i s to b e

p r e fe rr e d t o t h e i nfinitiv e .

1 . I s th e ge r u n d t o b e m a d e i n th e r e c o gn i z ab le ? A nd,
ci rcu m s tanc e s that m ak e it p o ss ibl e that is wh e n its s ubj e ct i s , ,

e x p r e s s e d i s thi s to b e d o n e s o m e ti m e s or al w ay s ?
, ,
’
I t is don e by p u tting what w e call fo r s hortn es s s ak e th e
s ubj e ct o f t h e g e ru nd ( i e t h e word me o r my i n me d oi ng o r
.

my doi ng) i n th e p o s s e s s iv e in s t e a d o f i n th e obj e ctiv e o r s u b

j ec ti ve ca s e .

Tak e th e ty p ical s e nt e nc e : I d i s lik e my b e s t f r i e nd ( s )

’

violating my p rivacy I t cannot b e a tru e acc ou nt o f th e.

m att e r t o s ay that f r iend i s th e o bj e ct o f dis l ihe and h as a ,

p artici p l e v i ol a ti ng attach e d t o it F or ( )
a w e can s ub s t it u te .

r es en t which n e v e r tak e s a p e r s onal obj e ct fo r di s lihe witho u t

, , ,

changing th e s e n s e ( b ) I f w e s ub s titu t e a p as s iv e con s tr u e

.

tion al s o without changing th e s e n s e w e fi nd that d is l ihe h as

, ,

— —
quit e a d i ffe r e nt obj e ct pr i va cy I d i s lik e my p rivacy b e ing .

vi o lat e d by my fri e nd ( c ) M any o f u s wo u ld b e wil li ng to

.

ado p t th e s e nti m e nt conv e ye d who y e t would not ad mit fo r a

m om e n t that th e y d i s l i k e d th e i r b es t f ri e nd e v e n wh e n h e
i ntru d e d th e y cond e m n th e s in bu t not th e s in n e r ,
.
 GE R U N D OR FUS E D PA RT I C I P L E ? 1 1 7

Vi ola ti ng th e n is n o t a n o rd inary p artic i p l e I t d o e s no t .

fo l low y e t that it is a g e ru nd I t may b e an e xtra o rdinary

.

p artici p l e f u s e d i nt
,
o o n e noti o n with t h e noun s o that a f r i e n d ,

vi ola ti ng m e an s the vi ol a ti on by a f r i en d
- -
Th e L ati n s ch o la r
- -
.

h e r e at onc e p u t s in th e id io m o f occis a s Ca es a r which do e s ,

n o t g e n e rally m e an Ca es a r af ter h e w a s b i lled a s it nat u r ally ,

S h o uld bu t th e kill ing o f C a e s ar or t h e fact that C a e s ar had

, ,

b e e n k il l e d Th e p aral l e l is clo s e (th o ugh th e u s e is p ra e

.

tically confin e d to t h e p a s s iv e in L at i n ) and fam ilia r to ,

al l who know any L ati n at al l But i t S h o ws n o t s o much .

what th e Engl i s h con s truction is as h o w e du cat e d p e o p l e hav e

b e e n abl e to r e concil e th e m s e lv es to an ambigu o u s and n o t
v e ry re a s onab l e idi o m — mo t v e ry re a s on abl e that is a ft e r , ,

languag e h a s thrown o ff it s e arly li mitation s and go t o v e r th e ,

fi rs t di fficulty o f acco m p l i s hing ab s tract e x p r e s s i o n o f any

kind Th e s ort o f f u s ion a s s u m e d is fu rth e r ill u s trat e d fo r th e
.

L atini s t though not s o cl o s e ly by th e L atin acc u s ativ e and

, ,

infi n itiv e Thi s th e ory th e n tak e s vi ola ti ng fo r a p artici p l e

.

f u s e d i nto o n e n o ti o n with f r i en d Th e r e a re two d i fficu lti e s

. .

I Th e co n s tru ction i n E ngli s h is though i n th e nat u r e

.
,

o f thing s n o t a s co m m o n y e t a s e a s y i n th e p a s s iv e a s i n th e
,

activ e N o w th e p a s s iv e o f v i ola ti ng is e ith e r viola ted o r bei ng

.

v i ol a ted I t is q u it e n at u ral t o s ay P rivacy violat e d o nc e i s

.
,

no long e r i nviolabl e Why th e n s h o uld it b e mo s t u nnatu ral

.

to s ay Th e wors t o f p rivacy vi o lat e d o nc e is that i t is n o

,

l ong e r i nviolabl e ? N o o n e not p u r p o s e ly se e king th e

,

u nu s ual fo r s om e r e a s on o r o th e r w o uld o mit bei ng b e fo r e ,

viol a ted i n t h e s e cond Ye t a s p arti ci p l e s v i ola ted and bei ng

.

viola ted are e qually good — not i nd e e d alway s but in th i s ,

cont e xt a s th e s im p l e r P rivacy s e nt e n c e s how s Th e o nly

,
.

di ffe re n c e b e tw e e n th e t w o p artici p l e s (e xc e p t that in br e vity ,

which t e l l s agai n s t bei ng vi o la ted) is that th e l o ng e r fo r m can

al s o b e th e g e rund an d t h e s h o rt e r ca n not Th e al m o s t
,
.

inva r iabl e choic e o f it is d u e t o t h e i n s ti nctiv e fe e li n g that

w hat w e are u s i n g is o r o ught t o b e th e g e rund A m o re .
1 1 8 S YN T A X

convinci ng in s tan c e than thi s m e re ada p tat i o n o f ou r o r igi nal

e xam p l e may b e add e d

M a n y y e ar s ago I b e ca m e i m p re s s e d with th e n e ce s s ity for ou r

i nf n try bei ng t ugh t a n d p r a ct i s ed in th e s kil fu l u s e o f th e ir ri fl e
a a .

L O R D R O B E RT S .

Th e n eces s i t
yf or ou r i nf a n try ta ugh t a nd pr a c tis ed ab s is
olut e ly
i m p o s s ibl e But why if bei ng ta ugh t
.
,
is p arti ci p l e and not ,

ge ru nd ?
I I A s s u m ing that th e fu s e d p artici p l e th e o r y is s ati s factory
.
-

and r e c o gni z e d wh e nc e co m e s t h e g e n e ral though not u niv e r

, ,

s al i m p r e ss io n among tho s e w h o with o ut b e ing w e l l v e r s e d i n

,

gra m ma r are habit u ally care fu l h o w th e y s p e ak and w r it e

, ,

that c o n s truction s l ik e th e foll o w i ng are ign o ra nt vu lgari s m s ?

— I t is no u s e h e h is d oi ng it ; i t is n o u s e hi m h is d o ing
( ) .

( )
it that n e e d n o t p re v e nt u s (ou r) b e li e vi ng e xcu s e m e ( my )
i n t e rr u p t ing you ; a thi ng ( th ing s ) e xi s ti n g d o e s n o t p r ov e’

’
that i t o u ght t o e xi s t ; I w as annoy e d by To m ( To m s )
’
h e s itating ; th e T s ar (T s ar s ) l e aving R u s s ia is s ignifi cant ; i t
fail e d through th e K ing ( K ing s ) r e fu s ing h is S ignat u r e ; wi th
’

o u t u s ( o u r) h e a r i n g t h e man t h e fact s ca n not b e go t at ;

,

with o ut th e man ( m an s ) t e lling u s him s e l f w e can n e v e r

’

kn o w With a s ingl e e x c e p t i o n fo r o n e ( not b o th ) o f th e firs t

.

t w o non e o f th e s e ought t o cau s e a m om e nt s u n e a s in e s s to

’

any o n e w h o w a s con s ciou s ly o r u ncon s ciou s ly i n th e f u s e d

p arti ci p l e f ram e o f m in d an d i f th e y d o cau s e un e a s i n e s s i t

s how s that that f r am e o f m i nd is n ot e ffe ctiv e ly p r e s e nt .

Th e F u s e d P a r ti ci p l e Th e ory having no s u f fici e nt an s w e r

-
,
’
to th e s e obj e ction s b u t s e e ing that th e g e ru nd s c a s e is al s o
,

w e ak natural ly t r i es a co u nt r attack
e — I f o n th e o th e r h and
-
,

th e g e r u nd th e ory is s ati s factory and r e c o g n i z e d h o w is i t ,

c o nc e ivabl e that p e o p l e s ho u ld l e av e ou t th e p o s s e s s ive s i n ’

th e r e ckl e s s way th e y d o ? To whi ch ho w e v e r t h e G e ru nd , ,

mak e s r e p ly — I r e gr e t that th e y do l e av e i t o u t bu t at l e a s t ,

w e can s e e how th e y com e t o ; i t is t h e c o mbin e d r e s u lt o f

a mi s tak e and an inconv e ni e nc e Th e m i s tak e is cau s e d by .

 1 20 S YN T A X

and th e hon es t p arti ci p l e Thu s an s w e r e d th e F u s e d P artici p l e

.
,

do e s not conti nu e t h e a rgum e nt but p l e ad s only that th e re is,

roo m fo r al l thr e e form s .

B e fo re gi ving s o m e e xam p l es t o h e l p in th e d e ci s i o n w e ,

s hal l s u m mari z e o u r o w n o p inion ( )

I I t i s not a m att
. e r to
b e d e cid e d by a p p e al to hi s torical gram m ar A l l th r e e c o n .

s t ru c t io n s m ay hav e s e p arat e l e gitim at e d e s c e nt s an d y e t i n ,

th e i nt e r e s t s o f cl e ar th o ught an d e x p r e s s ion i t m ay b e b e tt e r
fo r o n e o f th e m t o b e aband o n e d ( )
2 Th e r e a re t w o o p o s it e
.
p
t e nd e nci e s at p re s e nt : am ong care fu l writ e rs t o av o id t h e ,

fu s e d p artici p l e ( th i s b e ing n e gativ e can natu ral ly no t b e

, ,

ill u s trat e d ) and to p u t p o s s es s iv e s ign s i n s l i ghtly u nc o m

fo rta b le p lac e s by way o f co m p e n s ation ; a mo n g s lov e nly
w r it e rs to thro w o ff al l l i mit s o f l e ngth fo r th e s ubj e ct o f th e
,

fu s e d p a r tici p l e (3 ) L ong
. f u s e d p artici p l e
p hra s e s a r
-
e a
vari e ty o f ab s tract e x p r e s s i o n and as s uch to b e d e p r e cat e d
, .

A mong th e r e s o u r c e s o f civi li z ation i s t h e p ow e r o f ch o o s ing

b e t w e e n di ffe r e nt way s o f s aying th e s am e th i ng ; and l it e rary
s kil l i s v e ry much a m att e r o f e x e rci s ing that p ow e r ; a w rit e r

s h o ul d r e cogni z e that if h e cann o t ge t r o u nd a n u gly f u s e d

e r e is s till m u ch f o r hi m to l e arn
p artici p l e th ( ) pp
4 O o r .

t u n it ie s fo r a mbiguity a re s o abund ant i n E ngl i s h o wing t o ,

th e nu mb e r o f word s who s e p ar s ing d e p e nd s o n cont e xt that ,

al l aid s to p re ci s i o n a re valuabl e ; and it is n ot to o m u ch t o

e x p e c t a wri t e r to know and l e t u s know wh e th e r h e m e an s

a p art i ci p l e o r a g e ru nd .

a . That t h e p o s s e s s iv e o f all p ronoun s that hav e th e fo rm ,

s hou ld b e u s e d i n s t e ad o f th e obj e ctiv e o r s ubj e ctiv e i s hard ly

d i s p ut e d C o rre ct acc o rdi ngly :

.

You m ay r e ly u p on me d o i n g all in m y p o w er S I R W H AR C OU R T . . .

Th e c o n fo u n d e d fe tt e rl o ck cla p p e d o n m y m o v e m en t s by o ld Gr i ffi th s
p r e v e n t s m e r e p airi n g t o E n gla n d i p r
n e s o n — S C O TT .

B u t wh e n i t c om e s t o u s f o ll o wi n g h is li fe an d ex a mp l e — D ai y
l
Telegr ap h .

N o thi ng c an p r e v e nt it b eing th e m ai n i s s u e at th e Gen e ral E l e cti o n .

S p ecta tor .
 GERU N D A ND P O S S E S S I VE 1 2]

O ne th em if yo u will p ard o n me r e m i n di n g yo u is that n o di s c u s s i o n

of , ,

i s to p a s s b e tw e e n u s — E F B E N S ON . . . .

F r e d erick had alr e ady acc ep t e d th e cr o w n l es t J a me s s h ou ld o bj e ct to ,

hi m d o i n g s o Ti m es . .

n o twith s ta n di n g th e f act that th e ir s u s p ici o n s o f e a s e l o vi n g e ar -

,

tickli n g p ar s o n s p re v en t th em s u p p o rti n g t he c o mm e rcial ch u rch e s o f o u r

t i me D a i ly Tel egr aph
.
-
.

bE xam p l es i n which
. th e p o s s e s s iv e of n o un s m ight be
writt e n with o u t a qual m .

N arly a w e e k p a s s e d o v e r with o ut M r F a i zf or d h ear i ng a w o rd

e .

dire ctly fro m h is s on — S C O TT .

M rs D o wn e W right had n o t fo rgiv en t h e i n dig n ity o f h er s on havi n g

.

b e en r e u s e d by M ar y S F E RR I E R
f — . .

I n n o o th e r r e ligi o n i s th e r e a t h o u ght o f m a n b e i n g s av e d by grac e

an d n o t by m e rit —D a i l
y T e l eg p
r a h
. .

An d it i s s aid that o n a v i s i tor o n c e a s ki n g to s e e h i s library D e s cart e s

, ,

le d h i m — H UX L E Y .

I t is tr ue that o n e o f o u r o bj e ct s w a s to p re v en t ch i ldr en s i p p i n g th e 1 ’

li q u o r th e y w e re s en t fo r Ti m es . .

O rd e rs w e re s o meti me s i s s ue d to p ro hibit s oldi er s b uyi ng an d e ati ng

‘

c u c u m b e r s Ti m es . .

R e n e w e d e ffo rt s at a se ttl em e n t in 1 8 9 1 f ail e d t hr o u gh th e S w ed i s h

Gover n m en t l e adi n g o ff with a flipp an t a n d o ff e n s iv e s u gg e s ti on .

N AN S E N .

H u rri e d r e adi n g r e su lt s in th e l ea r n er fo rg e tti n g hal f of what he r e ad s ,

or in h i s f o r m i n g vagu e c o n c e p ti on s — S W E E T .

c . A ll t h e la s t
i nv o lv e d what w e r e e ith e r actual o r
s et

vi r tual nam e s o f p e r s on s th e r e is m o r e d i fficu lty with ab s tract

no u n s com p ou nd s u bj e cts and word s o f which th e p o s s es s iv e
, ,

i s u gly Tho s e th at m ay p e rh a p s b e ar t h e p o s s e s s ive

.

m ark will b e p u t fi rs t a nd alt e ra ti o n s s ugge s t e d fo r th e ,

o th e r s .

We l o o k fo rward to m u ch a tten ti on b e i n g giv e n . Ti mes .

He a ffirm e d that s u ch i n cre a s e s w e re th e r u l e in that city on the ch a nge

b e i n g m ad e Ti m es . .

I liv e in h o p e s o f th i s di s cu s s i on r es u lti n g in s o m e m o dificati o n i n o ur

f o r m o f b e li e f — D a i ly Tel egr ap h ( that thi s di s c u s s i on m ay r e s u lt ) .

1
r e a s o n why m a n y w h o a s a ru l e u s e th e p o s se s s iv e a re willi n g to
Th e
d o with o u t it a ft e r v e rb s like p r ev en t i s p erha p s thi s : i n I p r even ted h i m
goi ng th e y c o n s ci o u s ly o r u n c o n s ci o u s ly r e gard b o th hi m a n d goi ng a s
n o u n s o n e th e i n dir e ct o n e t h e dir e ct o bj e ct a s in I r e u s ed h i m l ea v e
, ,f , .
 1 22 S YN T A X

Th e re al obj e ction to th e p o s s es s iv e h e r e is m e re ly th e addition

to th e c r o wd o f s ibila n t s .

I n th e ve n t o f the p a s s age b e i n g fo u n d h e will e s t eem it a fav o u r

e ,

( if th e p a s s ag e i s f o u n d)
Co n c e iv e m y v e x ati o n at b e i n g t o ld by P a p a thi s m o r n i n g that h e had
n o t th e l e a s t o bj e cti o n to E d w a r d a n d m e m arryi n g wh e n e v e r w e p l e a s e d .

—S F E R R I E R ( o u r)
. .

O r i f th e n am e s a re
,
esse ntial , d id no t i n th e lea s t m i nd h ow
s oo n E dw ar d an d I m a r r i ed .

I t h as b ee n r e p li e d to th e ab su rd ta u n t ab o u t th e F r en ch i n v en ti n g
no thi n g that
,
at l e a s t D e s cart e s i n v e n t e d Ge r ma n p h il o s o p hy — M O R L E Y . .

( F r e n ch m en s )
’

d . m od e r n con s tructi o n call e d th e c o m p o u n d p o s s e s s iv e

A
w a s m e nti o n e d at t h e e n d O f t h e s e c ti o n on C a s e s I t is s om e .

ti m e s ugl y s o m e ti m e s i n o ffe n s i v e that i s a m att e r o f d e g r e e

,

and o f knowing wh e r e to d r aw t h e lin e th e r e is n o obj e cti o n

to i t i n p r inci p l e A n d th e a p p l i catio n o f i t wil l s om e ti m es
.

h e l p ou t a g e r u nd Th e fi rs t quotation giv es a com p ou nd

.

p o s se s s iv e s i m p ly t h e s e cond a g e r u n d con s t r ucti o n t o wh i ch

,

i t o ught t o b e a p p li cabl e th e thi rd and fo u rth two to which ,

it can b e a p p li e d ; and th e l a s t o ne to which it ca n n o t , .

A p ro t e s tati o n , r e ad at E di n b u rgh , w as fo ll o w e d , o n A r ch i ba l d j oh n s ton

of Wa r ri s ton s s u gg e s ti o , by — N
’
n
J R G R E E . . .

T h e r e tir e m e n t o f J u dg e S t o n o r w a s m ad e th e s u bj e ct of s pe cial re fe r
e n c e y e s t e rday o n th e o cca s i o n o f S i r P L S elf e, h i s s u cces s or , taki n g
V
. .

h is s e at in M aryl e b o n e C o u n ty C o u rt .
— Ti m es .

Th e m e r e f act o f s u ch a p r em i er b ei ng en d ure d s h o w s -
B AG E H O T .

Th e r e i s ibility o f the d i s s ol u ti on of th e legi s l a ti ve u n i on

no p oss
b e c o m i n g a v ital qu e s ti o n Sp ecta tor .
—
.

I f s o m e m e a n s c o u ld b e d e vi se d fo r I n s i s ti n g u o n m a ny E n l i s h
p g
u a r di a n s of th e p o or m aki n g th e m s e lv e s m o r e ac q u ai n t e d Ti m es
g .

Th e o n ly obj e cti o n to a p o s s e s s iv e ma r k a f t e r s u cces s or is that

t h e tw o c o m ma s can n o t be
d i s p e n se d with ; w e m u s t s ay
w h en took fo r o n th e occ as i on of ta hi ng S u ch a .

h S
’
m i er s will c e rtainly a I n t c ta tor s e nt e n c e
p r e p s s e p e . w e ,
’
s h o uld o u r s e lv e s al low u n i o n s O p in ion s wil l d i ffe r B u t to p u t .

’
t h e s a f t e r p oor i n t h e la s t s e nt e n c e w o ul d b e r id ic u l o u s that
s e nt e nc e m u s t b e re writt e n in s i s ti ng that m any E ngl i s h
1 24 S YN TA X

a h een th o ugh u n cu l ti v a ted s en s e f or i t, havi n g i t d

ex s e in B u r ns .

C A R LY L E .

F o r th e fi rs t of writ e th a t, o m it th e se cond of ,
a nd o m it h a vi ng .

F al s e s c e nt .

T h e r e is a p p ar e n t e vid e n c e
no o f a n ea r lyp b i
ea ce
e n g n e c e s s itat e d
by th e p e c u n iary ex ig en ci e s o f th e Ru ss ia n Go v e r n m e n t — S I R H O WA R D
.

VI N C E N T .

th a t
’
Fo r f o bei ng writ e w i ll be ,
if p ea ce s cann o t be
e nd u r e d .

Th e g e n e ral e ff e ct of h is w o rd s w as to S how th e ab s u rdity of th e

S ecreta ry qf S ta te f or Wa r ,
and ou r m i l i ta ry a ut h or i ti es gen er a l ly ,
d en o u n ci n g th e M ilitia a s u se e s s o r l r e d u n da n t — Sp ecta tor
. .

F o r the a bs u r d i ty o f d enou n ci ng w r i t e h ow a bs u r d it w as

f or to den ou n ce . F al s e s c e nt though l e ss d e c e p tive

,
.

Ap p ar e n tly h is m i s s i o n w as d e cid e d u p o n with o u t th a t of th e B r i ti s h

a n d S p a n i s h M i n i s ter s havi n g b e e n tak en i n t o a cc o u n t o r at all e v e n t s , , ,

with ou t th e ir havi n g b e en s u ffi ci e n tly r e ck o n e d with Ti mes . .

Withou t r e ga r d ( at all e v e nt s withou t s u ffici e nt re gard ) to that

of

ca p ital s eeki ng e mp l o y m en t in fo r e ign p ro t e ct e d c oun tri e s in ,

c o n s e qu en c e o f m a n uf a ctu r i ng bu s i n ess i n m a ny br a n ch es i n w h i ch i t
m igh t be e mp l oyed a t h om e b e i n g r e n d e r e d u np r o fitabl e by o u r s y s t e m
o f f re e trad e — L O RD GO S C H E N
. .

Fo r in con s equ ence f o bei ng writ e beca u s e h a s been .

Bad fal s e s c e n t agai n .

S o far fr o m th e r el i e f gi v en to a by th e S ta te p ay i ng on e h a lf
gr i cu l tu r e
-

of th e r a tes b e i n g i n e qu itabl e it ,
is b u t a bare act o f j us t ic e — Sp ecta tor .

O b s e rve th e fu s e d p art i ci p l e withi n f u s e d p artici p l e h e r e ;

an d r e ad thu s : S o f a r fro m i ts b e ing i n e qu itabl e that t h e
s tat e s h o ul d r e li e v e & c ,
.

A ft e r th e s e s p e ci m e n s cho s e n not a s e xc e p tional on e s bu t

, ,

m e r e ly as not adm itting o f s i m p l e corr e cti o n by in s e rtion o f

th e p o s s e s s iv e m a r k th e r e ad e r will p e rha p s agr e e that t h e
,

l o ng g e ru n d s ubj e ct — o r rath e r nou n p hra s e o f th e f u s e d

a r tici l — i s a m o n s tr o s i ty th e ab ol ition o f whi ch w o ul d b e
p p e ,

a r e li e f t o hi m and good d i s ci p lin e fo r th e writ e r

, .

Two s e nt e nc e s are add e d to s how th e chaotic s tat e o f

 G ERU N D O R FUS E D P A RT I C I P L E ? 1 2
5

r s e nt p racti c e N o ticing t h e bold u s e o f t h e s trict g e r u nd

p e .

i n th e fir s t w e concl ud e that th e auth o r is a s o u nd ge ru n d i te

, ,

faith ful i n s p it e o f all t e m p tat i o n s ; b u t a fe w p ag e s lat e r

co m es th e n e e dl es s r e la p se int o f u s e d p a r ti ci p l e .

Ir e mem b e r o ld Col n ey s o n c e in o ld day s ca ll i ng th a t ki nd o f marriag e

’

, ,

a s arc o p hag u s — M E R E D I T H .

S h e had th o ught in h er h e art th at M r B a r m by espo u s i ng th e girl .

w o u ld s mo o th e a tr o u bl e d p r o s p e ct — M E R E D I T H . .

Th e fo llowinglook s lik e a d e lib e rat e avoidanc e o f both con

s t ru c t io n s by a writ e r w h o i s und e c id e d b e tw e e n t h e two 1 ts .

bei ng i s what s ho u ld hav e b e e n writt e n .

I do n ot say that advic e i s n o t s ou n d or c om p lai n that it

th e , is giv en .

I do d e p r e cat e tha t i t s h ou ld be tak e n Ti mes .

—
.

hyn e s s o f s o meth i ng s bei ng s how n accou nt s

’
A n d p e rha p s a s

fo r th e n e xt o d d arrang e m e nt ; i t is tr u e that e ntir e r e ca s ting

is what is cal l e d fo r .

Th er e bei ng s h ow n to be m eth i ng radically d e fe ctiv e in th e m a n ag e

so

me n t o t e Ba k l e to th e a pp o i n t m e t
f h n d n o f aC o m m i tt e e — H D M A C L E OD .
~ ~
. . .

2 . W h en m us t u b j e c t o f th e ger u n d ( o r i n fi n i t i v e ) b e
th e s

e x p r e s s e d an d w h e n o m i tt e d ?
,

Thi s is not a c o n tr o v e r s ial m att e r l ik e th e l a s t ; th e p ri n

c ip l e s a re q u it e s i m p l e and w ill b e acc e p t e d
,
bu t i t is
n e c e s s ary to s tat e and i l lu s trat e th e m b e cau s e th e y a re o f t e n
f orgott e n A s t h e s am e m i s tak e s are s om e ti m e s mad e with
.

th e in finitiv e that is to b e con s id e r e d a s incl ud e d

, .

R oughly th e s ubj e ct o f t h e g e rund ( o r i nfi n itiv e ) S houl d b e

,

e x p r e s s e d i f i t i s d i ffe r e nt f ro m an d omitt e d i f it is th e s am e
,

a s th e s ubj e ct o f th e s e nt e nc e
, To om i t i t wh e n di ffe r e nt i s
.

p o s itiv e ly wrong and m ay

, p r o duc e act u al ambiguity o r wor s e ,

though s om e ti m es th e r e is onl y a s l i p s ho d e ffe ct to i n s e rt it

wh e n th e s am e is g e n e ral ly clu m s y .

’
N o o n e woul d s ay I s ucc e e d e d to h is p ro p e r ty u p on dying ,

b e cau s e I b e ing t h e s ubj e ct o f th e s e nt e nc e my is natural l y

, ,

s ugg es t e d i n s t e ad o f th e n e c e s s ary h is a s s ubj e ct o f th e

g e rund ; th e h is m u s t b e in s e rt e d b e fo r e dy i ng e v e n tho u gh ,
I 26 S YN T A X

th e at u r e o f t h e ca s e o bviat e s ambigu ity

n . To tak e an
in s tanc e that wi ll S how both s id e s th e fo ll o wing ,
is c o r r e ct
I s hut d o o r a n d s t o o d with m y back to it Th e n i n s t e ad
th e .
, of h is
ph i l a n der i ng w ith B e s s I C l e m e n ti n a M a c Taggart had s o me
, , , p lai n

s p e e ch with J o h n Barn aby C R O C K E TT .

-
.

S u bj e ct of th e
nt e nc e I ; s u bj e ct o f th e g e rund h e ; th e y
se , ,

a re di ff e r e nt ; th e r e fo r e t h e h e m u s t b e e x p r e s s e d i n th e s ha p e ,

o f h is No w r e w r it e th e m ai n s e nt e n c e a s — J ohn B a r naby
.

h e a r d s o m e p lai n s p e e ch f ro m m e C l e m e ntina M ac Ta gga rt ,

.

Th e s e n s e is t h e s a m e ; b u t t h e h is b e fo r e p h i la n der i ng at onc e
b e c o m e s s u p e r fl u o u s ; it is n o t y e t s e r iou s ly i n th e way ,

b e cau s e w e d o n o t k n o w what i s t h e s ubj e ct o f p h il a nder i ng ,

t h e n am e o nly c o m ing l at e r No w r writ it agai n s Th e n

e e a — .

J o h n B arnaby h e ard s o m e p lai n s p e e ch f ro m i n s t e ad o f

T h e h is i s n ow s o clu m s y a s to b e al mo s t i m p o s s ibl e .

Th e in s e rti o n o f s u p e r fl u o u s s u bj e ct s i s m u ch l e s s c o m m on
than t h e o m i s s i o n o f n e c e s s ary o n e s ; but thr e e e xam p l e s
fol low Th e fi rs t i s a rar e and p r e ciou s vari e ty ; t h e s e con d
.

h a s n o a p p ar e nt j u s ti fication ; fo r th e third it m ay b e s aid

that th e u nu s ual h is h as th e s am e e ffe ct a s t h e i n s e rtion o f th e
ar e nth e ti c word s a s h e ac tu a lly does a f t e r l i m i ti ng woul d
p
hav e had .

Yo u t o o k fo o d to h im b u t i n s t e ad of h e rea ch i ng o u t h is ha n d an d
,

taki n g it e k ep t a s ki ng fo ood D a i ly Tel egr aph

h ,
r f — .

H ars h fact s : s u re a s s h e w a s o f h er n e v e r l os i ng h e r filial h o ld o f th e

b e l o ve d M E R E D I T H
— . .

I hav e s aid that M r C ha mb e rlai n h a s n o warra n t fo r h i s l i mi ti ng th e

.

hra se to th e c o m e titiv e m a n u fact u r e f g o d — L O R D G O SC H E N

p p o o s .

I n giving th e rul e s um marily w e u s e d th e p hra s e s u bj ec t of ,

the s en tence That p hra s e is not t o b e confin e d to th e s ubj e ct o f

.

th e m ain s e nt e nc e bu t to b e r e fe rr e d i n s t e ad wh e n n e c e s s ary
, , ,

to th e s u bj e ct o f th e s ubo rd inat e clau s e in which th e g e ru nd

m ay s tand F or in s tanc e .

Th e good , ill um i n at e d s it a p art fro m th e re s t c e ns uri n g th e i r

th e , ,

d ull n e s s and vi c es a s if th e y th o u ght that by s i tti ng v e ry gr a n d in th e ir

, ,
128 S YN T A X

as s u mi ng ch a charact e r c e rtai n o th e rwi s e crafty

su , p er s o n s w o u ld talk
m o re r e adily b e fo r e m e — C O R E L L I . .

Wri t e if I a s s u m ed
o r e l s e 1 s hou l d i n du ce c er ta i n
to ta lh I t will b e noti c e d that th e m i s tak e h e r e
per s o n s .
,

and o ft e n i s anal o g o u s to th e m o s t f r e qu e n t fo r m o f w r o ngly

,

attach e d p a r tici p l e (p artici p l e 5 ) t h e wri t e r d o e s n o t ob s e rv

,
e

that h e h as p racti cally p as s e d f ro m t h e s p h e r e o f th e s e nt e nc e

who s e s u bj e ct w as t h e wo rd that h e s ti ll all o w s to o p e rat e .

Af ter f o l l o w i ng a c o u ntry C h u rch o f E nglan d cl e rgy m a n fo r a p e ri o d

o f half a c e n t u ry a n e wly a p p o i n t e d y o u th f u l vicar t o tally u n ac qu ai n t e d
,
-
, ,

with r u ral li fe c o m e s i n t o th e p ari sh a n d at o n c e c o mm e n c e s to alt e r th e

, ,

s e rvic e s o f th e C h u rch b e li e v e d in by t h e p ari s h i o n e r s f o r g en e rati o n s

,
.

D a i ly Tel egr aph .

’
G ram m ar giv e s h i s 1 e .
, th e n ew vica r s ,
as s ubj e ct o ff ol lo w i ng
In s e rt my o r ou r
’
it is r e al l y e i th e r my the a r i s h i o n er s
or p .
,

or writ e Af ter we ( )
I h a ve f o ll o w ed .

I ibl e that by
a m se n s con n i vi ng at it it will tak e to o d eep ro o t ev e r to
b e e radicat e d Ti m es
. .

I n s e rt ou r , o r writ e zf con n i ved a t .

Thi s w as ri en c e d by c ertai n s en s itiv e t e m p era m e nt s e ith er by

ex p e ,

s e n s ati o ns wh ich p r o d u c e d s hiv e ri n g o r by s eei ng at n ight a p e c u liar

,

light in t e air Ti m es
h — . .

Who o r what s e es ? C e rtainly n o t th is th e m ai n ,

s ubj e ct .

N ot e v e n temper a men ts which hav e no e y e s Wri t e ,

. P er s ons
of s ens i ti ve tem er a men t exp er i en ced th is G o
p ,
.

B ut t h e c o m me rcial i n t e re s t s o f b o th Gre at Britai n a n d t h e U nit e d

S tat e s w e re to o cl o se ly a ff e ct e d by th e t e rm s o f th e R u s so C hi ne s e -

agreem en t to l et it p a s s u n no tic e d Ti m es . .

I t is not th e i nt e r e s t s that cannot le t it p a s s b ut th e countri e s ,

.

I n se rt f or thos e cou n tr ies b e for e to le t ; or writ e B o th Gr ea t

B r i ta i n a nd the Un i ted S ta tes w er e too clos ely afi ec ted i n th eir
i n ter es ts to le t
An d it w ou ld b e w e ll for all c on c e rne d for m o t o r driv e r s ,
a nd th e

p u blic alik e if,

thi s w e r e m ad e l a w i n s t e ad of fix i ng a m a x i m u m
,
s p ee d .

Writ e if th e la w r eq u i red th i s
 S U BJ E CT OF G E R U N D A ND I N F I N IT IVE 1 29

And i n o r d er to br i ng h e r t o a right un d er s ta n di n g , sh e un d e rw e n t
a s y s t e m o f p e r s e c u ti on F E RR I E R .
—S . .

W r it e they s u bj ec ted h er to fo r s h e u n der w en t .

H e r fri e n d s hi p i s t o o p r e ci o u s to m e n o t to dou bt m y o w n m e rit s o n ,

th e o n e ha n d a n d n o t t o b e a n x i o u s f o r th e p r e s e rvati o n of it o n th e
,

o men — R I C H A R D S ON .

W r it e 1 va lu e her f r iends h ip too h igh ly n o t to

O n e ca nn o t d o go o d to a m an wh o s e m o u th h a s b e e n gagg e d i n or der
n ot to h ea r what h e d e s ir e s fo r h i s w e l far e Ti m es . .

G ram mar s u gg e s t s that h is m o u th — o r i f i n d ulg e nt that h e , ,

i s n o t to h e ar ; b u t th e p e r s o n m e a n t is o ne Writ e o n e h a s .

g gg
a ed fo r h as been gagged .

Ge r m a n y h as ,
ala s vict o ri e s en ough n ot to a dd on e o f th e ki n d which
w ou ld hav e b e en i mp li e d in th e re tire m e n t o f M D e lca s se Ti mes . .
-
.

It is F r anc e not Ge rm any that s houl d not add Wri t e w i th

, ,
.

’
ou t F r a n ce s a dd i ng .

] n or der ac e
to o bta i n p e , ordi n ary battl es f o ll o w e d by o rdi nary vict o ri e s
a n d o rdi n ary r e s u lt s will o n ly l e ad t o a l
u se e s s p r o l o n gati o n o f t h e

s tr u ggl e Ti m es
. .

Thi s is a tri u m p h of inco n s e qu e nc e . Writ e If p eace i s th e

j
ob ec t, i t s h ou ld be r emember ed th a t or d i n a ry

I t wil l hav e o ccu r r e d to th e re ad e r that whil e m o s t o f th e ,

s e nt e nc e s q u ot e d a re to b e c o nd e mn e d obj e cti o n to a fe w o f ,

th e m m ight b e call e d p e d anti c Th e fact is that e ve ry w r it e r .

p r obably br e ak s t h e r u l e o ft e n a n d e s ca p e s n o ti c e o th e r , ,

ff
’

p p
e o l e s h i s o w
, n or both D,
i e r e nt r e ad e r s how e v e r wil l b e
.
, ,

cr i t i cal in di ffe r e n t d e g r e e s ; an d w h o e v e r b r e ak s th e r ul e d o es
s o at h is o w n ri s k ; i f h is o ffe n c e is n o ti c e d that is ha n g i n g ,

e vid e nc e again s t h i m by i t s e l f ; i f it i s n o t n o tic e d i t i s n o t a n ,

O ffe nc e O f s ayi n g o n p ag e 1 2 7 M is ta hes a r e m en ded s o me

.

ti m es by i n s er ti ng th e s u bj ec t w e p l e ad Gu i lty if w e w e r e ,

caught i n th e act but o th e r wi s e No t Gu i lty,

.

3 . Ch oi c e b e tw e e n t h e ge r u n d w i th p r e p o s i ti o n an d th e

i n fi n i ti ve .

It w as s ai d i n th e p r e l i mi n ary s e cti o n o n th e P a r t i ci p l e a n d
Ge rund that w r i ti ng th e v e r ba l n o u n o r g r und a n d to
— e —

K
1 3 0 S YN T A X

w r i te— th e i nfi n it i vei n s o m e s e n s e s ynonym s ; but

-
a re

p h r a s e s w e r e giv e n s h o wing that i t i s by n o m e an s al w ay s

i n di ff e re nt which o f th e two is u s ed I t is a matt e r o f idiom .

rath e r than o f g r a m m ar b u t thi s s e e m s th e m o s t conv e n i e nt

p lac e f o r d rawing att e nti o n t o it T o giv e s ati s f act o ry rul es.

wo u l d r e q u ir e many m o r e e xam p l e s and m u ch mor e s p ac e

than can b e a ff o rd e d B u t s om e thing wi l l b e gai n e d if
.

s tud e nt s a re convinc e d ( I ) that many o f t h e m i s tak e s m ad e

giv e s e nt e nc es th e a p p e aranc e o f havi ng b e e n w r itt e n by a

fo r e i gn e r o r o n e w h o is n o t at ho m e with t h e l it e rary
languag e ; ( 2 ) that th e m i s tak e s a re n e arly always o n o n e
s id e t h e i nfi nitiv e b e ing t h e f o r m that s houl d only b e u s e d
,

with cau tion ; (3 ) that a s l ight chang e i n arrang e m e nt m ay

r eq u ir e a chang e f ro m i n fi nitiv e to g e rund o r vic e v e r s a .

Wh e n th e i n fin itiv e o r g e ru nd is attach e d to a nou n

a .
,

d e fining or an s w e ring th e qu e s tion w h a t (ho p e &c ) about it , .

,

i t is al m o s t alway s b e tt e r to u s e t h e g e run d with of ; not q u it e

always how e v e r ; fo r in s tanc e a n i n ten ti on to r etu r n u s u ally
, , , ,

and a tenden cy to th i n/e always .

Th e vai n h op e to be by e v e ryb o dy p o s s e s s e d of a ball o t

u n der s tood

m ak e s u s in th e U n it e d S tat e s p e rha p s g u ilti e r tha n p u blic m en i n Gr e at

B ritai n in th e u se o f that mo n s tr ou s m u ddl e d dich o t o my cap ital a n d ‘

lab o u r Ti m es .

What ho p e That o f b e ing u nd e rs tood

-
. Wri t e it so, an d
tre at all th e fo llowing s imilarly :
Th e hab it u al n ec ess i ty to a m a s s [o f a m a s s i ng ] m att e r fo r th e w eekly
se rm o n set h im n o ti n g
,
— E RE I M D TH .

W e wi s h t o b e a mo ng th e fir s t licitat e M r W h it e law Re id u p o n
t o fe .

h is o pp or tu n i ty to ex er ci s e [of e xerci s i n g] agai n th e di s ti ng u i s h e d tal en t s

which Ti m es .

M e n l ie twe n ty ti mes in a s m a n y h o u r s in th e h op e to p r op i ti a te [o f
r itiati g — C O REL L I
p p o n ] yo u . .

W e l e ft th e m ou n d in th e twilight with th e design to r etu r n [o f ,

r e t u rn i ng] th e n ex t m o rn i ng — E M E R S ON .

Th e m ai n d u ti e s o f g o v e r n m e n t w e r e o itt e d th e d u ty to i n s tr u ct [o f
m —

i n s tru cti ng] th e ig n o ra n t to s upp ly [o f s u pplyi n g ] th e p oo r with w o rk an d

,

g oo d g u ida n c e E M E R S ON
—
.
132 S YN T A X

B ut re c o gn iti on o f it i m pli e s
ou r a c orre s p o ndi ng d u ty to m a he th e mo s t
o f s u ch adva n tag e s — Ti m es .

A d uty to mak e : the d u ty o f maki n g C om p are p ow er and .

the p ow er ab o v e .

Th e fo ll o w ing is p r o bably an ada p tati o n ( not to b e c o m

m e nd e d ) o f i t i s n eces s a ry f or R u ss ia to s ecu r e— f or R u s s i a to
s ec u r e b e i n g r e ga r d e d a s a fu s e d i nfini tiv e lik e t h e L ati n
accu s ativ e and i nfinitiv e .

H is vi e w s o n th e n ecess i ty f o r R u s s ia to s ecu r e th e c o m ma n d of th e
sea Ti m es .

b .Th o ugh th e g e rund with of is th e u s ual con s truction

a ft e r n o u n s th e y s om e ti m e s p r e fe r th e g e ru nd wi th oth e r
,

r
p p e o s i tion s al s o to t h e i n fi n itiv e Th e g e rund with i n s hould .

b e u s e d fo r i ns tanc e i n th e f ollowing
,
But e u p h o ny o p e rat e s
,
.

agai n i n th e fi rs t .

th e extra o rdi n ary r emi s s n ess o f th e E ngli s h c o mm a n d e r s to u ti l i z e

th e ir p r e p on d erat i ng s tre n gth agai n s t th e B o e r s Ti m es . .

L o rd K e n y o n re m i n d e d th e H o u s e o f t h e r e s i s ta n c e m e t with to vacci na
ti on to [o f th e p os s ibl e m
, fi ct o f th e p r o p os al to i n cr ea s e that r e s i s ta n c e
’
.

— Ti mes .

thi n k s c u l p t u r e an d p ai n ti n g hav e a n m f ect to tea ch u s m a n n e r s a nd

'

I
ab o li s h h u rry E M E R S ON .
-
.

S u ch a ca p it u lati o n w o u ld b e i n c o n s i s t e n t with th e p o s iti o n o f any

Gre at P o w e r i n d e p en d e n tly o f th e h u mi l i a ti on th e re w o u ld b e fo r E n gla n d
,

an d F ra n c e t o s u bmi t th e ir agr e e m e n t f or a p p r o val an d p e rha p s m o d ifi ca

ti o n to Ger m a n y Ti mes . .

Th e hu miliati o n th e re wo u l d b e i n s ub mitting ; or th e h u m il i
ation it would b e to s ub mit .

c A f t e r v e rb s and adj e ctiv e s th e i nfi nitiv e is m uch m or e

.

common but no o ne will u s e a g e run d wh e re an i nfinitiv e is

re qu i re d whil e m any will d o th e r e v e rs e
, .

B ut hi s t o ry a ccor ds with th e J a p an ese p ractic e to s h ow [in s h o w i ng]

that -
Ti mes .

W e mu s t n e es sc
arily a pp eal to th e i n t u iti on an d a i m m u ch m o re , to
s ugges t tha n to d es cr i be a t s u gge s ti n g tha n at d e s cribi n g ] — E M E R S O N
[ . .

B ut th ey can o n ly highly s e rv e u s wh en th ey a i m n o t to d r i l l b u t , ,
to
c r e a te [at drilli g b u t at cr eati n g] E M E RS ON
n ,
— . .
 GE R U N D OR I N F I N IT IV E ? 1
33

S o far f r o m a i mi ng to be m i s tr e s s o f E u ro p e , s h e w a s ra p idly s i nki n g

i t th e al m o s t h el p l es s p r e y f F ra ce J R GR E E N
n o o n — . . .

Thi s i s t o av o i d aim ing at be i n g ; c o m p ar e th e av o id anc e of

do u bl e of abov e .

L os e no ti m e, I p ray yo u , to a dvi s e — RI C H AR D S ON .

In a d vi s i ng may hav e b e e n av o id e d as a mb i gu ou s .

E g o ti s m h a s its r oo t in th e cardi n al n e c e s s ity by which e ach i n divid u al

b i g what —E M E R S ON
per s i s ts to be [in e n ] h e i s . .

I d o n o t d esp a i r t o s ee [o f s e e i n g ] a m o t o r p u blic s e rvic e — Gu er n s ey

A dv er ti s er .

Th e ir j ou rne y m en are far t o o d e cla m at o ry an d to o mu ch a d di cted to

,

s u bs ti tu te [s u b s tit u ti n g ] vag u e a n d ril e di rtati o n s f r lid i t

p u e s s e o s o n s ruc

t i on — M O RL E Y
. .

I n th e c o mmon p hra s e a dd i c ted to d r i n k d r i nk is a n o u n n o t , ,

a ve r b .

H i s blackg u ard c o u n try m e n alway s a ver s e a s th e ir d e s c e n da n t s a re

, , ,

to gi v e [givi n g ] cr e dit to a n yb o dy f o r an y val u abl e q u ality —B O RR O W

, . .

I s h e to be bl a med if h e thi n k s a p e r s o n w o u ld m ak e a wi fe w o rth

,

havi ng to en dea v ou r [fo r e n d e av o u ri ng ] t o o btai n h er RI C H A R D S ON

,
-
.

d I f a d e f e rr e d s ubj e ct antici p at e d by i t is to b e v e r bal i t

.
, , ,

mu s t o f cour s e b e e i th e r th e infi nitiv e o r a g e r u nd witho u t

p p r e o s iti o n .

F o rt un e w h o h as gen e rally b e en r eady to grati fy m y i n cli nati o ns

, ,

p ro vid e d i t c o s t h e r v e ry littl e by s o d o i ng B O R RO W -
.

S H AL L A ND WILL
I t is un fortunat e that th e id i o mati c u s e whil e i t c o m e s by ,

natu r e to s outh e rn E ngl i s hm e n ( who will fi nd m o s t o f thi s

s e cti o n s u e r fl u o u s
p ) i s s o c o m p li cat e d that th o s e w h o a re n o t
,

t o t h e m an n e r born can ha r d ly acqu i r e i t ; and fo r th e m th e

s e cti o n i s i n d ang e r o f b e i ng u s e l e s s I n a p o l o gy fo r t h e .

l e ngth o f th e s e r e mark s i t m u s t b e s ai d that t h e s h o r t a n d

s im p l e d i r e ct i o n s o ft e n giv e n a re w o r s e tha n u s e l es s Th e .

o b s e r vant r e ad e r s o o n l o s e s fa ith in th e m f r o m th e i r c o ns ta n t

failu r e to tak e him right ; a nd th e u n o b s e rva n t is th e vic ti m

o f fal s e s e cu r ity .

R o u ghly s p e aking s h ou ld follow s t h e s am e r u l e s a s s h a ll

, ,
1 34 S YN T A X

and w ou ld a s w ill ; i n what fo ll o w s S h m ay b e tak e n a s an ,

.

abbr e viati o n fo r s h a ll s h ou ld and s hou ld h a ve and W fo r w i ll

, , , .
,

w ou ld and w ou ld h a ve
,
.

I n o u r u s ag e o f t h e S h and W fo r m s a s s e e n i n p rinci p al . .
,

s e nt e n c e s th e r e a re e l e m e nt s b e l o nging to th r e e s ys t e m s
, .

Th e fi r s t o f th e s e i n whi ch e ac h fo r m r e tain s its f u l l o riginal

,

m e an i n g and th e t w o a re not u s e d to giv e d i ff e re n t p e rs on s

,

o f t h e s am e t e n s e w e s hal l cal l t h e p u r e s y s t e m : t h e
,

oth e r t w o b oth hybrid s wil l b e call e d o ne t h e col o ur e d

, , ,

future t h e oth e r t h e p lai n f utu re s y s t e m

,
I n O l d E ngli s h -
.

th e r e w a s n o s ep arat e futu r e ; p re s e nt and future w e re o ne .

S h a ll and w il l w e r e t h e p r e s e nt s o f two v e rb s t o which b e l o ng ,

al s o th e p a s t s s hou ld and w ou ld th e cond itional s s hou ld and ,

w o u ld and th e p a s t condi tional s s h ou ld h a ve an d w ou ld h a ve

, .

S h a ll had th e m e aning o f com ma nd or obligat ion and w i ll o f ,

wi s h B u t a s com m and s and wi s h e s a re conc e rn e d mainly

.

with th e f utu r e i t w as natu ral that a futur e t e n s e auxi liary

,

s h o uld b e d e v e lo p e d ou t o f th e s e two v e rb s Th e col o u r e d .

futur e r es ul t s f rom t h e a p p li cation to futur e tim e o f tho s e

fo rm s that w e r e p ractically u s e ful i n th e p u r e s y s te m ; th e y
c o n s e qu e ntly r e tain in t h e col o u re d futur e with s o m e m o difi ,

cati o n s th e id e a s o f c o m mand and wi s h p ro p e r to th e origi nal

,

v e r b s Th e p lai n fut u re r es ult s f rom th e taking o f tho s e

.

fo r m s that w e r e p ractical ly out o f work i n th e p u re s ys t e m t o

m ak e what had not b e for e e xi s t e d a S im p l e futu r e t e n s e th es e ,

hav e accord ingly n o t re tain e d t h e id e a s o f com mand and wi s h

Which w e r e th e p racticall y u s e fu l and whi ch th e s u p e r fl uou s
form s i n th e p u r e s ys t e m m u s t n o w b e e x p lain e d .

Th ou s h a l t n ot s tea l i s t h e ty p e o f s h a ll in t h e p ure s y s t e m .

W e d o n o t ord i narily i s s u e co m m and s to ou rs e lve s ; c o n s e

qu e ntly I s h a ll is hardly re quir e d ; bu t w e o ft e n a s k f o r
ord e r s and th e r e fo re s h a ll I is r e qu i r e d Th e fo r m o f th e
,
7 . .

s h a l l p r e s e nt in t h e p ur e s y s t e m is acc o rdingly

S hall I ? Yo u s hall . He s hall . S hall we ? Th e y s hall .

As to th e p a s t t ense ,
o rd e r s cann o t be giv e n but may b e a s k e d
,
1 3 6 S YN T A X

It s h o u ld s ee m w o u ld a pp ar ently b e i n c umb e n t o n u s to
so .
( It
b eli e v e ) I s o lat e d idi o m w ith third .

I will hav e m y way No t re q u ir e d i n s e c o n d a n d third ; b u t s e e b e l o w

. .

I ( h e ) a s k e d h im ( m e ) t o d o it b u t h e ( I ) w o u ld n o t
,
I n all . .

I w o u ld n o t hav e d o n e it f o r th e w o rld I n a ll . .

I w o u ld b e t o ld t o wait a whil e ( H abit u al ) I n all . .

W ill yo u c o m e with m e ? No t r e qu ire d i n fir s t .

I w o u ld I w e re d e ad No t r e qu ire d in s e c o n d a nd third
. .

H e will bit e h is n ail s what e v e r I s a y ,

I n all . .

H e will o f t e n s ta n d o n h is h e ad I n all . .

Yo u will s till b e talki ng yo u al w ay s are) Not r eq u ir e d in fir s t . .

A c o at will la s t t w o y e ar s with care .

I t wil l b e n otic e d that th e la s t four fo rm s a re among tho s e

that w e r e o mitt e d a s not r e quir e d by t h e p u r e s y s t e m Wi ll .

woul d rar e ly b e r e qu ir e d i n s e cond and third p e rs on s tat e

m e nt s b u t wo u l d o f co u rs e b e p o s s ibl e i n favourabl e
,

circu m s tanc e s as in d es cribing habi tual action wh e r e t h e

, ,

wil l o f anoth e r m ay b e in fe rr e d from p a s t e x p e ri e nc e Th e .

la s t o f al l is a natural e xt e n s io n o f th e idiom e v e n to thing s

’
that hav e n o will A ll th e s e habitual u s es a re quit e d i ffe r
.
‘

e n t f r o m I w i ll h a ve my w a and though y w i l l h ve
y ou a y o u r
’
w ay i s p o ss ibl e it a lway s h as th e
,
habitual m eaning which ,

I w i ll h a ve my w ay i s u s u ally without .

A ll th e fo rm s i n th e abov e l i s t and oth e rs l ik e th e m hav e , ,

thr e e p e cul iariti es — that th e y a re not p rac tical ly futur es as

di s ti n g u i s h e d f r o m p r es e nt s ; that th e y u s e S h fo r al l p e rs on s .
,

o r W f o r al l p e r s on s i f th e id e a i s a p p ro riat e t o al l p e r s on s
.
p
,

and that th e id e a s a re s i m p ly o r with v e ry littl e e xt e n s io n , ,

tho s e o f com mand o r o bl igation and wi s h .

Th e colou r e d fu tur e s ys t e m is s o call e d b e cau s e whil e th e

-
,

f utur e s e n s e i s mor e di s tin ct it is s til l c o lour e d with th e ,

’
s e ak e r s m o od ; co m mand and wi s h r e c e iv e e xt e n s ion s and
p
i n cl u d e p ro mi s e p e rm i ss ion m e nac e con s e n t a s s u ra nc e int e n
, , , , ,

ti o n r e fu s al o ffe r & c ; a n d th e form s u s e d a re i nvariably

, , ,
.

th o s e — f ro m b o th S h and W that w e cal l e d th e p racti cally

. .
-

u s e ful on es i n th e p u r e s ys t e m That is w e hav e alway s .

,
 S H A L L A ND WILL 1 37

I will , s hall I ? Yo u s hall will , yo u ? He s hall w ill,

he ? W e will ,

s hall we ? T h e y s hall will th ey ?

,

A n d th e cond itional s s hou ld and w ou ld s h ou ld h a ve and , ,

w ou ld h a ve a re u s e d with e xactly th e s a m e variati o n s

, It
wil l b e b o r n e i n m ind h o w e v e r that no cl e ar li n e o f d ivi s i o n
, ,

can b e drawn b e tw e e n t h e p u r e s y s t e m and th e col o ur e d

f utu r e s y s t e m s i nc e th e latt e r is d e v e l o p e d natu r al ly ( wh e r e a s
,

th e p lain f u tur e s y s t e m i s rath e r d e v e l o p e d artifi cially ) o u t o f

-

th e form e r A n d e s p e cially th e qu e s tion s o f th e colou r e d

.

f u tu r e a re s i m p ly tho s e o f th e p ur e s y s t e m wi thout a n y s o r t o f
m odifi cation .

Ru le 2 . Th e C ol o u r e d - F u t u r e S y s t e m

I n future and con d iti o nal s tat e m e nt s that incl u d e ( with o u t

th e u s e o f s p e cial w o rd s f o r t h e p ur p o s e ) an e x p r e s s i o n o f th e
’
s ari ly o f th e
s p e ak e r s ( n c ubj ct ) wi h int e ntio n
’
n o t e e s s e s s , ,

m e nac e a s s u ranc e c o n s e nt r e fu s al p rom i s e o ffe r p e rm i s s ion

, , , , , , ,

c m mand & c in s uch s e nt e nc es th e fi r s t p e rs on h as W th e

o —
,
. .
,

s e cond and thi rd

p e r s on s S h .

I will t e ll you p re se n tly M y p r om i s e . .

Yo u s hall r e p e n t i t b efo r e l o n g M y m en ac e . .

H e s hall n o t hav e an y M y re f u s a l . .

W e w o u ld go i f w e c ou ld O u r c o n diti o n al i nt e nti o n . .

Yo u s h o u ld do it if w e c o u ld m ak e yo u O ur c o n diti o n al c o m m a n d . .

T h e y s h o u ld hav e had it if th e y had a s k e d M y c o n diti o n al c o ns e n t . .

Th e only qu e s tion s p o ss ibl e h e r e a re t h e a s ki ng fo r ord e rs and

th e r e qu es t s al r e ady di s p o s e d o f u nd e r R ul e 1 .

O b s e r v e that I w ou ld l i he (which is n o t E ngli s h ) i s n o t

j u s t i fi e d by thi s r u l e b e cau s e t h e s p e ak e r s m ood is e x p r e s s e d
,
’

by lihe and d o es not n ee d d oubl e e x p r e ss ion i t o ught t o b e

,

I s h ou ld l i he u nd e r R u l e 3 , .

O b s e rv e al s o that I s h a n t You w i ll go to y o u r r oo m a nd ,

s tay ther e a re only a p p are n t e xc e p ti o n s which will b e

, ,

e x p lain e d und e r R u l e
3 .

Th e archaic l it e rary fo r m s Yo u s ha ll fi n d A r ogu e s h a ll of ten ,

p a s s f o r a n h o n es t m a n tho u gh n o w a ffe ct e d a n d p r e t
,
e n ti o u s ,
 1
3 8 S Y NTA X

a re gra mm atically d e fe n s ibl e Th e s p eak e r a s k s u s to tak e .

th e f act o n h is p e r s o nal a s s u ra n c e .

Th e fo rm s l ittl e r e qu i r e d i n t h e p u r e s y s t e m and th e r e fo re ,

r e ady to hand fo r m aking th e n e w p lai n futu r e w e r e I and w e , , ,

s h a l l ; y ou h e and they w i ll
, ,
Th e s e acc o rdingly con s tit u t e
, .

th e p lai n f utu re and t h e cor r e s p o nd ing f o r m s o f th e p lai n

,

c o n diti o nal a re u s e d analogou s ly Q u e s tion s fol l o w th e s am e .

r u l e with o ne v e r y i m p o rtant e xc ep ti o n which wi ll b e giv en

, ,

a s e p arat e rul e We n o w giv e

Ru l e 3 Th e P l ai n F u t u re S y s t e m .
-

I n p lain s tat e m e nt s abou t t h e fu tu re and i n th e p ri nci p al ,

clau s e r e s ul t or a p odo s i s o f p lai n cond iti o nal s e nt e nc e s

, ,

( wh e th e r t h e s ubordinat e clau s e c ondition o r if clau s e i s , ,

-

e x p r ess e d o r n ot
) t h e fi rs t p e r s o n h a s S h , th e s e cond a n d .
,

third p e rs o n s W Q u e s ti o n s c o n form e xc ep t th o s e o f th e
.
,

s e cond p e r s on f o r which s e e R ul e 4
, .

I hall you will d ie s o m e day

s , , .

S hall I will th e y b e h e r e to m o rr o w ?
, ,
-

W e s h ou ld h e w o u ld hav e c on s en t e d if yo u had a s k e d
, , .

S h ou ld w e w o u ld h e hav e m i s s e d yo u if yo u had b ee n th e re ?
, ,

I s h o u ld yo u w o u ld l ik e a bath e
, , .

S h o u ld I w o u ld h e lik e it m y s e l f hi m se l f ?
, , ,

S om e a pp ar e nt e xc e p tion s al r e ady anti ci p at e d mu s t h e re , ,

b e e x p lai n e d I t may b e s aid that I s h a ll ex ecu te y ou r or der s

.

b e ing th e s p e ak e r s p romi se You w i ll go to y ou r r oom b e ing

’

,
’

th e s p e ak e r s c o m mand a nd S h a u t ( th e nu r s e ry abbr e vi atio n

’ ’

fo r I s h a ll n o t d o i t) b e ing th e s p e ak e r s r e fu s al th e s e a re al l
’

colou re d f u t u re s s o that S h and W s hould b e r e v e rs e d in

, . .

e ach Th e y a re s u ch i n e ffe ct b u t th e y a re n o t i n f orm I n

.
,
.

e ach th e oth e r f orm w o u l d b e

, p o s s ibl e and c o rr e ct T h e fi r s t .

is a p r o m i s e o nly s o fa r a s t h e b e a re r choo s e s t o tak e a s a

p r o mi se t h e p lain f ut u r e o r i m p e r s o nal ro
p p h e cy ; b u t t h e

S p e a k e r e m p ha s i z e s h is o b e di e nc e by i m p lying that o f cou r s e ,

s i n c e t h e o rd e r h as b e e n giv e n i t w i l l b e e x e c u t e d th e matt e r ,

is s e ttl e d withou t h is u nim p o rtant c o n s e nt Th e oth e r t w o .

’
gai n fo r c e by t h e o p p o s it e a s s um p tion that th e s p e ak e r s will
 1 40 S YN T A X

qu e s tion s a sk e d fo r i n fo r mati o n a re com m o n e r than rh e t

o ric a l on e s Bu t o b s e rv e th e co m m o n Wou ld y o u bel ieve
.

it .
7 A n s w e r No of cou r s e y o u w ou ld n o t
, ,
S h ou ld y ou bel ie ve .

it .
7 al s o p o ss ibl e w o uld i nd icat e r e al c urio s ity about th e oth e r
,

p e r s o n s s tat e o f mind
’
which i s hard ly e v e r fe l t
, W o u ld
y o u .

bel ie ve i t ? h o w e v e r might al s o b e a cco u nt e d fo r o n th e

,

g r o u nd that th e an s w e r woul d b e No I w ou ld n o t which , ,

woul d b e a colour e d fu tu re fo rm m e ani ng I s h ou ld n ever cou

-
,

s eu t to bel i e ve .

Ru le 4 . S e c on d -p er s o n Q u e s ti o n s
S e cond p e r s o n qu e s ti o n s i nva r iably
-
hav e Sh . or W . by
a s s imilatio n to th e a n s w e r e x p e ct e d .

I t may b e ad d e d s inc e i t m ak e s th e a p p lication o f th e rul e

,

e a s i e r that t h e s e cond p e r s on qu e s tion s b e longing n o t to t h e

,
-

lain f u tu re but t o t h e p u r e s y s t e m a re al s o though n ot

p ,

b e ca u s e o f a s s imilati on th e s am e i n r e gard to S h and W as

,
. .

th e i r an s w e r s Thu s Wi l l y ou come Yes I w ill (e ach o n i ts

.
,

m e rit s) ,as w e l l a s S h a l l y ou be ther e I Yes I s h a ll ( a s s i mila ,

. h
tion ) S ou ld y ou n ot h a ve k n ow n 7 Yes I s h ou ld ( e ach o n .
,

its m e rit s ; s h ou ld m e an s ough t) a s w e l l a s Wh a t s h ou ld y ou ,

th i n h 7 I s h ou ld th i u le y ou w e r e r igh t ( a ss i mil ation )

. Th e .

tru e form fo r al l s e cond p e rs o n qu es tion s th en c a n b e as c e r

-
, ,

t a i n e d by d e cidi n g what th e e x p e ct e d an s w e r i s .

Thi s com p l e t e s w hat n e e d b e s aid about p ri nci p al s e nt e nc es ,

with th e e xc ep tion o f o n e i m p ortan t u s ag e that m ight cau se

p pe r l e xity I f s o m e.o n e s ay s to m e Y o u w o uld think so
‘

you rs e l f if you w e r e i n m y p o s ition I m ay e ith e r an s w e r N o ’

, ,
’
I s ho u l d n o t r e gula r ly o r may catch u p h is w o rd and r e tai n
, ,

t h e W th o ugh th e al t e ratio n o f p e r s o n r e qu ir e s S h
.
, Thu s .

A ccordingly
’
Woul d I th o ugh ? N o I wouldn t
, , ,

Ru le 5 . E ch oes

A ak er r e p e ating and ada p ting an o th e r s word s m ay ’

spe

n egl e ct to mak e th e alt e ration from S h to W o r fro m W to . .

, .

S h that an alt e ration o f th e p e rs on s trictly r e qu ir es

.
, .
 S HA L L A ND WI LL 1 4 1

W e hav e now all th e n e c e s s ary r u l es fo r p r inci p al s e nt e n c e s ,

a n d can p u t d o wn a fe w e xa m p l e s o f t h e ri ght u s ag e n o t e ,

worth y fo r vari o u s r e a s o n s and s o m e blu nd e r s t h e l att e r , ,

b e ing illu s trat e d i n p r o p o rti o n t o th e i r c o m m o nn e s s Th e .

numb e r o f th e r u l e o b s e rv e d o r br o k e n will b e add e d i n

b rack e t s f o r r e fe r e n c e Th e p a s s ag e f r o m J oh ns on with .

which th e corr e ct e xam p l e s b e gi n is in s tructiv e .

I w ou ld ( 2 ) i nj u re n o m an a n d s h o u ld ( 3 ) p r ov ok e no r e s en t men t ;
,

I w ou ld ( 2 ) r e l i e v e e v e ry di s tr e s s an d s h o u ld ( 3 ) e nj o y t h e b e n e dicti o n s
,

o f gratit u d e I w o u ld ( 2 ) ch o o s e m y fri e n d s a m o n g t h e wi s e a n d m y wi fe
.
,

a m o n g th e virt u o u s ; an d th e r e fo re s h o u ld ( 3 ) b e in n o da n g e r f r o m

tre ach e ry o r u n ki n d ne s s M y childr en s h o u ld ( 2 ) by m y car e b e l e ar n e d

.

an d p i o us an d w o u ld ( 3 ) r e p ay t o m y age what th e ir childh o o d had

,

r e c e iv e d — JO H N S ON .

C hatha m it s h o u ld ( I ) s e e m o ught t o hav e tak e n th e s a me s id e

, ,
.

M ACA U L AY .

F or i n s ta n c e wh en w e all e ge that i t i s agai n s t re a s o n to tax a p e o p l e

, ,

u n d e r so m a n y r e s trai n t s i n trad e a s t h e A m e rica n s t h e n o bl e l o rd in th e ,

bl ue riba n d s ha ll ( 2 ) t ell y ou — B URKE .

Th e critic fl y i f it d o b u t alight o n a n y p li n th o r s i n gl e c o r n ic e o f
‘ ’
,

a brav e s tat e ly b u ildi ng s hall ( 2 ) b e abl e to d e clare with its hal f i n ch

, ,
-

vi s i on that h ere is a s p e ck a n d th e re a n i n e qu alit y — C ARL Y L E

, ,
.

J o h n why s h o u ld you wa s t e y o u r s el f ( 1 ) u p o n th os e u gly giggli n g

,

girl s -
R G W H I TE
. . .

I t w ou ld n t b e q u it e p r o p e r to tak e h e r al o n e w ou ld it ? W hat s h o u ld
’

( 4 ) yo u s ay R G W H I TE . . .

W h e th e r I hav e attai n e d thi s t h e f u t u r e s hall d e cid e ( 2 I c o n s e n t to

,
.

acc ep t th e v erdict of th e f u t ur e) Ti m es . .

W e giv e firs t many e xam p l e s m i s tak e that is out o f all of th e

ro orti n t h co m m n e s t — u s i n g th e c o l o u r e d f u tur e wh e n
p p o e o

t h e s p e ak e r s mood is s u ffi c i e ntly giv e n by a s e p arat e w o r d

’
.

I n th e s e cond e xam p l e f o r i n s tanc e I w ou ld a s h the f a vou r

, ,

woul d b e q u it e right a n d w o uld m e an I s h ou ld lihe to a s h ,

.

A s it s ta n d s i t m e an s I s h ou ld l i he to l i he to a s h
,
Th e .

s am e a p p l i e s t o t h e oth e r in s ta n c e s w hich a re o n l y m u lti p l i e d ,

t o s h o w how dang e rou s th i s p a r ticular form is .

142 S YN T A X

Am o n g th e se w ou ld b e i n cl i n e d to p lac e 3 ) th os e w h o ac q u i e s c e
I
in th e p h e n o me n ali s m o f M r H e rb e rt S p e n c e r — D a z ly Tol ogr ap h
'

. . .

A s o n e o f th e f o u n d e r s o f th e N avy L e ag u e I w o u ld lik e ( 3 ) to a sk th e ,

fav o u r o f y o u r w e ll k n o w n c o u rt es y - —Ti m es .

I w o u ld b e glad ( 3 ) to hav e s o m e acc oun t o f h is b e havi ou r .

R I C H A R D S ON .

w o u ld l ik e ( 3 ) al s o to talk with yo u ab o u t th e thi n g which h as c o me

I
t o p a s s — J O WE TT
. .

B u t giv e y o u r d e fi n iti on o f r o m a n c e I w o u ld lik e t o h e ar it .

F M C RAW F O R D
. . .

Th e s e a re ty p i cal o f th o u s a n d s o f p aragra p h s i n th e n e w s p a p e r We .

w o u l d 3 ) wi s h f o r bright e r n e w s Wes tm i n s ter Ga z ette . .

I hav e alr e ady had s o me o ff e r s o f a s s i s ta n c e a n d I w o u ld b e glad ( 3 ) ,

to r e c e iv e a n y a m o u n t t o ward s t h e o bj e ct T un es . .

S om e xam p l es fol l o w that hav e n o t thi s e xcu s e ; and th e

e

—
fi rs t t w d e s e rv e co m m e n t th e fir s t b e cau s e i t r es u lt s i n
o

s e riou s ambigu ity t h e s e cond b e cau s e it is p o ss ibly no t wrong

,
.

Th e t w o fl e e t s p re s en t s e v e n Ru s s ia n battl es h i p s agai n s t fo u r J a p a n e se
l e s s tha n t w o to o n e ; tw o Ru s s ia n armou r e d cr u i s ers agai ns t e ight
-
,

a n d s e v e n Ru s s ian t o r p e d o b o at d e s tr o y e r s agai n s t a n i n d e fi n it e n u m b e r
-

o f th e e n e m y H e re w e will ( 3 ) n o t e xagge rat e in attrib u ti ng to th e

.

J a p a ne s e thre e o r fo u r to o ne — M A H AN . .

Wi th w ill th e m e a n i ng m u s t b e : W e wo n t cal l th e m th re e
,
’

or fou r to o ne b e cau s e that wou l d b e e xagg e rati on Bu t t h e

,
.

m e a n ing is i nt e n d e d to b e : W e wi ll cal l th e m that and it will ,

b e no e xagg e ration S h a ll i s ab s olut e ly n e c es s ary how e v e r

.
, ,

to mak e i t b e ar that i nt e r p r e tati o n .

T hi s charact e r w h o d e light s u s m a y c o mm it mu rd e r lik e M acb e th o r ,

fly th e battl e for h i s s w ee th e art a s d id An t o n y o r b e tray h is c o u n try ,

l ik e C o ri ola n u s a n d yet w e will r ej o ic e ( 3 ) in e v ery hap p i ne s s that c o me s

,

to h m i — W B Y E ATS
. . . .

It is p o s s ibl e that thi s is th e u s e o f w i ll d e s crib e d as th e

‘
habitual u s e — h e will o ft e n s tand on h is h e ad — u nd e r
’

Ru l e I B u t thi s is v e ry r are though ad m i ss ibl e i n th e fi rs t

.
, ,

p e r s o n o f t h e p r e s e nt W e s h a l l r j
e o i ce o r s i m p.ly w e r j
e oi ce , ,

would b e th e p lai n way o f s ayi ng i t .

thi s p a s s i o n w as s i mp ly p ai nf u l w e w ou ld ( 3 ) s h u n with th e gre at e s t

If ,

care all p e rs on s and p lac e s that c o u ld e x cit e s u ch a p a s s i o n B U R K E -

.
144 S YN T A X

fo l lowing al l t he ty p e s i n which d o ubt can ari s e e xc e p t

a re ,

that e ach o f th e s e m ay o cc u r i n e ith e r nu mb e r and i n p a s t ,

o r p r e s e nt Th e fo r m that w o u ld b e r e qu i r e d by analogy
.

( k e e p ing t h e o r i gi n al S h o r W ) is giv e n.fi r s t an d t h e

. o n e ,

g e n e r al ly u s e d in s t e ad is add e d i n brack e t s R e p orti n g .

I s h a ll n e ver s u c ceed , w e ge t

Yo u s aid yo u s h o u ld ( w o u ld ) ne v e r s u cc ee d .

He s ay s h e s hall ( will ) n e v e r s u cc e e d .

R e p o r ting y ou w i ll ( o r he w i ll ) n ever s u cc eed , w e ge t

Yo u will ( s hall ) n e v e r s u cc ee d
s ay I .

H e s aid I w o u ld ( s h ou ld ) n e v e r s u cc ee d .

Ev e n th o s e p e r s o n s who hav e g e n e rally a j u s t c o nfid e n c e

i n th e ir own c o rr e ctn e s s abou t S h and W wil l a l l o w that . .

th e y hav e s o m e d o u bt ab o u t th e fir s t p air and n e arly e v e ry

o n e will fi n d W i n t h e s e cond ai r ho w v r r a onabl and
.
p e e e s e ,

c o n s i s te n t i nt o l e rabl e
,
.

If th e r e ad e r w il l n o w go th rough th e f o u r s e nt e nc e s agai n ,

and s u b s tit u t e fo r s u cceed t h e p h r a s e do i t (which m ay o r m ay

n o t m e an s u cceed h s e e that th e o rth o d o x s h ou ld and
) e wil
, l
s h a l l o f t h e fi r s t p ai r b e c o m e actu ally m o r e natu ral than t h e

c o m m o n e r w ou ld and w ill ; and t h at e v e n in th e s e c o nd p a i r

w i ll and w ou ld a re now tol e rabl e Th e r e a s o n i s that with d o
.

i t th e r e i s ri s k o f con fu s i o n with th e r e p o rt e d fo rm s o f I w i ll
n e ver do i t and y o u s h a l l n ever do i t whi ch a re not p lai n f u tu r e s , ,

b ut c o l ou re d futu r e s m e ani n g s o m e thing quit e d i ffe re n t .

R e p o r t e d q u e s t i o n s p r e s e n t t h e s a m e d i fficul ti e s A gain .

th o s e only are d o ubt ful that b e l o ng to t h e p lai n fu tur e .

Th e r e fo r i n s tanc e rep o rt i ng S h a ll y ou do i t ? w e c an s ay
, ,

by t h e corr e ct analogy I a s hed h i m w h ether h e s h ou ld ; and

w e g e n e rally d o s o i f th e v e rb as h e r e l e nd s it s e l f to
, ,

ambigui ty : I a s hed h i m w h e ther h e w ou ld do i t is l iabl e

to b e m i s tak e n fo r th e r e p o r t o f Wi ll y ou d o i t 9 — a r e q u es t . .

I f o n th e o th e r hand (a s i n r ep orting S h a ll y ou be th er e
th e r e i s littl e ri s k o f m i s u nd e rs tanding I a s hed h i m w h ether ,

h e w ou ld is com mon e r A n d agai n it is only i n e xtre m e ca s e s

. ,
 S HA L L A ND WILL 5

if e v e n th e n that th e o rigi n al W can b e k e p t wh e n th e r e p o r t

,
.

intr o duc e s I i n p lac e o f th e o r iginal qu e s t i o n s y ou o r he ’

.

F o r in s tan c e th e original qu e s ti o n b e i n g H ow w i ll he be
,

tr ea ted ? i t may b e j u s t p o s s ibl e t o s ay You h a d m a de u p

y o u r m i n d h ow I w ou ld be tr ea ted b e cau s e Y o u h a d m a de u p ,

m i n d h w I s h ou ld be tr ea ted al mo s t i n e vitably s ugg e s t s

y o u r o

a s s i s t e d by th e ambiguity o f m a h i ng up y ou r m i nd which
( ,

may i m p ly e ith e r r e s o lv e o r in fe r e nc e) that th e origi nal qu es tion

w as H ow s ha ll h e be tr ea ted 7
.

I t wo u l d b e w e ll p e rha p s i f writ e rs who tak e th e ir

, ,

r e s p on s ibiliti es s e riou s ly wou ld s tre tch a p oint s om e tim e s t o

k e e p th e m o re con s i s t e nt an d l e ss ambiguou s u s ag e al iv e ;
but fo r p racti cal p urp o s e s th e rul e mu s t ru n :
Rul e 6 S u b s t a nt i val C l a u s e s
. .

’
I n th e s e (wh e th e r r e p o rt e d s trictly or oth e rwi s e s ubordi na
‘

t e d) p u r e s y s t e m o r c o l o u r e d f u tu r e form s invariably k e ep t h e
- -

S h or W o f th e origi nal s tat e m e nt o r qu e s t i on una ffe ct e d by

. .
,

any chang e o f p e rs o n R e p ort s o f p lain futur e f orm s do

.
-

thi s al s o i f th e r e wo u ld b e s e ri ou s d ang e r o f amb iguity bu t

, ,

al mo s t always hav e S h i n th e fi r s t p e r s on and u s ual ly W i n

.
,
.

th e s e cond an d third p e r s on s .

A s th e divi s ion o f s u b s tantival clau s es i nto ind ir e ct ( or re

p ort e d o r s ubordi nat e or o bliqu e
) s tat e m e nt s qu e s tion s a n d , ,

com ma nds i s fam iliar it m ay b e w e l l to e x p lain that i n

, ,

Engli s h th e r ep ort e d com mand s trictly s o call e d hard ly

e xi s t s . I n what h as th e forc e o f a rep ort e d co m m and i t is i n
fact a s tat e m e nt that is r e p ort e d F or in s tanc e H e s a id I w as
.
,

to go though u s e d a s th e indir e ct form o f Go i s r e ally th e

, ,

i ndir e ct o f th e s tat e m e nt You ar e to go H e or der ed th a t they .

s h ou ld be r elea s ed though th e actual word s w e r e B e th ey o r L et

( ,

them be r eleas ed) i s form e d o n th e colou r e d f utur e s tat e m e nt

,
-
,

They s ha ll be r eleas ed I t is th e r e for e u nn e c e s s ary to giv e s p e cial

.

rul es fo r r ep ort e d com mand Bu t th e re a re o ne o r t w o ty p e s

.

o f a p p ar e nt i ndir e ct com mand abou t which though th e r e i s ,

n o d ang e r o f e rror th e r e ad e r m ay f ee l curiou s

,
.
1 46 S YN T A X

a . I s ti
p u la te th a t I s h a ll , y ou s h a l l, he s h a ll , do i t . Why
s ha ll i n all b e ca u s e th e o riginal fo rm is : I (y ou he)
p e s r on s ? ,

s h a ll d o i t I s tip u la te th a t wh e r e s ha l l m e an s a m to a r e to i s
, , , ,

to that is it is a p ure s ys t e m fo rm
,
-
.

b I beg tha t y ou (or h e) w i ll d o i t H e begs tha t I w i ll do i t

. . .

A gai n t h e o rigi nal i s p ur e s ys t e m : You ( o r h e) w i ll you -

c o n s e nt to ) do i t : th a t i s w ha t I beg I w i ll I con s e nt to) .

do i t h e begs
th a t i s w h a t .

c I beg th a t I (o r h e) s h a ll fi f You begged

'

. n ot s u er or it .

th a t I s h ou ld n o t s ufi er f or i t O b s e rv e that b h as w i ll and a . . .

and c s h a ll b e ca u s e i t is o nly i n b that th e v o l itio n o f th e

.
,
.

s u bj e ct o f s h a ll or w i ll is con c e rn e d .

d I w is h y ou w ou ld n ot s n eez e B e f or e s ubord i nation th i s

. .

is : You w i ll n ot s neez e : th a t i s w h a t I w i s h W r e main s . .

,

but w i ll b e co m e s w ou ld to giv e th e r e m ot e n ess alway s con

n e c te d with wi s h whi ch i s s e e n a l s o fo r i n s tanc e i n I w i s h I
, , ,

w ere i n s t e ad o f I w i s h I be .

B e fo r e going o n to e xam p l es o f s ub s t a ntival cl au s es w e al s o ,

r egi s te r agai n rath e r fo r th e curiou s than f o r t h e p ractical

,

r e ad e r t h e p ecu liar but com mon u se o f s hou ld contai n e d i n th e

,

f oll owing
I t is n o t s tra n g e that h is ad mirati on for t h os e writ er s s h ou ld h a v e b een
u n b ou n d e d — M ACA U LAY. .

I n thi s u se s hou ld go es through all p e rs on s a nd is e qu ival e nt

t o a g e rund with p o s s e s s iv e : th a t a ma n s hou ld be i s th e
s am e a s a m a n s bei ng W e can only gu es s at its origin ; our
’
.

gu es s is that ( I ) s hou ld i s th e re mot e f orm fo r s h a ll as w ou ld ,

fo r w i ll in ( 1 abov e s ub s titut e d in ord e r to giv e an e ffe ct o f

.
,

g e n e rality and ( 2 ) th e u se o f s h a ll is th e archaic o n e s e e n i n

You s h a ll fi nd & c S o : a man s hal l b e a fraid o f h is s hadow ;
,
.

that a man s hould b e a fraid ( as a gen e ral ly ob s e rv e d fact ) is

s trang e .

A ft e r ach o f th e s ub s tantival clau s es o f which e xam p l e s

e ,

n o w f ol l o w w e s hal l say wh e th e r i t is a r ep ort e d ( s ubor

,

d inate d ) s tat e m e nt or qu e s tion and giv e what w e tak e t o b e

, ,
1 4 8 S YN T A X

S h e c o u ld n o t b e ar th e s ight o f al l th es e thi ng s that r e mi nd e d h e r

o f A n th o n y a n d o f h e r s in . P e rha p s s h e s h ou ld d ie s oo n ; s h e fe lt v ery
f e e bl e — E L I O T .

S tat e m e nt . I s hall . A gai n th e r e p orti ng word ab s e nt .

Th e re will
v e r p erha p s b e a ti me wh en e v e ry q u e s t i o n b e tw e en
ne

Lo n d on a n d W a s h i ngt o n s hall b e laid at r e s t — Ti m es .

Thi s is n ot p r o p e r ly s p e aking r ep ort e d s p e e ch B ut th e s ha l l .

is acc o u n t e d fo r by a s ort of
al lu s ion to a s u p p o s e d p ro p h e cy
c very
q u es t i on s h a l l on e d ay be l a id a t r es t I n that p ro p h e cy .
,

s ha ll would conve y that th e p ro p h e t ga v e h is p e rs onal

g u arant e e fo r it and woul d c o m e u nd e r R u l e 2 Th i s i s not
, .

t o b e con fu s e d with th e u s e o f s h al l i n i nd e finit e clau s es that

will b e notic e d lat e r .

T h e fo u r
b egan th e ir d es c e n t not kno wi ng at what s t e p th e y ,

s h ou ld m e e t d e ath n o r wh ich o f th e m s h o u ld r e ach th e s h o r e aliv e .

F M C R AWF O R D
. . .

Q u est ion s A t what s t ep s hal l w e m e e t ? Wh ich o f u s wil l

.

r e ach ? Th e fi rs t is accord ingly right t h e s e cond wrong Th e ,

.

mod e rn writ e r— who h as b e e n at th e p ai n s to u s e th e s trictly

corr e ct s h ou ld i n th e firs t p lac e rath e r than t h e now co m mo n
w ou l d — h as not s ee n a s R ichard s o n did i n th e fi r s t o f th e
,

right e xam p l e s that h is t w o clau se s a re d i s s i mil ar

,
.

h op e that o ur s y mp athy s hall

I su rviv e th e s e littl e re v o l u ti o ns un di
mi n i sh e d — S TE V E N S O N
. .

S tat e m e nt Will s u rvive I t is p o s s ible how ev e r that th e

. .
, ,

original w as thought o f or rath e r fe lt a s O u r s ym p athy s hal l

, ,
’

s urviv e B ut a s th e e ffe ct o f that is to giv e t h e s p e ak e r s

.

p e r s onal guarant e e f o r th e truth o f th e thi n g it i s cl e arly ,

no t a ro r s tat e m e nt to mak e d e p e nd e nt o n th e doubt fu l

p p e

word hop e .

Af t e r men ti o n i n g th e
adva nc e m ad e in refo r ms o f th e m ilitary fo rc e o f
th e c ou n try h e [L o rd L a n s d o w ne ] a nn ou n c e d that th e Go v e r nme n t s h o u ld
n o t o p p o s e th e m o ti on r e adily availi ng th e m s e lv e s o f L o rd W e m y ss s
,
’

s u gg e s ti o n that — Ti mes .

S tat e m e nt W e s hal l not or th e G ov e rnm e nt will n o t

.
,
.

P r obably L ord L an s d o w n e s aid w e and that account s fo r ,

 S HA L L A ND WI L L 1 49

s hou l d . But if The Ti mes ch o o s es to r e p r e s e nt we by the

Gover n men t, i t mu s t al s o re p re s e nt s ha ll by w ou ld .

It ca me with a s tra ng e s t unn i ng ct u p on u s all — th e c o n s ci ou sn e s s

e ffe

that n ev e r agai n w o u ld w e h e ar th e gri n d o f t h o s e p o s itiv e b o o t h e e l s o n -

th e grav e l — C R O CK E TT
. .

S tat e m e nt . W e s hal l n e v e r .

I thi n k that if th e m att e r w e r e han d e d o v e r to th e p ari s h c oun cil s

w e w o u ld with i n a tw e lv e mo n th hav e e xactly s u ch a n e tw o rk O f ri fl e cl u b s
as i s n ee d e d — C o mm D OY L E .

S tat e m e nt . We s ho u ld Of
th es e two i n s tanc es it m ay b e
.

thought that th e writ e rs would hav e mad e th e mi s tak e i n th e

original u n s ubord inat e d s ent e nc e i n s t e ad o f its a r i s i ng i n t h e
,

p roc e s s o f s ubord ination ; ou r e x p e ri e nc e i s how e v e r that , ,

many p e o p l e do in fact go wro ng i n s ub o r d i nat e clau s es w h o

a re al iv e t o th e dang e r in s i m p l e s e nt e nc es .

T h e P ri me M i n i s t e r w o u ld at o n c e hav e a s k e d th e O p pos iti on i f

th e y c o u ld s ugge s t any f urt h er m ea ns fo r m aki n g th e i n qu iry m o re
dra s tic an d c o mp l e t e wi th th e a s s u ra n c e that if th e y c o u l d s ugge s t a n y
,

s u ch m e an s th e y w o u ld at o nc e b e i n c o rp orat e d in th e Go v e rn m en t
,

s ch e me -
S p ecta tor .

S tat e m e nt Th ey s hall b e i ncorp o ra t e d W e hav e cla s s e d

. .

thi s a s wrong o n th e a s s um p tion s u p p ort e d by th e wo r d ,

a s s u r a nce that th e Pr im e M ini s t e r gav e a p r o mi s e and th e r e

, ,

fo r e u s e d th e colour e d f u tur e a nd d id not s tat e a fact and u s e

,

t h e p lai n f utur e .

A n o th e r ty p e o f s ubord i nat e clau s e i m p ortant fo r S h and .

W i s t h e c o n d i t i o n al p r o t as i s o r i f c l a u s e I t is no t n e c e s s ary
.
-
.
,

no r with m od e rn writ e rs u s ual to mark t h e futu re o r c o n d i ,

t io n al f o rc e o f thi s s e p arat e ly s i n c e i t is s u ffi ci e ntly ind icat e d

,

by th e a p odo s i s F o r i n s tanc e If y ou c ome I s h a ll be gla d ;

.
,

f
i y o u ca m e I s h o u l d be g l a d ; if y o u h a d co me I s h o u l d h a ve

been gl a d B u t i n fo r m al s tyl e o r with a s l ight d i ffe r e nc e o f

.

m e a n i n g it is o ft e n s u p e rflu o u s ly d o n e in th e p ro ta s i s t o o
, .

S h i s th e n u s e d fo r al l p e r s o n s a s If h e s h ou ld c o me y ou
.
, , ,

w ou l d l ea r n h o w th e m a t ter s ta n ds . So
Ja p an will adh e r e to h er p l edg e o f ne u trality un es s l R u s s ia s h a ll firs t
vi o lat e h e r s Ti mes
. .
 1 50 S YN T A X

B ut to th e rul e that th e p r o ta s i s tak e s s h a ll th e r e a re thre e

e xc e p t i o n s r e al o r a p p ar e nt ; W is fo u nd und e r th e fol l ow in g
, .

circ u m s tanc es
( )
I. A n o r iginal p u r e s y s t e m o r colou r e d f
-
utu r e W i s n o t -
.

cha ng e d to S h by b e ing u s e d in s ub o rd ination t o if ( o r u nles s )

. .

I t is r e tai n e d with i ts f u l l o riginal fo rc e i n s t e ad o f s o m e v e r b

l i k e w is h o r ch oos e I n If w e w ou ld bel ieve w e m igh t m ove
.

m ou n ta i n s t h e m e ani n g is If w e ch os e to bel ieve di ffe r e nt f ro m

, ,

that o f If w e bel i eved or s hou ld believe S O .

It w o u ld b e m u ch b e tt e r if you w ou ld n ot be so hy p o critical , C ap tai n

W yb ro w .
— E LI O T .

I f you c o n s e nt e d not to b e , or did not in s i s t on b e ing .

It w oul d b e val u abl e if h e w ou ld so me wh at exp and h is id e a s r e gardi n g

l o cal d efen c e by V o l u n t ee rs Ti mes . .

I f he con s e nt e d to .

Wh en ifth e
clau s e ( thou
-
gh a g e nui n e condition ) i s i n

corr e ctly e x p r e s se d f o r t h e s ak e o f br e vity and c o m p re ss e s

two v e rb s i nt o o ne th e W p ro p e r t o t h e r e tain e d v e rb is
, .

s o m e ti m e s n e c e s s ari ly u s e d i n s t e ad o f t h e S h ro
p p e r t o t h e .

v e rb that though it contai n s i n s t rict l o gic th e e s s e nt ial p ro

,

ta s i s h as b e e n cru s h e d out Th u s If i t w i l l be u s eles s ] s ha ll

,
.

p f
r e er n o t t o d o i t I t i s not
. t h e u s e l e s s n e s s t hat i s th e con

dition o f th e p r e fe r e nc e ; fo r t he u s e o r u s e le s s n e s s is s u b s e
q u e nt t o t h e d e ci s ion i t i s my c o nvicti o n o f th e u s e l e s s n e s s ;
s o that th e ful l f orm woul d b e If I s h a ll be o r a m in ord inary
(
s p e e ch ) co n vi n ced th a t i t w i ll be u s eles s I s h a l l p r ef er &c , ,
.

Th e fo llowi ng e xam p l e ca n b e d e f e nd e d on th i s ground if ,

n ever a a i n w i ll h e s tan ding fo r if h e s h a ll r ea l i z e th a t h e w i ll

g
n e ver ; t h e f e e bl e n e s s that d e cid es h is n o t wi s hing is s u b s e

qu e nt to it and can only c o nd iti o n i t i f tak e n in th e s e n s e of

,

h is antici p at i o n o f fe e bl e n e s s .

A n d if th e r e i s to b e n o r e c o v e ry if n ev er aga i n w i l l h e b e y o u n g a n d
,

s tr on g a n d p a s s i o n at e i f th e act u al p r e s e n t s ha l l b e t o h i m al w ay s lik e a
,

thi n g re ad i n a b oo k o r r e me m b er e d o u t O f th e far away p a s t ; h e will n o t -

greatly wi s h fo r th e c onti n u an c e o f a twiligh t that — S T E V E N S ON .

1
52 S YN T A X

Thi s i s a co m p l icat e d e xam p l e Th e s h u lls w ill b e right if it .

ap p e ar s that e ach s h a ll clau s e is e q u ival e n t to a cond iti o nal

-

p rota s i s W e may
. s h o w i t by s tarting at t h e e n d a s w ith t h e

h o u s e th at J ack built a nd c o n s tr u cting th e s e nt e nc e back

ward s s ub o rd i n ating by s tag e s and changing w i ll t o s h a l l as
, ,

t h e p r o ta s e s com e i n ; i t wil l b e allow e d that u n til m e an s to

th e ti me w h en and that w h en m ay b e r e s olv e d i nto if ever
,
.

Thu s w e get : a O ne wil l know b N on e wi ll b e a m e mb e r

. . .

o f t h e l e gi s latu r e u nl es s o n e s hal l know c I t wil l d i s til to . .

th e ti m e if e v e r non e s hall b e a m e mb e r u nl e s s o n e s hal l

know .

Thi n k what will ab ou t th em I mu s t tak e th em fo r lit ene s s s ak e

’
I , po .

R G . . W H I TE .

A lthough th i n/e w ha t I ill is

an i nd e fi nit e r elativ e clau se
w ,

m e aning p ractical ly w h a tever I thi n/e w i ll h e r e is right t h e , ,

s trict s e n s e b e ing w h a tever I ch oos e to th i nh I nd ee d th e .

ti m e o f th i nk i s p robably not at any rat e n e e d not b e futur e , ,

at al l co m p ar e Th i n h w ha t I w i ll I do n ot tel l my though ts ,
.

W e n ow giv e
Rul e 7 C o n d i t i o n al p r o t as i s an d I n d e fi n i t e C l au s e s
.

I n th e p rota s i s or if cl au s e o f cond ition al s e nt e nc e s S h m ay

-
.

b e u s e d with al l p e r s on s G e n e ral ly n e ith e r S h nor W is

. . .

u s e d W is only u s e d ( I ) wh e n th e ful l m e aning O f w is h i s

. .

i nt e nd e d i t may th e n b e u s e d with all p e rs on s ( 2 ) wh e n th e

p rota s i s i s e lli p tically e x p r es s e d ; W m ay th e n b e n e c es s ary .

with th e s e cond and thi rd p e rs on s ; ( 3 ) wh e n th e if clau s e is -

n o t a r e al cond itional p rota s i s th e re is th e n n o r e a s o n f or S h .

wi th s e con d an d thi rd p e rs on s I nd e finit e clau s e s o f s i milar .

charact e r foll o w th e s a m e rul es .

A fe w right but e xc ep tional and , s o m e wrong s ubordinate

l u s es
c a may n o w b e add e d .

E x am p l e s of Sh . and W . i n S u b o r di n a t e C l a u s e s .

A s an O p iat e , or s p irit u o u s li qu o r s s hall , s u sp en d the o p e rati o n of gri ef

Q o o
— B UR K E O
 S HAL L A ND WI L L 1 53

We may c o n c e iv e M r W orldly W i s em a n acc o s ti n g

. su ch an o n e , a nd

c v
th e o n e sr ati that h ld th r u o n n s e — S T E V E N S ON
on s o u e e p e u .

S h e is s u ch a sp ar e s traight dry
,
o l d lady — s u ch a p e w o f a w o m a n
,

that you s h ou ld fi n d a s m a n y i n divid u al s y mp ath i e s in a chi p D I C K E N S .

-
.

I n th es e thr e e w e hav e th e archai c s ha l l O f p e r s o nal a s s u ra n c e

that com e s u nd e r R u l e 2 and i ts corr e s p onding c o nditional , ,

a p p e aring i n s ubord inat e clau ses T h e r e is n o o bj e ctio n to i t .

e xc e p t that i n m o d e rn writ e r s i ts c o nt e xt mu s t b e s uch a s t o

, ,

e xon e rat e it f rom th e charg e O f a ff e ctati o n .

Th e l o n gi ng o f th e army fo r a fre s h s tr u ggl e which s h ou ld re s t o r e it s

gl o ry — R GR E E N
.
J . . .

Thi s u s e o f S h a ft e r fina l r e lativ e s i s s ee n i f th e com p ound

.
,

s e nt e nc e is r es olv e d to p oint to an original co lo u r e d f ut u r e :

,

We l ong fo r a fr es h s truggl e ; a fre s h s tr u ggl e s hall r e s tore

( that i s w e,i nt e n d i t t o r e s tor e ) ou r glory .

He w ast o rm en t e d by that r e s tl e s s j e al o u s y whi ch s h o u ld s e em to

b el on g o n ly to m i n d s b u r n i ng with th e d e s ir e o f fa me —M ACA U L AY . .

Thi s is th e s h ou ld s ee m e x p lain e d u nd e r Ru l e I a p p e aring al so

as s ubordinat e .

I t s houl d n e ve r b e but o ft e n is forgott e n that wh e n th e

, ,

a p od o s i s o f a c o nditi o nal s e nt e n c e (with o r with o u t e x p r e ss e d

p r o ta s i s
) i s s ub o rd inat e i t i s n e v e rth e l es s s till a n a od o s i s and
p ,

h a s s til l S h i n th e fi rs t W in th e s e c o nd an d third p e r s o n s
.
,
. .

In he tr u ck h im a bl o w w e d o n ot fe e l th e fir s t O bj e ct t o b e datival
s ,

a s w e w o u ld i n h e gav e h im a bl o w —H S W E E T . .

I ca n n o t let th e m o m e n t p a s s at which I w o u l d hav e b een e nj oyi n g

a vi s it to yo u a ft er y o u r s e v er e ill n e s s with o u t on e w o rd o f s y mp athy .

GL AD S T ON E .

I t w o u ld m e a n that I w o u ld alway s b e ha un t e d by a n i n t o l e rabl e s e n s e

o f di s grac e — W I L D E .

B u t th ou gh I w o u ld n o t willi ngly p art with s u ch s cra p s o f s ci en c e ,

I d o n ot s e t th e s a me s t o r e by th e m — S T E V E N S ON . .

We m u s t r e c o n cil e what w e w o u ld like to d o with what w e can d o .

Ti mes .

A ll th e s e a re w rong ; in th e la s t t w o th e m i s tak e i s p e r ha p s
acc o u nt e d fo r by th e p r e se nc e O f w i lli ngly a nd lihe I w ou ld .

n o t w i ll i ngly can i n d e e d b e d e fe nd e d at t h e co s t o f ad mitt i ng

1 54 S YN T A X

that w i ll i ngly is m e re taut o l o gy and s aying that I w ou ld n ot

,

m e an s I s h ou ld n o t co n s en t to accord i ng t o R ul e 2
, .

I t may b e w o rth whil e t o add that t h e s ubord inat e a p odo s i s

s til l fo ll o w s t h e r u l e e v e n i f it is s ub o rd i n at e d to if s o that i t ,

is p a r t o f th e p r o ta s i s o f an o th e r conditi o nal s e n t e nc e Th e .

f oll o wi ng which i s O f cou r s e qu i t e c o r r e ct s e e m s b ut o n l y

, , ,

s e e m s t o b r e ak th e r u l e s b o th fo r p r o ta s i s I
,
and a p od o s i s : I f
o u w o ul d b e p ati e nt fo r y o ur s e l f you s hould b e ati nt fo r
y , p e

me . B u t w e hav e W with s e c o nd p e rs on i n th e p rota s i s

.

b e cau s e w ou ld be p a tien t is al s o a p o do s i s t o th e i m p l i e d
p ro ta s i s f
i occ a s i on s h ou l d a r i s e ; and t h e s h o u ld with s e cond
r s on i n th e a p odo s i s is not a cond iti o nal s h ou ld at all but
p e ,

a p u r e s y s t e m s h ou ld which would b e th e s am e with any

-

r s on it m e an s s i m ly y ou o u h t o r i t w ou ld be d t
p e p g y o u
, r u y .

Th e r esu lt i n p art o f a g enu i ne a n x i e ty l es t th e C hi n ese w o u ld grad ually

gr o w u n til th e y m on o p o li z e d th e c o untry 7 n nes .
-
.

W e hav e p p r o s e l y rue f rain e d u nti l now f ro m i nvoking t h e

s u bj u nctiv e b e ca u s e th e w o rd is al mo s t m e an i ngl e s s to
,

E ngli s h m e n th e thing havi ng s o n e arl y p e ri s h e d B u t on thi s

, .

i ns tanc e i t m u s t b e r e mark e d that wh e n conj u nction s l ik e les t ,

whi ch co u ld o nc e or s til l c an tak e a s ubj uncti v e (a s les t h e d ie) ,

u s e a c o m p o u nd fo rm in s t e ad th e y u se t h e S h form s fo r al l
,
.

p e r s on s I t. i s a m att e r o f l ittl e i m p ortanc e s i nc e hard ly any ,

o n e would wro n g i n u ch a nt nc
g o s s e e e .

TH E P E R F E CT I N F I N I TI V E
Thi s h as its right an d its w rong u s e s Th e right a re .

obvi o u s and ca n b e l e ft al o n e Ev e n o f th e wr o ng s o m e a re
,
.

s e r vic e abl e if n o t s tri ctly l o gical

,
I h op ed to h a ve s u cceeded
.
,

fo r in s ta n c e m e an s I h op ed to s u cceed bu t I d i d n o t s ucceed
, , ,

and h as th e advantag e O f it in bre vity ; it is an idi o m that it

w o u ld b e a p ity to s acrifi c e o n t h e altar o f R e a s o n S o .

P hil o s o p hy b e ga n to c o n grat u lat e h e r s e l f u p o n s u ch a p r o se lyt e fro m

th e w o rld o f b u s i n e s s an d h op e d to hav e ex t e n d e d h er
, po we r un der th e
a u s p ic e s o f s u ch a l e ad e r — B U R K E
. .

An d h e r e h e ca n n o t fo rb e ar o b se rvi n g th at it w a s , th e duty of hat

t
1 56 S Y N TA X

au th ority H e s eemed to h a ve ta k en th i s a s a p p lyi ng o n ly to th e fir st

.

q u es ti o n h e a s k e d m e W es tm i n s ter Ga z ette
. ( s ee m s ) .

T h e y a s i t h a s b e en s aid o f S t e rn e s ee m e d t o hav e w i s h e d e v e ry no w
, , ,

a n d th e n to hav e thr o w n th e ir wig s i n t o t h e f ac es o f th e ir a u dit o r s

,
.

I D I S R AE L I
.
( s e e m t o
. hav e wi s he d t o thr o w )

La dy A u s t e n s fa s hi o n abl e f ri e n d s o cca s i o n e d n o e m barra s s m e n t ; th e y

’

s ee m e d to h a v e p i e /e r r ed s o m e m o r e f a s h i o n abl e p lac e f o r s u mm e ri n g i n ,

fo r th e y a re n o t agai n s p o k e n O f S OU T H E Y .
-
.

S om e ti m e s h a ve i s v e n tran s fe rre d f ro m th e v e r b with which

e

it w o ul d m ak e s e n s e to th e o th e r with which it m ak e s n o n s e n s e .

O n th e p o i n t o f ch u rch J a mes w a s o bd u rat e H e w o u l d lik e t o hav e

i n s i s t e d o n th e o th e r gr udgi ng it em s — S L AD E N . .

I n th e n e xt th e p e rfe ct is wan t e d fo r a chil d that h as b ee n

,

—
fl o gge d cannot b e l e ft u n flo gge d n o t that i s i n th e p a s t and , ,

t h e f utur e i s not m e ant .

A child fl ogg e d l e ft han d e dly had b e tt e r b e l e ft u fl gg

-
n o e d — PO E . .

W e add fo r th e r e ad e r s r e fr es hm e nt rath e r than fo r p ractical

’

u r o s es an i llu s tration o f wh e r e car e l es s tr e at m e nt o f h a ve

p p ,

may e nd
O h B u rgo had st th ou not h av e b eena v e ry ch ild th ou s h ould s t hav e
, , ,

k n o w n that n o w at thi s t i me o f day — a ft er all that thy galla n t s t e ed had

,

d on e fo r th e e— it w a s i mp o s s ibl e for th ee o r h im — TRO LL O P E . .

C ON D I TI ON AL S
Th e s e which c o s t th e s choolboy at h is L ati n and G re e k
,

s om e w e ary h o u r s n e e d n ot d etai n u s long Th e r e ad e r

,
.

p a s se s l ightly and u ncon s ci o u s ly i n h is own l ang u ag e ov e r

m ixtures that m ight hav e cau s e d hi m s e arching s O f h e art in a

d e ad o n e .

B u t th e r e is o n e corr u p t and m e aningl e s s f o rm a p p ar e ntly ,

gaining grou nd that call s fo r p ro t e s t Wh e n a cla u s e b egi n s

, .

with a s if it m u s t b e r e m e mb e r e d that th e re i s an e lli p s e I

,
.

tr ea t h er a s ten der ly a s if s h e w er e my d a ugh ter w o u ld b e i n

f u ll I tr ea t h er a s tender ly a s I s h ou ld if s h e w er e & c I f thi s , .

i s fo rg o tt e n th e r e is dang e r i n s om e s e nt e n c e s th o u gh n o t i n
, ,

thi s o ne o f u s i n g a p r e s e nt i nd icativ e i n th e p lac e wh e r e t h e

,

v e r b w er e s tand s S O .
 P E R F E C T I N F I N I TI VE , C O N D IT I O N A L S 1
57

W e will a p p ear lik e fo o l s

not in thi s m att e r , and as if we h a ve no

a u th o rity o ve r o u r o w n da u ght e r D ON .
-
RI C H AR S .

Thi s may b e acc o u nt e d fo r but n o t j u s tifi e d as an att e m p t to , ,

e x p r es s what s ho u ld b e m e re ly i m p li e d o u r actual p o s s e s s i o n ,

o f auth o rity .

A s if th e f r u it o r th e fl o w e r n ot o nly depen d s o n a r oo t as o ne o f th e
c onditi o n s a mong o th ers of it s de v e l op m ent , b ut is it s el f act u ally th e root .

-
MO RLE Y .

Thi s is ab s olut e ly i nd e fe n s ibl e s o far a s is is

conc e rn e d
dep en ds h as t h e s am e motiv e a s h a ve in t h e R i chard s on .

thi s l o ok s a s if h e h a s i n cl ud e d th e o rigi nal

B ut m en Ti mes . .

Th e r e hav e b e en r u mo u r s lat e ly a s if t h e p r e se n t s tat e o f th e n ati o n ,

m ay se em t o thi s S p eci es o f agitat or s a fav ou rabl e p e ri o d f or rec o m

me n c in g th e ir i n trig u e s S C O TT -
.

Thi s is a p lac e wh e r e a s if s houl d not hav e b e e n u s e d a t all .

I f it is u s e d t h e v e rb s hould b e s eemed not m ay s eem t h e fu l l

, , ,

form b e ing a s ther e w ou ld be ( r u mou r s ) R e ad s ugges ti ng th a t .

fo r a s if and s eems fo r may s eem

,
.

Gene ral L in e vitc h r ep o rt s that th e army is c on c entrati ng as if it i n ten ds

to m ak e a s ta n d Ti m es . .

A m ixture b e tw ee n i t app ar en tly i n tends and as if i t i n ten ded .

As if th e a me en d may n ot a nd mu s t n o t b e c omp a s s e d acc ordi ng

s , , ,
to
its circ um s ta n c es by a gr e at div e rs ity o f way s — B U R K E
,
.

M ay s hould b e migh t . As if i t m ay not is mad e to d o th e

work o f as if i t m igh t n ot, a s o f cou r s e i t m ay .

Th e am e r u l e a p p l i es t o a s though
s .

Th e u s e o f tr u e s ubj u nctiv e form s ( if h e b e though it ,

ha pp e n ) i n con ditional s e nt e nc es is fo r variou s r e a s on s n o t

r e com m e nd e d Th es e form s with th e s ingl e e xc e p tion o f
.
,

w er e are p e ri s hing s o ra p id ly that an e x p e ri e nc e d word

,

a ctu a ry
l
p ut s th e ir e x p e ctation o f li f e at o n e g e n e ration A s .

a matt e r o f s tyl e th e y s h o uld b e av o id e d b e i ng c e rtain to

, ,

giv e a p r e t e ntiou s air wh e n handl e d by a ny o n e e xc e p t t h e

s kil fu l and p racti s e d writ e rs w h o n ee d no advic e fro m us .

A nd a s a matt e r o f grammar th e i n s ti nct fo r u s ing s u bj u n c ,

1
Dr . H enry Bradl e y ,
Th e M a k i ng of E ngli s h , p 53 . .
 158 S YN T A X

t ive s ri ghtly dying with is th e bj u nctiv e s o that e v e n th e

su ,

s till s u rvivi ng w er e i s O ft e n u s e d wh e r e it i s com l e t e ly wrong

p .

SO
It w o u ld b e advi s abl e to wait fo r fu ll e r d etail s b efo re maki ng a ny
att e m p t to a p p rai s e th e s ig n ifica n c e o f th e raid fr o m th e m ilita ry p o i n t
o f vi e w i f i n d e e d t h e wh o l e ex p e diti o n w er e n o t p la n n e d with a n e ye to
, , ,

H e re la s t clau s e m e an s though p erh ap s i t w a s on ly p la n n ed

th e

w i th a n ey e to ef ec t (a nd th er ef or e h a s n o m i li ta ry s ign ifi

ca nce
) B u t if f o ll o w e d by w er e n o t n e c e s s arily m e an s that i t
.

c e r tainly is Th e m i s tak e h e r e r es ult s in mak i ng t h e cl a u se

.

look a s i f it w e r e t h e p ro ta s i s to I t w ou ld be ad vis a ble wi th ,

w hich it h a s in f act nothing what e v e r to d o ; i t is a not e on

th e w o rd s m i l i ta ry s ign ifica n ce Writ e w a s fo r w er e . .

an d w h o, taki ng m y o ffe r e d ha n d bade , me Go o d m o rn in g —n ight

f all th ough it w er e . Ti m es .

Th e nt e nc e d e s crib es a m e e ting with a p e r s on who kn e w

se

hardly any E ngli s h ; h e s aid good morning though it w as ,

n ight fall A s ingl e e xam p l e m ay b e add e d o f th e i ntru s io n

.

o f w er e f o r w a s i n a s e nt e n c e that is not condi tional .

D r C hal mer s w a s
. a b eli e v e r in a n E s tabli s h ment a s h e c o n c e ive d an
E s tabli s h m en t s h o u ld b e W h e th e r s u ch a n E s tabli s h m e n t w er e p o s s ibl e
.

o r n o t it i s n o t f o r m e n o w t o di c
s u s s — L O RD R O S E B E R Y .

Wer e how eve r

,
is
o ft e n righ t and al mo s t n e c e s s ary : oth e r
,

s ubj unctiv e s are n e v e r n e c e s s ary o ft e n d ang e rou s and in mo s t , ,

writ e r s u n p l e a s antly formal Th e ti ro had m uch b e tt e r .

e s ch e w th e m .

D OU B T
H AT A ND D O U B T W H E TH E R
‘ ’ ‘ ’
T

I n s tan c e s will b e found i n P art I I o f v e rb s con s truct ed with

wrong p rep o s ition s or conj u ncti o n s M o s t m i s tak e s o f thi s kind .

’
a re s e l f e vid e nt ; but t h e v e rb doubt which is con s truct e d ‘
-
,
’
with that or wh e th e r accord ing t o th e circum s tanc e s und e r
‘ ’

which th e doubt is e x p r e ss ed r e quir e s s p e cial notic e Th e , .

broad d i s tinction is b e tw e e n th e p o s itiv e I doubt wh e th e r ,

‘

h
’

( that ) and t e n egativ e I d o not d oubt that ,

‘
1 60 S YN T A X

S h e f o un d h e rs e lf w on d e ri ng at th e bre ath s h e dre w d o u bti ng that ,

a no th e r w o u ld fo ll o w — M E R E D I T H. .

I a m a fraid that yo u will b e c o me s o a fraid o f m e n s m o tiv e s a s to d o u bt

’

that a n y o ne c a n b e h o ne s t — TR O L L O P E . .

’ ’
Th e mi s tak e com m o nly m ad e is to u se that fo r wh e th e r ‘ ‘

i n vi o l atio n o f I Wh e th e r is s e ld o m u s e d i n p lac e o f that

.
‘ ‘

and a p p are nt violati o n s o f 2 O ft e n p rov e to b e l e giti mat e e x .

c e p t io n s o f th e vivid ki nd S o m e o f o u r e xam p l es m ay
‘
.

s u gg e s t that wh e n t h e d e p e nd e nt cl au se is p l ac e d b e for e th e

v e rb that a p p e ar s b e cau s e th e writ e r had not d e cid e d what

,
‘

v e r b o f d o u bt o r d e nial to u s e Thi s is p robabl y th e tru e .

e x p lanati o n o f m any i n corr e ct th a ts bu t i s not a s u ffici e nt ,

d e fe nc e I t s u p p li e s o n th e contrary an add itio nal r e a s on

.
, ,
’
fo r adh e ring to wh e th er th e r e ad e r is e ith e r actual ly m is
l e d o r at any rat e k e p t i n n e e d l e s s s u s p e n s e a s to what i s
going to b e s aid b e cau s e th e writ e r d i d not mak e u p h is mind
,

at th e right ti m e how to s ay i t Wh e th e r at th e b e ginning .

at o nc e p roclai m s an o p e n qu e s tion : a ft e r that w e e x p e ct ‘ ’

( or ought to e x p e ct
) I hav o r e a s on to doubt
‘
e n

I n all th e fol lowing ,

‘
wh e th e r s houl d hav e b ee n u se d .

T h e r e is no thi ng for it b ut to d ou bt s u ch di s ea se s ex s i t .
-
H G . . WE LLS .

’
Wh e th e r is n e ve r s u p p r e ss ed .

I do th i nk it w o u ld hav e p l e a s e d M r T hack e ray an d to d o u bt that

n ot .

h e w o u ld hav e wi s h e d to s e e it carri e d o u t d e t e rm i n e s m y vi e w o f th e
matt e r —. GR E E N W OOD .

T hat th e m o v e me n t is a s p u re ly i n d u s trial a s th e l e ad e rs o f th e s trik e

clai m m ay b e d ou bt e d — Ti mes .

An d I mu s t b e all o w e d t o d o u bt that th er e is a ny cla s s w h o d e lib e rat e ly

o m it Ti m es .

H e may d o u bt that h i s p o licy will b e any m o r e p op u lar in E n gl an d

a y ear or t w o h en c e th an it i s n o w GR E E N W OOD -
.

I d o u bt th e c o rre ct n e s s o f th e a s s e rti o n I d ou bt I s ay th a t B e ck y , ,

w ould hav e s e l e ct e d e ith e r o f th e se y ou n g me n T H AC K E RAY .

-
.

B ut that h is ar m y if it r e tr e at s will carry with it all its g un s

, ,

ar e i n cli n e d to d ou bt Ti mes . .

I t w a s g enerally d o ubt e d that F r an c e w ou ld p erm it th e u s e o f h er p o rt .

 D O UB T TH A T, P R E P O S IT I O N S 1 61

P R E PO S I T I ON S
I n an u nin fle cte d la n guag e l ik e o u r s th e s e a re u biq u it o u s ,

a n d i t i s q u it e i m p o s s ibl e t o w r it e t o l e r ably with o u t a f u l l

k n o w l e dg e c o n s ci o u s o r u n c o n s ci o u s o f th e i r u s es M i s u s e o f
, , .

th e m h o w e ve r d o e s n o t O ft e n r e s u l t i n what m ay b e call e d i n
, ,

th e f u ll e s t s e n s e blu n d e r s o f s ynta x but m o s tly i n O ffe n c e s ,

again s t i di o m I t is O ft e n im p o s s ibl e t o c o n v inc e a w r it e r

.

that th e p r e p o s iti on h e h a s u s e d i s a wr o n g o n e b e ca u s e ,

th e r e is n o r e a s on i n th e n at u r e o f things i n l o gi c o r i n , ,

t h e p r i n ci p l e s o f u n iv e r s al g r am mar (whi ch e v e r way i t m ay

b e p u t ) why that p r e p o s iti o n s h o u ld n o t gi ve th e d e s i r e d
,

m e an ing a s cl e arly a s t h e o ne that w e t e l l hi m h e s h o u l d

hav e u s e d I d iom s a re s p e ci al form s o f s p e e ch that fo r
.

s o m e r e a s o n o f t e n i n s crutabl e hav e p r o v e d c o ng e n ial t o t h e

, ,

in s ti nct o f a p arti cula r l anguag e T o n e gl e ct th e m s h o w s

.

a writ e r h o w e v e r g o od a l o g i c i a n h e m ay b e t o b e n o l i n g u i s t
, ,

-
cond e m n s hi m f r o m that p o int o f vi e w m o r e cl e a r ly than
, ,

g r am mati cal bl u nd e rs t h e m s e l ve s B u t t h ough th e s u bj e ct o f

.

p pr e o s i ti o n s i s th u s v e ry i m o r tant th e idi o m s i n which th e y

p ,

ap p e a r are s o m ul tit u d i n o u s that it is ho p e l e s s t o att e m p t

givi n g m o re than th e s ca n ti e s t s e l e cti o n ; thi s may at l e a s t
t writ r on th i r guard U ag es O f thi s s o r t can n o t b e
p u e s e s .

acq u i r e d f r o m d i ction a r i e s and g r amm a r s s till l e s s f r o m ,

a tr e ati s e l ik e th e p r e s e nt n ot p re t e nd i n g t o b e e xhau s tiv e ;

,

go o d re adi ng with th e idi o mati c e y e o p e n is e s s e ntial W e .

giv e a f e w e x am p l e s o f wh at to av o id .

1 . A ft e r adj e ctiv es and adv e rb s .

An o th e r s tr ok e
p al s y sof
o o n r e n d e r e d S i r S a m p s o n u n con s ci o u s e v en

t o t h e char m s o f Griz z y s c o n ve r s ati o n — S F E R R I E R

’
. . .

B e i n g obl i v i ou s to th e ill fee l i n g it w ou ld b e c e rtai n to e n g e n d e r .

Ch e l ten h a m E x a m i n er .

To m e it is i n cre dibl e that th e Briti s h p e o p l e w h o o w n o n e hal f o f th e ,

-

w o rld ’
s sea- g o i n g s hi p s s h ou ld b e s o obl v i o u s to th e m a n n e r in which
, i

I n s e n s i bl e t o but u nco n s ci o u s o f ; indi ffe re nt to but o bl ivi o u s o f

, ,
.

N s .
M
1 62 S YN T A X

Th e adj e ctiv e s d igf er en t a n d a ver s e with th e i r adv e r b s o r ,

n o u n s d zfi e r e n tly def er en ce a ver s ion a ver s en es s cal l fo r a fe w

,
’

, , , ,

wo r d s o f c o m m e nt Th e r e is n o e s s e n tial r e a s o n what e v e r
.

why e ith e r s e t s h o uld n ot b e a s w e l l fol l o w e d by to a s by

u t d zj er en t to i s r e gard e d by many n e w s p a p e r e dit o r s
’
f r o m . B
a n d o th e r s i n a u th o ri ty as a s ol e ci s m and i s th e r e fo r e b e tt e r ,

av o id e d by th o s e t o wh o m th e a p p ro val o f s u ch a u th o riti e s is
im p o r tant I t is u nd o u bt e d ly gai n i n g gr o u n d and will p ro bably
.
,

d i s p lac e d iffer e n t f r o m i n n o l o ng ti m e p e r ha p s h o w e v e r th e , ,

c o n s e rvati s m that s til l p re fe r s f r o m is n o t y e t to b e nam e d

e dantry I t i s at any rat e d e fe n s iv e an d no t o ff e n s iv e
p .
,

d fi ( f
' ’

p e d antry i e
,
r e n t to th o u gh ou nd i n writ
‘
e r s o f al l ag e s

y) e i n g on th e wh o l e th e aggr e s s o r
— 0x or d D i c ti o n a r b With
f .

a ve r s e o n t h e oth e r hand tho u gh t h e O xf or d D i c ti on a ry giv e s

, ,

a l o ng r o l l O f g o o d nam e s o n e ach s id e th e u s e o f f r o m m ay ,

p e r ha p s b e s aid to s trik e m o s t r e ad e r s as a d i s tinct

p r o t e s t
agai n s t th e m o re natural to s o that f r o m is h e r e th e agg r e s s or
, ,

a n d t h e p e dantry i f i t i s p e dant r y i s o ff e ns iv e
, O u r advic e i s t o
, .

w r it e d if er en tf r om and a ver s e to W e s hall giv e a fe w e xam p l e s

f
.
,

and add to th e m t w o s e n t e nc es i n which th e i n c o rr e ct u s e o f

r o m w ith o th e r wo rd s look s l ik e th e r e s ul t o f i n s i s ting o n th e
f
s l i ghtly artifi cial u s e o f it a ft e r d iff er en t and a ver s e .

M y ex p eri en c e ca u se d m e to m ak e q u it e dzf é r en t c on cl u s i on s to th o se
o f th e C o r on e r fo r W es t m ins t e r . Ti mes .

I t will b e n o tic e d that to is mor e than u s ually u nco m fortabl e

wh e n i t do e s not co m e n e xt to d if eren t .

W e m u s t fee l charitably t o ward s th os e w h o th i n k d if f

er en t ly to r lv es
o u se .

W h y s h o u ld th e s e p r o fit s b e e m p l o y e d d if e r en tly to th e p r o fit s m ad e
by cap itali s t s at h e L O R D GO S C H E N
o m — .

A h , h o w d if e r en t w e r e m y fee li n g s a s I s a t p ro u dly th e re on th e b ox to
th o s e I had th e la s t ti m e I m o u n t e d that c o ach l— T H AC E RAY K .

W hat i s th e gre at d ip er en ce o f th e o n e to th e o th e r — D a i ly Tel egr ap h

’
.

F r om w o u l d i n th i s la s t b e cl e arly b e tt e r than to ; b u t
betw een th e tw o wo u l d b e b e tt e r tha n e ith e r .
 1 64 S YN T A X

a n d n o o ne b e l ow th e d e gre e of a m eta p hy s i c ian can p r e t e nd

to d e cid e b e tw e e n th e m .

A ch o lar en d ow ed by [with ] a n a m p l e k n o wl e dge a n d p e rs u a s iv e

s

e l o q u e n c e t o cit e a n d i n s ta c
n e — M ERE D I T H .

I s a y to y o u p lai n ly th e re i s n o e n d to [at ] which y o u r p ractical f ac u lty

can a im — E M E S ON R .

He rge d that it w a s an u n d e s irabl e thi n g

u to be alway s ti n k er i ng w i th
thi s p artic u lar trad e Ti m es . .

\Ve tam p e r w i th , but ti nk e r a t, th e th ing that is to be

o p e rat e d o n .

Yo u m a y h u n t th e ali e n fr om h is o v e rcr o wd e d t e n e m en t , you m ay

b i m if u l ik e , f r om toi l i ng t en h o u rs a day fo r a wage o f a f e w
f o r i d h , yo

s hi ll i n g s Ti m es
. .

H i s toi li ng, or h i m to to il .

H is r e adi n e s s ,
n ot o n ly at cat chi ng a p o i nt b ut at , m aki n g th e m os t of

it m om en t s n oti ce, w a s a m a z i n g — B R Y CE
’
on a .

’
On th e sp u r of th e
m o m e nt bu t a t a mom e nt s not ic e Th e ,
.

m o tiv e w as n o doubt to avo id r e p e ating a t ; bu t s uch d e vi c e s

, ,

a re s in s i f th e y a re d e t e ct e d .

N ataly had h er s en se of s afe ty in a cq u i es ci ng to su ch a v o ic e .

M E RE D I TH .

We a cqui e s c e though e ith e r p hra se i s awkward

in, no t to,
e no u gh w i th a voi ce ; to is p robably a ccou nt e d fo r agai n by

t h e d e s i r e t o avoid r e p e ati ng i n .

3 . A ft e r nou n s .

T h ere c an be no f a u lt f ou n d to h er m a n ne r s o r s en ti m en t s — S CO TT .

I fi nd faul t w i th : I fi nd a fau l t in . Writ e in or w i th , as o n e

o r t h e oth e r p hra s e i s m e ant .

Th e D i e t h o u l d l e av e to th e Ts ar th e i ni ti a ti ve of taki n g s u ch
s

me a s u re s a s m y e
a b n e s —
c e s ary Ti mes . .

M D e lca s s e t oo k th e i n i ti a ti v e of t u rn i n g th e c on v e rs ati on to M o r o cca n

.

a ff a ir s r Ti m es .

W e a ssu m e th e ri gh t of tu rning , we tak e th e i n i ti a ti ve i n

t u r ni ng .
 PRE PO S ITIO N S 1 65

Th o s e, w h o a re u rgi n g with mos t ard o u r what a re call e d t h e gre at e t s

ben efits o
f
B e n e fits of th e b e n e fact o r but , to th e b e n e fi ciary .

A p o w e r to m ar s hal a n d adj u s t p artic u lar s , wh ich c a n o n ly c o m e fr o m

g f [
a n i ns i h t o i n t o ] th e ir w h o l e c o n n e cti o n — E E R S ON M .

F ro m its d rivi n g e n e rgy, i ts p e r s o n al w e ig h t , it s i n vi n cibl e obl i v i o n to

[ ]
of c e rtai n t hi n g s th e r e s p ra n g u p i n R e dw o o d s m i n d th e m o s t gr o t e s u e
, q
’

a n d s tra n g e o f i m a ge s H G WE L L S —
. . .

4 . S u p e rflu o u s p r e p o s ition s , wh e th e r d u e to ig noranc e of

id io m , n egl i g e n c e o r ,
m i s tak e n z e al fo r accu racy .

A s to M r L o v e lac e s a p p ro bati o n y o u r a s s um p ti on s ch em e wonde r

’
. of -
, I
n o t ( I t — R I C H A R D S ON
s .

A thi n g of w h ich th e s ens e ca n in n o way a s s i s t th e

s om e m i n d to f o r m
a c o n c e p ti o n of f D a i ly Telegr ap h —
.

T h e C o n g re s s c o u ld o cc u p y it s e lf with n o m o r e i mp o rta n t q ue s ti o n tha n

w i th thi s —H UX L E Y
. .

A ft e r th a n , t h e wri t e r m ight hav e go ne o n if i t occup i ed i ts elf

w i th th is ; b u t i f h e m e a n s that h e m u s t giv e it i n f ull
,
.

5 N. e c e ss ary p pr e o s iti o n s om itt e d .

T h e L ady H e n ri e tta w r ote h i m re g u larly thr o u gh h i s ba n k e r s a n d ,

o n c e in a whil e h e w r ote h e r — B A R ON E S S V ON H U TT E N . .

Wr i te w i thout to will n o w p a s s i n c o m m e r cial l ett e rs o nly ;

’
e l s e wh e r e w e c a n s ay
,
I writ e y o u a r e p o r t a l e tt e r b u t
‘
, ,
’
n e ith e r I wi l l w r i t e y o u s i m p l y n o r I wr o t e y o u that th e r e
‘ ‘
,
’
w as d a n g e r That is w e m u s t o nly o m i t t h e to wh e n y ou n o t
.
,

only is th e i ndi r e ct o bj e ct b u t i s u n m i s takably s o at fi r s t s i ght ,

.

I t may aid that I w r i te y ou is g o o d o l d E ngli s h S o is he

be s .

w as a do i ng of i t ; I gu es s is g o o d C hauc e r ian
-
B u t i n n e i th e r .

ca s e c a n th e a p p e a l t o a d e ad u s ag e— d e ad i n p o l i t e s o ci e ty ,

o r in E ngland — j u s ti fy what i s a m o d e rn v u lga r i s m .

6 C om p o u nd p r e p o s iti o n s and c o nj u n cti o n s

. .

T h e incr e a s i n g u s e o f th e s e i s m u ch t o b e r e g r e tt e d
Th e y .
,

a n d t h e l o v e fo r ab s trac t e x r e s s i o n with wh i ch th e y a re
p
cl o s e ly alli e d a re r e s p o n s ibl e fo r m u ch o f what i s fl accid
, ,

d i ffu s e and n e r v e l e s s i n m o d e rn writing Th e y a re g e n e rally

, , .
,
1 66 S YN T A X

no d o u bt i n v e nt e d by p e r s o n s w h o wa n t to e x p r e s s a m o r e
,

r e ci s s had e o f m e a ni ng tha n th e y c a n fi n d in anythi n g

p e

al r e ad y e xi s ti ng b ut th e y a re s o o n ca u ght u p by o th e rs w h o
n o t o nly d o n o t n e e d t h e n e w d e l icat e i n s tru m e n t b u t d o n o t ,

u n d e rs ta n d it I n a s m u ch a s fo r in s tanc e o rigi n al ly e x p re s s e d
.
, ,

that t h e t r u th o f its clau s e gav e th e e xact m e a s u r e o f th e t r u th

that b e l o n g e d to t h e mai n s e nt e nc e S o ( fr o m th e Oxf or d .

D i c ti on a ry )

Go d is on ly Go d i na s m u ch as h e i s th e M o ral Go v e rn o r of th e w o rld .

SIR W H AM I LT ON
. .

’
B u t l o ng b e fo r e H am i lto n s d ay th e wo r d p a s s e d v e r y n atu ,

rally into th e m e a n i n g fo r wh ich i t n e e d n e v e r hav e b e e n

, ,

i n v e nt e d o f s i n ce o r beca u s e C o n s e q u e ntly m o s t p e o p l e w h o
, .

n e e d th e o riginal id e a hav e n o t t h e c o u rag e to u s e i n a s m u ch

a s fo r it lik e S ir W H a m il t o n bu t r e s o rt to n e w co mbi n ati o n s
, .
,

with f a r T h o s e n e w combi n at i o n s h o w e ve r a s wil l b e s h o w n

.
, , ,

fl uctuat e a n d a re co n fu s e d with o n e a noth e r Th e b e s t thi n g .

w e c a n n o w d o with i n as m uch a s is t o ge t it d e c e n tly b u ri e d

wh e n i t m e an s s i n ce s i n ce is b e tt e r ; wh e n it m e an s W hat i t
,

o nc e m e ant no o n e u nd e r s ta n d s it
,
Th e m o r al w e wi s h to .

d r aw is that th e s e co m p o u nd s s ho u l d b e l e ft altog e th e r alon e

e xc e p t i n
p a s s a ge s wh e r e gr e at
p r e ci s ion i s want e d J u s t a s .

a word l ik e s a ve (e xc e p t ) is r u i n e d fo r th e p o e t by b e i ng u s e d
o n e v e r y p ag e o f o r din ary ro s e whi ch i t d is fi gu re s i n r e v e ng e
p (
fo r i ts o w n d e gra d a t i o n ) s o i n a s m u ch a s is s p o ilt fo r th e l o gician
, .

W e s hall fi r s t ill u s t r at e th e ab s u rd p r e vail i ng abu s e o f th e

com p o un d p r e p o s iti o n a s to I n e ach o f th e fo ll o wing s e nt e n c e s
.
,

if a s to i s s i m p l y l e ft o u t n o d i ffe r e nc e what e v e r i s m ad e in th e
,

m e a n i ng I t i s o n ly fa m il ia r ity with u n n e c e s s ary C irc u m lo c u

.

ti o n that m ak e s s u ch a s tat e o f thing s tol e r abl e to any o n e

with a gl i m m e ring o f l it e rary d i s c e r n m e nt A s to fl ow s f r o m .

t h e p e n n o w at e v e ry p o s s ibl e o p p o r tu nity til l many writ e r s ,

s e e m q u it e u n awar e that s u ch w o r d s a s q u es ti o n o r d ou bt can

b ear th e w e ight o f a w h e ther clau s e with o ut h e l p f r om thi s -

o ffe n s iv e p ara s i t e .
 1 68 S YN TA X

of th e B o ard f or th e p u rp os e of e x a m i n i ng th e arm s o f th e childre n w i th

a v i e w t o advi s i n g th e p ar e n t s t o all o w th e ir childr e n to b e vacci n at e d .

T h e S u lta n will k to o btai n m o n e y by c o n tracti ng l o a n s with

s ee

p rivat e fir m s in v i ew of b e gi nn i n g f o r h i m s e l f th e p r e li m i n ary r e fo rm s
.

a n ythi n g to p ro p os e i n v i ew of th e s a feg u ardi ng o f h e r

I t Ge r m a n y h a s
'

o w n i n t e re st s it will c e rtai n ly m e e t with th at c o u rt e o u s c o n s id e rati on

,

wh ich is traditi o n al i n F r e n ch di p l o mac y — Ti m es .

I ts e x e c u ti o n is b e i n g car e fu lly p r e p ar e d w i th a v i ew of av o idi n g any

c olli s i o n with th e n ativ e s Ti m es . .

M y c om p a n y h a s b e e n a p p ro ach e d by s e v e ral fir m s w i th a v i ew of
o v e rc o m i n g th e d iffi c u l ty — Ti m es .

Of th e s e t h e fir s t is corr e ct b u t th e s e nt e nc e i t com e s i n is s o
ty p ical o f th e co m p o u n d p re p o s iti o nal s tyl e that no o ne wh o
-

r e ad s i t wi ll b e s u rp ri s e d that i ts p atr o n s s h o ul d s om e tim e s

g e t m ix e d h o w s houl d p e o p l e w h o w r it e l ik e that k e e p th e i r

id e a s cl e ar ? Th e s e cond s h o ul d hav e w i th a vi ew to S t i ll .

m o r e s ho u l d th e third which i s ambig u o u s as w e l l as u n id io

,

m atic th e w o rd s u s e d o ught to m e an s eei ng tha t h er i n ter es ts

a r e s af egu a r d ed a lr ea dy Th e fourth and fi fth s houl d again
.

hav e w i th a view to (o r w i th the vi ew of ) .

( )
b T h e co mbination s with f a r — a s f a r a s s o f a r a s s o f a r , ,

th a t i n s o f a r a s i n s o f a r th a t o f which th e l a s t i s c e rtainly
, , , ,

a n d th e la s t bu t o n e p r o bably n e e dl e s s — ha v e s o m e d i s ti nction s

and li m itati o n s O ft e n n e gl e ct e d F o r i n s tanc e a s f a r a s m u s t

.
,

n o t b e fo ll o w e d by a m e r e nou n e xc e t i n t h e lit e r al s e n s e a s
p ,

f a r a s L o n d o n S o
f.a r a s and s o f a r th a t a re d i s tingu i s h e d by

good w r it e rs i n b e ing a p p l i e d th e fi rs t to cl a u s e s that c o ntai n

,

a d o ubt fu l o r varyi ng fact t h e o th e r to clau s e s c o ntaini n g a n

,

a s c e rtain e d or p o s itive fact S o f a r a s ( and i n s o f a r a s ) that

.
,

is m e an s to w h a tever ex ten t and s o f a r th a t m e an s to th is

"

, ,

ex te n t , n a me ly th a t .

T h e q u es ti o n a it u lati o n s a n d o f th e M i x e d Trib un al s is n o t in
of th e C p
a n y way e s s e n tially Briti s h s av e i n s o f a r a s t h e p o s iti o n o f Gr e at Britai n
,

i n E gy p t m ak e s h e r p ri m arily r e s p o n s i bl e —Ti m es . .

C o r r e ct ; b ut ex cep t th a t would b e m u ch b e tt e r th a n s a ve i n s o
f ar as .
 CO M P O U N D P R E P O S IT I O N S so
—
f ar as 1 69

P re vi o u s to 1 8 9 5 wh e n a s e p arat e c o n s tit u ti o n ex i s t e d for th e B o m bay

,

a n d M adra s ar m i e s p o s s ibly a m ilitary d e p art m e n t a n d a m ilitary m e

mbe r
,

w e r e n e c e s s ary in o rd e r to fo c u s at th e s e at o f g o v e r n m e n t t h e g e n e ral
m ilitary s it u ati o n i n I n dia b u t i n
,
th e j u dg m e n t o f m a n y o ffi c e r s w e ll

qu alifi e d t o f o r m a n o p i n i o n n o s u ch d e
, p art m e n t u n d e r p r e s e n t c o n diti o n s

r
is e ally r e q u i s it e i n
, s o f a r a s t h e ac t i o n o f t h e C o m m a n d e r i n C hi e f i s - -

thwart e d in ca s e s wh e re h e s h o u ld b e th e b e s t j u dg e of what i s n e c e s s ary .

E nt i r e l y w r o n g I t . is c o n fu s e d with i n a s m u ch as , and s i n ce

s h o u ld b e w r i tt e n .

Th e o ffi cial s have d o n e th e ir u t mo s t to en fo rc e neu trality ,

an d hav e i n
so f ar s u cc ee d e d a s th e Baltic fl e e t k e e p s ou t s id e th e thr e e -
m il e li m it .

S h o uld b e so f a r s ucceeded th a t ; w e a re m e ant t o u n d e rs tand

that th e fl e e t d o e s k e e p o ut s id e , though i t d o e s not go right
away a s m ight b e wi s h e d .

Th e p re vi o u s a p p e al m ad e by M
D e lca s s e w a s s o f a r s u cc e s s f ul a s
.

t h e T s ar hi m s e l f s e n t o rd e r s t o A d m iral Ro z hd e s tv e n s ky to c o mp ly with
th e F re n ch c o l o n ial a u th o riti e s Ti m es
i nj u n cti o n s of th e . .

A s s h o u ld b e th a t I t i s n o t d o u bt ful to what e xt e nt o r wh e th e r
.

t h e T s ar s e nt H e did s e n d ; that i s th e o nl y p oint

. .

Th e y a re ex c e p ti o n al in charact e r i n s of a r ,
as th e y do no t a pp e ar to be
m o dificati o ns o f th e e p id e r m i s H UX L E Y .
—
.

S h o u ld p r o bably b e s o f a r ex cep ti o n a l th a t . Th e p oi n t is
that th e r e i s thi s a m o unt o f th e e x c e p ti o nal i n th e m n o t that ,

th e ir i rr e g u larity d e p e nd s o n t h e d o ubt fu l fact o f th e i r n o t b e in g

m o d i ficat i on s t h e word app ea r o u ght oth e r w i s e to hav e b e e n

p a r e nth e tical ly a rr ang e d .

Thi s i n fl u e n c e w as s o f a r i n dire ct i n th a t it w a s gre atly f u rth e r e d by

L e S ag e , w ho b o rro w e d th e f o rm of h is S p a n i s h c o n t e m p o rari e s — Ti m es . .

A mi x t u r e o f w as so f ar i n d i r ec t th a t and w a s i n d i r ec t i n th a t .

H e s e e m e d q u ickly t o giv e u p fi r s t ha n d o b s e rva t i o n a n d t o b e c o n t e n t

-

to r e p r o d u c e a n d r e r e p r o d u c e h is e ar ly i m p r e s s i o n s alway s tr u s ti n g t o
-
,

h is o w n i n v e n ti o n a n d t h e r e adi n g p u blic s i n v e t e rat e p r e fe r e n c e f o r

’

s y m m e try a n d s at i s facti o n to p u ll h i m thr o u gh

, Th e y hav e p u ll e d h i m .

thr o ugh i n s o f ar a s th e y hav e m ad e h is n a m e p o p u lar ; b u t a n arti s t a n d

a re a i s t p o s s ibly e v e n a h u mo u ri s t — hav e b e en l o s t — Ti mes
l — . .
m o S YN T A X

In l av s th e p o p ul arity and t h e p ulling thro u gh

fso ar e e as

d o ubt ful wh ich th e y a re cl e a r ly not m e an t to b e I t s h o u ld

,
.

be so f ar th a t.

A man c an ge t h e l p f r o m ab o v e to d o what as f ar as h u ma n p o ss ibility

h as p r o v e d o u t o f h is p o w e r .
— D a i ly Tel egr ap h .

Thi s is a wh o l e s e nt e nc e not a fragm e nt as m ight b e s u p p o s e d

, ,
.

B ut a s f a r as ( e xc e p t i n th e local s e n s e ) m u s t hav e a v e rb ,

finit e o r i nfi n it e S u p p ly goes. .

Th e large m aj o rity w o u ld r ep ly in th e a ffir mativ e ,

in so
f ar as to ad m it
—
that th e r e is a Go d D a i ly Tel egr ap h .

Sof a r as to a d m i t,
or i n s o f a r a s they w ou ld a d mi t ; n o t th e
mixtu r e A n d thi s d i s tincti o n is p e rha p s th e only j u s ti fi cati o n
.

fo r th e e xi s t e nc e o f i n s o f a r a s by t h e s id e o f s o f a r a s ;
t h e fi r s t is only co nj u ncti o n t h e s e c o nd can b e p r e p o s ition
,

as w e l l .
1 7 2 A I RS A ND G RA C E S

e nu m e rat e d t h e o cca s i o n al a p p e ara n c e o f th e riv e r i n th e drawi ng ro o m -

,

a nd t h e c o n t e m p o ra n e o us di s a p p e ara n c e o f th e law n a n d s hr u bb e ry .

D IC KENS .

Th e y m igh t b e b e tt e r e m p l o y e d in c o m p o s i ng th e ir q u arr e l s a n d p re
p ari n g a p o l icy tha n i n fo ll o wi n g t h e rath e r l u g u bri o us o cc u ati o n s
p
i ndicat e d by M r A s qu it h — Ti m es . .

O r p e rha p s fr o m a p re s e n ti m e n t o f calv e s brai n s yo u re frai n fro m

,
’
,

a n y lact e al additi o n a n d ra s p y o u r t o n g u e with u n m itigat e d b o h e a

, .

E LI OT .

T h e ro c k s w e r e cawi n g with m a n y v o ic e d m o n o t o n y a p p ar e n tly — b y -

,

a r e m arkabl e a p p rox i m ati o n to h u ma n i n t e llige n c e — fi n d ing gr e at c o n

v e r s a t io n al r e so u rc e s in t h e cha n g e o f w e ath e r — E L I O T . .

I had b e e n t e rribly s hak e n by m y fall a n d had s u b s e q u e n tly o wi ng , ,

t o t h e i n ci s i o n o f th e s u rg e o n s la n c e t b e e n d e p riv e d o f m u ch o f th e
’

v ital flu id — B O R R O W . .

An e ld e rly m a n s t o o d n e ar m e a n d a s till m o r e e ld e rly f e m al e w a s ,

h oldi ng a p hial of v e ry p u n g e n t s alt s to m y o l f act o ry o rga n — B OR R O W . .

T h e m i n i s t e r h o n e s t m a n w a s g e tti n g o n h is b o o t s in th e kitch e n
, ,

to s e e u h o m e
s “ e ll thi s p re p arati o n m i n i s t e rial b e i n g fi n i s h e d w e
f
, ,

s t e p p e d bri s kl y o u t — C R O C K E TT . .

W e hav e o u r s e lv e s b e e n r e m i n d e d o f th e d e fici en ci e s o f o u r fe m o ral

habili m e n t s a n d ex h o rt e d u p o n that s c or e to fit o u rs e lv es m o r e b e s e e m
,

ingl y —S C O TT. .

b P lay fu l r e p e ti ti o n
. .

W hen had ba n g e d o u t th e t un e s l o wly s h e be gan a di ffe r en t

sh e ,

m a n n e r o f Ge tti n u p S tair s
‘
a n d did s o with a f u ry a n d s wi f t n e s s
’ ’

q u it e i n cr e dibl e S h e s p u n u.
p s tair s s h e whirl e d u p s tair s ; s h e gall o p e d

u p s tair s s h e rattl e d u p s tair s T h e n M i s s W irt p lay e d th e Ge tti n

’

u p S tair s with t h e m o s t p ath e ti c a n d ravi s hi n g s o l e m n ity M i s s W irt s ’

ha n d s s e e m e d t o fai n t a n d wail a n d d ie in variati o n s : agai n a n d s h e ,

w en t u p with a s av a g e clan g a n d r u s h o f tr u m p e t s as if M i ss W irt w as ,

s t o rm i n g a br e ach
— T H A C K E RA Y . .

M y m i n d w a s to a c e rtai n ex t e n t o cc u p i e d with th e m ark s o n th e

, ,

t e a p o t ; it i s tr u e that t h e m o u r nfu l id e a s tr o v e hard with th e m ark s o n

t h e t e a p o t fo r t h e m a s t e ry i n m y m i n d a n d at la s t th e p ai n f u l id e a dro v e ,

t h e m ark s o f t h e t e a p o t o u t B O R R OW .
—
.

T h e p a s tryc oo k i s hard at w o rk in th e f u n e r e al r o o m i n Br o o k S tre e t ,

a n d th e v e ry tall y o u n g m e n a re b us y l o o ki n g o n O n e o f th e v e ry tall .

y o u n g m e n alr e ady s m e ll s o f s h e rry a n d h is e y e s hav e a t e n d e n cy to ,

b e c o m e fi x e d in h is h e ad a n d to s tare at o bj e ct s with o u t s e e i n g th em
,
.

T h e v e ry tall y o u n g m a n i s c o n s ci o u s o f thi s f aili n g in hi m se l f ; a n d

i nfo rm s h is c o mrad e that it s h is e x ci s e m a n Th e v e ry tall y o un g m a n
’

w o uld s a y e x cit e m e nt b u t h is S p ee c h is ha z y D I CK E NS
, .
-
.
 P L A Y F U L R E P ET I T I O N 1
73

B u s y is M rs . M i ff th i s m o r n i n g
at Ch u rch d o o r b e at i n g a n d d u s ti n g th e -
,

t h e altar cl o th t h e car p e t a n d t h e c u s hi o n s ; an d m u ch h a s M rs M i ff to
-
, .

s a y ab o u t th e w e ddi n g th e y a r e g o i n g to hav e M rs M i ff i s t o ld that th e . .

n e w f u r n it u re a n d alt e rati o n s in th e h o u s e c o s t f u ll fi ve th o u s a n d p o u n d ,

if th e y c o s t a p e n n y ; an d M rs M i ff h a s h e ard u p o n th e b e s t a u th o rity .
, ,

that th e lady ha s n t go t a s ixp en c e wh e re withal to bl e s s h e r se l f M r s M i ff

’
. .

r e m e m b e r s lik e wi se a s i f it had ha p p e n e d y e s t e rday th e firs t wi fe s

, , ,
’

f u n e ral a n d th e n t h e chri s t e n i n g a n d th en t h e o th e r f u n e ral ; a n d

, ,

M rs M i ff s ay s B y th e b ye s h e ll s o a p a n d wat e r that e re tabl e t ’ ’

- - - -
.
, ,

r e e n tly agai n s t t h e c o m p a n y arriv e — D I C K E N S

p s ,
. .

M r D o mb e y w a s a grave s ight b e hi n d th e d e ca n t e r s in a s tat e o f

.
, ,

dign ity ; a n d th e E a s t I n dia D ire ct o r w a s a fo rl o rn s ight n e ar t h e ,

u n o cc u p i e d e n d o f th e tabl e i n a s tat e o f s o l it u d e ; a n d th e m aj o r w a s ,

a m ilitary s i gh t r e lati n g s t ori e s o f t h e D u k e o f Y o rk to s ix o f th e s e ve n

,

m ild m e n ( th e a m biti ou s o n e w a s u tt e rly q u en ch e d ) ; a n d t h e Ba n k

D ire ct o r w a s a l o wly s ight m aki n g a p la n o f h i s littl e att e mp t at a p i n e ry
, ,

with d e s s e rt k n iv es f or a gr o u p o f ad m ir e r s ; an d C o u s i n F e e n ix w a s
,

a th ou ght fu l s ight a s h e s m o o th e d h is l o n g wri s tba n d s an d s t e alth ily

,

adj u s t e d h is wig D I C K E N S
— . .

T h e a u thor i s v e r y m u ch at h is c a s e in t h e l a s t e xam p l e ;
th e novi c e w h o s ho u l d ya w n i n ou r fac e s with s u ch e n gagi n g
cand o u r w o uld r e n d e r hi m s e l f l iabl e t o m i s int e rp r e tati o n .

c Th e w e l l w o r n flo o d o f t e ar s and s e d a n chair p l e a s antry

.
-
‘ - - - - -
’
.

P hi h C o ok l eft h er e v e n i n g wa s h tub a n d ap p e ar e d at h er d o o r in s o a p -

d
su s a b o n
,
n e t p o k e a n d g e-
n e ral da m p n e s s — E L
, I O T .

S ir C harl e s , c o u r s e r e s c u e s h e r f r o m th e cl u tch es o f th e I talia n an d

of , ,

th e y r e t u rn t o g e th e r in tri u mp h a n d a m o t o r car Ti m es -
. .

M i ss N i pp er s h o o k h e r h e ad a n d a t in ca n i s t e r a n d b ega n u n a s k e d -
,

to m ak e th e tea — D I C KE N S . .

An d f o r th e re s t it is n o t hard to b e a s t o ic in e ight s yllabl e m e tr e a n d -

a trav e lli n g carriage L O W E L L

—-
. .

B u t what th e bar e l e gg e d m e n w e r e d o i n g ba ffl e d c o nj e ct u re a n d th e
-

b e s t gla s s e s — E F B E N S ON . . .

d O th e r wo r n out
.
-
p hra s es of hu moro u s t e nd e n cy .

F o r, t e ll it n ot in Gath , th e B i s h o p had arriv e d on a bicycl e .

D . S L AD E N .

Te ll it n o t in S m ith s t b u t — Gu er n s e E v en i n P r e ss
y g
-
.
,

S l e e p i n g t h e s l e e p o f th e j u s t .

T e h galla n t s o n s o f M ar s — Ti m es .

M r M ack e n z i e with a wh it e hat

.
, a n d l o n g br o w n l e ath e r gait e r s .

b u tt oned u p o n h is n e th e r a n at o m y — L O C I< H ART . .

 1 74 A I RS A ND G RA C E S

L o o ki n g fo r all th e w o rld l ik e — D S L AD E N
. .

To o f u n n y fo r w o rd s .

Th e s e tw o p hra s e s a re c o m m o nly e m p l o y e d to carry o ff

a hu m o r ou s d es c r i p ti o n o f whi ch th e s u cc e s s i s d o ubt e d .

Th e y a re e qu ival e n t s i n l ight l it e r at u r e o f th e e nc ou r ag e m e n t
, ,

s om e ti m e s o fle re d by t h e s t o r y t e l l e r wh o s e j o k e f rom P u n ch
'

h a s f all e n fl at : Yo u s h o ul d hav e s e e n th e i l lu s tration

‘

Wor thy a nd ga lla n t a re s i milarly u s e d

To h e ar th e w o rthy a n d galla n t M aj o r r e s u m e h is f av ou rit e t o p ic is
lik e law b u s i n ess o r a p e r so n w h o h a s a s u it i n C ha n c e ry g o i n g ou
-
, .

H AZ L I TT .

H om e — I w o u ld i mp l o r e Go d t o s u rv e y with an e ye o f m e rcy th e ir
ai m m — An d w o u ld n o t yo u b e di s p os e d t o b e h o ld
'

u n o fl e n d i ng h s H u. e

th e with a eye of th
m n e s a m e ma t er i a l s — L A NDO R .

T w o o r thr e e haggard ragge d draw e r s ra n to an d fro

,
Gu id e d by
o n e o f th es e bli n k i n g Ga ny m ed es th e y e n t e r e d
—
, S C O TT .

Th e a n ci e n t H ebe w h o act e d a s L o rd Gl e n va rlo ch s c u p b e are r t o o k

’
-

h i s p art agai n s t th e i n tr u s i on o f t h e s till m o re a n ti qu at e d Ga ny m ede a n d ,

i n s i s t e d o n o ld Trap b o is l e avi n g t e r
h o o m i ta tly S C O TT
n s n — . .

I t may b e doubt e d wh e th e r any r e s e mblanc e o r contra s t ,

’
h o w e v e r s triki ng can m ak e i t worth a mod e rn wri t e r s whil e to
,

cal l wait e r s G anym e d es waitr es s es H e b e s p o s t m e n M e rcu ri e s

, , ,

cab m e n A utom e don s or J e hu s I n S cott s ti m e p o s s ibly .

’

, ,

th e s e p h ra ses had s till an agr e e abl e nov e lty : th e y a re n o w

s o hackn e y e d as to hav e f al l e n into th e hand s o f writ e r s who

a re not quit e c e rtai n w ho G anym e d e an d H e b e w e r e Thu s .

,

th e re a re p e rs on s who e vid e ntly think that i t is rath e r

’
com p l im e ntary t o on e s ho s t than oth e rwi s e to cal l h i m an
A m p hitry o n and oth e rs who a re fo n d o f u s ing th e p hra s e
’
l A m p h it ry o n O tI l o n d in e
‘ ’ ’
alt o g e th e r without p oint ,

a p p are ntly und e r th e im p re s s ion that o h l on d i n e i s an ‘ ’ ’

alt e rnativ e v e r s i o n fo r th e u s e o f th e uninitiat e d ( A m p hit ryon ‘

’
that i s to s ay on e s ,

J a p an ay s M Bal e t c an alway s b o rro w

, s .
, m o ne y l o n g a s s h e c an
so

p r o vid e tw o thi n g s g u ara n t e e s a n d vict o ri e s . S h e h a s g u ara n t ee s e n o u gh

a n d vict o ri e s ga l ore Ti m es. .
 1 7 6 A I RS A ND G RA C E S
’
M r G l ad s ton e fo r i n s tan c e having al r e ady b e c o m e h e
‘
.
, ,
‘
,
’

p r e s e ntly a p p e a r s a s that s tat e s man Va r iati o n‘

o f thi s kind
i s o ft e n n e c e s s a r y in p racti c e ; s o o ft e n that it s h o u ld n e v e r ,

b e ad m itt e d e xc e p t wh e n i t is n e c e s s a r y M any w r it e rs o f .

t h e p r e s e n t d ay ab o u n d i n ty p e s o f vari ation that a re n o t

j u s tifi e d by e x p e d i e n cy and h av e co n s e qu e ntl y th e ai r o f ,

ch e a p o r n am e n t I t is i m p o s s ibl e t o l ay d o wn hard and f a s t

.

r u l e s but t w o g e n e ral p r i n ci p l es m ay b e s u gg e s t e d : ( I ) Va ri a
,

ti o n s h o u l d tak e p lac e only wh e n th e re is s o m e awkwa r d n es s ,

s u ch a s a mbi gu ity o r n oti c e ab l e m on o to n y i n th e w o r d ,

av o id e d ( 2 ) Th e s u b s ti tut e s h o u l d b e o f a p u r e ly p ro no m i nal
.

charact e r a s ub s tit u t e and noth ing m or e ; th e r e s h o uld b e

,

no kill in g o f t w o bird s wi th o n e s t o n e Eve n wh e n th e s e .

tw o r e quir e m e nt s a re s ati s fi e d t h e variati o n i s o ft e n w o r s e , ,

b e cau s e m or e n o tic e abl e than th e m onotony i t is d e s ign e d ,

to avoid .

Th e e xam p l e s i n ou r fi r s t gro u p d o n ot o ffe nd agai n s t ( 2 )

how fa r th e y o ff e n d agai n s t and how far th e y a re obj e ct ion
abl e o n oth e r gr o u nd s w e s hall con s id e r i n d e tail , .

M r W o l ff th e w e ll k n o w n m i n i n g e n gi n ee r y e s t erday p aid a vi s it t o
.
,
-
,

th e c
s ene of th e di s a s t e r . Th e p er t gav e it
ex as h is i i
op n o n that no

bla m e attach e d
Th e ex p er t is gratu it o u s : He would hav e d o n e qu it e w e ll .

N one l e s s M rs S c o tt [S ir W alt e r s m o th e r ] w a s a m o th erly c o m fo rt

th e .
’

abl e w o m a n with m u ch t e n d e r n es s o f h e art a n d a w e ll s t o r e d vivi d

, , ,

m e m o ry S ir W alt e r writi n g o f h e r a f t e r h i s m oth er s d e ath to L ady

’
.
, , ,

L o u i s a S t e wart s ays — H U TT ON
,
.

’
H is m o ther s is
only u n n e c e s s ary bu t m i s l e ad i ng : th e r e
no t ,

i s a di fficul ty i n r e ali z ing that h er a nd h is mo th er s o p l ac e d , ,

can b e m ea nt t o r e fe r to th e s am e p e rs on .

M r J H ay s H a m m o n d a f ri e n d o f P r e s id en t Ro o s e v elt l e ct u ri n g b efo re
. .
, ,

th e Am e rican P o liti cal S ci e n c e A s s o ciati o n q u o t e d a r e c e n t u tt e ra n c e o f ,

t h e P re s id e n t o f th e J a p a n e s e H ou s e o f P e e r s Th a t dign i tary s aid : .

—
S p ecta tor .

Th a t d ign i ta ry s a id m i ght hav e b e e n omitt e d with , th e f ull

s to p b e fo r e i t .
 E L E G A NT VA R I A TI O N 1 77

Mr . t dy o f th e E li z ab etha n S o n n e t s th e lat e M r C harl e s

S id n e y L e e
’
s s u ,
.

E lt o n s b oo k o n S hak e s p e ar e s F a m ily a n d F ri en d s a n d P r o fe s s o r
’ ’

B radl e y s o n S hak es p e ar ea n rag dy a w o rk wh ich m a y b e i n s tr u ctiv e ly

’
T e —

re ad with P r ofe ss o r C a m p b e ll s Tr a gic D ra ma in Aes chyl u s S o p h o cl e s ’ ‘

,

a n d S hak e s p e ar e r em i n d u s that th e dr a m a ti s t s till h o ld s h is o w n with

-

t h e p u bli s h e r s Th e la s t tw o o r thre e w e ek s hav e s e en tw o n e w e diti o n s

.

of h im — Ti m es .

Th e writ e r h as thoroughly p u z z l e d hi m s e l f H e cann o t cal l .

S hak e s p e ar e S hak e s p e ar e b e cau s e th e r e i s a S hak e s p e ar e ,

j u s t b e fo r e : h e cannot cal l hi m h e b e cau s e s ix oth e r p e r s o n s ,

i n th e s e nt e nc e hav e clai m s u p o n h e : and h e ought n o t t o

cal l hi m the dr a ma tis t b e cau s e A e s chylu s and S o p hocl e s ,

w e r e d ramat i s t s too W e kno w o f cou r se which d ramati s t .

, ,

is m e an t j u s t as w e s houl d hav e kn o wn which h e w a s m e a n t ;

,

bu t th e a p p ro p riation is awkward i n e ith e r ca s e Th e .

dr a ma ti s t is no d oubt th e b e s t thing und e r t h e circu m s tanc e s ;

b u t wh e n m att e r s a re brought to s uch a p a s s that w e can
n e ith e r cal l a man by h is o w n nam e n o r u s e a p r o no u n , ,

nor id e nti fy h i m by m e an s o f h is p ro fes s i on i t i s ti m e to ,

r e m o d e l th e s e nt e nc e .

If Mr . C ha mb e rlai n h a s b een i nj ure d by th e fact that till no w M r Bal fo u r .

h ascl u n g t o h im , M r Bal fou r h as b e en e qu ally i nj u r e d by th e fact that

.

M r C ha mb e rlai n
. h as p e r s i s t e ntly l o ck e d h is arm in th a t of th e P r i m e
III i n i s ter —
S
.
p ecta tor .

E l e gant vari ation i s th e la s t thing w e s houl d e x p e ct h e r e .

’
F o r what i s t h e writ e r s p rinci p al obj e ct ? C l e a r ly to ,

e m p ha s i z e t h e id e a o f r e ci p r o city by t h e r e e tition o f n a m e s
p ,

and by th e ir arrang e m e nt M r C hamb e rlain M r Bal f o u r . .

,
.

M r B al fo u r M r C ha mb e rlain
.
, I t is e a s y e no u gh s o fa r
. .
,

‘
I f M r C hamb e r l ai n h as b e e n i nj u r e d by t h e p e rs i s t e nt
.

attachm e nt o f M r Bal f o u r M r Bal fo u r h a s b e e n e qual ly

.
, .

i nj u r e d by that o f M r C hamb e r lain B u t that i s n o t al l .

’
.

that i s r e q u ir e d : th e r e i s to b e th e gra p hic t o u ch ; arm is

to b e l o ck e d i n arm No w c o m e s th e d i ffi c u lty : i n w h o s e .

a r m a re w e to l o ck M r C hamb e r lai n s ? in h is ? i n h is ? .
’ ‘ ’ ‘ ’

’ ’
i n h is o w n ? in M r B al fo u r s ? i n that o f th e Pr i m e
’
‘ ‘ ‘
.

N
1
7 8 A I RS A ND G R AC E S

M i ni s t e r
’
? l o cki ng o f arm s is p e r ha p s a ft e r all o n ly
A s th e
an e l ega n t va r iatio n fo r cli nging r e mod e ll i ng s e e m s agai n to ,

b e th e b e s t way o u t o f th e d i fficul ty P e rha p s o u r s im p lifi e d .

fo r m ab o v e m ight s e rv e .

O n T h u rs day e v e n i n g la s t a s a h o r s e a n d cart w e r e s ta n di n g at M r
, .

Br o w n s s h o p
’
, th e a n i m al b o lt e d .

‘
Th e h r o se
’
.
—
A n unc o n s ci o u s s atiri s t o f t e nd e r y e a r s b u t ,
’
r i p e d i s c e rnm e n t p ar s e d ani mal i n thi s s e n t e nc e a s a p e r
,
‘

’
s o n al
p r o nou n ; it r e p lac e d t h e s ubj e ct ‘
o f t h e s e nt e nc e .

J o u r nal i s ts ( it w a s e x p lain e d to h e r) a re e qui p p e d with many

m or e p e rs onal p ron oun s than e v e r ge t into th e gra m mars .

Th e K i ng y e s t e rday m o rn i ng m ad e a cl o s e i n s pe cti on o f th e C r u i s er
D rak e at P o rt s m o u th an d a ft e r w ard s m ad e a t o u r o f th e harb o u r o n b o ard
,

th e A d m iral s la u n ch H i s Maj es ty th e n la n d e d a n d dr o v e to S o u th s e a
’
. .
,

wh e r e h e i n s p e ct e d th e R o yal Garri s o n A rtill e ry at C lar e n c e B arrack s .

Th e K i ng r e t u r n e d to L o n d o n in t h e c o u r s e o f th e a ft e rn oo n Ti m es . .

Thi s is n o d o ubt a d i ffic u l t ca s e Th e royal p r o nou n ( H is

, ,
.

M aj e s ty ) d o e s n o t l e nd it s e l f to r e p e titio n : on t h e oth e r
hand i t i s fe lt that h es i f i nd ulg e d i n at al l m u s t b e k ep t
, , ,

a r e s p e ct fu l d i s tanc e a p art ; h e nc e Th e K i ng i n th e thi rd

s e nt e nc e We can ge t rid o f i t by r e ading
. at C lar e nc e
B ar r ack s ; r e tu rning B u t o f cou rs e that s ol ution woul d
n ot always b e p o s s ibl e .

Th e E mp er or r e c e iv e d y es te rday a nd to day Gen eral Baron vo n B e ck -

I t m ay th e r e fo r e b e a s s u m e d with s o m e c o n fid en c e that th e t e r m s o f
a fe a s ibl e s o l u ti o n are m at u ri ng th em s e lv e s in H i s M aj es ty s m i n d an d ’

m a y fo r m t h e ba s i s o f f u rth e r n e g o tiat i o n s with H u n garian p arty l e ad e r s

wh en th e M on a r ch g oe s agai n to B u da p e s t Ti mes .
-
.

I f th e E mp er or of A u s tr i a s h o u l d d i s a pp e ar f r o m th e s c e n e war , ,

acc o rdi n g t o thi s a u th o rity i s to b e f e are d a s th e E mp eror F r a n ci s j os eph

, ,

al on e c on tr o l s Ti m es .

Th e r e no e xcu s e e ith e r fo r the M on a r ch or fo r th e E mp er or

is
F r a nc is ? os ep h H e cou ld s carc e ly hav e b ee n m i s int e r
.

p re t e d e v e n i n t h e l att e r s e nt e nc e .

S i r Ch a r l es E d w a r d B er n a r d had a l on g a n d di s ti ngu i s h e d caree r i n

th e I n dia n C ivil S e rvic e F iv e y e ars lat e r S i r Ch a r l es B er n a r d w a s
ap p o i n t e d C o mm i s s i on e r o f N agp u r I n 1 8 7 6 S i r E d w a r d B er na r d
r e t u rn e d to N agp u r Ti mes .
-
.
 1 80 A I R S A ND G RA C E S

Gr e at adva n c e s i n th e e d u cati o n o f w o m e n a re lik e ly , p e rha p s ,

to fi n d m o r e c o n g e n ial s o il in U n iv e r s iti e s l e s s b o u n d by ti m e h o n o u r e d -

traditi o n s a n d by s o cial c o n v e n ti o n s tha n x fo rd o r C a m bridg e W hat O .

e v e r m a y b e th e ca s e by I s i s or Ca m, Ti m es .

O ur re p re s e n tat iv e y e s t e rday ra n d o w n to B ri ght o n to i n t e rv i e w th e

C a m bridg e C a p tai n Th e w ei gh t p u tter a n d h igh j u mp er r e c e iv e d h im
.
- -

with h is u s u al c o rdiality .

Thi s a fav o u rit e n e w s p a p e r ty p e

is .

Th e m i s c e llan e o u s e xam p l e s giv e n b e l ow ( e xc e p t th e

‘

’
fo r m e r o f th e l a s t t w o ) a re conn e ct e d with p ronom inal
va r iati o n onl y s o far a s th e y i l lu s trat e th e s am e p rinci p l e o f
fal s e e l e ga nc e .

hardly calc ulat e d to i mp r e s s a t th i s j u n ctu re m o r e tha n up on a ny

m er o cca s i on th e a u di e n c e m
f or T i es .

H i s m o th e r p os s es sed a g o o d d e v e l op m e n t o f b e n e v o l en c e b u t h e o w n ed ,

a b e tt e r a n d larg e r — C B R ON T E . . .

I n th e s u bj o i n e d o fli c ia l r e c o rd o f b u s i n e s s d o n e tra n s acti o n s m a r h ed
f

th u s r e lat e t o s m all b o n d s th o se s i gn a l i z ed th u s Tt o s m all b o n d s f r e e

,

o f s ta m p a n d f e e a n d th o se d i s ti ngu i s h ed t h u s + t o an e x c e p ti o n al a m o u n t
,

at S p e cial rat es S t o ck s a n d s hare s m ark e d th u s IThav e p aid n o divid e n d

.
‘ ‘

f o r t h e la s t t w o hal f y e ar s a n d u p ward s — Ti mes

-
.

Th e r e tu r n to m a r /z ed is hu m iliating ; we wou ld r e s p ect fu l ly

s ugg e s t c h a r ac ter i z ed .

O n e m ight b e m o r e i n t e lligibl e in s u ch m o o d s if o n e wro t e in w a vi ng

l i n es a n d acc o rdi n gly th e q u e s ti o n W h y d o yo u n o t a s k Al fr e d Te n n y s o n
,

to y o u r h om e ? i s writt e n i n u n d u l a ti ng s cr ip t — S p ecta tor

’
.

E ighty thr e e v o l u m e s are r eq u i r ed f or l e tt e r

-
M s e v en ty s e ve n a re “
,
" -

d em a n d ed by a n d s e v e n ty S ix a re p e r fo rc e co n ced ed t o B ; b ut
“ " “ "
L ,
-

th e f or m er o f th e l a s t t w o Wes tm i n s ter Ga z ette .

I must ash th e r e ad e r to u s e th e s a me tw o fo ld p ro c e d u r e that I b efo r e

r eq u es ted h im t o c on s id eri n g — H S I D G WI C K
p l oy in
em . .

W e hav e r e c o rd at l e ngth fro m th e Wes tm i n s ter

n o t roo m t o ,

Ga z ette t h e e l e gant vari e ty o f fo rtun e that att e nd e d c e rtai n

,

p i ct u r e s w hich
, ( withi n tw e nty l i n e s ) m ad e fe tch e d ch ang e d , ,

hand s fo r w e nt fo r p rod uc e d e l ici t e d d r e w fe ll at account e d

, , , , , ,

f o r r e ali z e d and w e r e kn o ck e d dow n fo r variou s s u m s

, , ,
.

I N V E RS I ON
O f al l th e ty p e s o f inv e r s i o n u s e d by mod e rn writ e rs t h e re ,

i s p e rha p s no t o n e that could not b e s hown t o e x i s t in old e r

 I N VE RS I O N 1 81

Engli s h O rdinary m o d e rn u s ag e h o w e v e r h as r e tai n e d

.
, ,

tho s e fo rm s o nly i n which anci e n t a u th o r ity c o mb i ne s with

p ractical c o nv e n i e nc e ; and n o t al l o f th o s e T o s e t a s i d e th e
.

v e rd ict o f tim e in thi s r e s p e ct is to b e a r chaic B e fo r e u s i ng .

inv e r s i o n th e re fo r e th e novi c e S h o ul d a s k him s e l f t w o

, ,

qu es ti o n s : is th e r e an y s o l id p ractical r e a s o n (o r n am e ntal
,

r e a s on s wi l l n o t d o ) fo r t am p e ri n g with th e n o rmal o rd e r o f
s ubj e ct and v e r b P and d o e s t h e i nv e r s ion s o u nd nat u ral ?

Throughou t thi s s e cti o n it m u s t b e bor n e i n m in d th a t i n

al l q u e s tion s o f right and wrong inv er s i o n th e fi n al a p p e al i s
’
n o t t o h i s t o ry b u t to th e r e ad e r s rc ti n what o d
, p e e p o : s u n s

righ t to mo s t m o d e rn cars is righ t fo r m o d e rn p u r p o s e s .

Wh e n u n d e r balanc e i n v e rs ion w e s p e ak o f a tru e a n d a

, ,

fal s e p ri nci p l e w e d o n o t m e an to i m p ly that t h e tru e

,
‘ ’

p ri nci p l e w a s hi s torically
,
t h e o rigin,
o f thi s ki nd o f i nv e r s i o n ,

o r that th e fal s e i s a m i s tak e n anal o gy fro m it : all that is

‘

m e ant is that if w e e xami n e a coll e cti o n o f in s tan c e s th o s e ,

that s o und natu ral will p rov e to b e ba s e d u p o n th e t r u e ‘ ’

p ri n ci p l e and ,
tho s e that d o n o t o n t h e f al s e
‘

a . E x c l am a to r y i n v e r s i o n .

Thi s m ay b e re gard e d as an abbre viat e d fo rm o f e xclama

tion a s i f th e word H o w had d ro p p e d o u t at th e b eginning
,
’

and a not e o f e xclam atio n at t h e e n d Th e i nv e r t e d o r d e r .

,

which is n o r mal i n t h e com p l et e e x clam ati o n s o u nd s nat u ral ,

al s o i n th e abbr e viat e d form Th e re q u ir e m e n t s fo r thi s ki nd

.

o f i nv e r s io n a re th es e :
( )
I Th e i nt e nti o n m u s t b e g e n u i n e ly

e xcl am atory s o that th e f u l l form o f e xclamati o n c o u ld b e

,

s ub s titut e d withou t e xtravaganc e

( )
2 T h e word p
. l ac e d fi r st

mu s t b e that w hich w o u l d b e ar th e chi e f e m p ha s i s in th e

uni nv e rt e d fo rm I t s ho u l d b e ob s e rv e d th at th i s is th e o n ly
.

ki nd o f i nv e rs i o n i n which t h e e m p hatic wo r d as s uch s tand s , ,

at t h e b eginning .

O u r fi r s t thr e e e xam p l e s s ati s fy th e s e c o nditi o n s and a re ,

u n o bj e cti o nabl e Th e fo u r th d o es n o t : w e c o u ld n o t s u b s ti
.

t u t e W ith what d i fficulty

‘
n o r a re t h e fir s t w o r d s
 1 89. A I RS A ND G RA C E S

m p hatic ; th e e m p ha s i s is o n c o nc e iv e Ye t t h e i nv e r s i o n is
‘ ’
e .

i n o ffe n s iv e b e ing i n fact n o t e xclam at o r y at al l b u t a lic e n s e d

, ,

e xt e n s i o n o f n e gativ e inv e r s i o n w hich is tr e at e d b e l o w, .

B itt erly did I r egre t th e p e rve r s e s u p er s titi o u s fo lly that had i n d u c e d

,

m e to n e gl e ct s o o bvi o u s a p r e ca u ti o n .

B u t in th e s e lat e r ti m e s w ith s o m a n y di s ill u s i on s with f re s h p r o bl e m s

, ,

c o n fro n ti ng s ci e n c e a s i t adva n c e s rar e m u s t b e th e s p irit o f faith with

,

w h ich H a e ck e l r e gard s h i s w o rk — Ti m es .

Gladly w o u ld h e n o w hav e c on s e n t e d t o th e t e r m s
W ith d ifli c u lty c a n I c o n c e iv e o f a me n tal c o n diti o n in wh ich
E xclamat o ry i nv e rs ion l ik e e v e ry thi ng e l s e that is e xclamatory
, ,

s hould o f c o u r s e b e u s e d s p ari ngly .

b B a l a n c e i nv e r s i o n
. .

Th e fo l lowi ng a re familiar a n d l egiti m at e ty p e s

F irs t o n o u r li s t s tan d s th e q u e s ti on o f l o cal o p ti o n .

On th e se tw o c o m m a n d m e n t s ha n g all th e law a n d th e p ro p h e t s .

To thi s c a u s e m a y b e attrib u t e d
'

A m o n g th e g u e s t s w e r e A B C 2 , , , .

w e giv e th e
na m e o f balanc e t o thi s kind o f i nve rs i o n
‘

b e ca u s e alth ough th e wri t e r i n i nv e rti n g th e s e nt e nc e may

, , ,

n o t b e d i s ti nctly c o n s ci o u s o f r e c ti fying its balanc e t h e fact ,

that i t w as i l l bal anc e d b e f o r e is th e t r u e ca u s e o f inv e rs ion

-
.

I t is a m i s tak e to s a y that th e wo r d s pl ac e d fi r s t i n th e abov e

e xam p l e s a re s o
p lac e d fo r t h e s ak e o f e m p ha s i s ; that i s a
v e ry c o m m o n i m p r e s s i o n and i s r e s p o n s ibl e f o r many unlaw
,

f u l i nv e r s ion s I t is n o t e m p ha s i s that is giv e n to th e s e

.

word s it is p ro t e cti o n th e y a re p lac e d th e re to p r o t e ct th e m

,

f r o m b e i ng virtually a n nihilat e d a s th e y woul d hav e b e e n if ,

l e ft a t t h e e n d L o o k at t h e la s t o f our e xam p l e s
. how can
w e cal l t h e word s A m o n g th e gu e s t s w e r e e m hati c o r s a that
‘
p y ,

th e y w e r e p lac e d th e r e fo r e m p ha s i s ? Th e y a re e s s e ntial
w o r d s th e y S ho w th e c onn e xi o n n o r c o uld th e s e n t e n c e b e a
, ,

s e n t e nc e without th e m b u t th e y a re a s u n e m p hatic a s w o rd s
co u ld we ll b e — Why th e n ( i t may b e a s k e d ) a re th e y p u t at
.
, ,

th e b e g i n n i n g ? is n o t thi s an e m p hati c p o s it i o n ? a n d d o e s
n o t any u n u s u al s iti o n gi v e e m p ha s i s — No : it giv e s n o t
p o

e m p h a s i s bu t r o m i n c e which i s an o th e r thi n g
p n e ,
.
1 84 A I R S A ND G R A C E S

m a nd me nt s a s f orm in g t h e s u bj e ct matt e r o f th e whol e con

-

t e xt d o e s no t i n th e s l ight e s t d e g r e e a ffe ct th e i r r e lati o n to

,

th e o th e r w o rd s i n thi s p a r ti cular s e nt e nc e .

I t fo l l o w s f r o m what h a s b e e n s aid that tru e balanc e

i n v e r s i o n is e m p l o y e d n o t fo r th e s ak e o f i m p r e s s iv e n e s s b u t ,

with th e p u r e l y n e gativ e obj e ct o f av o id ing a bad bal a n c e .

T h e data r e q u ir e d fo r i ts j u s tifi cati o n a re ( i ) A n e m p hatic

s ubj e ct carryi ng i n it s e l f t h e p oi nt o f t h e s e nt e nc e
, ( )
i i U n .

’
e m hatic s ig n p o s t w o rd s e s s e ntial h c o nn e xi o n
‘
p
-
, t o t e ,

s tand i n g originally at th e e n d o f t h e s e n t e nc e and th e r e f e l t

,

to b e i nad e qu at e ly p lac e d Th e r e s ult s o f th e inv e rs i o n m u s t

.

b e ( iii ) That th e s ign p o s t s tand s at t h e b e ginning ( iv ) That

-
,

t h e s ubj e ct s tand s ab s ol ut e l y at th e e n d .

Wh e n th e s e fo u r c o ndition s a re f ul fill e d th e i nv e r s i on f a r
, ,

f r o m b e ing o bj e ctionabl e m ay t e nd gr e atl y t o vigou r and

,

l u cidi ty I t is l i abl e o f cours e to b e ov e rd o n e b u t th e r e a re

.
, , ,

s e v e r al way s o f av o iding that : s o m e ti m es i t is p o s s ibl e to

p lac e t h e s i gn p o s t at th e b e ginni ng witho u t inv e r s i o n
-
o r t h e

u ni nv e rt e d s e nt e nc e m ay b e r e con s truct e d s o that t h e s ubj e ct

,

no l o ng e r car r i e s th e e m p ha s i s ; and a s o ft e n a s n o t a s e n
, ,

t e nc e o f which th e acc e ntuation is th e ore t ically doubt fu l m ay

’
i n p ractic e b e l e ft to t h e r e ad e r s d i s c e r n m e nt .

O n e o cca s i o nal l i m itation r e m ain s to b e m e ntion e d b e for e ,

w e p r oc e e d t o i n s tanc e s . I t a p p l i es to tho s e s e nt e nc es only

that hav e a c o m p o u nd v e rb i f t h e com p ound v e r b cann o t b e
r e p r es e nt e d s i m p ly by i ts au xil iary com p on e nt t h e i nve rs i o n ,

may hav e to b e abandon e d o n acco u nt o f th e clu m s in e s s o f

,

c o m p o u nd v e rb s i n th e mid dl e o f a n i nv e rt e d s e nt e nc e f o r t o
ca rr y th e o th e r com p on e nt to t h e e n d wou ld b e to vi o lat e o u r
fo u rth rul e . Tak e th e ty p e s e nt e nc e To th e s e cau s e s m ay
‘

b e att r ibut e d and fi rs t le t th e s ubj e ct b e o u r d i s a s t e r s

‘

Th e cl u m s in e s s o f th e v e r b is th e n d i s tinctly fe l t ; and To ‘

th es e ca u s e s m ay o u r di s a s t e rs b e att r ibu t e d i s ugly e n o ugh

t o S h o w th e i m p o r tanc e o f th e r u l e it vi o lat e s B ut n e xt l e t
.

t h e s ubj e ct b e e v e ry o n e o f th e d is a s t e r s that hav e c o m e u p on

9

us Th i s ti m e t h e i n v e rs i o n i s s ati s fact o r y ; wh e nc e w e
 B A L A N C E I N VE RS I O N 1 85

c o nclud e that if th e v erb is c o m p o und th e s ubj e ct mu s t ,

be
l o ng as w e l l a s e m p hatic or th e i nv e rs i o n wi ll n o t d o
,
.

O n th e a n s w e r t o thi s q u es ti o n d e p en d s e n tir e ly e v e ry d e ci s i on c o n
c e r n i ng th e g o o d ne s s o r bad n e o f c o d ct S P E N C E R
s s n u — . .

J u s t a s a ft e r c o n tact s o m e m o l e c u l es o f a m a s s of fo o d are ab s o rb e d by
, ,

th e p art t o u ch e d a n d e x cit e th e act o f p r e h e n s i o n s o a re ab so rb e d s u ch

, ,

o f it s m o l e c u l e s a s s p r e adi n g thr o u gh th e wat e r r e ach th e o rga n i s m

, ,
.

S P E N CE R .

Th es e a re both fo rm e d o n th e right p ri nci p l e but ,

th e se co n d
s u ffe rs f rom th e a wkward n e s s o f t h e auxiliary .

S till m o r e
wh e n c o n s ide re d in th e c o n cre t e than wh e n c o n s id e r e d in th e
ab s tract do th e vi e w s of H o bb e s an d h is di s ci p l e s p r ov e to b e i n c o n s i s t en t .

— S P E N CE R .

H e re we hav e n e i th e r th e d ata that j u s ti fy balanc e i nv e rs i o n ,

n o r th e r e s u l t s that s h o u l d fo ll o w f ro m i t I t i s d u e to th e f al s e .

p r i nci p l e o f e m‘
p ha s i s d e al t with b e lo w in d a n d r e ad s a s .

awkwardly a s s uch inv e rs i o n s u s u ally r e ad Th e s e n t e nc e is .

,

no d o u bt cu m br o u s i n th e u ni nv e rt e d form ; b u t i t want s
,

r e con s tr u cti o n not i nv e rs ion

, .

M u ch d eep e r d o w n than the h i s t o ry of th e h u m a n race mu s t we go to

fi n d th e b e gi nn i n g s of th e s e c o nn e cti o n s —S P E N CE R. .

W r o n g again fo r th e s am e re a s on s bu t n o t with t h e s am e
, ,

e x cu s e ; fo r t h e o r ig i nal fo rm i s u nobj e cti o nabl e Th e e m .

p ha s i s is n o t o n t h e
p r o b l e m ( fi
to n d bu t o n t h e cl u e t o

i t (m uch d eep er dow n) which b e ing e m p hatic can maintain

, , ,

its p o s ition at th e e n d o f th e s e nt e nc e Th e c o m p o u n d v e r b .

is only a s e con da r y obj e ctio n w e d o not m e nd matt e r s mu ch

by s ub s tituting l ie fo r m u s t w e go to fi nd .

Yo u s ay h e is lfi s h
se . W e ll ,
so is e v e ry o ne .

You s ay h e is s e lfi s h . W e ll , so is e v e ry one s e lfi s h .

S o is e very a c o rr e ct i n v e rs i o n s o is t o o w e ak to s tan d
on e is
at t h e e n d and at t h e b egi n ning i t is a g o od e n o u gh s i g n p o s t
,
-

t o t e ll u s that s e l fi s hn e s s is g o ing t o b e d e fe n d e d Bu t s o i s .

e very o n e s elfis h i s wr o n g fo r i f s elfis h i s r e p e at e d at all i t i s ,

r e p e at e d w i th r h e t o rical e ffe ct a n d i s s t r o n g e n o ugh to tak e

,

ca r e o f it s e l f O u r s e c o nd r u l e is th u s vi o l at e d a n d s o is o u r
.

fo urth th e s ubj e ct d o e s n o t c o m e at t h e e n d
— .
 1 86 A I RS A ND G RA C E S

Al l thr ee me th o d s had th e ir char m . S o ma y h ave M r Y e at s s

.
’
no ti o n
of Ti m es .

Thi s ti m e , th e c o m p o u n d v e rb is fatal . S o , p e r ha p s , h as
w o uld d o .

arrival o f th e H art ma nn s cr e at e d n o littl e ex cit e m en t in th e F alc one t

T he
fa m ily b o th a m o n g t h e s o n s a n d th e da u ght e r s
,
E s p e cially w a s th e r e n o .

lack o f s p e c u lati o n a s to t h e charact e r a n d a p p e ara n c e o f M i ss H art m a nn .

— B E A C ON S F I E L D .

R igh t wro n g i n p rinci p l e thi s d o e s not r e ad c o m fo rtably ;

or ,

b u t that m ay s e e m t o b e d u e to t h e cu mbr o u s p h ra s e w as ‘

th e r e n o lack o f which fo r p racti cal p u r p o s e s is a com p o und

,

v e r b That d i ffi cul ty w e can r e m ov e withou t d i s tu rbi n g t h e

.

acc e nt u ati o n o f t h e s e nt e n c e E s p e cially n u m e ro u s w e r e th e

s p e culati o n s a s to t h e charact e r o f M i s s H a r tma n n
’
Thi s .

r e s e mbl e s i n fo rm o u r ol d typ e A m o ng th e gu e s t s w e r e ‘

but with t h e i m p o rtan t d i ffe r e nc e that e s p e cially n u m e ro u s

is e m p hatic and can th e r e fo r e s tand at th e e nd
, Th e i n .

v e rs io n is rat h e r e x p lain e d than j u s ti fi e d by t h e s till s tr o ng e r

e m p ha s i s o n M i s s H a rtmann ‘
S e nt e n c e s in wh i ch both
s u bj e ct and p r e d i cat e a re i nd e p e nd e ntly e m p hati c s hould b e

av o id e d q u it e a p a r t f r o m th e qu e s tion o f i nv e r s i o n : itali c s
,

a re m o r e o r l e s s n e c e s s a r y to s e cur e t h e i n fe rior e m ha s i s and

p ,

ital ic s a re a con fe s s i o n o f w e akn e s s .

S o m e what light e n e d w a s th e pr ov i n ci a l p a n ic by thi s p ro of that th e

m u rd e re r had n o t c o n d e s c e n d e d to s n e ak i n t o t h e c o u n try o r to aba n d o n .

f o r a m o m e n t u n d e r a n y m o ti o n o f ca u ti o n o r fe ar th e gr e at m e tr o p o lita n
, ,

ca s tr a s ta ti v a o f giga n ti c cri m e s e at e d f o r e v e r o n th e T ha m e s DE .

Q U I N C E Y ( th e italic s a re h is) .

No t a ha p p y att e m p t . W e n otic e
thing that th e ,
fo r o ne ,

s u bj e ct d o e s n o t co m e at t h e e n d ; th e i nv e r s i o n i s not com

p l e t e L
. e t u s c o m p l e t e i t T o d o s o w e m u s t c o nv e y o u r
.
,

hug e s ign p o s t t o th e b e ginn i ng

-
By thi s p ro o f Tham e s ,
’
w a s s o m e what l ight e n e d t h e p r ovi n ci a l p ani c W o rs e tha n .

e v e r ; i s t h e c o m p o u n d v e rb t o blam e ? R e m o v e it a n d s e e ,

‘
I n co n s e q u e n c e o f thi s p r o o f Tham e s s u b s i d e d i n s o m e ,

d e g r e e t h e pr o vi nc i a l p an ic Thi s is n o t m u ch b e tt e r Th e re .

is an o th e r a n d a w o r s e fl aw : c o n d ition n u m b e r o n e i s n o t
 1 88 A I RS A ND G RA C E S

n o l ong e r p aratacti c bu t s yntactic with th e r e s ul t that th e

, ,

s ign p o s t ind icating thi s r e l ation is n e c e ss arily p l ac e d at t h e

-

b e gi nni n g Thi s wil l b e s e e n f ro m a c o m p ari s o n o f t h e p a r a

.

tacti c a nd s y n tac ti c fo rm s i n th e fo l l o wi ng p airs o f e xam p l e s

He ick t e m p e re d : s o a re m o s t I ri s h m e n ( P aratactic )
w as q u -
. .

H e w a s q u ick t e m p e r e d a s are m o s t I ri s h me n
-
, ( S y n tactic ) . .

S e v e ral di ffi c u lti e s n o w aro s e : a m o n g th e m w a s

S e v e ral d ifli c u l tie s n o w ar o s e a m o n g which w a s
‘
,

N ow i n e ach o f th es e nt e nc es th e r e are th e s am e i nd u c e
se

m e n t s to i nv e rs ion i n th e s yntactic f orm as i n th e p aratacti c

and add e d to th es e i s th e n e c e s s ity fo r p lacin g th e s ign p o s t at -

t h e b e ginning W e might e x p e ct th e r e fo r e that i nv e r s i on o f

.
, ,

s yntacti c cl au s es woul d b e p articu larly c o m mon B ut ( i ) We .

have al r e ady s e e n that i nv e r s ion d o es not n e c es s ari ly f o l low

f ro m t h e f act that th e s ign p o s t i s p lac e d at th e b e gi nning
-
.

A nd ( i i ) Th e v e rb i n a s an d th a n cl au s es wil l p robably ,

f rom th e natu re o f th e ca s e b e th e s am e as i n t h e p r e c e d ing

,

clau s e I f it i s i n th e s a m e m o od and t e n s e it can u s ual ly b e

.
,

o mitt e d u nl es s e ffe ctive r e p e tition is r e qu ir e d in whi ch ca s e i t

, ,

wi ll go to th e e nd a chang e o f m ood o r t e n s e o n th e o th e r ,

hand wi l l o ft e n b e m a r k e d by an aux ilia r y ( it s e l f p e rhap s

,

com p ou nd ) whi ch agai n wil l u s ually p re cl ud e i nv e rs ion

,
.

T h e r e s ul t i s thi s
i R e l ativ e cl au s e s u n in flu e n c ed by th e p o s ition o f th e
.
,

s ign p o s t r e m ain s ubj e ct to p r e ci s e ly t h e s am e c o nd itio ns a s

-
,

t h e corr e s p onding p aratactic s e nt e nc e s Thu s A m o ng who m .

i s r ight j u s t a s A m ong th e gu e s t s w e r e
’ ’
we re ,
‘
w as .

right ; A m ong which w o u ld I m e ntion i s o f cou rs e i m

p o s s ibl e b e cau s
,
e t h e s ubj e ct do es n o t carry t h e
p oint ; and
‘
To which m ay b e attribut e d i s right or wr o ng a cco r d ,

i ng as t h e s ubj e c t is or is n o t l o ng e nough to bala nc e t h e

com p o u n d v e rb .

i i I nv e rs ion o f a n a s or tha n cl au s e having b e com e

.
,

u nu s ual fo r th e r e a s on m e ntion e d ab ov e is al m o s t c e r tai n to ,

lo o k e ith e r a rc h a ic or clum s y cl u m s y wh e n th e r e a s o n fo r i t
i s a p p a r e nt arc h ai c wh e n it is not
, T h e p r actical ru l e i s
.
 ’
I N V E RS I O N W I T H AS OR T HA N ’
89
‘ ‘
1

thi s : cann o t o mit th e v e rb p u t i t at th e e n d ; and i f

if y o u ,

o u can n e ith e r o mit i t n or p u t it at t h e e n d r e c o n s tr u ct t h e

y ,

s e nt e n c e .

Th e Ge r m a n g o v e rn m e n t w a s a s a nx i o u s to u p s e t M D e lca s s e a s hav e .

b e e n h is b itt e r e s t o p p on e n t s in F ra n c e Ti m es . .

T h e v e rb i s p r e s e r v e d to avoid ambiguity B u t it s hould go .

to t h e e n d e s p e cial ly a s it is c o m p o u n d
,
.

R e li s hi n g
h u m o u r m o re tha n d o e s a ny o th e r o
p p ,
e e l th e Am e rica n s
c o u ld n ot b e s e ri o s ly a gry B R Y CE
u n — . .

A mbiguity can not fai r ly b e p l e ad e d h e r e th e v e rb s hould be

o mitt e d .

I f F ra n c e r e m ai n s a s fi rmdid E n gla n d at that ti me s h e will p r o bably

as ,

hav e as m u ch r e a s o n a s had E n gla n d to c on grat u lat e h e rs e l f Ti n tes . .

E ith e r a s E ngland d id o r s i nc e th e p a r all e l is s igni ficant , ,

A l s o a s E n gl a n d had
’
‘
asE ngl an d th e n re mai n e d , .

S t P a u l s writi n g s a re a s f u ll o f a pp ar en t p arad ox es a s s o m e ti m e s s ee m s
’
.

th e S e r m o n o n th e M o u n t — S p ecta tor . .

T h e v e rb mu s t b e r e tai n e d fo r th e s ak e o f s ometi mes ,

bu t i t
S ho u l d go to t h e e n d .

B u t h e h a s p e rfo r m e d as h av e f e w if a ny in o ffic e s s i m ilar to h is th e

, ,

large r b en ign e r f u n cti o ns

,
of an Am ba s s ad o r . Ti m es .

’
A s fe w hav e p e rfo rm e d th e m .

H e r i m p r o p ri e ty w a s n o m o re i m p r o p e r tha n i s th e n at u ral i n s ti n ct of

a bird or a n i m al i m p r o p e r — E F B E N S ON . . . .

th e
’
Thi s is l ik e
ca s e c o n s id e re d i n b s o is e v e ry o n e s e lfi s h . .

If i mp r op er is r e p e at e d wi th rh e torical e ffe ct th e r e is no n e e d ,

of i nv e r s ion if n o t i t s h o u l d b e l e ft out
,
.

T h e r e had b een fr om ti m e to ti me a g o o d d e al o f i n t e re s t o v e r
M rs E m s w o rth s care e r , t h e s o rt o f i n t e r es t
.
’
which d o e s m o re f o r a ti m e
in filli n g a th e atre tha n w ou ld acti ng of a fi n er q u ality tha n h er s hav e
d o ne E F B E N S ON
—
. . .

E ith e r wou ld hav e don e at th e e nd , or ( p e r ha p s b e tt e r) no

v e rb at all .

All m u s t j o i n with m e in th e h o p e y ou e x p e s s — r that as al s o mu s t

all h op e that s o me go o d will c o me o f Ti m es .

L ik e th e i ndi s cri mi nat e u se o f w h i le thi s u ngainly a s con ,

n e x i o n is p o ular with s l o v e nly writ e rs and is alway s a

p ggra ,

v at e d by i nv e r s ion A ll too mu s t h o p e
.
‘
, ,
1
9 0 A I RS A ND G RA C E S

(1 . N e ga t i v e i n v e r s i o n , m p h as i s i n v e rs i o n
an d f als e e .

T h e co n n e xi o n h e r e s u gg e s t e d b e tw e e n c e rtain fo rm s o f
i n v e r s i o n mu s t b e tak e n to r e p r e s e nt n ot by a ny m e an s t h e ,

hi s t o r ical o r d e r o f d e ve lo p m e n t with which w e a re n o t dir e ctly

,

c o n c e r n e d b u t t h e o rd e r i n which a mod e rn wri t e r m ay b e

,

s up p ose d m o r e o r l e s s u nc o n s ci o u s ly t o ad o p t th e m S ta r t
, , .

i ng f r o m an i s o lat e d ca s e o f n e c e s s ary i nv e rs ion w e p roc e e d ,

to e xt e n s i o n s o f i t that s e e m n atu ral and a re s an cti o n e d b y

mod e r n u s ag e ; an d f ro m th e s e to oth e r e xt e n s i o n s ba s e d ,

p r o babl y o n a m i s u nd e r s tanding and

p ro ducing
,
i n m od e rn
w r it e r s t h e e ffe ct o f archai s m .

Nor e x c e p t wh e n u s e d i n conj u nction with n ei ther alway s

, ,

s tand s fi r s t ; an d i f t h e s ubj e ct a p p e ars at al l t h e s e nt e nc e i s ,

alway s inv e rt e d Thi s r e qu i r e s n o i l lu s trati o n

. .

O n t h e analogy o f n or m any o th e r n e gativ e word s an d

,

p h r a s e s a re th rown to t h e b e ginning o f th e s e nt e nc e an d ,

agai n i nv e r s ion is th e r e s u l t .

N v e r had th e C ardi n al s p o licy b e en m o r e t ri ump ha n tly vi n di cat e d

e
’
.

N o wh e r e i s thi s s o n o tic e abl e a s i n th e S o u th o f F ra n c e .

I n n o ca s e c a n s u ch a c o u rs e b e j u s tifi e d m e r e ly by s u cc e s s .

S y s t e m s n e ith e r o f wh ich c an b e r e gard e d a s p hil o s o p h ically e s tabli s h e d

, ,

b u t n e ith e r o f which c a n w e c o n s en t to s u rr e n d e r —B AL F OU R . .

Tw o s o rt s o f j u dg m en t s n e ith e r o f whi ch c a n b e d e d u c e d f r o m th e
,

o th e r a d o
n ,
f n e ith e r o f which c an any p r oo f b e giv e n — B AL F OU R. .

I t is at thi s s tag e that m i s conc e p tio n cr e e p s i n M o s t o f .

th e s e n e gativ e p hra s e s a re i n th e m s e lv e s e m p hatic and f rom

th e i r b e ing p l ac e d fi rs t ( r e ally on th e analogy o f n or ) co m es
th e m i s tak e n id e a that th e y d e r iv e e m p ha s i s f ro m th e i r
o s iti o n Thi s p av es t h e way fo r whol e s al e i nv e r s ion : any
p .

word s oth e r than t h e s ubj e ct a re p lac e d at th e b egi nning ;

, ,

and thi s n ot always i n ord e r to e m p ha s i z e th e word s s o

,

lac d b u t m e r e ly to giv e an i m r e s s iv e e ffe ct to th e whol e

p e , p .

Th e vari o u s s t e p s a re m ark e d by th e i n s tanc es that fo l lo w .

I n th e fi r s t tw o i nv e rs io n m ay b e o n th e analogy o f n e gative s
, ,

o r m ay b e d e s ign e d fo r e m p ha s i s ; i n th e third e m p ha s i s i s ,

cl e a r ly th e m o tiv e and i n t h e r e s t w e hav e m e r e i m p r e s s i ve

n e s s n o t to s a y m or e mann e ri s m
— .
 1 9 2 A I RS A ND G RA C E S

aid & c e xcu s e c o n s id e rabl e fre e d o m i n th e m att e r o f i n

s .
,

v e rs i o n O n e o r two p oi nt s ho w e v e r m ay b e notic e d
.
, , .

Wh e n th e s ubj e ct i s a p e rs o nal p ronou n s ay is p e rha p s th e ,

o nly v e r b w ith which i nv e r s i o n is advi s abl e S aid I b e

‘
.
, ,

th e y an d r e to r t e d J on es : but n o t e n qu ir e d I
’ ’ ‘ ’
,
r ej o in e d ,
‘

he s ugg e s t e d th e y
’

C o m p o u nd v e rb s a s u s ual d o n o t l e nd th e m s e lv e s t o , ,

i nv e r s ion :
‘
I w on t ’

plo t a n ythi n g ex tra agai n st To m , had s a id I s aac .

M . M AA R TE NS .

‘
At an y rat e th en , ,
’
m ay rej o i n o ur critic ,
‘
it is cl e arly u s e es s l
S P E NC E R .

‘
I l o v e r o f a q u ee n had o ft en s un g th e s t eward in h is p a n try
a m th e ,
’

b el o w R E L L I O T
— . .

Th e c o o k a n d t h e s t e ward a re alway s q u arr e lli n g it is q u it e u n

‘
,

b e arabl e had ex p lai n e d M rs Tuggy to th e ch ie f m at e — R E L L I O T

,
’
. . . .

I nv e rt e d s a id at t h e b e gi nn ing i s o n e o f th e fir s t p it fall s
that await th e novic e who a ffe ct s s p rightlin e ss I t is tol e rabl e .
,

i f anywh e re o nly i n l ight p lay ful v e rs e ,

.

S aid
a fri en d t o m e th e o th er day I s h ou ld lik e to b e abl e to ru n w e ll ‘
,

acro s s c ou n try b u t hav e n e v e r tak en p art in a p a p e r cha s e f or I hav e

,
-
,

alway s b een b e at e n s o e a s ily wh en tryi n g a h u n dr e d yard s or s o agai n s t

Mr . T akahira and C o u n t C a ss i n i c on ti n u e to ex cha ng e r ep art ee s

thr o u gh fri en d s or t h r o u gh th e p u bli c p r e s s S aid th
. e J a p a n es e M i n i s t e r
y es t e rday e v en i ng — Ti m es .

I t i s i n fe rr e d h e r e o ffi cially an d u n o ffi cially that n e u tral rig h t s a re

u n lik e ly t o s u ff e r f r o m any d e ra n g e m en t i n M o r o cc o t o which E n gla n d

i s a c ons en ti n g p arty S aid a M i n i s t e r A m e ri ca n i n t e r e s t s a re n o t

.

large e nou gh in M o r o cc o to i n d u c e u s to —Ti m es .

With v e rb s oth e r th an s a id thi s form o f i nve r s io n is s til l ,

more d e ci d e dly a thing to b e l e ft to th e p o e t s A p p e ar s .

‘

’
V e rona ; R o s e a n u rs e o f nin e ty y e ars ; but not
’

C o me s a n ew tra ns lati on i n f ou r ne at o liv e green v o l u mes

-
.

j ou rn a l o f E d u ca ti on .

i nv rt d conditional s s hou ld h ad cou ld w ou ld w er e

( ) 11 e e Th e , , , , ,

did b e i ng r e com m e nd e d by br e vity an d a c e rtai n n e atn e s s

, ,

a re al l m o r e or l ess l ic e n s e d by m o d e rn u s ag e It is w o rth .

w hil e how e ve r t o nam e th e m i n what s e e m s to b e th e ir o rd e r

, ,
 I N VE R S I O N 1 93

of m e ri t . S h ou l d I , f r o m it s f r e q u e n cy , i s
with o u t taint o f
archai s m ; but co u ld and w ou ld and i n a l e s s d e gr e e h a d , , , ,

a re a p t to b e tray th e i r archaic ch aract e r by th e add iti o n o f

bu t ( w o ul d h e b u t
‘
and w er e a n d d id a re fe lt t o
b e s l ightly o u t o f d at e e v e n with o u t thi s hint , .

I s h o u ld b e th e r e fo r e w o r s e tha n a fo o l d i d I o bj e ct —S C O TT
, , , . .

D id S p ac e all o w I c o u ld giv e yo u s tartl i ng p r o o f o f thi s — Ti m es

, .

i( i i ) A lways a ft e r p e r fo r m i n g inv e r s i o n o f a n y k i n d th e
, ,

n o vic e s h o u ld go h i s r o und s and s e e that al l is s h i p s ha p e

, .

F o r wa n t o f thi s p re cau ti o n a w rit e r w h o w a s n o n o vic e , ,

p a rticul a r ly in t h e matt e r o f i n v e rs i o n
p r o d u c e s s u ch c u ri o s i ,

ti e s a s th e s e
Be thi s a di ffe re n c e o f i n e rtia o f b u lk o r o f fo rm m att e r s n o t to th e
, ,

arg u m en t — S P E N CE R .

I t i s tr u e that d i s agr ee i n g with M C o m t e th o u gh I d o in all th o s e

, .
, ,

f u n da m e n tal vi e w s that a re p e c u liar t o h i m I agr e e with h im in s u n dry ,

m i n or V i e ws S P E N CE R
.
-
.

We s hal l v e nt u r e on r e moving th e co m m a b e fo r e th o u gh ; ‘ ’

bu t m u s t l e av e it to conn o i s s e u r s i n i nv e r s i o n t o d e cid e b e tw e e n
t h e r ival att r action s o f d i s ag r e e with M C o m t e th o u gh I d o
’

and d i s agre e ing

‘
th o u gh I am Th o ugh I d o i n s p i t e
’
.

o f t h e c o m ma s can s carc e ly b e m e an t t o b e p a r e nth e ti c

,
that
w o u ld giv e ( by r e s o lu t i o n o f th e p a r ti ci p l e ) tho ugh I di s ag r e e
with M Co mt e th o ugh I d o
.
, ,

A RC H AI S M
a . O c c as i o n al .

W e hav e i m p l i e d i n fo rm e r
cti o n s an d s hal l h e r e tak e se ,

it fo r grant e d that o cca s ional archai s m is always a fa u lt

, ,

c o n s ci o u s or u nc o n s ci o u s Th e r e a re i n d e e d a f e w wr i t e r s
.
, ,

- —
L amb is o n e o f th e m wh o s e u ncom p r o mi s ing t e r m s L o v e
‘
,

m e l o v e m y archai s m s are g e n e r ally acc e p t e d ; b u t th e y a re

,

taking r i s k s that a n o vi c e wil l do w e ll n o t t o tak e .

A s t o u n c o n s ci o u s archai s m i t mi ght b e th o u ght that s u ch ,

a thing co u ld s ca r c e ly e xi s t : to e m p l o y u nc o n s ci o u s ly a w o r d
that h a s b ee n famil ia r a n d is s o n o l o ng e r can ha pp e n t o fe w
, , .

N S . .
O
 94 A I RS A ND GR A C E S

Ye t cha r i tabl e r e ad e r s will b e li e v e that i n th e fo l lowing s e n

t e n c e d e m is s h a s s li p p e d u nc o n s ciou s ly f r o m a l e arn e d p e n
H e pe rc e iv e d that th e L ib e ral m i n i s try had o ff e n d e d c e rtai n i n fl u e n tial
secti on s by a p p eari ng to o d em i s s or too u n e n e p t r ri s i n g i n fo r e ig n a ffairs .

— B R YC E .

Th e g u il t o f s u ch p e ccadil lo e s a s thi s m ay b e s aid t o

’
vary inv e rs e l y a s th e wri t e r s e rudition ; fo r in thi s m att e r
t h e l e arn e d m ay p l e ad ig n o ran c e wh e r e th e novic e know s t o o ,

w e ll what h e i s doing I t is con s ciou s archai s m that o ff e nd s

.
,

ab o v e al l t h e con s ci o u s a rchai s m s o f th e i ll it e rat e : t h e

hi s t o rian s I t s h ou ld s ee m e v e n th e e s s ayi s t s You s h a l l
’ ’

fi n d i s l es s od i ou s
,
tho u gh not l e s s d e l ib e rat e
, than t h e er e , ,

of t a ugh t th e r ea n en t I w o t I tr o w
, , , and s im ilar o rnam e nt s
, , ,

with which a m at e u rs a re fo nd o f tricking ou t th e i r s e nt e nc e s .

’
T hi s i s only natu ral A n e d u cat e d writ e r s choic e fall s u p on
.

’
archai s m s l e ss hackn e y e d than th e amat e u r s ; h e u s es th e m ,

t o o with m o r e di s cr e ti o n li m iti n g h is f avourit e s t o a s trict

, ,

al l o wanc e s ay o f o nc e i n thr e e e s s ay s Th e a m at e u r i nd ulg e s

, ,
.

u s with h is whol e r e p e rtoir e i n a s ingl e n e w s p a p e r l e tt e r o f

tw e nty o r thirty li n e s and what i s wor e cannot l iv e u p

— s —
,

to th e s p l e nd ours o f which h e is s o l avi s h : charm e d with

th e d i s cov e ry o f s o m e antiqu e ord e r o f word s h e s e l e ct s ,

a mod e rn s lang p h ra s e to o p e rat e U p on h e b e gin s a s e n t e nc e

with of t ti mes and e nd s it wi th a gram matical bl und e r a s p ir es
,

t o a lbei t and achi e v e s h ow bei t

,
O u r l i s t b e gi n s with th e
.

e d u cat e d s p e cim e n s but l ow e r down th e r e ad e r will fi n d

,

s e v e ral i n s tanc e s o f thi s f atal i ncongr u ity o f s tyl e ; fatal ,

b e cau s e th e cul p rit p ro v e s hi m s e l f u nworthy o f what is w o rth

l e s s F or th e vil e s t o f trit e archai s m s h a s thi s lat e nt vi rtu e
.
,

that it m ight b e wors e ; to u s e i t and by u s ing it to mak e ,

it wor s e is to court d e ri s ion

,
.

A c o i n e r o r a s m uggl e r s h a l l ge t o ff t o l e rably w e ll LAM B .

-
.

Th e am e circ u m s ta n c e m a y m ak e o ne p e r s o n la u gh which s h a l l re n d e r
s ,

a n o th e r v e ry s e ri o u s — L AM B .

Yo u s h a l l h e ar t h e s a me p e r s o n s s ay that Ge o rg e B ar n w e ll i s v e ry
n at u ral an d O th e ll o i s v e ry n at u ral —L AM B
, . .
 1 9 6 A I RS A ND G RA C E S

It will ne c e s s itat e my r e c u rri ng the r eto in t h e H o u se of C o mm o n s .

S p e cta tor .

F re e C h u rch h ad th er etof or e p rid e d it s e l f u p o n th e rigid ity

T h e S c o tti s h
o f it s o t h o d o x y — B R Y C E
r .

T h e s p e cial i n t e re s t s o f F ra n c e in M o r o cc o w h e r eqf th e r e c o gn iti o n by ,

G r e at Britai n a n d S p ai n f o r m s th e b a s i s o f t h e i n t e rn ati o n al agre e m e n t s

c o n cl u d e d la s t y e ar by t h e F r e n ch Go v e r n m e n t — s es . .

To what ex t e n t h a s a n y p hil o s o p hy o r a n y r e v e lati o n a s s u r e d u s h er eof

till n o w — F W H M Y E R S . . . .

O n th e c o n c e rt I n e e d n o t dw ell ; th e r e ad e r w o u ld n o t car e to hav e m y

i m p r e s s i o n s th er ea n en t — C B R ON T E . . .

Th er e , no t th i th er , i s th e mod e rn fo rm ; to i t, not ther e to ;

of w h i ch , o
f th i s , n o t w h er eof ,
h er eof ; t i ll the n , o r up to th a t
ti m e , n o t th er e tof or e . S O, in th e f ol l o wi n g e xam p l e s , ex cept ,

p er h a p s, bef or e , th ough n o t s a ve p e r ch a n ce, er e, a l ei t b .

N
b o dy s a v e a n i n divid u al in n o c o n diti o n to di s ti ng u i s h a hawk fr o m
o

a ha n d s aw — Ti m es .

M y ig n o ra n c e a s to fig u r e o f m erit i s o f n o m o m en t sa ve to m y s el f ’
.

Th i s we o btai n by all o wi n g i m p o rt s t o go u n ta x ed s a ve o n ly fo r r e v en u e
r
p u po s e s
— S p ecta tor .

Who r e ad s B arry C o r n wall or Ta lfo ur d s a v e o n ly in c o n n ex i o n

no w

w ith th e ir m em o rial s o f th e r u s ty littl e m an in black Ti m es .

I n m y O p i n i o n th e m o v e m en t s m a y b e attrib u t e d to u n c o n s ci o u s c e r e bra
t i o n s a v e in th o s e ca s es i n which i t i s p r o v o k e d wil fu lly Ti m es
, . .

W h e n M r R o o s ev elt w a s b u t bar e ly e l e ct e d Go v e rn o r o f Ne w Y o rk
.
,

wh en M r B rya n w a s o n c e a n d agai n by m o u n ti ng m aj o riti es ex c u s e d

.

f r o m s ervic e at t h e W hit e H ou s e p er ch a nce n e ith e r c o rr e ctly f o r e ca s t e d ,

t h e act u al r e s u lt — Ti m es . .

D r B r e tt o n w a s a Ci c e r o n e a ft e r m y o w n h eart ; h e w o u l d tak e m e
.

b e ti m e s er e th e gall e ri e s w e r e fi ll ed — C B R ON T E . .

H e i s c e rtai n ly n o t cr u i s i n g o n a trad e r o u t e o r h i s p r e s e n c e w o u ld ,

l on g er e thi s hav e b e en r e p o rt e d — Ti mes .

M r S h ayn o r u n l o ck e d a draw e r a n d er e h e b egan t o writ e t o o k o u t

.
, ,

a m eagr e b u n dl e of l e tt e r s — K I P L I NG . .

F o rt ifi c a ti o n s ar e fi x e d i m m o bil e d e fen c e s a n d i n ti m e o f war m u s t

, , , ,

await th e c o m i n g o f a n en e m y er e th e y ca n ex erci se th e ir p o we r s o f
Ti m es
'

o fle n c e . .

‘
I t is th i n g in th i s fa s h i o n s h e cri e d o u t er e l on g ;
s ome
’

,
‘
th e m an i s
to o r o m a n ti c a n d d e v o t e d C B R ON T E
’
. . .

E r e d e p arti n g h o w e v e r I d e t e rm i n e d to s tr o ll ab o u t an d
, , ex a m i ne th e
t o wn — B O R R OW
. .
 A RC H A S
I M — er e , a ngh t, a n en t I
97

Th e u s e o f er e with a g e r u nd is p a r tic u larly t o b e av o i d e d .

An d that s h e s h o u ld fo rc e m e by th e m agic , of h er p e n t o m e n tally

ackn o wl e dge a l bei t with wrath a n d s ha m e
, ,
m y o w n i n f e ri o rity
COR E LL I .

S u ch thi ng s as ou r mo d e rn ne w s p a p e r s chr o n icl e , a l bei t in di ffe re n t

fo rm .
-
C RELL IO .

I t is th o ught by e x p e rt s that th e r e c o u ld b e n o b e tt e r u se o f th e m o n e y ,

a l bei t th e b e s t A m e rica n c o ll e g e s with e rha s o n e e c ti o n hav e v e ry

p p x ,
e p ,

s tr o n g s ta ffs o f p r o fe s s o r s at i n cr e dibly l o w s alari e s — Ti m es .

O x o n ie n s is a pp r o ach e s th e m with c o u rag e h is th o u ght s a re e x p r e s s e d ,

in p lai n u n m i s takabl e la n g u ag e h o w bei t with th e t o u ch o f a m a s t e r ha n d

, ,
.

Th e w r it e r m e a ns a l bei t ; h e wou ld hav e b e e n s a f e r with though .

L ivi n g in a c o t e ri e h e , s e e m s t o hav e r e ad th e la u dati o n s a n d n ot t o

hav e n o tic e d a ugh t e l s e — Ti m es .

H e n c e if high e r criti ci s m o r o ugh t b e s id e s c o mp e l s a n y m an to

, ,

q u e s t i o n s a y,
t h e h i s t o
,
ric acc u racy o f t h e f all —D a i ly Te l egr agfih .

M an y a tr u e b e li e v e r o w n ea n ot ufi to h is fait h — D a i ly Tel egr ap h

'
.

T h e c o n tr o v e r s y n o w g o i n g o n in y o u r c o l u m n s a n en t D o w e b e li e v e
thro w s a o me what s tra ge l ight p on th e r e ligi o
s n u n o f t o day D a z ly
— -
.

Tel egr afi h .

I t is b e ca u s e th e w o rld h a s n o t acc e p t e d th e re ligi o n of J esus C hri s t

o ur L o rd that t h e w o rld i s i n th e p a r l o n s s ta te w e s ee
,
it s ti l l — . Z) ail
y
Tel egr ap h .

A di s c u s s i on in wh ich w el l n igh e v e ry trad e p r o fe s s i o n a n d call i n g ,

hav e b e e n r e p r e s en t e d — D a i ly Te l egr ap h .

W h y n o t ? B e ca u s e w e hav e w ell n i gh bor d er i ng o n 3 00 di ffe r e n t -

i t e r p re tati
n o n s o f t e m e s s ag e C hri s t b e q u e ath e d s
h u — D a i ly Tel egr ap h . .

I t i s q u it e a c o m m o n th i n g t o s e e ladi e s with th e ir hy m n b o o k s i n -

th e ir ha n d s er e r e t u r n i n g h o m e f r o m ch u rch e n t e r s h o p s a n d m ak e
,

p u rcha s e s which m ight e very w h i t a s w e ll hav e b e e n e ffe ct e d o n th e

S at u rday — D a i ly Tel egr ap h .

H o w of t d o th o s e w h o tra i n y o u n g m i n d s n e e d to u rg e th e n e c e s s ity o f
b e i g ear e s t
n i n n — D a i ly Tel egr ap h .

I tr o w n ot — D a i ly Tel egr ap h .

Th e cl e rk a s I c o nj e ct u r e d h i m to b e f r om h is a p p eara n c e w a s al s o
, ,

c o m m o v e d ; f o r s itti n g o p p o s it e to M r M o rri s that h o n e s t g e n tl e m a n s

, .
,
‘

t e rr o r c o mm un icat e d it s e l f to h i m th o u gh h e w ottea n o t why — S C O TT

,
’
. .

I s h o u l d b e r igh t glad i f th e s u b s ta n c e c o u ld b e m ad e k n o w n t o cl e rgy

a n d m i n i s t e r s o f all d e n o m i n ati o n s — D a i ly Tel egr afi h .

S o s o rdid a re th e liv e s o f s u ch n at u r e s w h o a re n o t o n ly n o t h er o i c ,

to th e ir val e t s a n d waiti n g w o m e n b u t hav e n e i th e r val e t s n or wai ti n g

-
,

w o me n to b e h er o ic to w z th a l — D I CK E N S . .
1
9 8 A I RS A ND G RA C E S

b . S u s t ai n e d ar c h ai s m
arr a t i v e a n d d i a l o gu e
in n .

A nov e l i s t who p lac e s h is s t o r y i n s o m e fo r m e r age may

do s o fo r t h e s ak e o f a p u r e ly s u p e rficial vari e ty wi thout any ,

i nt e ntio n o f tro u blin g h i m s e l f o r h is r e ad e rs with te m p o ral

c o l o u r m or e than i s n e c e s s ary t o av o id glaring ab s u rd iti e s ;
h e is th e n n ot conc e rn e d wi th archai s m at all M or e co m .

m ouly how e v e r i t is p a r t o f his p l an to p re s e n t a l iving

, ,

p ict u r e o f t h e tim e o f which h e w r it e s Wh e n thi s i s t h e .

ca s e h e n at u r al ly f e e l s bou nd to s hu n anachroni s m n o t o n ly
,

i n e xt e rnal s bu t i n thought and th e e x p r e s s io n o f thought

,
.

N ow with r e gard to th e languag e o f h is charact e r s i t w o u ld ,

b e ab s u rd fo r hi m to p r e t e n d to a nything lik e con s i s t e nt

r e ali s m : h e p robab ly h as no accu rat e knowl e dg e o f th e
l anguag e a s h is charact e rs would s p e ak it ; a n d if h e had
thi s k nowl e dg e and u s e d it h e woul d b e u nint e l ligibl e to
, ,

mo s t o f h is r e ad e r s an d bu rd e n s o m e to th e r es t A cc o rdingly
,
.
,

i f h e i s wi s e h e wil l cont e nt hi m s e l f with k e e p ing cl e ar o f s u ch

,

mod es o f e x p r es s ion a s a re e s s e ntially mod e rn and hav e only

’

m od e rn a s s o ciati o n s s u ch a s w o u ld j a r u p o n th e r e ad e r s s e n s e
,

o f fitn e s s and d e s t r oy th e ti m e ill u s ion H e wil l ai m that is .

,

t o s ay at a c e rtai n archaic d i r e ctn e s s and s im p li city ; but

,

with th e archaic vocabu lary wh ich i n s t e ad o f p re s e rving th e ,

illu s ion only r e m ind s u s that th e r e i s an i llu s ion to b e p re

s e rv e d h e wil l hav e littl e t o do
, Thi s w e m ay cal l n e gative .

archai s m E s mon a is an ad mi rabl e e xam p l e o f i t and t h e

.
’
,

D am e G o s s i p p art o f M r M e r e dith s A m a z ing M a r r i age is

’ ’
.

an oth e r I t hardly occu rs to u s i n th e s e b o o k s that t h e

.

languag e is a rcha ic ; it is a p p r o p riat e that is all Th e s am e ,

.

may b e s aid on th e whol e o f Tr eas u r e I s la n d and o f o ne o r

, , ,
’
two n o v e l s o f B e s ant s .

O n ly th e nov e li s t wh o is n o t wi s e i nd ulg e s i n p o s itiv e

archai s m H e is actuat e d by t h e d e t e rm ination to hav e
.

e v e rything i n cha r act e r at all co s t s H e do e s not kn o w v e ry .

much abou t old Engli s h o f any p e riod ; v e ry fe w p e o p l e do ,

and tho s e who kn o w m o s t o f it would b e th e la s t to att e m p t

z oo A I RS A ND GRA C E S

B utth e r e is th e o p p o s it e fau lt Th e j ud ici o u s archai s t a s .

,

w e hav e s aid wil l ab s tai n fr o m p al p abl e mod e rn i s m s e s p e cial ly

, ,

f r o m m o d e r n s la n g T h e fo ll o wi ng e xtract s a re tak e n f r o m
.

an o ld w o m a n s r e mini s c e n c e s o f day s i n which a fa u l tl es s

’ ‘

atti r e includ e d hal f high bo o t s kn e e br e e ch e s v e r y tight

’ ‘
,
-

ab o v e t h e cal f ( a s th e fa s h ion w a s th e n) a l ong tail e d c utaway ,

-

co ah

B u t t h e C a p tai n , w h o, o f c o u r s e lack s b o w e l s o f m e rcy fo r th i s ki n d

,

of thi n g ,
s ay s that if h e had b ee n C a e s ar C ai u s w o u ld hav e got th e
,
‘

Ye s , m ada m , I w ou ld hav e br o k e M i s t e r C ai u s o n th e s p o t
’
r e a t eh o eh .
g .

-
CROC K E TT .

B u t i f yo u on ec go in fo r h a v i ng a
go od ti m e ( as M iss An n e in h er
i nn o ce n c e u s e d to r e mark ) yo u m u s t b e p re p ar e d to — O
C R C E TT K .

a s all girl s l o v e to d o wh e n th e y a re c o n t e n t with th e way th e y hav e

i h i i m — C R O C K E TT
p u t n t e r t e . .

M E TA PH O R
S trictly s p e aki ng , m e ta p hor occu r s a s o ft e n as w e tak e a word
o u t o f i ts o r iginal s p h e r e an d a p p ly i t t o n e w c i rc u m s tanc es .

I n thi s s e n s e al mo s t al l word s can b e s hown to b e m e ta p h o rical

wh e n th e y d o not b e ar a p hy s ical m e aning ; fo r t h e o r igi nal
m e aning o f alm o s t al l w o rd s can b e trac e d back to s o m e th ing
p hy s ical ; i n o u r fi r s t s e nt e n c e abov e f o r in s tanc e th e r e a
,
r e ,

e ight d i ffe r e nt m e tap h o r s Word s had to b e fo u nd to e x

.

p r e s s m e ntal p e rc e p ti o n s ab s tract i d e,
a s and com p l e x r e lation s, ,

fo r which a p r imitiv e vocab u lary d id n o t p rovi d e ; an d th e

o bviou s c o ur s e w a s to conv e y t h e n ew id e a by m e an s o f
th e n e a r e s t p hy s ical p arall e l Th e com mon e s t L atin v e rb
.

’
fo r th i n /e i s a m e ta p hor fr o m vi n e p run i ng s e e ing -
o f th e
‘

mi nd i s borr o w e d f ro m l it e ral s ight ; p o nd e ri ng is m e ta ‘ ’

p h o rica l w e ighing
‘
Evid e ntly .a m e ta p ho r o f thi s kind i s

q u it e d i ffe re nt i n origi n fr o m s u ch a p hra s e a s s mou ld e ring ‘ ’

di s cont e nt ; t h e form e r w e m ay call fo r wa nt o f a b e tt e r ,

’
wo r d natural m e ta p h o r a s o p p o s e d t o th e latt e r whi ch is
,
‘
, ,

artifi cial Th e word m e ta p hor a s ordi nari ly u s e d s u gg es t s

.

o nly th e a rti ficial kind : b ut i n d e cidi ng o n t h e m e rit s o r

d e m e r it s o f a m e ta p horical p hra s e w e a re c o nc e rn e d a s much
 M ET A P H O R L I VE A ND DEAD
‘ ’ ‘ ’

, 20 1

with th e o n e cl a s s a s t h e o th e r ; fo r in all d o u bt fu l ca s e s o u r
’
firs t q u es ti o n s wil l b e what w a s t h e w r it e r s i nt e n ti o n i n u s ing
,

th e m e ta p hor ? i s it h is o w n o r i s it com m o n p r o p e rty ? i f th e

,

latt e r did h e u s e i t c o n s ci o u s ly o r u nc o n s ci o u s ly ?
,

Thi s di s tincti o n h o w e v e r is u s e fu l o n ly a s l e ading u p t o

, ,

anoth e r W e cann o t u s e i t d ir e ctly as a p ractical t e s t :

.

arti ficial m e ta p h o r s as w e l l a s nat u ral o n e s o ft e n e n d

, ,

by b e com i n g a p a r t o f o r di nary l a n g u ag e ; wh e n thi s h as

ha p p e n e d th e r e is no t e lli n g to w hich cla s s th e y b e l o ng
, ,

and in E ngli s h t h e q u e s ti o n i s c o m p l i cat e d by th e fact that

o u r m e ta p horical vocab u la ry is l arg e ly bo r r o w e d f r o m L atin

in th e m e ta p h o r i cal s tat e Tak e s u ch a word a s exp la i n : i ts

.

’
lit e r al m e aning is s p r ea d out fi at : h o w a re w e t o s ay n o w
‘

wh e th e r n e c e s s i ty o r p ictur e s qu e n es s fi r s t p ro m p t e d it s m e ta
p h o ric a l u s e ? A n d t h e s am e d oubt m i ght ari s e c e n turi e s

h e nc e a s t o th e o r igi n o f a p hra s e s o o bvio u s ly a r tificial t o

u s as glari n g incon s i s t e n cy
‘ ’

O u r p ractical d i s tinction will th e r e fo r e b e b e tw e e n con s ci o u s

’ ’
o r livi ng and u nco n s ci o u s or d e ad m e ta h o r wh e th e r natural
‘ ‘
p ,

or artifi cial i n or i gin an d agai n a m o ng l ivi n g m e ta p h o rs w e , ,

s hall d i s ting u i s h b e tw e e n t h e i nt e nti o n al which a re d e s ign e d

,

fo r e ff e ct an d th e u ni nt e ntional whi ch th o ugh s til l fe lt to

, , ,

b e m e ta p h o r s are u s e d m e r e ly a s a p a r t o f t h e o rd ina r y
,

vocabulary It m ay s e e m at firs t s ight that thi s cla s s ificati o n

.

l e av e s u s wh e r e w e w e r e : h o w can w e kn o w wh e th e r a writ e r
u s es a
p a r tic u la r m e ta p hor co n s cio u s ly o r u n con s ci o u s ly ? W e

can n o t kno w fo r c e rtai n it is e n o u gh i f w e think that h e u s e d i t

c o n s ci ou s ly and k n ow that w e s hould hav e u s e d i t co n s ci o u s ly
,

o u r s e lv e s ; e x e r i e nc e will t e l l u s h o w fa r our r c ti in
p p e e p o n s

thi s r e s p e ct di ffe r f r o m o th e r p e o p l e s M o s t r e ad e r s w e think ’

.
, ,

wil l ag r ee i n t h e mai n wi th o u r c la s s ifi cati o n o f th e fo ll o w i n g

in s ta n c e s ; th e y are tak e n at ran d o m f r o m a co u p l e o f p ag e s
of th e Sp ec ta tor .

Th e s e h o u ld call d e ad h is we r e r onal ’
v i ew s
‘
we s :
p e s ;
h is p olicy ;
‘ ’

bl h is
’
eol/e o
‘
ou t no t to
eo r ry a cce p ta e
gn es ;
 202 A I RS A ND G RA C E S
’
the C hanc e llor p r op os ed ; s om e g r ou n ds fo r co m i
’
‘ ‘
p l a nt ;

r ef r a i n f r om talking about th e m th e r em i s s i on o f th e Te a
‘ ‘

’
d uty ’

;
‘
s o u na ch al mo s t e nt i r e ly co mp os ed
’
p o licy ;
‘
a s p ee
’
r ed u c ti on o f taxation ; d is c u s s io n ;
’ ’
o f ex t r a c ts th e l ow
‘ ‘ ‘
;
’
d d l
’ ’
ric f C on ol f ll wil h
‘
d
‘ ‘
p e o s s ; a s u e ; s u c ce e e app r o a c
’
th e ir ta s k ; deli ver ed a s p e e ch ; p os tp on i ng to a f utu r e
’ ‘ ‘

’
y e ar Th e n e x t a re l iving b ut n o t i nt e ntional m e ta p hor ;
.
,

th e wri t e r i s awar e that h is p hra s e i s s till p ictu r e s qu e in

e ffe ct but h a s not cho s e n it fo r that r ea s on : a P rot es tant ‘

,
’
a tm osph er e ; thi s woul d l e ave a m a rgi n o f th e
‘

l o s s o f e la s ti ci ty i n th e F und ; r eca s ti ng o ur whol e F i s cal

’ ‘

s ys tem to up h old th e u nity o f th e E m p ir e

‘
to s tr ength en
’
th e E xch e qu e r b alan c e s ; all d w elt o n th e grav e inj u ry ; ‘ ’

h is s om e what s h a tter ed au thority ;

’
t h e p ol i cy o f e va s i o n
‘ ‘

’
now p u r s u ed ; th r ow s n e w l igh t o n th e s itu atio n ; a gap
’ ‘ ‘

’
i n ou r fi s cal s y s t e m Int e nti o nal m e ta p hors a re o f cou rs e
.

"
l e s s p l e nti fu l : th e ho m e ru l e motion d e s ign e d to dr a w
‘ -
“

’
S ir H e nry ; a dis s ol vi ng vi ew o f G e n e ral E l e ction s ; thi s
‘ ’ ‘

re a s s u ri ng d e c laration h n ochs the bo tto m ou t of th e p l e a o f

'

u rg e ncy ; th e s ca tter ed r emn a n ts o f that p arty m ight r a l ly

’ ‘

af ter th e d is a s tr o us d e ea t
f
O n e or two g e n e ral r e mark s may b e m ad e b e for e w e p roc e e d
t o i n s tanc e s I t i s s carc e ly n e c e s s ary to warn any o n e again s t
.

o v e r indulg e n c e i n int e nti o nal m e ta p hor ;

-
i ts e ffe ct s a re t o o
a p p ar e n t Th e dang e r l i e s rath e r in th e u s e o f l iv e m e ta p h o r
.

that is n o t int e ntional Th e ma n y wo r d s and p hra s e s tha t .

fall u n d e r thi s cla s s a re al l c o nv e n i e nt ; a s o ft e n a s n o t th e y

a re th e fi r s t that o ccu r and i t is l ab o r i o u s s om e ti m e s i m , ,

p o ss ibl e t o hit , U p o n an e q u i v al e nt ; t h e novic e will fi nd it

wo r th whil e how e v e r to ge t o ne wh e n e v e r h e can W e may
, , .

r e ad a n e w s p a p e r thr o u gh with o u t c o mi n g U p on a s ingl e

m e ta p h o r o f thi s kind that is at all o ffe n s iv e i n it s e l f ; i t i s in
’
t h e aggr e gat e that th e y o ffe nd C ri es alo u d fo r d ro p th e ‘
.
,
’
c u rtai n o n go e s hand i n hand with
’

,
‘
a n o t e o f wa rni n g ,
‘ ’

,
’
h f h
’
‘
l e av e s i ts i m p r es s p av e s t e way o r h e rald
,
‘
s t e adv e nt ,
‘
2 04 A I RS A ND G RA C E S

co mbinati on is u n s u itabl e con fu s i o n wil l r e s u lt B u t co mbi .

n ation i s o n e thing a n d c o n fu s i o n is a n o th e r : i f th e i nt e rnal

,

m e ta p hor is n o t i n c o n s i s t e nt with th e e xt e rnal th e r e i s n o ,

c o n fu s i o n tho u gh th e r e m ay b e ugli n e s s To ada p t o n e o f

,
.

o u r e xam p l es b e l o w T h e E m p i r e s butch e r ( i e Ne w Z e a
,
‘ ’
. .

’
land ) h as n o t all h is e gg s i n o ne ba s k e t is n o t a con fu s ion ,

b e cau s e a m e ta p horical butch e r ca n hav e h is e gg s in o n e

ba s k e t a s w e l l a s any o n e e l s e What d o e s l e ad to con fu s i o n
.

i s th e ch o i c e o f an i nt e r nal m e ta p ho r a p p l icabl e n o t t o t h e
wo r d s o f t h e e xt e rnal m e ta p h o r b u t t o t h e l it e ral word s fo r
,

wh ich i t is s ub s tit u t e d I n t h e f oll o wing e xam p l e t h e c o n fu s i o n

.
,

is d o u btl e s s i nt e nd e d .

T hi s p illar tat e
o f th e s

H ath s wall o w e d h o o k a n d bait .

Th e wallowing is a p p l icabl e only to th e p e rs on m e ta p hori cal ly

s

call e d a p illar .

4 C o n fu s i o n o f m e ta p hor i s s om e t i m e s all e g e d again s t

.

s e nt e nc e s that contai n o n ly o e n —
m e ta p ho r a mani fe s t ab
s u r d ity . Th e s e a re r e ally ca s e s o f a cla s h b e tw e e n th e
m e ta p h o ri cal and t h e n o n m e ta p h o rical A s t r iking o r o r igi na l
-
.

m e ta p h o r is ap t to a p p e ar viol e nt and a co m m o n p lac e o n e

,

i m p e rt in e nt if n o t ad e qu at e ly b o rn e o u t by th e r e s t o f t h e
,
’
s e nt e nc e Thi s w e m ay lab e l un s u s tain e d m e ta p ho r It
‘
. .

s om e ti m e s p r o d uc e s m uch th e s am e e ffe ct a s m i x e d m e ta p hor ;

but th e r e m e dy fo r it a s w e l l a s th e cau s e is d i ffe re nt M i x e d

, , .

m e ta p hor is th e re s ult o f n e gl ig e nc e and can g e n e rally b e p u t

,

righ t by a s im p l e ada p tati o n o f th e languag e t o wh ich e v e r

m e tap h o r is to b e r e tai n e d U n s u s tai n e d m e ta p hor is rath e r
.

an e rror o f j udg e m e nt : i t i s u n s u s tain e d e ith e r b e cau s e it w a s

d i ffi c u lt t o s u s tain o r b e ca u se i t w as n o t worth s u s tai ning i n
,

e ith e r ca s e abandonm e nt i s th e s i m p l e s t cour s e .

T hi s div e rti n g i n cid en t c on trib u t ed in a high d egr ee to th e g eneral

m erri m en t .

H e re hav e four di ffe r e nt m eta p hor s

we ; but as th ey a re all
d e ad th er e is no r e al c o n fu s ion
, .
 M I X E D M ET A P H O R 2 05

T hi s , as o
y u k n o w w a s a b u r n i n g q u e s ti o n ; a n d it s
,
unse a s on abl e
i n tr o d u cti o n thre w a chill o n th e S p irit s o f all o u r p arty .

B u r n i ng and ch i l l a re b o th l iv e m e ta p h o r s th e y a re gram ,

m a t ic a lly c o n n e ct e d by i ts and th e y a re inco n s i s t e nt ; th e r e is

,

th e r e fo r e c o n fu s i o n .

Th e un e c rtai n ty which ha n g s o v e r e v e ry battl e t

ex en ds in a spe cial
d egr e e to battl e s at e a Sp ecta tor
s — r .

E x ten ds is u s u al ly d e ad ; and if i n thi s ca s e i t is l iving i t ,

is
al s o i tabl e
su .

A c e n tr e a n d n u cl e u s rou n d which th e s catt e r e d r e m n a n t s of that p arty

m ight rally a ft er t h e di s a s tro u s d e fe at —S p ecta tor . .

Th e main o r e xt e rnal m e ta p ho r i s that o f an a rmy N ow .

any m e ta p h o r that is a p p l icabl e t o a li t e ral army is al s o

’
a p p licabl e t o a m e ta p h o r ical o ne : bu t ral ly r o u nd a n u cl e u s
is a c o n fu s ion o f m e ta p h o r t o which e v e r it is a p p li e d ; i t
,

r e qu ir e s u s t o c o n c e iv e o f th e arm y at t h e s am e ti m e a s ani mal

and v e g e tabl e n u cle u s b e i n g li t e r ally t h e k e r n e l o f a nut and
, ,

m e ta p h o r i call y a c e ntr e ab o u t whi ch gr o wth tak e s p lac e A n .

a r m y c a n hav e a nu cl e u s but can n o t ral ly r o u n d i t ,

.

S ir W . L a u ri e r
had clai m e d f o r C a n ada that s h e w o u ld b e th e gra n ary
a n d bak e r o f t h e E m p ir e a n d S ir E d mu n d Bart o n had clai m e d f o r
,

A u s tralia that s h e w o u ld b e th e E m p ire s b u tch e r ; b u t in Ne w Z e ala n d

’

th e y had n o t all th e ir e gg s in o n e ba s k e t an d th e y c o u ld clai m a c om bi n a

,

ti o n o f th e thr e e .

Thi s is quot e d i n a n e w s p a p e r a s an am p l e o f m i x e d
ex

m e ta p h o r I t is n o thi n g o f th e kind
. : th ey in Ne w Z e aland
a re d e tach e d f r o m t h e m e ta p hor .

We m o ve l wly a n d ca u ti o u s ly fr o m o l d m o o ri n g s in o u r E n gli s h li fe
s o ,

that is o u r la u dabl e c o n s tit u ti o n al habit ; b u t m y b e li e f is that t h e

gr e at m aj o rity o f m o de rat e ch u rch m en to what e v e r p o litical p arty th e y ,

m a y b e l o n g d e s ir o u s a s th e y a re t o li ft thi s q u e s ti o n o f p o p u lar e d u cati o n

,

o u t o f t h e p arty r u t ,

’
A rut s ay s t h e s am e n e w s p a p e r is ab o u t th e v e r y la s t
‘ ‘
, ,

th i n g w e s h o u l d e x p e ct t o fi nd at s e a d e s p i t e th e fact that ,

’
i t i s p l o u gh e d Th e r e i s n o m e n t i o n o f r u t s at s e a ; th e
.

tw o m e ta p h o r s a re ind e p e n d e n t I f t h e s p e ak e r had s a i d .
2 06 A I RS A ND G RA C E S
‘
M od e rat e chu rch m e n moving at l e ngt h from th e i r old moo r
,
’
ing s ,
b e ginning to l i ft thi s qu es tion out o f t h e p a rty ru t
a re ,

w e s h o u ld hav e had a g e nui n e con fu s ion t h e m oor i ngs and t h e ,

r u t b e ing th e n i n s e p arabl e B o th thi s s e nt e nc e and th e p re

.

c e d i n g o n e th e r e ad e r may think w o u ld hav e b e e n b e tt e r

, ,

witho u t th e s e c o n d m e ta p h o r ; w e agr e e but it is a qu e s tion ,

o f ta s t e n o t o f cor r e ctn e s s
,
.

th e k e e n e s t i n c e n tiv e m a n c an fee l to re m e dy ign o ra n c e a n d ab o li s h :

g u ilt I t
. i s u n d e r th e i m p e lli n g fo rc e o f thi s i n c e n tiv e that c ivili z ati o n
p r o gr e s s e s — S p ecta tor .

Thi s illu s trat e s th e d ang e r o f d e cidi n g ha s tily o n th e d e ad n e s s

o f a m e ta p hor how e v e r c o m m o n i t may b e
,
P robably any o n e .

w o uld h av e s aid that th e mu s i cal id e a i n i ncen ti ve had e ntir e ly

vani s h e d : bu t th e s ucc e s s iv e att r ibut e s k een n es s and i mp ell i ng
f o r ce a re t o o s e v e r e a t e s t t h e d e ad m e ta p hor i s r e s u s ci tat e d ,

a nd a p e rc e p tibl e con fu s ion r e s u lt s .

driv e — h e r m o s t tr e n cha n t a s s et — D a i ly M a i l
H er f o r e ha n d .

A noth e r ca s e o f r e s u s citation Tr e n ch a n t turn s i n i t s grav e

.
;
and a s s e t r e ad y to s u ccu mb u nd e r th e viol e nc e o f athl e ti c
,

r e p o rt e rs h as y e t l i fe e nough to r e s e n t th e i m p utat ion o f

,

a k e e n e dg e A s t h e criti c o f ruts at s e a might hav e

.
‘ ’

ob s e rv e d th e m o r e blunt th e b e tt e r th e a s s e t s
, , .

An d th e v e ry fact that th e p a s t i s b e y o n d r e call i mp o s es u p on th e

p r e s e n t g e n e rati o n a c o n ti n u al s ti mu l u s to s triv e f o r th e p r e v e n ti o n o f

s u ch w o e s — S p e cta tor .

We a b u rd e n w e a p p ly a s ti mu lu s I t look s a s i f th e
i mp os e , .

wri t e r had m e ant by a s h o rt cut t o giv e u s both id e a s i f s o ,

h is g u il t is cl e ar an d i f w e cal l i mpos e a m e r e s li p in idiom th e ,

con fu s ion is n o n e t h e l e s s a p p ar e nt .

S w o rd of th e d e vil r un n i ng with
, th e bl o o d of s ai n t s , p o i s on e d add e r ,

thy w o rk is d o ne .

Th e s e a re i n d e p e nd e nt m e ta p h o rs and a s thy w or k , i s d on e i s
ap p l i cabl e to e ach o f th e m th e r e is no con fu s ion , .

I n th e h o p e that s om e th i n g m ight b e d on e e ve n at th e e l e v e n th h o u r , ,

to s tav e o ff th e bra n d o f fail u r e fr o m t h e hid e o f o u r m ilitary ad m i n i s tra

ti on . Ti m es .

To s ta ve o f a br a n d is n o t, p e r ha p s i m p o s s ibl e
, but w e sus
 208 A I RS A ND G RA C E S

Th e l
tary s ch o o l s a re hardly to b e bla m ed fo r th i s fail u re T h el r
e eme n .

a im a n d th e ir achi e v e m e n t hav e t o c o n t e n t th e m s e lv e s chi e fl y with m o ral

rath e r tha n with m e n tal s u cc e s s — S p ecta tor .

Th e s c o u rg e o f tyra n n y had bre ath e d h i s la s t .

T h e m ea n s o f e d u cati o n at th e di s p o s al o f th e P ro t es ta n t s a n d P r e s by
te r ia n s o f th e N o rth w e r e s t u n t e d a n d s t e rili z e d B AL F OU R.
-
.

I o n c e h e ard a S p a n iard s hak e h i s h ead o v e r t h e p re se n t Q u e en o f

S p ai n —( Q u o t e d by S pecta tor )
. .

B u t a p art f ro m all that w e s e e t w o p i n ch i n g dil e mm a s e v e n in thi s

, ,

opium ca s e — dil e m m a s that s cre w lik e a vic e — which t e ll p o w e rf u lly

i n fav o u r o f o u r To ry vi e w s — D E QU I N C E Y .

Th e r e ad e r who i s u ncharitabl e e n o ugh t o i n s i s t u p o n th e

n at u r al hi s t o ry o f dil e m ma s w il l call thi s n o t un s u s tai n e d
m e ta p h o r bu t a gro s s con fu s i o n ; h o rn s cann o t b e s aid t o
,

s cr e w We p r e fe r to b e li e v e that D e Q ui nc e y w a s n o t thi n k
.

ing o f th e h o rn s at al l ; th e y a re a grat u it o u s m e ta p h o rical

o rnam e nt ; d i le mm a in E ngli s h at any rat e i s a l it e ral word
, , ,

a n d m e an s a n arg u m e nt that p r e s e nt s t w o u nd e s irabl e alt e r

nativ e s Th e ci rcu m s tanc e s o i a dil e mm a a re i nd e e d s u ch

.
, ,

a s to p ro m p t m e ta p horical l angu ag e bu t th e word it s e l f is

,

inc o rrigibly lit e ral ; w e con fe s s a s m u ch by cla p p ing

h o rn s o n its h e ad an d makin g th e m d o th e m e ta p ho r ical
wo rk .

T h es e r em ark s hav e b ee n dictat e d in o rde r that th e i mp o rta n c e o f r e c o g

n iz in g t h e di ff e r e n c e a n d th e val u e o f s o il s m ay b e u n d e r s t o o d — J L ON G . .

Th i s m e ta p hor al ways r e q u i re s that th e dictator— u s u al ly

a r ni fi e d ab s tract
s o — s
houl d b e m e ntion e d D ictat e d by ‘
p e .

th e i m p o rtanc e
Th e O p p o s i t e f a u l t o f o v e r c o n s ci e ntiou s n e s s m u s t al s o b e
-

notic e d E laborat e p o e ti cal m e ta p hor h as p e rha p s g o n e out

.

o f f a s hion bu t t e chnical m e ta p hor is a p t to b e o v e rdon e and ,

s o m e thing o f t h e s a m e t e nd e n cy a p p e ar s i n t h e in e xorabl e

w o rking o u t o f p o p u lar catchword m e ta p hors

-

To s t t o by th e high wi n d s o f p a s s i o n at e c o n tro l I b e h o ld th e
an d fro ,

d e s ir e d p o rt th e s i n gl e s tat e i n t o whi ch I w o u ld fai n s t e e r ; b u t a m k ep t

, ,

o ff by th e fo a m i n g bill o w s o f a br o th e r s a n d s i s t e r s e n vy an d by th e
’ ’
,

ragi n g wi n d s o f a s u p p os e d i n vad e d a u th o rity ; wh il e I s ee in Lo v e lac e ,

th e r o ck s o n t h e o n e ha n d an d i n S o l m e s th e s a n d s o n th e o th e r ; a n d
, ,
 CAT C H WO RD M ET A P H O R S R E P ETI T I O N , 29 9

tr em bl e l e s t I s h o u ld s p lit u p o n th e f o r m er o r s trik e u p o n th e latt e r B u t

,
.

yo u m, y b e tt e r p il o t R
,
I C H A R D S ON .

S u ch p ha se s o f it a s w e did s u c c e e d in m e n tally k o daki n g a re hardly

to b e d e v e l o p e d in c o ld p ri n t — Ti m es
’
. .

We a re not p hot o gra p h e r s e n o u gh to ha z ard a com m e n t on

c o ld
p ri nt .

The l e adi ng p la nk s o f th e O p p o s iti on p o licy a re d e clare d to b e th e

p ro p e r a u dit o f p u blic acc o u n t s Ti m es , .

R E P E T I TI ON
o r—
’
R h e torical to u s e at onc e a wid e r and a m o r e i n te lli
’

g i b le t e rm s ignificant r e p e tition i s a valu abl e e l e m e nt i n

m o d e r n s tyl e u s e d with j udg e m e nt it is a s tru ly a g o o d thing ,

a s cl u m s y r e p e titi o n t h e r e s u lt o f n e gl ig e nc e i s bad
,
B ut ,
.

th e re a re s o m e w r it e rs w h o fro m th e fact that al l go o d r e p e

,

tition is int e nti o nal ra s hly in fe r that all int e nti o nal r e p e tit i o n
,

i s g o od and o th e rs w h o may b e s u s p e ct e d o f making r ep e ti

tion s f rom n e gl ig e nc e and r e taining th e m fro m a mi s ty id e a
,

that to b e awar e o f a th i ng is to hav e int e n d e d i t Ev e n .

wh e n th e r e p e tition i s a p art o f th e writ e r s o riginal p lan co n ’

,

s id e ration is n e c e ss ary b e f or e it can b e all o w e d to p a s s : it is

’
i m p l i e d i n th e t e rm s rh e to r i cal o r s ignificant r e p e titi o n that
t h e word s r e p e at e d w o ul d ordinarily b e e ith e r vari e d o r l e f t
out th e r e p e titi o n that is to s ay is mor e o r l e s s abn o rm al and
, , ,

what e v e r is abno r mal m ay b e obj e cti o nabl e i n a s ingl e

in s tanc e and is lik e ly to b e c o m e s o i f i t occurs fr e qu e ntly
,
.

Th e writ e r s wh o hav e m o s t n ee d o f r e p e tition and are m o s t ,

j u s tifi e d i n u s ing it are tho s e who s e chi e f bu s in e s s it is t o

,
’
a p p e al not to th e r e ad e r s e m o tion s but to h is u nd e r s tanding ; ,
’
fo r i n s p it e o f th e t e rm r h e torical th e o bj e c t ordina r ily i s
‘
, ,

n o t i m p r e s s iv e n e s s fo r i m p r e s s iv e n es s s ak e but e m p ha s i s fo r
’

t h e s ak e o f cl e arn e s s It m ay s e e m i nd e e d that a bro ad d is

.
, ,

tincti o n o u ght to b e d r awn b e tw e e n th e r h e torical and the

n o n rh e torical : th e y di ffe r in o r igin and i n ai m o n e b e ing an
-
,

anci e nt rh e torical d e vic e t o s e c u r e i m p r e s s iv e n e s s th e oth e r a ,

mod e rn d ev e lop m e nt cal l e d fo rth by th e r e qui r e m e nt s o f

,

N5 .
P
2 10 A I RS A ND G RA C E S

p p lar wri t e r s o n s u bj e ct s that d e mand l ucidity ; and th e r e

o u

i s t h e furth e r d i ff e r e nc e that r h e torical r ep e tition o ft e n d i c

,

tat e s th e wh o l e s t r uct u r e o f th e s e nt e nc e wh e r e a s t h e n o n ,

rh e to r i cal i n i ts com m o n e s t form is m e r e ly th e c o m p l e tion o f

, ,

a s e nt e nc e that n e e d n o t hav e b e e n com p l e t e d B ut i n p ractic e .

t h e t w o thi n gs b e co m e i n s e p arabl e and w e s hall tr e at th e m ,

tog e th e r ; o nly p o inting out to t h e novi c e that o f th e two

m o ti v e s i m p re s s iv e n e s s and l u cid ity th e latt e r is fa r th e m ore
, ,
’
l ik e ly to s e e m j u s tifiabl e i n th e r e ad e r s e y es .

We s hal l ill u s trat e both th e g o od a nd bad p oi nt s o f r e p e ti

ti on al m o s t e xclu s iv e ly fro m a f ew p ag e s o f B ag e hot o ne o f ,

i ts m o s t s ucc e s s ful e x p on e nt s i n whom n e v e rth e l e s s i t d e

,

g e n e rat e s int o man n e ri s m To a writ e r who h as s o much to

.

s ay that is worth h e ari ng al mo s t anything can b e fo rgiv e n

,

that m ak e s fo r cl e arn e s s ; and i n h i m cl e arn ess vigou r and , ,

a c e rtain p l e a s ant ra p idity al l r es ult from t h e fr e e u s e o f

,

r ep e tition I t w il l b e s e e n that h is r ep e titi o n s a re not o f th e

.

kind p ro p e rly call e d rh e torical i t is th e s p o ntan e ou s f u lln e ss

o f a writ e r who h avin g a cl e ar p oint to mak e is d e t e rm in e d
, ,

to mak e it cl e arly e l e ganc e o r no e l e gan c e Ye t th e growth

,
.

o f mann e ri s m i s e a s i ly s e e n i n hi m th e j u s tifiabl e r ep e tition s

are too f r e qu e nt and h e h as s om e that d o not s ee m j u s tifiabl e
,
.

He a n aly s e d n o t a p artic u lar g o v e rn me n t b u t what i s c ommon to all

,

go v e rn me n t s n ot o n e law b u t what i s c o mm on to al l law s n o t p o litic al

,

c o mmu n iti e s in th e ir f eat u r e s o f div e rs ity b ut p o litical c ommu n iti es in

,

th e i r fe at u re s of n e c e s s ary re se m blan c e H e gav e p o l i tic s not a n i nt e re s t

.

in g a s p e ct b u t a n ew a s p e ct : fo r by givi n g men a s t e ady v i e w o f what

,

p o litical c om m u n it i es m u s t b e h e n i pp e d in th e b u d m a n y que s ti ons a s t o

,

what th e y o u ght t o b e A s a gym n a stic o f th e i n t ell e ct a n d a s a p u rifi er

.
, ,

M r Au sti n s p hil o so p hy i s to thi s day ad mirabl e — e v en in its i mp erfe ct

.
’

r e mai ns ; a yo un g m an w h o w ill s t u dy it will fi nd that h e h a s gai ne d

s o m e thi n g which h e wa n t e d b ut s o me th i n g which h e did n o t k no w th a t
,

h e wa n t e d : h e h a s clarifi e d a p art o f h is m i n d wh ich h e d id n o t k no w

n ee d e d clari fyi n g.

All th e s e p o w e r s w e r e s tat es o f s o me m ag n it u d e and s o m e w e re s tat es,

o f gr eat m ag n it u d e .Th e y w o u ld b e abl e to go o n a s th e y had alway s

g one o n —to s hi ft for th em se lv e s a s th e y had alway s s h i ft e d .
212 A I RS A ND G RA C E S

a good thing ; bu t i t is a good thi ng fo r all that A s .

i n s tanc e s o f u nj u s tifiabl e m ann e ri s m w e m ay s e l e ct fi t t o ,

‘

’
b e t h e favou rit e s and fit to b e g r e at o rat o r s no t
‘

o litical com m u niti e s but p o litical com mu n i ti e s

p ,

s o m e thing which h e want e d b u t s om e thing whic h h e d id

‘
,

n o t kn o w that h e a man lik e Wal p ol e o r a m an ,

’
l ik e L o u i s N a p ol e on ; without r e l u ctanc e and without ‘

c e s s ation ; w h o d id not lik e

’ ‘
w h o d i d not l ik e

and with o u t S p ani s h and with o u t F r e nch We hav e m en ’

.

ti o n e d cl e arn es s a s t h e u lti mat e m otiv e fo r r e p e tition o f thi s

kind in thi s l a s t s e nt e nc e w e ge t not cl e arn es s but ob s curity
, ,
.

A ny o ne w o ul d s u p p o s e that th e r e w a s s om e p oi nt i n th e d is
tinction b e tw e e n S p an i s h and F re nch : th e r e is non e ; th e
p oin t i s s im
, p ly that languag,
e s d o not m ak e a s tat e s man .

A gain th e r e i s s o m e ti m e s vi r tu e in hal f m e a s ur e s : from

,
-

’
s o m e thing wh ich h e d id no t know that h e want e d r e mov e
‘

th e fi rs t thr e e word s and th e r e r e m ain s qu it e r ep e tition

,

e nough . Wild i n li fe and not wild i n mi nd is a re p e tition

‘

that is cl e arly cal l e d fo r ; bu t i t is fo l lowe d by th e whol ly

gra t u itou s fit and fi t
‘
and th e r e s ul t i s d i s a s tro u s .

F inal ly i n who did not l ik e

,
‘
who d id not lik e
mann e ri s m g e t s th e u p p e r han d altog e th e r : i n s t e ad o f th e
a p p e aranc e o f nat u ral vigou r that ordinarily charact e ri z e s
th e writ e r w e hav e s ti ff lu mb e ring a rtifi cia l i ty
, ,
.

Writ e rs lik e Bag e h o t do n o t t e nd at al l to i m p r es s iv e

r e p e tition : th e ir motiv e i s always th e bu s i n e s s lik e o ne o f -

lu cid ity though i t is s om e ti m e s l ucidity run m ad R e p e tition

, .

’
o f thi s kind not b e ing d e s ign e d to d raw t h e r e ad e r s att e ntion
,

to it s e l f w e ars mu ch b e tt e r in p ractic e than th e more p ro

,

n o u n c e d ty p e s o f rh e torical r e p e tition Th e latt e r s hould .

b e u s e d v e ry s p ari ngly A s th e s p ontan e o u s e x p r e s s ion o f

.

s trong fe e li n g i n t h e writ e r i t is s om e ti m e s j u s tifi e d by

,

c ircu m s tanc e s : e m p loy e d a s a d e lib e r at e artific e to im p res s

t h e r e ad e r it i s l ik e ly to b e f rigid and to f ail in its obj e ct ;
, ,
’
a nd th e t e rm rh e torical s hould r e m ind u s in e ith e r ca s e
‘
 R E P ET IT I O N 213

that what m ay b e s p ok e n e ffe ctiv e ly wil l n o t alway s h e ar

th e t e s t o f w rit in
'
O .

R h e t o rical r e p e tition wh e n i t i s cl e arly di s tingui s habl e ,

f rom th e n o n rh e t o rical is t o o o bviou s to r e qu i r e much

-
,

i ll u s t r ati o n O f th e thr e e i n s tanc e s giv e n th e l a s t i s an

. ,

e xc e ll e n t t e s t ca s e fo r th e p ri nci p l e that what e v e r i s i n ‘

t e n t i o n al i s g o od
I hav e s um m o n e d
h e re to wit n e s s y o u r o w n w o rk I hav e s u m
yo u .

m o n e d you h e r e to witn e s s it b e ca u s e I k n o w it will b e gall a n d w o r m ,

w o o d to yo u I hav e s u mm o n e d yo u h e r e to wit n e s s it b e ca u s e I k n o w
.
,

t h e s ight o f e v e ryb o dy h e r e m u s t b e a dagg e r in y ou r m e a n fal se h e art

— DIC E K NS .

As lark r o s e high e r h e s a n k d e e p e r i nt o th o ught A s th e lark

th e , .

p o u r e d o u t h e r m e l o dy cl e ar e r a n d s tr o n ge r h e f e ll I n t o a grav e r an d ,

p r o fo u n d e r s il e n c e A t l e n gth wh e.n th e lark ca m e h e adl,o n g d o w n h e

s p ra n g u p f r o m h i s r e v e ri e — D I C K E N S . .

R u s s ia ma y s p lit i n t o frag m e n t s o r R u s s ia m ay b e c o m e a v o lca n o ,

.

S p ecta tor .

M I S C E L L A NE OU S
3 . S om e
mor e t rit e p hra s e s .

Th e worn out p h ra se s c o n s id e r e d i n a form e r s e cti o n w e r e

-

o f a hu mor o u s t e nd e ncy : w e m ay ad d h e r e s o me e x p r e s s ion s

o f an o th e r ki nd all o f th e m cal culat e d i n o n e way o r anoth e r

,

t o s av e t h e w r i t e r tr o ubl e ; th e tr o ubl e o f d e s c r i p t i on o r ,

o f p r od uc i ng s tati s tic s or o f thinki ng what h e m e a n s , S uch .

p h r a s e s nat u ral ly di e hard ; e v e n mo r e e a s i ly i m agin e d than

’
d e s c r ib e d s till s u r viv es th e ro u gh hand ling i t h a s m e t with ,

aud fl ouri s h e s in writ e rs o f a c e rtai n cl a s s D e p e nd u p o n .

‘

’ ’
it , y o u
‘
m ay tak e my w o r d fo r it i n a va s t maj o r i ty o f ,
‘

’
ca s e s n o thinking m a n will b el i eve al l cand id j udg e s
’ ‘ ‘
, ,

it w o u ld b e a S layi n g o f th e s lai n I am
’ ’
m u s t s u r e ly agr e e , ,
‘

o ld fa s hi o n e d e n o ugh to think
- a re al l a p t t o damag e t h e ,

ca u s e th e y adv o ca te .

’
T h e s h r i l l fo r mula It s tand s t o r e a s o n is o n e o f th e w o r s t
‘

o ffe nd e r s O r igi n ally harm l e s s an d s t i l l n o d o ubt o ft e n u s e d

.
,

i n q u it e r ational c o n t e xt s t h e p h r a s e h as s o m e h o w go t a bad ,
2 I4 A I RS A ND G RA C E S

nam e fo r p r e facing fal laci e s and fo r b e gging qu e s ti o n s ; it

l ack s th e d e lici o u s candou r o f its fe mi ni n e e qu ival e n t
’
‘
K i n d ly all o w me t o kn o w b e s t but a p p e al s p e rha p s n o t
l e s s i r r e s i s tibly to th e g e n e r o s ity o f an o p p on e nt A p art .

r
f o m thi s th ,
r
e e i s a co r r e ct and an inc o rr e ct u s e o f t h e w o r d s .

I t is o f c o u rs e th e c o nclu s i o n d r awn fro m c e r tai n p re mi s s es

that s tand s to r e a s o n ; th e p r e m i s s e s d o n ot s tand t o r e a s on
th e y a re a s s u m e d t o b e a m att e r o f com m on k nowl e dg e and ,

ought to b e di s tingu is h e d f r o m t h e c o n clu s i o n by if o r a

ca u s al p arti ci p l e n o t c o ord inat e d with i t by a n d
,
-
.

M y d e ar fe ll o w it s ta n d s to r e a so n that if th e s qu ar e o f a is a s qu ar e d
, ,

and th e ar e of b is b s qu are d th e n th e s qu are o f a m i nu s b is

s qu ,

a s q u ar e d m i n u s b s q u ar e d Yo u m ay arg u e till w e a re b o th t ir e d yo u
.
,

will n e v e r alt e r that .

I t s ta n d s to r e a s o n that a t h ic k t u m bl e r havi n g a larg e r b o d y o f c o ld

,

m att e r fo r th e h e at to di s trib u t e it s e l f o v e r i s l e s s liabl e t o crack w h e n

,

b o ili n g wat e r i s p o u re d i n t o i t tha n a th i n o n e w ou ld b e .

I t s ta n d s t o r e a s o n that m y m e n hav e th e ir o w n w o rk to att e n d to ,

a n d ca n n o t b e r u n n i n g ab o u t L o n d on all day r e cti fyi n g o th e r p e o p l e s

’

m i s tak e s .

I t s ta n d s to r e a s o n that R u s s ia th o u gh va s t is a p o o r c o u n try that th e

, , ,

war m u s t c o st i mm e n s e s u m s a nd that th e re m u s t c o m e a ti me
,

S p ecta tor .

’
J u s t a s s tand s t o r e a s o n is not an argu m e nt b u t an
‘
,
’
i nvitation to b e li e ve th e worthy M aj or n o t am u s ing but
,
‘
,

an i nvitation to s mil e s o th e s e nti m e ntal o r s e n s ational ,

nov e li s t h a s h is s p e cial vocab u lary o f th e i m p re ss iv e th e ,

t e nd e r th e tragic and th e hor r ibl e O n e o r tw o o f t h e mor e

, , .

o bvi o u s catch p hra s es m ay b e quot e d I n th e s tro n g m an ‘ ’

-
.

o f fi cti o n t h e r e ad e r m ay hav e o b s e rv e d a growi n g t e nd e ncy

to s o b l ik e a ch i ld
‘
th e right mi nd e d h e ro t o who m t e m p ta -

ti o n c o m e s d e cid e s with archaic r e ctit u d e that h e wi ll not

, ,
‘

’
d o th i s th i ng ; t h e villain taught by i nc e s s ant ridicul e to ,
’
ab s tain fr o m m u ffle d c u r s e s find s a v e nt i n d i s co r d a n t
‘
,
‘

l a u gh s that s o m e h o w j arr e d u n p le a s antly u p o n m y n e rv e s ;

,
’

thi s l a u gh m u ta tis m u ta nd is ( c r u e l l ittl e la u gh that s o m e

,
‘
,

ho w h e s h a r e s with th e h e r o in e w h o fo r h e r e xcl u s iv e ,
21 6 A I RS A ND G RA C E S

wh o l e o f th e s e p ro c ee di n g s w e r e s o agr e e abl e to M r Pe ck s n ifl
‘

Th e .
,

that h e s t o o d with h i s e y e s fi xe d u p on th e fl o o r a s i f a h o s t o f pe n al

se t e c e s w e r e b e i g p a se d
n n n s u p o n h i m — D I C K E NS . .

Th e t i me c o me s wh e n th e ba n k e r th i n k s i t p r u d e n t to c o n tract s o m e o f
h is acc o u n t s a n d th i s m ay b e o n e which h e thi n k s it e x p e di e n t to r e d u c e
,

a n d th e n pe rha p s h e m ak e s th e p l e a s a n t di s c o v e ry that th e re a re n o s u ch ,

p e r s o n s at all a s t h e acc e p t o r s an d that t h e f,u n d s f or m ee ti n g all th e se

bill s hav e b e en go t fr o m h i m s e l f H D M ACLE OD

— . . .

Pl eas a n t is p u t fo r unp lea s a n t b e cau s e th e latt e r s e e m e d d ul l

and u n n e c e s s ary ; t h e writ e r s ho u ld hav e tak e n th e hint and ,

p u t n o thing at al l .

Th e cl i m ax i s r e ach e d by tho s e p e ss i m i s t s who r e gard ing ,

th e r e ad e r s ca s e as d e s p e rat e a s s i s t h i m with p unctuation

’

, ,

ital ic s and th e like :

,

An d thi s h on o u rabl e p r op o s al w a s act u ally m ad e in th e p re sen c e o f

t w o at l e a s t o f th e p arti e s to th e fo r m e r tra n s acti o n
T h es e s o call e d gen tl emen s e e m to fo rg e t
-

I w a s c o n t e n t to b e s n u bb e d a n d hara s s e d a n d w o rri e d a h un dr e d ti mes

a day by o n e o r o t h e r o f th e gr e at p e r s o n age s w h o wa n d ere d at will all
‘ ’

o v e r m y h o u s e a n d gr o u n d s a n d acc e p t e d m y lavi s h h o s p itality

, M an y .

pe o p l e i m agi ne that it m u s t b e a n h o n o u r to en t e rtai n a s e l e ct p arty o f

’

ari s t o crat s b ut I —C O R E LLI .

,

Th e m u ch p rat e d o f ki n d nes s o f h e art an d g en e r o s ity p o s s e ss e d by

’ ’
- -

m illi o n aire s ge n e rally a m ou n t s to thi s ki n d o f thi n g — C O R E LL I

,
. .

W a s I ab ou t to di s c o v e r that th e s up p o s e d w om an hat e r had b een -

’

ta me d a n d ca ught at la s t — C O RE L LI .

T hat s h o u ld u n d o u bt e dly hav e b e e n y o u r gr e at caree r — yo u w e r e b o rn

f or i t — m ad e fo r it " Yo u w o u ld hav e b een a s br u t e s o u l e d a s yo u a re -

now — C O RE L L I .

c S u p e rlativ es wi thout the

. .

Th e o mi s s ion o f th e with s u p e rl ativ es i s li mit e d by ordinary

p ro s e u s ag e to ( )
I S u p e rlativ e s a ft e r a p o sse s s iv e : Y o u r ‘

( ) p S
’
b es t p lan 2 u. e rlativ es with m os t : i n m o s t d i s tr e s s ing ‘

’ ‘
circu m s tanc e s but not i n s add e s t ci r cu m s tanc e s (3 )
’

, .

S u p e r lati ves in a p p o s ition fo ll o w e d by of : I to o k r e fug e

,
‘

with X ki ndli e s t o f h o s t s ; We a re n o w at W e ym outh

.
,
’ ‘
,

dingi e s t o f d e cay e d wat e r ing p lac e s M any writ e r s o f th e

-
’
.

p r e se nt d ay a ff e ct t h e o m i s s ion o f t h e i n al l ca s e s wh e r e
 S U P E R L A T IVE S , C H E A P O R I G I N A L I T Y 21
7

th e u p e r lativ e only m e an s very N o harm will b e d on e if

s .

th e y e ve ntually h av e th e i r way i n th e m e anti m e th e o mi s s i o n ,

o f the with in fl e ct e d s u p e rlativ e s h as t h e a pp e aranc e o f g r o s s

mann e ri s m .

O ur v e l op i n g m o v e m e n t s s i n c e s o me day s p rov e d s u cc e s s ful a n d

en ,

fi e rc e s t battl e i s n o w p r o c e e di g Ti m es
n — .

I n wh i ch to o s o m a n y n o bl e s t m e n hav e
, ,
b o th m ad e a n d b een what
will b v e e rat e d to all ti e CA R L Y L E
e n m — .

S tru ggli n g with o bj e ct s wh ich th o u gh it ca nn o t m a s t e r th em a re

, ,

e ss e n tially o f rich e s t s ign ifi ca n c e — C A RL Y LE .

Th e r e qu e s t w a s u rg e d with e v e ry ki n d s u gg e s ti o n a n d e v e ry a ss u ra n c e ,

o f aid an d c o m fo rt by f ri e n dli e s t p arti e s in M a n ch e s t e r w h o i n th e s e q u e l

, , , ,

a p ly re d ee m e d th e ir w o r d E M E R S ON
m — .

I n D ark es t A frica — S TA N LE Y . .

D e l o s f u r n i s h e s n o t o n ly q u ai n t e s t tri p o d s cr u d e br o n z e o x en an d
, ,

h o r s e s like th o s e fo u n d at O ly m p ia b u t — L M M I TCH E L L
, . . .

Th e s c e n e r e p r e s en t s in cr u d e s t f o r m s th e c o m bat o f g o d s a n d gia n t s ,

a s u bj e ct wh ich s h o u ld attai n l o n g a ft e rward s fu ll es t e xp r e s s i o n in th e

p o w e r f u l f ri e z e o f t h e G r e at A ltar at P e rga m o n — L M M I TC H E L L . . . .

A w o rld o f high es t a n d n o bl e s t th o u ght in dra m a s o f p e rf e ct fo r m .

L M M I TCH EL L
. . .

F rom e arli e s t t i mes s u ch c o mp e titiv e game s had b een c e l e brat ed .

L M M I T C H E LL
. . .

W h en u ll es t rees t o rm s had n ot yet b een d ev e l op ed L M M I T C H ELL

f f f ,
— . . .

d . C h eap
originality .

J u s t as e l egant variati o n I s g e n e rally a wors e faul t than

monotony s o th e avo idanc e o f trit e p hra s e s is s o m e tim e s
,

wors e than trit e n e s s it s e l f C hild re n hav e b e e n kn o wn to

.

s ati s fy an e arly thir s t f o r n o tori e ty by m e r e ly tu r ning th e ir

’
coat s in s id e out ; and d i s tincti o n o f s tyl e h as b e e n s e cu r e d
‘

by s o m e wri t e r s o n t h e s til l e a s i e r t e rm s o f w r i ting a c o mm o n

e x p r e s s ion backward s By thi s s i m p l e s t o f all p o ss ibl e e x p e
.

d i e n ts
‘ ’
w e ar a nd t e ar c e a s es to b e E n gl i s h and b e c o m e s
, ,

C arlyl es e and E m e r s on acqu ir e s an e xclu s i v e p r o p e rty ( s o at

,

l e a s t o ne h o p es) i n n o th i n g o r l ittl e Th e n o vi c e n e e d
‘ ’
.

s carc e ly b e warn e d again s t i n f r i ng i ng th es e w r it e r s at t

’

p e n s ;
i t wo u l d b e as u n p ard o n abl e a s s t e al i n g th e id e a o f a machin e
fo r conv e rting cl e an kniv e s i nt o d irty o n e s H ackn ey e d p h r a s e s .
21 8 A I RS A ND G R A C E S

b e co m e hackn e y e d b e cau s e th e y a re u s e ful in th e fi r s t i n s tanc e ; ,

but th e y d e r iv e a n e w e ff i ci e ncy fro m th e v e ry fact that th e y

a re hackn e y e d Th e i r p r e ci s e fo rm grow s to b e an e s s e ntial
.

p a r t o f th e id e a th e y c o nv e y and al l that a writ,

e r e ff e ct s by
tu rni ng s u ch a p h r a s e backward s or o th e rwi s e tam p e ring with
,

i t is to giv e u s o u r trit e n e s s at s e condhand ; w e a re p u t to th e

,

troubl e o f tran s lating t ear an d w e ar o nly t o arri v e at o u r

‘ ’

ol d f ri e nd w e ar and t e ar hack n eye d a s e v e r

‘ ’
, .

H ow b e au ti fu l i s no bl e se n ti me n t ; lik e g o ss a m e r ga u z e b e a u ti fu l a nd
- -

ch e a p wh ich will s ta n d n o tea r a n d w ea n — C AR L Y L E

, .

Bl o at e d p ro m i s e s which en d in n oth i ng or l i ttle — E M E R S ON

, .

T e h u n iv e r s iti e s al s o a re p a r c e l o f t h e e ccl e s ia s tical s y s t e m — E M E R S ON .

F o x B u rk e P itt E r s ki n e W ilb e rf o rc e S h e rida n R o m illy o r w h a tever

, , , , , , ,

n a ti n a l
o m a n,
w r
e e by thi s m e a n s s e n t t o P arlia m e n t — E M E R S ON
. .

tr
A n d th e s o n e g r th ese a re t h
, e i n divid u al i s s o m u ch w e ak e n — E M E R S ON .

T h e fa s t e r t h e ball fall s t o th e s u n th e fo rc e to fl y o ff i s by s o m u ch
,

a u g me n t e d — E M E R S ON .

Th e f ricti on in n at u re i s s o e n o r m ou s that w e ca nn o t s p ar e an y p o w e r .

I t i s n ot q u es ti on to e x p re s s o u r th o u ght to e l e ct o u r way b u t to o v e rc o me
, ,

r e s i s ta n ce s — E M E R S ON .
 2 20 P U N CT UA T I O N

so cl e ar that m i s tak e s abo u t th e i r u s e can hard ly occu r with

o u t gro s s ca r e l e s s n e s s and i t m ight b e thought that with th e
fo ur thu s l e ft i t o u ght to b e a v e ry s im p l e matt e r t o e xha u s t
all p o s s ib i l iti es i n a bri e f cod e o f r u l es I t is no t s o h o w e v e r
.
,
.

A p a r t f r o m t e m p o rary d i s tu rbing cau s e s — o f which t w o now

o p e rativ e a re
( )
I t h e grad ual di s a pp e aran c e o f t h e col o n i n i t s

o ld u s e w ith th e d e cay o f f o rmal riodi c arrang m nt and

p e e e ,

( )
2 t h e e n croach m e nt s o f t h e d a s h as a s av e r o f tro u bl e and an
e x p o n e nt o f e moti o n — th e r e a re al s o e rman nt d i fficulti
p e e s .

B e for e m e nti o ning th e s e w e ob s e rv e that t h e fo u r s t o p s i n

— fo r
th e s tri ct e s t acc e p tation o f th e word ()
z and ()P
a re ton e s rath e r than s to p s — form a s e ri e s
( it might b e e x

p r e ss e d al s o by I 2 3 , ,e ach ,
m e mb e r o f which d i r e ct s u s to

p au s e f o r s o m any u nit s o f ti m e b e fo r e p roc e e d i ng Th e r e

. i s

e s s e ntial ly nothing but a quantitativ e tim e r e lation b e tw e e n

th e m .

Th e fi rs t di fficulty i s that thi s s ingl e di s ti nctio n h as to con

ve y to th e r e ad e r d i ff e r e nc e s o f m or e than o n e ki nd an d n o t ,

c o m m e n s u r abl e ; i t h as to d o both l o gical and rh e t o ri cal

work I ts l o gi cal wo r k i s h e l p ing to m ak e cl e ar t h e g r am
.

m e tical r e lation s b e tw ee n p art s o f a s e nt e nc e o r p aragra p h

a n d th e whol e or oth e r p art s : i ts rh e t o rical w o rk is c o n
tributing to e m p ha s i s h e ight e ni ng e ffe ct and r e gul ati ng p ac e
, , .

I t i s in vai n that B e adn e ll lay s it down : Th e variation o f ‘

p au s e b e tw e e n t h e word s o f t h e s am e thou gh t i s a m att e r o f

r h e tor i c and f e e ling bu t p u nctuati o n d e p e n d s e nti r e ly u p o n
,

t h e variation o f r e lation s — u p on logi cal and gram mati cal

’

p rinci p l e s Th e di ff e r e n c e b e tw e e n th e s e t w o
.

Th e m a s ter b e at th e s ch o lar with a s tra p — . B .

The m a s t e r b e at th e s ch o lar with a s tra p

,
.

is in l ogic nothi ng bu t i n rh e tori c it is th e di ffe r e nc e b e tw e e n

matt e r o f fact s tat e m e n t a n d indignant s tat e m e nt : a s tra p w e
- -

a re t o u nd e r s tand f ro m t h e co mma is a barbar o u s in s t r u m e n t

, .

A gain i n t h e two followi ng e xam p l e s s o fa r a s l o gic go e s

, , ,

com ma s would b e u s e d i n both o r s e m icolon s in b o th Bu t . .

 LO GIC A ND R H ET O R I C 22 1

th e writ e r o f th e s e c o n d d e s i r e s to b e s l o w s taccato and i m , ,

p r e s s iv e : t h e w r i t er o f t h e fir s t d es i r e s t o b e r a p id and
fl o w ing o r r ath e r p e rha p s d o e s not d e s i r e to b e anything
, , ,

o th e r than n at u ral .

M ath e m aticia n s hav e s o u ght k n o wl e dge in figu r e s p hil os o p h e r s in ,

sy s t e m s l o gicia n s in s u btilti e s a n d m e ta p hy s icia n s in s ou n d s — B

, , .

I n th e e cl og u e th e r e m u s t b e n o thi n g r u d e o r v u lgar ; no thi ng f a n ci fu l

o r a ffe ct e d ; n o thi n g s u btl e o r ab s tr u s e — B . .

Th e di ffe re nc e is rh e torical n o t l o gical I t is tru e h o w e v e r

,
.
, ,

that m o d e r n p rint e rs mak e an e ffo rt to b e gu id e d by l o gic o r

grammar al o n e i t i s i m p o s s ibl e fo r th e m to s u cc e e d e ntir e ly ;
but any o n e who wi l l lo o k at an E li z ab e than b o o k with th e
original s t o p p ing will s ee h o w fa r th e y hav e m o v e d th e o ld
s to p p ing w a s f ra n kly t o guid e th e voi c e in r e ad i n g al o ud ,

whi l e t h e mod e rn is ma i n ly to guid e th e m ind i n s e e ing

th r o ugh th e g r am matical co n s t r ucti o n .

A p e r fe ct s y s t e m o f p u nctu ation th e n that s ho u l d b e , ,

e xact and uni fo r m wou l d r e q u i r e s ep arat e r h e t o rical and

,

l o gical n o tation s i n th e fi rs t p l ac e S u ch a s y s t e m is n o t to .

b e d es i r e d ; t h e p oi nt i s o nly that without i t us ag e mu s t , ,

fl uctuat e acc o rdi n g a s o ne e l e m e nt is all o w e d to i nt e r fe r e

with th e oth e r B u t a s e cond d i ffi c u lty r e main s e v e n if w e
.
,

a s s u m e that rh e tori c could b e e li m inat e d altog e th e r O u r .

s t0p s e ri e s as e x p lain e d abov e p rovid e s us with fo u r d e g r e e s ;

, ,

but t h e d e gr e e s o f cl o s e n e s s and r e mot e n e s s b e tw e e n th e

m e mb e rs o f s e nt e nc e or p aragra p h a re at th e l e a s t t e n ti m e s
a s many It i s e a s y t o S how that t h e co m ma e v e n i n i ts
.
,

p ur e ly l o gical f u n cti o n h a s not o n e bu,

t many ta s k s to d o , ,

which d i ffe r gr e atly i n i m p ortanc e Tak e th e thre e e x am p l e s .

H is m e th o d of ha n dli ng th e s u bj e ct w as o n r at e l e arn ed
, , and p er
s p i cu o u s .
— B .

Th e r e m o val o f th e c o m ma a ft e r lea r n ed mak e s s o littl e

d i ffe r e n c e that i t is an o p e n qu e s ti o n amo n g c o m p o s it o r s
w h e th e r i t s h o uld b e u s e d o r not .

Th e cri m i nal ,
w ho h ad b e tray e d h is a s so ciat e s ,
w as a p r e y t o r e mo r s e .
2 22 P U N CT U A T I O N

Wi th th e co m ma s th e c r i min al is n e c e s s arily a c e rtai n p e rs on

,

al re ady kn o wn to u s : w ithou t th e m w e can only s u p p o s e a ,

p a s t s tat e o f s oci e ty to b e d e s crib e d i n which all traitor,

s w e re

a sha m e d o f th e m s e lv e s — a d i ffe r e nc e o f s om e i m p o rtanc e .

C o l o n e l H u tchi n so n th e Go v e rn o r wh o m th e K i n g had n o w a p p o i nt e d
, ,

havi ng hard en e d h is h e art r eso lv e d

, o n s e ne t r r m e a s u re s .

O m i s s i o n o f th e com ma a fte r app oi n ted giv e s us two p e r s on s

i n s t e ad o f o n e and e ntir e l y chang e s th e
, m e aning m ak ing th e
,

c e ntral word s i nto what th e y cou ld n o t o ibly b e with t h e

, p s s

c o m m a a n ab s olut e con s tru ction

,
.

Th e s e co m ma s that i s hav e v e ry d i ffe re nt val u e s ; m any

, ,

int e rm e d iat e d egr e e s might b e add e d S imilarly th e s e mi .

c o lon o ft e n s e p arat es gram mati cally com p l e t e s e nt e nc e s bu t ,

o ft e n al s o th e m e r e it e m s o f a l i s t and b e tw e e n th e se e xtre m e s
,

i t m ark s oth e r d egre es o f s e p aration A p e r fe c t s y s t e m fo r .

th e m e r e ly l o gical p art o f p unctuation th e n woul d r e quir e , ,

s om e s cor e s o f s to p s i n s t e ad o f fo u r Thi s again i s n o t a .

thing to b e d e s i r e d how l ittl e is cl e ar fro m th e fact that o n e

,

o f our s canty s u p p ly t h e colon i s now p ractical l y d i s u s e d as

, ,

a m e mb e r o f th e s e ri es and turn e d on to u s e f ul work at c e rtai n

,

odd j o b s that will b e m e ntion e d l at e r A s e ri es o f s to p s that .

s h o uld r e ally r e p r e s e nt al l grad ation s m ight p e rha p s b e

work e d by h e r e and th e r e a wri t e r con s i s t e ntly with hi m s e l f ;
but to p e rs uad e al l writ e rs to ob s e r ve t h e s am e di s tinction s
would b e h o p e l e s s .

A thi rd d i fficu lty is thi s : not onl y m u s t m any ta s k s b e

p e r fo rm e d by o n e s to p ; t h e s am e ta s k i s n e c e s s arily p e r

f orm e d by d i ff e r e nt s to p s accordi ng t o c i rcu m s tanc e s ; a s if

p olygamy w e r e not bad e nough i t i s co m p licat e d by an ,

admixtu r e o f p ol yandry We hav e alr e ady giv e n two s en

.

t e n c e s o f n e arly s imilar p att e rn o n e o f which had i ts p art s

,

s e p arat e d by comm a s th e oth e r by s e mic o lon s and w e

, ,

r e mark e d that th e d i ffe r e nc e w a s th e r e accou nt e d fo r by th e

i ntru s ion o f rh e t o ri c B ut th e s am e thing o ccu rs e v e n wh e n
.

l o gi c or gram mar ( i t s h o u ld b e e x p lai n e d that gram mar is

 2 24 P U N C T U AT I O N

if , &c .
,
f r o m th e
m e r e e nu m e rati o n com mas that p r e c e d e ; i n
which cas e th e s e mi colon a ft e r cap r ice s h o u l d b e rai s e d to a
-

c o lon ; and th e n what is th e n e wly cr e at e d e m p e r o r to d o ?

th e r e is n o p a p al ti ara fo r hi m to a s s u m e th e fu l l s to p b e i ng ,

confin e d to th e ind e p e nd e nt s e nt e nc e Th e obj e ct ion is quit e .

j u s t and s h o w s how s oon th e p ow e rs o f th e fo u r s to p s a re

,

e xhau s t e d i f r e l e ntl e s s ly work e d B ut w e a re conc e rn e d o nl y .

to notic e that t h e e ffe ct o f s t o p s e v e n logical ly con s id e r e d i s , ,

r e lativ e n o t ab s o l ut e I t is al s o tru e that m any m o d e rn

, .

writ e r s i f th e y p u t d ow n a s e nt e nc e l i k e thi s wo u l d b e s ati s

, ,

fi e d wi th u s ing co m ma s throughou t ; th e o l d fa s hion e d ai r o f -

th e c o l o n will hard ly e s ca p e n oti c e B u t th e whol e arrang e .

’
m e nt is accord i ng to t h e co m p o s it o r s art i n its s e v e r e r form .

A s p e cim e n o f th e m e r e ly indi r e ct action o f rh e tori c m ay b e

mor e s hortly d i s p o s e d o f I n a s e nt e n c e al r e ady quot e d
.

M ath e matician s hav e s o u ght k n o wl e dg e in fi g u r e s p hil o s o p h e rs in ,

s y s t e m s l ogicia n s
, in su btilti es ,
and me ta p hy s icia n s in s o un ds
s up
p os e writ e r to havth e
e p r e fe rr e d fo r i m p r e ss iv e e ffe c t a s ,

w e s aid h e might hav e to u s e s e m i colon s in s t e ad o f co m ma s

,
.

Th e i m m e diat e r e s ult o f that wo uld b e that what b e for e

cou ld b e l e ft to th e r e ad e r to d o f o r h i m s e l f ( i e t h e s u p p ly . .
,

i ng o f th e word s h a ve s ough t hn ow ledge i n e ach m e mb e r) wi l l

i n p r e s e nc e o f th e s e m icolon r e qu i r e to b e d on e to th e e y e by
co m m a s and th e s e nt e n c e wi ll ru n
,

M ath em ati cia n s h av e s o u ght k n o wl e dg e in fig u res ; p hil os op h e r s in ,

s y s t em s l ogicia n s , in su btilti e s ; an d m e ta p hy s icia n s , in s o un ds .

B u t,lest houl d b e thought to o faith ful fol low e r s o f th e

we s

logician s w e wil l n o w a s s u m e that our p oi nt h as b e e n s u fl

,
i
c ie n tly p r o v e d : t h e d i ffic u lti e s o f p u nct u ati o n owing to th e ,

i nt e raction o f d i ffe r e nt p urp o s es and th e inad e quacy o f t h e ,

i n s trum e nt s a re formidabl e e nough to b e worth gra p p ling

,

with .

W e s hal l now only mak e thr e e g e n e ral r e ma rk s b e fore p ro

c e e d ing to d e tail s Th e fi r s t is i m p l i e d i n what h as b e e n
.

al r e ady s aid : th e wo r k o f p unctuatio n is mainly to s how or ,

 FULL A ND S L I GH T STOPPI N G 2 25

h int at t h e gram matical r e lat ion b e tw e e n w o r d s p h r a s es

, , ,

clau s e s and s e nt e nc e s ; but i t mu s t no t b e fo r go tt e n tha t

,

s t o p s al s o s e r v e t o r e g u lat e ac t thr w e m p ha s i s o n
p e o ,
o p a r

t ic u la r w o rd s a n d g i v e th e m s i g n i fica n c e a n d to i nd icat e t o n e
, .

Th e s e e ffe ct s a re s ubo r d i n at e and m u s t n o t b e al lo w e d t o

,

c o n fl i c t wi th th e m ai n o bj e ct ; bu t a s t h e gra m mat i cal

re l a t i o n may o ft e n b e s h o wn in m o r e than o n e way that way ,

can b e cho s e n whi ch s e rv e s a n oth e r p u r p o s e b e s t .

S e c o ndly i t is a s o u nd p ri n ci p l e that a s fe w s t o p s s h o u l d b e
,

u s e d as wil l do th e wo r k Th e r e is a th e ory that S ci e n ti fic o r

.

p hilo s o p hi c m att e r s h o u ld b e p unct u at e d v e ry f u l ly a nd

e xactly wh e re a s m e r e l it e r ary w o r k can d o with a m uch l o o s e r
,

s ys t e m Thi s is a m i s tak e e xc e p t s o fa r as s ci e nt i fi c and

.
,

p h i l o s o p hi c writ e r s m ay d e s i r e to giv e an i m p r e s s iv e e ffe ct by

r e tard ing th e p ac e ; that is l e giti mat e ; but o th e rwi s e al l that ,

i s p ri nt e d s hou ld hav e a s m any s to p s a s h e l p t h e r e ad e r and ,

not mo r e A r e s o lution to p u t i n all th e s t o p s that can

.

b e c o rr e ctly u s e d is v e r y a p t to r e s ult i n th e a p p e aranc e o f

s om e that can only b e u s e d inc o rr e ctly ; s om e o f o u r quota

ti o n s f ro m H u xl e y and M r Bal fou r may b e thought t o i llu s

.

trat e thi s A n d wh e r e a s s l ight s t o p p ing may v e nt u r e o n

.

s mal l i r r e gulariti es f ul l s to p i n g that i s i nc o r r e ct i s al s o u n

p
,

p ardonabl e T h e obj
. e cti o n to f ul l s to pp ing that i s cor r e ct i s

th e d i s co m fort i n fl i ct e d u p o n r e ad e r s who a re p e r p e tually

,

b e in g ch e ck e d l ik e a hors e with a fi d ge ty d riv e r .

Third ly e v e r y o ne s hou ld m ake u p h is m ind n o t to d e p e nd

,

o n h is s to s Th y t b r gard e d s d vic e s n o t fo r
p e a r e . o e e a e ,

s aving hi m t h e t r o u bl e o f utting h i s word s i n t o th e o r d e r

p
that nat u ral ly giv e s th e r e qui r e d m e a ning bu t fo r s aving h is ,

r e ad e r t h e mo m e nt o r tw o that w o uld s om e ti m e s with o u t ,

th e m b e n e c es s ari ly s p e nt on r e ad in g t h e s e n t e nc e twic e o v e r
, ,

o nc e to catch th e g e n e ral arra n ge m e nt and agai n fo r t h e ,

d e tail s I t m ay al mo s t b e s ai d that what r e ad s w r o ngly i f

.

t h e s to p s a re r e m ov e d i s rad ical ly bad s t o p s a re n o t t o alt e r

m e aning b u t m e r e ly to S ho w it u p Th o s e who a re l e arning

,
.

NS
Q
226 P U N CT UA T I O N

to w r it e s h o uld m ak e a p racti c e o f p utting down al l th e y w a nt

t o s ay withou t s tO p s fi r s t What th e n on re ad ing ov e r .
, ,

natu ral ly arrang e s i t s e l f co ntrary to th e i nt e nti o n s houl d b e

no t p u nctuat e d bu t al t e r e d ; and th e s to p s S hou l d b e a s fe w
,

as p o s s ibl e c o n s i s t e n tly with th e r e c o gni z e d rul e s A t thi s

, .

p o int th o s e ru l e s s h o u ld f ol l o w ; but ad e qu at e ly e x p lain e d

and i llu s trat e d th e y wo u l d r e qu ir e a vol u m e ; and w e can
,

only s p e ak o f co m m o n abu s e s and tran s gr e s s ion s o f th e m .

F i rs t com es what m ay b e call e d fo r s hort th e s p ot p l ag u e -

t h e t e n d e n cy to m ak e f u l l s t o p s d o al l th e w o rk -
Th e .

co m ma m o s t i m p o rtan t i f s light e s t o f all s t o p s cannot

, , , ,

ind e e d b e got rid o f th o ugh e v e n fo r that t h e f u l l s t 0p is

,
-

s ub s titut e d wh e n
p o s s ibl e but t h e s e m ic o l o n i s n o w a s m uch
avoid e d by ma ny wri t e r s a s t h e col o n ( in i ts o l d u s e ) by
m o s t With t h e s e m ic o l on go m o s t o f t h e c o nj u nction s N ow
. .

th e re is s o m e thing to b e s aid fo r th e ch ang e o r th e two ,

chang e s : th e o ld fa s hion e d p e ri o d o r l ong c o m p l e x s e nt e nc e

-
, ,

carefully work e d ou t with a vi e w t o s ym m e try bal anc e and , ,

d e gr e e s o f s ubordination th ough it h as a dig n ity o f it s own is

, ,

f orm al s ti ff and s o m e tim e s f r igid ; th e m od e rn n e w s p a p e r

, ,

vic e o f long s e nt e n c es e i th e r ra m bling o r i nv o lv e d ( fa r c o m

mon e r i n n e w s p a p e r s than th e s p ot p lagu e ) i s i n e x p r e s s ibly-

w e ari s om e an d e xa s p e rating S i m p l i ficati o n i s th e re fo r e

.

d e s irabl e B u t j ou rnali s t s no w an d th e n and writ e r s with

.
,

m ore lit e rary ambi tion than abil ity g e n e rally o v e rd o th e thi ng ,

till it b e com e s a n a ffe ctation ; i t i s th e n l ittl e di ffe re nt fro m

’
Victor H ugo s d e vi c e o f m aking e ve ry s e nt e nc e a p a r agra p h ,

and ou r la s t s tat e is w o r s e than ou r fi rs t P at roni z ing arch .

n es s s h am i ng e nu ou s n e s s s p a s m odi c i nt e rr u p ti o n s cra pp y
, , ,

argu m e nt d ry m onoto ny a re s om e o f t h e r e s u lting i m p re s

, ,

s ion s . W e S hall hav e t o tr o u bl e th e r e ad e r with at l e a s t o ne

rath e r l ong s p e ci m e n ; th e s p o t p l agu e i n i ts l e s s vir u l e n t
-

f orm that is wh e n it i s cau s e d not by p r e t e nti o u s n e s s or bad

, ,

ta s t e b u t m e re ly by d e s i re to e s ca p e fro m t h e p e ri o d d o e s
, ,

n o t d e clar e it s e l f v e ry ra p idly What fo l l o w s is a th i rd o r s o

.
2 28 P U N CT U A T I O N

Dr . v
Ru vill e mu ch m o r e
. l u cidly tha n by m o s t hi s t o ria n s Thi s p o rti o n .

o f h is w o rk i s t h e m o r e i n t e r e s ti n g b e ca u s e o f t h e p ai n s h e take s to
cl ear Ge o rg e I I I fr o m t h e charg e of c o ns p iri n g agai n s t h is great M i n i s t e r .

’
Th e r e ad e r s e x p e ri e nc e h as p robably b e e n that th e c o n s tan t
f r e s h s tart s a re at fi r s t i n s p iriting that about hal f way h e h as
,
-

had quit e e n o ugh o f th e nov e lty and that h e is i nt e n s e ly ,

grat e fu l wh e n th e s o litary s e m ic o l on co m e s i nt o s ight fo r a

, ,

m o m e nta r y l a p s e i nto o rd i nary g e ntl e p rogre s s W r it e r s l ik e .

thi s m ay al mo s t b e s u s p e ct e d o f taking lit e r ally a s u m mary

p i e c e o f advic e that w e hav e l at e ly s ee n i n a bo o k o n E ngl i s h

c o m p o s iti o n : Never u s e a s e mico lon w h en y ou ca n e mp loy a

f u l l-
s t op .B e adn e ll l ay s down a l aw that at fi r s t s ight s e e m s

to am o u nt to th e s am e th ing : Th e n oti on of p a r ti ng s hor t

i ndepen den t s en ten ces o th er w i se th a n by a f u l l s to
-
p , r es ts u p on

n o r a ti on a l ou n da ti on , and lea ds to en d l es s l i i But

f p er
p ex t es .

h is p racti c e cl e ars hi m o f th e i m p u tation : h e is s av e d by th e

a mbig u ity o f th e word i ndep enden t Th e r e a re gram mati cal .

d e p e nd e nc e and d e p e nd e nc e o f thought O f al l tho s e l ittl e

, .
‘

’
hard roun d u nconn e ct e d thing s i n th e Ti m es r e vi e w that , ,

s e e m to com e u p on o n e as s hot woul d d e s c e nd f r o m a s hot

‘

maki ng t o w e r ( S ir A rthu r H e l p s ) hardly o n e is not d e p e n

’

d e nt o n it s n e ighb o u rs i n th e mor e l ib e ral s e n s e though e ach ,

i s a com p l e t e s e nt e n c e an d i nd e p e n d e nt i n gra m m ar N ow .

o n e i m p orta n t u s e o f s t o p s is to e x p re s s th e d e gr e es o f
thought d e p e nd e nc e A s tyl e that grou p s s e v e ral c o m p l e t e
.

s e nt e n c e s tog e th e r by t h e u s e o f s e m i col o n s b e cau se th e y a re

, ,

m o r e clo s e ly con n e ct e d i n thought is fa r mor e res t ful and ,

easy — fo r th e r e ad e r that s i — tha n th e s tyl e that l e av e s hi m

,

to d o th e grou p i n g fo r hi m s e l f ; and y e t i t is f ree f rom th e

fo r mal ity o f th e p e ri od which con s i s t s not o f gram m atical ly
, ,

i nd e p e nd e nt s e nt e n c e s bu t o f a mai n s e nt e nc e with ma n y
,

s u bordinat e clau se s W e hav e not s p ac e fo r a long e xam p l e

.

o f th e grou s y s t e m rightly a pp li e d ; mo s t go o d m o d e rn
p
w r it e rs fr e e f ro m th e c r aving t o b e u p t o dat e wil l s u p p ly
 TH E G R O U P S YS T E M 2 29

th e m on e v ery p ag e ; but a v e ry s hort quotation m ay s e rv e to

e m p ha s i z e th e d i ffe r e nc e b e t w e e n grou p and s p ot p l a g u e -

p ri nci p l e s Th e e. s s e nc e o f t h e latt e r i s that al m o s t t h e o n l y

s to p s u s e d a re f u l l s to s and c o m ma s that c o nj u ncti o n s a re
p
-
,

rar e and that wh e n a conj u nction d o es o ccu r t h e c o m ma is

,

g e n e rally u s e d not th e fu l l s to p What natu rally foll ow s is

,
-
.

an arrang e m e nt o f thi s kind

Th e h eil o f R a ve n sn u ik w as for th e p r e s e n t at l e a s t at h i s di s p o s al
s , ,
.

Th e fo r e m a n o r gri e v e at th e H o me F ar m w a s a n x i o u s t o b e fri e n dly

‘ ’
,

b u t e v e n if h e l o s t that p lac e D an We ir k n e w that th e r e w a s p l e n ty o f

,

o th e r s —C R O CK E TT
. .

( To s av e troubl e l et i t b e s tat e d that th e s h e il is a d e p e nd e n cy

,

o f t h e H o m e F arm and n o t contra s t e d wit h o r o

, p p o s e d t o it ) .

H e r e th e r e a re thr e e gra m m atical ly ind e p e nd e nt s e nt e nc e s ,

b e tw e e n th e two latt e r o f which t h e conj uncti o n bu t is in s e rt e d .

It fo llows f ro m s p o t p lagu e p r in ci p l e s that th e r e wil l b e a f u ll

-

s to p at t h e e n d o f t h e fi r s t and a com ma at th e e n d o f th e ,

s e c o nd With th e grou p s ys t e m i t is not s o s i m p l e a matt e r ;

.

b e fo r e w e can p lac e th e s to p s w e hav e to i nq u ir e how th e ,

thr e e s e nt e nc e s a re conn e ct e d i n thought I t th e n a p p e a r s .

that th e fri e ndl i n e ss o f th e gri e v e i s m e nti o n e d to accou nt fo r

t h e s h e i l s b e ing at d i s p o s al
’
that is th e r e is a cl o s e conn e xi o n , ,

tho u gh no conj u n ction b e tw e e n th e firs t and t h e s e cond s e n

,

te n ce s . F u rth e r th e bird s i n th e bu s h o f th e third s e nt e nc e

,
’

a re c o n tra s t e d not with t h e s e cond s e nt e n c e s f ri e ndli n es s

, ,

but wi th th e fi rs t s e nt e n c e s bird i n th e hand (which h o w e v e r ’

, ,
’
is acc o u n t e d fo r by th e s e cond s e nt e nc e s f ri e ndl i n e s s ) To .

gr o u p r ightly th e n w e m u s t tak e c ar e q u it e r e v e r s i ng th e
, , ,
’
auth o r s p unctuati o n that th e fi rs t and s e c o nd a re s ep arat e d
,

by a s to p o f l e s s p ow e r than that which s e p a r at e s th e thi r d

f ro m th e m C o mm a s e m icol o n w o u l d d o i t i f t h e fo rm e r
.
, , ,

w e re s u ffici e nt b e tw e e n t w o gram mat i cally i nd e p e nd e nt s e n

t e n c e s n o t j oin e d by a conj unction ; it o bviou s ly is not
s u ffici e nt h e r e ( tho u gh i n s o m e s u ch p air s i t might b e ) ; s o ,

i n s t e ad o f comma s e m icol o n w e m u s t u s e s e mi colon f u ll

, , ,
 2 39 P U N CT UA T I O N

to p ; and t h e s e nt e nc e wil l run with

s ,
it s tru e m e anin g m uch
more cl e a r ly give n
Th e h e il o f Rave n s n u ik w a s for th e p re s ent at l e a s t at h is di s p o s al ;
s , ,

th e f o r e ma n o r gri e v e at th e H o m e F ar m w a s a n x i o u s to b e f ri e n dly
’
.

B u t e v e n if h e l o s t that p lac e D an W e ir kn e w that th e r e w a s p l e n ty o f

,

o th e r s .

Th e gI O Up ‘

ys t e m giv e s m ore tr o ubl e t o t h e writ e r or c o m

s

o itor a nd l s to t h e r e ad e r ; t h e com p o s itor cann t b

p s , e s o e

e x e ct e d to l ik e i t i f t h e bu rd e n f all s on hi m in fe rior w rit e rs

p ,

cannot b e e x p e ct e d t o ch o o s e it e ith e r p e rha p s ; bu t th e g o od ,

writ e rs who d o cho o s e i t n o d o u bt fi nd that a ft e r a s hort

tim e th e work c o m es t o d o it s e l f by i n s tinct .

We n ee d now on ly ad d two o r thr e e s hort s p e ci m e n s w o rs e , ,

th o ugh fro m th e i r s hortn e s s l e s s r e markabl e than th e Ti mes ,

e xtract Th e y a re n o t s p e cially s e l e ct e d a s bad b ut it may

.

b e ho p e d that by th e ir j uxta p o s iti o n th e y may hav e s om e

d e t e rr e nt e ffe ct .

S o D an o p e ne d
d o o r a littl e a n d th e d og ca me o ut a s if n o thi ng
th e
had h a pp en e d I t w a s n o w cl ear Th e light w a s th at o f lat e e v e n i n g
. . .

T h e air hardly m o r e tha n c oo l A g en tl e fa n n i n g br ee z e ca m e f r o m t h e

.

N o rth a n d — C R O CK E TT .

Alli es m u s t hav e c o m m o n s e n ti men t s a c o mm o n p o licy c o m mo n , ,

i nt e r e s t s R u s s ia s di s p o s iti on i s aggr es s iv e H e r p olicy i s th e cl o s e d

.
’
.

d o o r H e r i n t e r e s t s lie in m o n o p o ly W ith o u r c o u n try it i s p r e ci se ly

. .

th e o p p o s it e J a p a n m ay c on qu e r b u t s h e will n o t aggr e s s R u s s ia may

.
, .

b e d e fe at e d b u t s h e W i ll n o t aba n d on h e r aggre s s i o n
,
W ith s u ch a .

c o un try a n allian ce i s b ey o n d th e c o n c e p ti o n e v e n o f a d re aIn — Ti mes . .

U p o n a hill s id e a gr e at s w e lli n g h ill s id e high u p n e ar t h e cl o u d s

, , ,

lay a h e rd lad L ittl e m o re tha n a b o y h e w a s H e d id n o t k n o w m u ch

. .
,

b u t h e wa n t e d t o k n o w m o r e H e w a s no t v e ry g o o d b u t h e wa n t e d t o
.
,

b e b e tt e r H e w a s l one ly b u t o f that h e w a s n o t awar e

.
, O n th e wh o l e .

h e w a s c o n t e n t u p th e r e o n h is gr e at lI ills id e — C R O C K E TT . .

T o b e p o p u lar yo u hav e to b e i n t e r e s t e d o r a p p e a r t o b e i n t e r e s t e d in
, ,

o th e r p e o p l e An d t h er e a re s o m a n y i n thi s w o rld in wh o m it i s i m p o s
.

s ibl e to b e i n t e r e s t e d S o m a n y f or wh o m th e m o s t s kilf u l hy p o cri s y

.

ca nn o t h e l p u s to m ai n tai n a s e mbla n c e o f i n t e r e s t — D a i ly Tel egr ap h .

O f c o u r s e a girl s o p re tty a s my M i s s An n e c o u ld n o t e s ca p e havi n g

m a ny s u it o r s e s p e cially a s all o v e r th e c o u n try s id e S ir Te mp e s t had t h e
,
 2
3 2 P U N CT U A T I O N

ad v e r b or conj un ction e v e n th e re ca s ting o f a s e nt e nc e may , ,

b e n e c e s s a ry But i t is a s a fe s tat e m e nt that a gath e ring

.

o f co m m a s ( e xc e p t o n c e r tai n l aw fu l o cca s i o n s a s i n a l i s t ) ,

is a s u s p iciou s ci rc u m s tanc e Th e s e nt e nc e s houl d at l e a s t .

b e r e ad aloud and i f it halt s or j ol t s s om e chang e o r o th e r

,

s h o u ld b e m ad e .

Th e sm all e s t po rti o n po s s ibl e o f c uri ou s i n t e r e s t had b ee n awak e n e d

withi n m e a n d , , at la s t I a s k e d m y s e l f withi n my o w n m i n d
, ,

B O RRO W .

N on e o f th e la s t thre e com m a s is wan t e d tho s e round a t l as t

a re v e ry u n p l e a s ant and th e y at l e a s t s hou ld b e o m i tt e d
,
.

I n q u e s ti o n s trad e an d fi n a n c e qu e s ti on s which
of , ,
o wi n g , pe rha ps , to
th e ir i n cre a s i n g i n tricacy s ee m —B R Y CE
, .

P er h ap s can do v e ry w e ll with o u t co m m a s .

h o w e v e r alre ady p lai n e n o ugh that u nl e s s i n d e e d s ome gre at

I t is , , , , ,

cata s tro p h e s h ou ld u p s e t all th e ir calc u lati ons th e a u th o riti e s hav e v e ry ,

littl e i n t e n ti o n Ti m es .

I n deed can d o wi thout com ma s ,

if i t cannot i t s e l f be don e
with o u t .

J ea nn i e j u s t o cca s i o n ally lik e

, too , is , , a goo d girl o ut of a b o o k by
a s e n ti m e n tal lady n o v e l i s t Ti m es -
.
—
.

I fj usto m itt e d th e r e n ee d b e no co m m a s ro und occa s ion a lly

is ,
.

Th e r e m ay b e a val u e in j u s t ; bu t hard ly e nough to co m p e n s at e

fo r th e c r u e l j e rking at t h e b it to which th e p o o r r e ad e r is
s ubj e ct e d by a r e m o rs e l e s s driv e r .

T h us , th e ir w o rk h o w ev e r i mp e rfe ct and fa u lty j u dge d by m o d e rn

, ,

light s , it m ay hav e b e en br ou ght th e m fa c e to fac e with

, H U X LE Y .

Th e co m m a a ft e r thu s is n o thing if not p om p ou s . A nd

an o th e r can b e go t rid o f by p utting i t m ay h a ve been b efor e
j u dged by moder n l igh ts .

L ilia s gg e s t e d the advi c e whi ch o f all o th e r s s ee me d mos t s u it e d

su , ,

t o th e o cca s i o n th at yi e ldi n g n a m e ly to th e c irc um s tan c e s o f th e ir

, , , ,

s it u ati o n th e y s h o u ld watch
, S C O TT .

O m i t n a mely and its com ma s .

S hak e s p e ar e it i s tr u e had a s l hav e s ai d a s r e s p e ct s E ngla n d t h e

, , , , ,

rivil g which n ly fi t c o m e r s e nj o y — LO W E LL
p e e o rs -
. .
 O VE R S T O P P I N G
-
2 33

A good e xam p l e o f th e warning val u e o f com ma s N o n e o f .

th e s e can b e di s p e n s e d with s inc e th e r e a re no l e s s than th r e e

,

ar e nth e tic qualificati o n s to t h e s e nt e n c e B u t th e crowd o f

p .

co m ma s o u ght to hav e told th e writ e r how h a d h is s e nt e nc e

w a s ; i t is l ik e an ob s tacl e rac e I t s ho ul d b e gin I t is tru e.
,

that which d i s p o s e s o f o n e ob s tacl e A s I h a ve s a id can .

b e giv e n a s e p arat e s e n t e nc e a ft e rward s S o m uch h as b e e n

—

s aid b e for e .

P rivat e ba n k s a nd ca p itali s t s c o n s tit u t e th e mai n b u lk of th e sub

s crib e r s , an d , a p p aren tly ,
th e y a re p r e p are d to go on su b s cribi ng
ind e fi n i te ly . Ti m es .

P u tting com m a s r o u nd app a r en tly a mou nt s to th e i n s e rtion of

a fu rth e r clau s e s u ch a s Though y o u wo u ld not thi nk th e y

, ,

could b e s uch fo o l s B u t what th e p r e ci s e c o nt e nt s o f th e

.

f urth e r cla u s e m ay b e is p robl e matic A t any rat e a writ e r .

,

s hould n o t i nvit e u s t o r e ad b e tw e e n t h e l in es u nl e s s h e i s

s u r e o f two thi n g s : what h e want s to b e r e ad th e r e ; and that

w e a re lik e ly to b e wi ll ing and abl e r e ad e rs o f it Th e s a m e .

is tru e o f many wo rd s that a re hal f adv e rb s and hal f c o nj u n c

tion s l ik e ther ef or e W e hav e th e right to c o m m a th e m o ff
, .

i f w e lik e ; but u nl e s s i t is don e with a d e fi n it e p u r p o s e i t

, ,

p r od u c e s p pe r l e xity a s w e l l a s h e avin e s s I n t h e fi r s t o f th e .

n e xt two e x am p l e s th e r e i s n o n e e d what e v e r fo r th e co mma s

, .

I n th e s e cond t h e m otiv e is cl e ar : having th e choic e b e tw e e n

,

co m ma s and no com m a s th e r ep ort e r u s e s th e m b e cau s e h e

,

s o s e cur e s a p a u s e a f t e r h e and giv e s th e wo r d that e m ha s i s

, p
which i n th e s p e e ch a s d e l iv e r e d doubtl es s mad e th e I that it
r ep re s e nt s e quival e nt to I f or my p a r t .

B o th o m a n d J o h n k n e w thi s ; a
T n d th er r J h th e s o ft h eart e d
e fo e o n —
, ,
-

o n e — k e p t o u t o f th e way — T R O L L O P E . .

It w o u ld n otb e p os s ibl e to s a n cti o n a n ab s o l u t e ly li m it e d ex p e n d i

un

t u re o n th e Vo l u n t e e r s ; t h e b u rd e n o n th e t a x p ay e r s -
w o u ld b e too gre at .

H e, th e r efo r e wi s h e d that th o s e w h o
, k ne w m o s t ab o u t th e Vo l u n t e e r s
w o u ld m ak e u p th e ir m i n d s a s to th e dir e cti o n in wh ich th e r e s h ou ld b e
de v e l o p men t Ti m es. .

A fte r f or and a nd b eginni ng a se nt e n c e c o m ma s a re o ft e n

2 34 P U N CT U A T I O N

u s e d that a re hardly e ve n c o rr e ct I t may b e s u s p e ct e d that .

w rit e rs all o w th e m s e lv e s t o b e d e c e iv e d by t h e fal s e a n al o gy

o f s e n t e nc e s in whi ch th e a n d o r f r is i m m e diat e l y fo ll o w e d o

by a s u b o r d inat e cl au s e o r p h ra s e that h as a r ight to its

tw o c o m m a s Wh e n th e r e is n o s u ch i nt e rru p ti o n th e o nly
.
,

ss ibl l e a fo r t h e co m m a i that i t i s n o t logical but

p o e
p s

r h e tori cal and c o nv e ys s o m e archn e s s o r oth e r s p e cial s ign i fi

,

canc e s u ch a s is hardly to b e fo und i n ou r t w o e xam p l e s

T h e law n th e s o ft s m o o th m p e th e
, , b e s p e ak an a m o u n t o f e l e ga n t
,

c o m fo rt withi n that w o uld s e rv e f o r a p alac e T hi s i n dicati o n i s n o t

, .

with o u t war ra n t ; fo r withi n i t is a h o u s e o f r e fi n e me nt a n d l ux u ry

, .

DI C KENS .

A n d, it i s tr u e that th e se w e r e th e day s of m e n tal an d mo ral f e r m e n ta

ti on.
— H U T TO N .

W e s hal l cla s s h e r e al s o a s s u m ing ,

fo r t h e p r es e nt that t h e
rh e tori cal p l e a may b e al low e d e v e n wh e n th e r e is n o l o gical
j u s tificati o n fo r a s to p two s e nt e nc es i n whi ch t h e co p u l a is
, ,

s tand ing b e tw e e n s ubj e ct an d com p l e m e nt h as c o m m a s o n ,

e ach s id e o f it I m p res s iv e n e s s is what is ai m e d at ; i t s e e m s

.

t o u s a tawd r y d e vi c e f o r givi ng o n e s s e nt e nc e an ex ca th ed r a
’

a rr

r e a s o n why th e w o rld lack s

Th e un ity , is , b e ca u s e m a n is di s un it e d
with hi m s e l f E M E R S ON
.
-
.

Th e charm i n N e l s o n s hi s t o ry i s lfi s h gre at M E R S ON
’
th e u n se n e ss — E .
, ,

M any oth e r ki nd s ove r s to p p i ng m ight b e il l u s trat e d bu t

of -

w e hav e int e nti o nally confi n e d o u r s e lv e s h e r e to s p e ci m e n s

i n which gra m matical c o n s id e rati o n s d o not ari s e and th e ,

s e nt e nc e i s e qu ally corr e ct wh e th e r t h e s t o s a re i n s e r t e d o r
p
not . S e nt e nc e s i n whi ch o v e r s to p p ing o u t r ag e s g r a m mar -

mo r e or l e s s d e cid e d ly will b e i ncid e ntally tr e at e d l at e r on .

M e a n wh il e w e m ak e th e g e n e ral r e m ark that u ngram m atical

i n s e rti o n o f s t o p s is a high cri m e and m i s d e m e anou r wh e r e a s ,

ungra m m atical o mi s s i on o f th e m is o ft e n v e nial and i n s om e ,

ca se s e v e n d e s irabl e N e v e r th e l e s s t h e ove r s t o p p ing that

.
-

o ffe nd s agai n s t n o th ing bu t ta s t e h as i ts co u nt e r p art in u nd e r

s t o p p ing o f th e s am e s o rt An d i t mu s t b e add e d that

.
 236 P U N CT U AT I O N

A dv erbial . I s hall s ee you w hen the s un n ex t i

r s es .
( to
m ar r o w , adv e rb )
N ow th e r e is n o rul e that s ub ord i nat e cl au ses mu s t b e
s e arat e d f ro m t h e main s e nt e nc e by a s t o
p p ; that d e p e nd s
o n wh e th e r th e y a re e s s e ntial p art s o f t h e p ro p o s ition ( wh e n
s t o p s a re g e n e r ally wrong ) o r m or e or l es s s e p a rabl e accid e nt s ,

( wh e n c o m m a s a re m or e o r l e ss r e qu i r e d ) B ut what w e w i s h .

to d raw att e ntion to is a d i s tinction i n thi s r e s p e ct v e ry ,

g e n e ral ly d i s r e gard e d b e tw e e n t h e s ub s tantival cla u s e and

,

t h e t w o o th e r k ind s Wh e n t h e oth e rs a re o m itt e d th o ugh t h e

.
,

d e s ir e d m e an ing m ay b e s p oi l t th e gram m ar g e n e rally r e main s ,

u ninj ur e d a c o m p l e t e tho u gh n o t p e rha p s valuabl e s e nt e nc e,

i s l e ft . Th e m a n i s r esp ec ted I s h a ll s ee y ou are a s much , ,

s e nt e n c es alon e as th e y w e r e wi th t h e adj e ctival an d adv e rbial

clau s es With s ub s tantival cl au ses thi s is s e l do m tru e ; th ey

.

a re u s ual ly t h e s ubj e ct s obj e ct s o r co m p l e m e nt s o f th e v e rb s, , , ,

that is a re gram m ati call y e s s e ntial H e a s hed is m e ani ngl e s s

,
.

by i t s e l f ( Ev e n if th e poi nt is th at h e a s k e d and d id not

.
‘

an s w e r th i ngs o r s ometh i ng h as to b e s u pp l i e d i n thought )

, , ,
.

N ow it is a p ri nci p l e not wi thou t e xc e p tion s b u t g e n e rall y

, ,

s ound that th e s ubj e ct o bj e ct or com p l e m e nt i s n o t to b e

, , , ,

s e p arat e d f ro m i t s v e rb e v e n by a co m m a ( though tw o co m ma s

b e longing to an i n s e rt e d p ar e nth e ti c clau s e o r p hra s e or

word m ay i nt e rv e n e ) I t fol l o w s that th e r e is no l ogi cal o r
.

gra m m atical j u s ti fication though th e r e m ay b e a rh e tori cal ,

o n e f o r th e com m a s o f r e qu e ntly p l ac e d b e f o r e th e th a t o f a n
,

ind ir e c t s tat e m e nt O u r own O p in i o n (which is how e v e r con

.
, ,

t ra ry to th e p racti c e o f mo s t c o m p o s itor s ) i s that th is s hou ld

always b e o m itt e d e xc e p t wh e n th e writ e r h as a v e ry d i s ti nc t
r e a s on fo r p roducing rh e t o rical i m p r e s s iv e n e s s by a n u nu s ual
au S o m e v e ry ugly o ve rs t o p p i ng wou l d thu s b e avoid e d
p s e
. .

Ye t th e r e t o o w e fi n d that charact e r h as its p ro bl e m s t o s o lv e

, , , .

M E RE D I T H .

We k n o w that i n t h
,
e i n divid u al,m a n c o n s ci o u s n e s s gr o w s — H UX LE Y , . .

An d it is s aid that o n a vi s it o r o n c e a ski ng to see h is library D e s cart e s

, , ,

le d h im -
H u x L Ev .
 S U B S TA N T I VA L CLA U S E 2
37

Th e g e ne ral o p i n i on h o w e ve r w as that if B u t e had b e e n early p racti s e d

, ,

i n d e bat e h e m ight hav e b e c o m e a n i m p r e s s iv e s p e ak e r

,
— M AC AU L A Y . .

Th e c o m m a b e fo r e w h e the r i n th e n e xt is actually m i s l e a d
ing ; it c o m p e l s u s at fi r s t s ight t o tak e as adv e rb i al what is
re a l ly a s u b s t a n t i va l clau s e o bj e ct to t h e v e r bal n o u n i n d iffe r e n ce :
,

Th e b o o k had m e rit s d ue to th e a u th o r s i ndi ff e re n c e wh e th e r h e ’

,

s h o w e d bad ta s t e o r n o t p r o vid e d h e go t n e ar e r t o t h e i m p r e s s i o n h e
,

wi sh e d to c o n v e y — S p ea her
. .

G ram m ar h o w e ve r wou ld a ffo rd s o m e j u s tificati o n fo r

, ,

d i s tingu i s hing b e tw e e n th e s u b s tantival c la u s e a s s u bj e ct ,

obj e ct o r com p l e m e nt and th e s u b s tantival clau s e i n a p p o s i

, ,

tio n with o n e o f th e s e Th o ugh th e r e s h o u ld d e cid e dly b e no

.

c o m ma i n H e s a id th a t i t is s trictly d e fe n s ibl e i n I t i s s a id ,

th a t Th e th a t cl au s e i n t h e l att e r i s e x p lanatory o f and

-
,

i n a p p o s itio n with i t ; and th e ord i nary s ign o f a p p o s i ti o n is

,

a com ma S i milarly M y op i n ion i s th a t : I t i s my op i n i on

.
, ,

th a t . B ut a s th e r e s e e m s to b e no val u e what e v e r i n th e
d i s ti nct i o n ou r advic e is t o d o without th e co m m a i n al l
,

ord inary ca s e s o f e ith e r k i nd A u s e fu l and r e a s o nabl e

.

’
e xc e p tion i s m ad e i n s o m e manual s ; fo r i ns ta n c e i n Big e low s ,

M a n u a l of P u nc tu a ti on w e r e ad : C l a u s e s l ik e I t is s aid ‘ “ "

intro d u cing s e v e ral p r o p o s iti on s o r qu o tation s e ach p r e c e d e d ,

by th e w o r d th a t s houl d hav e a com m a b e fore th e fi rs t th a t

,
.

B ut if a s ingl e p ro p o s ition o r qu o tation only i s g i v e n n o ,

com ma is n e c e s s ary E xam p l e .

P hil os o p h e rs a s s ert that N at u re is u n li m it e d in h er op erati o n s that

, ,

sh e h as i ne x ha u s tibl e tr e a s u re s in r e s e rv e that,

A nything that s how s t h e r e ad e r what h e is to e x p e ct and s o ,

s av e s hi m th e troubl e o f co ming back to r e v i s e h is fi r s t

i m p r e s s i o n s is d e s i r abl e if th e re i s n o s t r o ng r e a s o n aga i n s t it
, .

A m o r e i m p ortant d i s tincti o n i s thi s : H e s a i d &c m ay , .

,

hav e fo r i ts o bj e ct and I t i s s a id & c fo r i ts (vi rtual ) s ubj e ct

, ,
.
, ,

e ith e r t h e actual word s s a id or a s l ight r e arrang e m e nt o f

,

th e m ( not n e c es s a r ily t o t h e e y e bu t at l e a s t to th e mind ) , ,

which mak e s th e m m or e cl e arly p art o f th e gram matical

c o n s truction and tu rn s th e m i nt o tru e s ubord i nat e cla u s e s
, .
2
3 s P U N CT U A T I O N

Thu s H e told h er You a re i n d a nger m ay b e k e p t but is , ,

u s u ally al t e r e d to H e told her th a t s h e w a s i n d a nger o r to ,

H e told her s h e w a s i n d a nger I n th e fi r s t You a r e i n da nger .

,

is not p r o p e r ly a s ub o r d inat e cl a u s e bu t a s e nt e nc e which , ,

m ay b e s aid to b e i n a p p o s iti o n with th es e w or ds u nd e r s t o od .

I n t h e s e c o n d and third al ik e th e alt e r e d word s are a s u b ,

o r di n at e s ub s tanti val cla u s e th e obj e ct t o told I t foll o w s , .

that wh e n t h e actu al w o rd s a re giv e n as s u ch (thi s is s om e

ti m e s o nly to b e kn o wn by t h e t o n e : com p are I tell y ou ,

I w i ll co me and I tell y ou I w i ll co m e) a c o m m a s h o u l d b e
, ,

in se rt e d ; wh e re a s wh e n th e y a re m e ant a s m e r e re p ort e d
,

or i ndir e ct S p e e ch it s h o u l d b e om itt e d A ct u al word s giv e n

,
.

a s s uch s h o uld al s o b e b e gun with a ca p ital l e tt e r ; and i f

th e y con s i s t o f a c o m p oun d s e nt e nc e o r o f s e v e ral s e nt e nc es , ,

a com m a wi l l not s u fli c e fo r th e ir i ntroduction ; a col on ,

a colon and d a s h or a full s to p with quotation mark s alway s

, ,

i n th e l a s t ca s e and u s ually i n th e oth e rs wil l b e n e c es s ary ;

, ,

bu t th es e a re d i s tinction s that n ee d not b e con s id e r e d h e re i n

d etail .

F urth e r it mu s t b e re m e mb e re d that s ub s tantival cl au s e s

,

i ncl ud e i ndir e ct qu es tion s a s w e ll as i nd i re ct s tat e m e nt s and ,

that th e s am e r u l es wi ll a p p ly to th e m Th e two fol lowing .

e xam p l e s are v e ry badly s to pp e d

( )
a Add to all th i s that h e d i e d i n h is th irty s e v e nth y e ar :
-
an d th en
a sk , If it be s tra n g e that h i s p o e m s a re i mp e r fe ct C AR LY LE -
.

A ccom modatio n of th e s to p s to th e word s would giv e

a nd th e n a sk if it be s tra ng e that h is p oe m s a re i m p e rfe ct .

A nd accom mod ation of th e word s t o th e s to p s woul d give

an d th e n a sk , Is it s tra nge that h i s p oem s are i mperfe ct ?
( b) I t m ay b e a s k e d c an f urth e r d ep r e ciat i on b e a ff o rd e d . Ti mes .

Th e two corr e ct al t e rnativ es h e r e a re s i milarly

I t m ay b e a sk e d C an fu rt h er d ep re ciati on b e a ff o rd e d ?
,

I t m ay b e a s k e d wh e th e r fu rth e r d ep re ciati on c an b e a ff o rd e d .

A s th e nt e nc e s s tood original ly w e ge t i n t h e C arlyl e

se ,
a mo s t
th e atrical and i n th e Ti mes a mo s t s lov e nl y e ffe ct
, .
249 P U N CT U A T I O N

maid e n s wh ite v e il e d a n d r o se wr e ath e d p ac e d d e m u r e ly s wi ngi n g s ilv e r

- -
, ,

c e nse r s to a n o C O RE L L I
d f r — . .

S wi ft s vi e w o f h u m a n n at u r e is too black to ad m it o f a ny h o p e s o f
’
,

th e ir m i ll e n n i u m L S T E P H E N
— . .

L oveli n es s m a i d en s
. ubj e ct s hav e adj e ctival
, vi e w ,
the s t r i ct s ,

hra s es attach e d a f t e r th e m T h e t e m t ation to i ns e r t t h e

p
p .

c o m m a is com p r e h e n s ibl e bu t s light and s ho u ld hav e b e e n , ,

r es i s t e d .

I n th e th r e e that co m e n e xt th e con s id e r abl e l e ngth o f t h e ,

s ubj e ct it m u s t b e ad mitt e d mak e s a c o m m a c o m forting ; it

, ,

g i v e s u s a s o rt o f a s s u r an c e that w e hav e k e p t our hold o n

the s e n t e nc e It is illogical h o w e v e r and owing to t h e
.
, , ,

i m p o r tan c e o f n o t d ivid i n g s u bj e ct fro m v e rb u n p l e a s an tly ,

ill o gical I n e ach ca s e th e com fo rt w o u ld b e e qually e ff e ctiv e

.

i f it w e r e l e giti mi z e d by th e i n s e rtion o f a co m m a b e for e a s

w e l l as a ft e r th e clau s e o r p hra s e at th e e n d o f whi ch th e
p r e s e n t c o m m a s tand s T h e e xtra co m ma s woul
. d b e a ft e r
e a r th , v i cti ms , S ch l e i d e n .

To s e e soma n y th o u s a n d wr e tch es b u rd e n i n g th e e arth wh en s u c h a s h e r

d ie , m ak e s m e thi n k Go d did n e v e r i n t e n d li fe f or a bl es s i n g — S W I FT .

An o rd e r o f th e day exp re s s i n g s y m p athy with th e fa m ili es o f th e

victi m s a n d c o n fid e n c e in th e Go v e rn men t , w as ad op t e d — Ti m es .

T h e f a m ou s re se arch e s o f S chwa nn a n d S chl e ide n in 1 8 3 7 and th e

fo ll o wi ng y e ar s f o u n d e d th e m o d e r n s ci e n c e o f h i s t o l o gy — H U X LE Y
, . .

I t m ay b e s aid that i t is fu dgi ng to find a n e xcu s e a s w e ’

h av e p ro p o s e d to d o fo r a s to p that w e m e an r e ally to d o
,

s om e thi n g d i ffe re nt f r o m i t s o s t e n s ibl e work B ut th e an s w e r .

i s that with fe w tool s and many ta s k s to d o mu ch f udging is

i n f act n e c e s s ary .

A s p e cial form o f th i s i n p rot e s t a gain s t which w e s hal l ,

giv e fi ve e xam p l e s e ach fr o m a d i ffe r e nt w e l l known author

,
-
,

i s wh e n th e s u bj e ct i n cl ud e s and e nd s with a d e fining r e lativ e

clau s e a ft e r wh ich an il l o gical co m m a is p lac e d A s th e
, .

r e lativ e cl au s e is o f th e d e fining ki nd ( a p h r a se that h a s

b ee n i t is p ractical ly i m p o s s ibl e to fudg e i n th e s e
1
S ee cha p t e r Sy n ta x , se cti o n Rel a ti v es .
 S U BJ E CT &c . A ND V E RB 24 1

se nte n c es by p u tting a com m a b e for e th e r e lativ e p rono u n .

E v e n i n th e fi rs t s e nt e n c e th e l e ngth o f t h e re lativ e cl au s e is
n o s u ffici e n t e x cu s e ; and i n al l t h e o th e r s w e s hou ld aboli s h

th e c o m m a wi th o u t h e s itatio n .

Th e a m e q u ick n e s s o f s y mp athy wh i ch had s e rv e d h im w e ll in h is

s

w o rk a m o n g th e E a s t E nd p o o r e n abl e d h im to p o u r fe e li ng i n t o th e
,

fig u re s o f a bygo n e age — B R Y C E .

O ne o f its ag e n t s i s o u r will b u t that wh ich e x p r e s s e s it s e l f in o u r will

, ,

i s s tr o n g e r tha n o u r W ill — E M E R S ON
. .

Th e v e ry i n t e r e s ti n g cla s s o f o bj e ct s to which th e s e b e l o n g d o n o t ,

di ffe r fr o m th e re s t o f th e m at e rial u n iv e r s e B A L F O U R .
—
.

An d th u s th e gr e at m e n w h o w e r e i d e n tifi e d with th e war b ega n

, ,

s l o wly to e dg e o v e r t o th e p arty L S TEPH E N . .

I n b e c o m i n g a mercha n t gild th e b o dy o f citi z en s w h o f o r m e d th e

-

‘
t o w n e n larg e d th e ir p o w e r s o f civi c l e gi s lati o n J R G R E E N
’

,
.
-
. . .

I n th e two s e nt e nc e s that n o w fo l low f ro m M r M or le y .

,

th e o ffe nding c o m m a o f t h e fir s t p art s cen tr e w hi ch is what ,

g r am marian s cal l th e o bliqu e c o m p l e m e nt f rom its v e r b made ; ,

th e o ffe nd ing co m m a o f th e s e cond p art s t h e d ir e ct obj e ct

g p
r o u s f ro m i ts v e rb d r ew Ev e ry
. o n e wil l allow that t h e

s e nt e nc es a re clu m s y ; mo s t p e o p l e will all ow that th e

c o m ma s a re i ll o gical A s fo r u s w e do not s ay that if
.
, ,

t h e word s are t o b e k e p t a s th e y a re th e comma s s houl d ,

b e o mitt e d b u t w e d o s a y that a good writ e r wh e n h e found ,

hi m s e l f re du c e d to i llogical c o m ma s s h o uld hav e tak e n th e ,

t r o ubl e to re arr a ng e h is word s .

D e M ai s tr e w a s n e v e r m o r e cl e ar s ight e d tha n wh e n h e m ad e a vigo r o u s

-

an d d elib e rat e o n sla ught u p o n Bac o n th e c e n tr e of h is m o v e me n t agai n s t

,

r e v o l u ti on ary p ri nci p l e s — M O R LE Y .

I n s ayi n g that th e E n cycl o p a e di s t s b ega n a p o liti cal w o rk what i s ,

me a n t i s that th e y dr e w i n t o th e light o f n e w id e a s gr o u p s o f i n s tit u ti o n s , ,

u s ag e s , a n d arra n g e m e n t s wh ich a ff e ct e d th e w e ll b e i n g o f F ra n c e as -
,

cl o s e ly a s n u triti o n a ffe ct e d th e h ealth a n d s tre ngth of a n i ndivid u al

F r e ch ma n MO RL E Y
n .
— .

I t may b e add e d by way o f con cl ud ing thi s s e ction that

, ,

t h e i n s e rtion o f a com m a i n t h e m idd l e o f an ab s olut e con s tru e

t ion which i s ca p abl e a s w as s h o wn i n t h e s e nt e nc e abou t
, ,

C ol o n e l H utchin s on and th e g o v e rnor o f having v e r y bad ,

 P U N C T U A TI O N

r e s u l ts i nd e e d is
only a p arti c u lar i n s tanc e a nd r edu ctio ad
,

a bs u r d u m o f in s e r ti ng a co m ma b e tw e e n s ubj e ct and v e rb .

Th e co m ma i n t h e ab s ol ut e con s tru ction i s s o r e cogni z e d

a t ra p that i t m ight hav e b e e n thought n e e dl es s to m e ntio n
i t t h e fo ll o wi ng i n s tanc e s how e v e r will S how that a warning
, ,

is e v e n now n e c e s s ary .

S ir E S e y m o u r , havi ng r e p li e d fo r th e
. N avy ,
th e D u e k of C o nna ught ,
in r e p lyi n g f o r th e Arm y , s aid — Ti m es .

Th u s got, havi n g b e en by c u s t om p o o rly s u b s tit ut e d fo r go t so that ,

w e s a y H e go t away i n s t e ad o f H e gat a way m a n y

, p e r s o n s abbre viat e ,

g o tten i n t o
go t s ayi,n g H e had g o t f o r H e had g o tt e n —
,R G W H I TE . . . .

T h e garri s o n havi n g b ee n d riv en f ro m th e o u t e r li ne o f d e fe n c e s

,

o n J u ly 3 0 A d m iral W i to f t c o n s id e r e d i t h igh t i me to m ak e a s o rti e

, .

B ut that did n t la s t l ong ; fo r

’
D r B li mb er,
. ha p p en i ng to cha n g e th e

p o s iti on o f h is t ight p l u m p l e g s , as if h e w e r e g o i n g to ge t u p, To o t s
s wi f tly va n i s h e d — D I C K E N S
. .

3 . Th e adj e ctival clau se .

T hi s s tri ctly s p e aking d o es th e wo rk o f an a dj e ctiv e i n

, ,

th e s e nt e nc e I t u s u al ly b e gin s with a r e lativ e p ronou n but

.
,

s o m e ti m e s with a r e lativ e adv e rb Th e man w h o does no t .

br ea th e d i e s is e quival e nt to Th e u n br ea th i ng ma n di e s
,
.

Th e p lac e w her e w e s ta n d is holy grou nd i s e qu ival e nt ,

to Th is p lac e is holy grou n d B u t w e s hall i nclu d e u nd e r .

t h e p h ra s e al l cl au s e s that b egin with a r e l ati v e though ,

s om e r e l ativ e cl au s e s a re n o t adj e ctival b e c au s e a d ivi s io n ,

o f a ll i nto d e fining clau ses on t h e o n e hand and non d e fi n in

g
-
,

o r co mm e nting on th e oth e r i s mor e e a s ily i nt e lligibl e than ,

t h e d ivi s ion i nto adj e ct iva l a nd non adj e ctival Thi s d i s ti nction -
.

i s m or e f ully gon e into i n th e cha p t e r on S ynta x wh e r e ,

i t is s u gg es t e d that th a t wh e n p o s s ibl e is t h e a pp ro p riat e

, ,

r e lativ e fo r d e fi ni ng an d w h ich fo r non de fi ning cl au s e s That

,
-
.
,

how e v e r is a d e batabl e p oint and quit e a p art f ro m th e

, ,

qu es tion o f s to p p ing that ari s es h e re E xam p l e s o f t h e tw o .

ty p e s a re :
e r iv e r that ( which ) run s through L ond o n is
( D e fining ) T h
t urbid .
 P U N CT U A T I O N

Th e M ar s h all I s la n d s
will p a s s f ro m th e c o n tr o l o f t h e J al u it C o mp any
u n d e r that o f t h e Ge r ma n c o l o n ial a u th o riti e s w h o will b e ar th e c o s t o f

ad m i n i s trat i o n a n d w ill th e r e fo re c o ll e ct all t axe s — Ti m es .

T h e ca u s e s o f thi s p o p u larity a re n o d o u bt i n p art t h e e x tr e me s im

, , ,

p l ic i ty o f t h e r e a s o n i ng o n which t h e th e o ry r e s t s i n p art i t s e x tr e me
,

p la u s ibility in p art p e rha p s th e n at u re o f t h e r e s u l t w h i ch i s c o mm o n ly

, , ,

th o ught to b e s p e c u lativ e ly i nt er e s ti n g with ou t b e i n g p ractically in co n

ve n ie n t B A L F OU R
.
-
.

N aval c ritic s a re s h o wi n g s ig n s o f w e ari n e s s w h i ch e v en th e

r ep o rt e d a pp e ara n c e o f Ad m iral Neb oga to tf in th e M alacca S trait is

u n abl e t o r e m o v e — Ti m es .

4 . Th e
a dv e rb adv e rbial p h ra s e and adv e rbial c lau s e
, , .

I n writing o f s ub s tantival and adj e cti val clau s es o u r a p p e al ,

w as fo r m or e logical p r e ci s ion than is u s ual We s ai d that .

t h e com m a habitual b e fo r e s ub s tantival cl au s es w a s i n mo s t

ca s es unj u s tifiabl e an d s hould b e o m i tt e d e v e n a t th e co s t

,

o f o cca s ional s l ight d i s co m fort W e s aid that with o ne .

d ivi s ion o f adj e ctival o r rath e r r e lativ e clau s e s co m m a s s houl d

, ,

always b e u s e d and w i th an o th e r th e y s hould always b e

,

o mitt e d Wi th th e adv e rb ial clau s es p hra s es an d w o rd s o n

.
, , ,

t h e oth e r hand ou r a p p e al i s o n th e whol e f o r l e s s p r e ci s i o n

,

w e r e c o m m e nd that l e s s p r e ci s ion S hould b e ai m e d at at ,

l e a s t tho u gh m or e attain e d than at p r es e nt C e rtain k i nd s

, , .

o f laxity h e r e a re not m e r e l y v e n ial but laudabl e : c e rtain ,

oth e r ki nd s a re dam ni ng e vid e nc e o f care l e s s n e s s o r bad ta s t e

or bad e d ucati o n I t is not h e re a m e r e m att e r o f choo s ing
.

b e tw e e n o n e right and o ne wrong way ; th e r e are m any d e gr e es .

No w is an adve rb ; i n th e h ou s e is u s u al ly an adv e rbial

p hra s e ; if I h n ow i t i s a n adv e rbial cl au s e L ogic and .

gram mar n e v e r p rohibit t h e s ep arat ing o f a ny s u ch e x p r e s

s ion s f ro m t h e re ts o f e —
th e i r s nt e n c e b y two com ma s i f th e y
s tand in th e midd l e o f it by o ne i f th e y b e gi n o r e n d i t
,
B ut .

u s e o f th e com ma s t e n d s e s p e cial ly with a s ingl e word but

, ,

al s o with a p hra s e o r clau s e though i n i nv e rs e p ro p ortion to ,

it s l e ngth to mod i fy t h e m e an ing

,
I ca nnot do i t n ow m e an s .

n o m or e than it s ay s : I c a nno t do i t n ow c onv e y s a furth e r ,

a s s uranc e that th e s p e ak e r would hav e b ee n d e l ight e d to d o

 A D VE RB S A ND A D VE R B I A L S 245

it y e s t e rday o r will b e quit e will ing to m o r r o w Thi s d is .

tincti o n g e n e r all y r e c o gni z e d with t h e s ingl e w o rd a p p l i e s

, ,

al s o to clau s es ; and w r it e r s o f j ud g e m e nt s hould tak e th e

f u ll e s t f re e do m i n s u ch matt e r s all o wi n g n o s u p e r s t i t i o n ab o u t
,

s ub o rdinat e clau s e s to f o r c e u p o n th e m co m ma s that th e y

‘

fe e l to b e n e e dl es s bu t incli ning al w ay s wh e n i n d o ubt t o

,

s p ar e r e ad e r s th e j e rkin e s s o f o ve rs t o p p i ng I t i s a q u e s ti o n .

f o r rh e to ric alon e not fo r logic s o long a s t h e p r o p e r al low

, ,

an c e o f com ma s i f any is g i v e n ; what th e p r o p e r allowanc e

, ,

is h as b e e n e x p lai n e d a fe w li n e s back
,
W e n e e d n o t wa s t e .

ti m e o n e x e m p li fying thi s s i m p l e p r inc i p l e ; th e r e i s s o fa r

no r e al laxity ; th e writ e r is s i m p ly f r ee .

L axity co m e s i n wh e n w e choo s e gu id e d by noth i ng m or e ,

authori tati ve than e u p h o ny to s to p an ad v e rb i al p h r a s e o r

,

adv e rbial cl au s e but n o t to s t o p i t at both e nd s th o u gh it

, ,

s tand s i n t h e m id dl e o f i ts s e n t e nc e Thi s i s an u nm i s takabl e .

o ffe nc e again s t logic a n d l ays o n e o p e n t o th e cond e m nati o n

,

o f e xamin e r s and p r e ci s i an s B ut t h e p o i n t w e wi s h to m ak e
.

is that i n a v e r y l arg e cla s s o f s e nt e nc e s t h e inj ury to m e ani n g

i s s o i nfinit e s i mal a nd th e b e ne fit t o s ou nd s o c o n s id e rabl e
, ,

that w e do w e l l t o o ffe nd Th e c la s s is s o la r g e that only o n e

.

e xam p l e n e e d b e giv e n :

with th e ir t ri u m p h o v e r th e r e v o lt
B ut , C ra n m e r an d h is c o ll eagu es
adva n c e d ye t m o re b o ldly —J R GR E E N . . . .

Th e adv e rbial p hra s e is w i th th ei r tr i u mp h over th e r evol t .

B u t d o e s n o t b e l o ng t o i t b u t to th e wh o l e s e n t e n c e
, Th e .

writ e r h as no d e fe n c e wh at e v e r a s agai n s t th e l o gi cia n n e v e r

th e l es s h i s r e ad e r wil l b e grat e fu l to h i m
, Th e fam i l i a r .

intr u s i o n o f a c o m ma a ft e r i nitial A n d and F or wh e r e th e r e

i s no int e rv e ning cla u s e t o j u s ti fy it o f wh i ch w e gav e e xam p l e s ,

wh e n w e s p o k e o f o ve rs to p p in g c o m e s p r o bably by fal s e ,

a n al o gy f r o m th e u np l e a s a n t p au s e that r i g i d p un ctuati o n
h a s m ad e c o mmon i n s e n t e nc e s o f th i s ty p e .

L axity o nc e i ntroduc e d h o w e v e r h a s t o b e car e full y k e p t

, ,

withi n b o und s It m ay b e fi r s t laid down ab s o l ut e ly that

.
246 P U N CT U A T I O N

wh e n an ad verbial clau s e i s to b e s to p p ed bu t inco m p l e t el y

’

s to p p e d t h e o mi tt e d s to p mu s t alway s b e th e o ne at t h e
,

b e ginn ing and n e v e r t h e o ne at t h e e n d

,
Tran s gr e s s ion o f .

thi s is quit e int o l e rabl e ; w e s hal l giv e s ev e ral i n s tanc e s at

th e e n d o f th e s e cti o n to i m p r e ss t h e fact Bu t it is al s o tru e .

that e v e n t h e o m i s s ion o f th e b egin ning com ma look s m o r e

and m or e s l o v e nl y th e furth e r w e ge t f ro m t h e ty p e o f ou r
above cit e d s e nt e nc e Th e qu otation s i m m ed iat el y following
.

a re arrang e d f rom th e l e s s to t h e m ore s l ov e nly .

H is h e alth gav e way an d a t th e age of fif ty s i x h e di e d p r emat u r e ly in

,
-
,

har nes s at Qu e tta Ti mes . .

I f ma n ki n d w a s i n th e c o nditi o n o f b e li e vi ng n o thi ng an d w i th ou t ,

a bi a s i n a ny p a r ti cu l a r d i recti on w as m e r e ly o n th e l o o k o u t fo r s o m e
,
-

l egiti m at e cree d it w o u ld no t I c o nc e iv e b e p o s s ibl e — B AL F O U R .

, , ,

Th e p arty th en c o n s i s t e d o f a m an an d h is wi fe o f h is m o th e r i n law
, ,
- -

a nd h is s i s t e r — F M C R AW F O R D
. . . .

Th ese men i n th ei r h on or a ry cap a ci ty alr eady h a v e s u ffi c i e n t w o rk to

,

rf o r m — G u er n s ey E v en i n P
p e .
g r es s .

I t wi l l b e ob s e rv e d that in t he s e nt enc e fr o m M r Bal fo u r .

t h e ch i e f obj e ctio n to o m itting th e co mm a b e t w e e n a n d and

w i th ou t i s that w e a re tak e n o ff on a f al s e s c e nt i t b e ing ,

natu ral at fi rs t to s u p p ose that w e a re to s u p p ly w as a gai n

thi s ca n only ha p p e n wh e n w e are i n the mid dl e o f a s e nt e nc e ,

and n o t at th e b e gi nni ng a s i n th e p att e rn C ranm e r s e nt e nc e .

Th e gro s s n e gl ig e nc e o r ignoranc e b e tray e d by giving t h e

fi r s t and o m i tting th e s e cond com ma wi l l b e c onvinci ngly
s hown by thi s array o f s e nt e nc es f ro m author s o f al l d e gr e e s .

I t is n ot s tra n ge that th e s en ti men t o f l o yalty s h ou ld f r om th e day of ,

h i s a ccess i on hav e b e g u n to r e viv e — M ACAU L AY . .

W a s it p o s s ibl e that havi n g l o v e d s h e s h o u ld n o t s o r ej o ic e o r that , ,

r ej oi ci n
g s h e s h o u ld n o t b e p r o u d o f h e r l o v e TR O L L O P E -
.

I v e n t u r e to s u gg e s t th at h a d L or d H ugh h i ms elf been better i nj b r med

,

i n th e m a tter h e w o u ld s carc e l y hav e p lac e d h i m s e l f Ti m es .

Th e n ec e s s ary c o n s e que n c e b e i ng th at t h e law to up h ol d th e r es tr a i n ts

,

of w h i ch s u ch u n u s u a l d ev i ces a r e em l o ed is i n
p y p ractic e d es tit u t e of th e
c u s t o m ary s a n c ti on s — Ti mes .

Th e vi e w h e ld 1 5 that o w i ng t o th e con s ta n t a bs en ce o
, f t h e Com

ma n der i n Ch i ef on tou r it is n e c e s s ary that

- -
Ti m es .
 24 s P U N CT U A T I O N

Th es e c o m ma s can not p o s s ibly i nd icat e a nyth ing but p a r e n

th e s i s ; but i f th e c om ma d w o rd s w e r e r e al ly a p ar e n th e s i s
’

, ,

w e ought to hav e w ou ld s h e in s t e ad o f s h e w ou ld T h e f ou r .

s e nt e nc es that now fo ll o w a re all o f o n e p att e rn T h e bad .

s t o p ing is r o bably d u e t o th i s s am e con fu s i o n b e tw e e n t h e

p p
p a r e nth e ti c and t h e non p ar e n t h e ti c -
B ut it i s p o s s ibl e that .

i n e ach th e t w o c o m m a s a re i nd e p e nd e n t th e fi r s t b e ing o n e ,

o f tho s e that a re hal f r h e to r i cal and hal f ca u s e d by fal s e

a nalogy which hav e b ee n m e nt i o n e d a s c o m mon a ft e r init i al
,

A nd an d F or ; an d th e s e c o nd b e ing th e com m a w r o ngly

u s e d a s w e hav e m aintai n e d b e for e s ub s tantival th a t cla u s e s
, ,
-
.

W h e n c e it w o u ld a p p ear that
, ,c on s id e r s that al l d e liv era n c es o f
he
c o ns ci o u s n ess are o rigi n al j u dg m e n t s —B AL F O U R . .

H en c e h e r e fl e ct e d that if h e c o u ld b u t u s e h is lit erary i n s ti n ct to

, ,

f e e d s o m e c o m m e rc ial u n d e rtaki n g h e m ight gai n a c o n s id e rabl e

,

H U TT O N .

B ut d e p en d u p on it that n o E a s t e r n di ffi c u lty n e e d s o u r i n t e rv e n t i on
, ,

s o se ri ou s ly a s H U X LE Y .

An d yet i t h as b e e n o ft e n s aid that th e p arty i s s ues w e r e h o p e l e s s ly

, ,

c on fu s e d — L S T E PH E N . .

A l e s s f am i l iar form o f thi s m i s tak e and o n e not l ik e ly to ,

o cc u r e xc e p t i n good wri t e rs s i nc e i n fe r i o r on e s s e ld o m
,

att e m p t t h e c o n s t r u ction that l e ad s t o it i s s om e ti m e s fo u nd ,

wh e n a s ubord inatin g conj unctio n is p l ac e d lat e in its cl a u s e ,

a ft e r th e o bj e ct o r oth e r m e mb e r I n t h e Thack e ray s e nt e n c e .

,

i t wil l b e ob s e rv e d that th e fi rs t com m a wou l d b e r i ght ( 1 ) if

th e m had s to o d a ft e r d i s cover ed in s t e ad o f wh e r e i t d o es ,

( )
2 i f th e m had b e e n om i tt e d and a ny had s e rv e d a,s t h e

co m mon obj e ct t o both v e rb s .

An d to th i ng s o f gre at d i m en s i on s i f w e a nn ex an adv en titi ou s id e a o f

,

t e rr o r th e y b e c o me with o u t c o m p ari s on gr e at e r — B U R K E
,
. .

A n y o f whi ch p e ccadil lo e s if M i s s S har p di s c o v e r e d s h e d id n o t t e ll

, ,

th em to L ady C rawl e y —T H A C K E RAY

. .

6 . Th e
m i s p l ac e d comm a .

S o m e author s would s ee m to hav e an o cca s i o n al f e e l i n g

that h e r e or h e r e about s is th e p lac e fo r a c o m ma j u s t a s i n ,
 PA R E N T H E S I S 24 9

handwriting s o m e p e rs o n s a re w e l l cont e nt if th e y ge t a d o t
i n s o m e wh e r e within m e a s urabl e di s tan c e o f it s i Th e d o t i s .

g e n e rally o v e r th e right wo r d at any rat e an d t h e c o m m a is ,

s e ld o m m o r e than o n e w o rd o ff it s t r u e p l ac e .

All tru e s ci en c e b egi with irici ns e mp s m— th o u gh all tr u e s ci e n c e is

s u ch e x actly in s o f ar a s it s triv e s to p a s s
,
o u t o f t h e e m p irical s tag e .

H UX LE Y .

E x a c tly
q u ali fi e s and b e l o ng s to in so f or , &c .
, n o t s uch . Th e
com ma s h o u l d b e b e fo r e i t .

Thi s , th e y f o r th e mos t p art thro w away

,
as w o rthl e s s .
—C O R E LL I .

F or the mos t p a r t, alon e is th e adv e r bial p a r e n th e s i s

,
.

But thi s fau lt occu r s p e r ha p s nin e ti m e s o u t o f t e n i n

, ,

combi n ation w ith th e th a t clau s e co m m a s o o ft e n m e ntion e d -

.

I t may b e s aid wh e n ou r i n s tanc e s hav e b e e n l o o k e d i nt o

, ,

that in e ach o f th e m a p a r t f r o m th e th a t clau s e com ma

,
-
,

wh ich i s r e c o gni z e d by many a u th o ri ti e s th e r e is m e r e ly t h e ,

li c e nc e th at w e h av e o u rs e lv e s al l o w e d o mi s s i o n o f th e fi r s t , ,

witho u t o mi s s ion o f th e la s t c o m m a o f an adv e r bial p are n th e s i s ,

.

B ut w e m u s t p oi n t ou t that H u xl e y G r e e n and M r B al fo u r , , .
,

m a n o f s ci e nc e hi s t o r ian a n d p hil o s o p h e r al l b e l o ng to that

, , ,

d ignifi ed cla s s o f wri t e r s which i s s u p p o s e d t o a n d i n m o s t ,

r e s p e cts d o e s i n s i s t o n full logical s t o p p i ng ; th e y i n vi e w o f

, ,

th e i r g e n e r al p ractic e a re not e nti tl e d t o our s l o v e nly and

,

m e r e ly l i t e rary l ic e nc e s .

An d th e c
s e on d i s that fo r th e p u rp o s e o f atta i n i n g c u lt u r e a n
, ,

e x cl u s iv e ly s ci e n tific e d u cati o n i s at l e a s t a s e ff e ct u al a s H UX L E Y .

B u t th e f ull di s c u s s i o n which fo ll o w e d o v e r t h e vari o u s clai m s s h o w e d ,

that whil e e x acti n g t o th e f u ll what h e b e li e v e d to b e h is right E dward ,

d e s ire d t o d o j u s ti c e to t e c o u try J R GR E E N
h n — . . . .

T h e o n e di ff e r e n c e b e tw e en th e s e gild s in c o u n try a n d t o w n w a s t hat ,

i n t h e latt e r ca s e fr o m th e ir cl o s e l o cal n e ighb o u rh o o d th e y t e n d e d t o

, ,

c o al e c — R N
s e J. .G R E E .

I t fo ll o w s dire ctly f r o m th i s d e fi n iti o n that h o w e ve r r e s tri ct e d th e ,

ra nge o f p o s s ibl e k n o wl e dg e m a y b e p hil o s o p hy c a n n e v e r b e e x cl u d e d

,

f ro m i t — B AL F OU R
. .

B u t th e di ffi c u lty h e r e a s it s ee m s t o m e I s that i f yo u s tart f ro m y o u r

, ,

id e a o f e v o l ti
u o n t h e s e a s s u m p ti o n s a e
, r — B AL F O U R .
25 0 P U N C T U A TI O N

He b egg e d me to give o v e r all u n law fu l p u sr it s s ayi ng that

u , , if
p e r s i s t e d in th e y w e r e s u r e o f bri ngi n g a
, p e r so n t o d e s tr u cti o n .

B O RRO W .

7 E nu m e rati on
.
.

Thi s n am e l ib e r ally int e r p r e t e d is m e an t to includ e s e v e ral

, ,

m or e o r l e s s d i s ti nct q u es ti o n s Th e y a re d i ffi cu l t and mu ch .

,

d e bat e d by auth o r iti e s o n p unctu at i o n but a re o f n o g r e at ,

i m p ortanc e W e s hall tak e t h e l ib e r ty o f p a r tly l e aving th e m

.

u nd e cid e d and p artl y g i ving arbitrary o p i nion s ; t o a r g u e

,

th e m o u t w o u ld tak e m or e s p ac e than it is wo rth w h il e to

giv e B ut it i s worth whi l e to d raw att e nt i o n t o th e m s o
.
,

that e ac h writ e r may b e awa r e that th e y e xi s t and at l e a s t ,

b e c o n s i s t e nt with hi m s e l f Ty p ical s e nt e nc e s ( f r om B e ad n e ll )
.

a re

a. I n d u s try ,
h o ne s ty a n d t emp e ra n c e a re e s s en tial toha p p i ne ss — B .
, ,

b L e t u s f r ee ly dri n k in th e s o u l o f l o v e a n d b e a u ty
. an d wi s d o m f r o m ,

all at re a n d art an d hi s t o ry B
n u — . .

c P lai n h o n e s t tr u th wa n t s n o c o l o u ri n g —B
. . .

d M a n y s tat es are in allia n c e with a n d u n d e r

.
, th e p r o t e c ti o n of

F ra n c e — B .

C o m mon ( )
varia nt s ( )fo r I n d u
a s try h ona re
e s ty and1 ,

t e m p e ranc e a re e s s e ntial ( )
2 I n d u s try hon es ty and t e m p e r ,

anc e a re e s s e ntial
, (3 ) I nd u s try hon e s ty and t e m p e ranc e
, ,

a re e s s e ntial We u nh es i tatingly r e com m e nd th e o r igi nal

and f u l ly s to pp e d fo rm which s ho u l d b e u s e d i r r e s p e ctive
,

o f s tyl e and not b e i nt e r fe r e d with by rh e tori cal c on s id e ration s ;

,

it is t h e o nly o n e to whi ch th e r e is n e v e r any obj e ction Of .

th e e xam p l e s that f ollow th e fi r s t c on form s to t h e c o rr e c t

,

ty p e but n o s e rio u s harm wo u l d b e d on e i f it did no t

, .

Th e s e con d al s o c o n f orm s ; and i f thi s had f ol low e d variant ,

( )
1 or h e r e i ndi s ting u i s habl e w e s hou l d hav e b e,e n in

dang e r o f s u p p o s ing that E d u catio n and P oli c e w e r e o ne

d e p a r tm e nt i n s t e ad o f two Th e thi rd having n o com m a .
,

a ft e r i n ter es ts fo llow s va r iant

, and a s i t ha p p e n s with no , ,

bad e ffe ct o n t h e m e aning A ll thre e variant s how e v e r m ay

.
, ,

und e r di ffe r e nt cond i tion s p rod uc e a mbig u i ty or wor s e .

25 2 P U N CT U A T I O N

u n n e c e s s ary but rh e torically quit e a llowabl e to u s e co m ma s

, ,

a s w e ll a s conj uncti o n s T h e o nly caution n e e d e d is that

.
,

if com ma s a re u s e d at all and i f th e e nu m e r ati o n d o es not

,

e n d th e se n t e n c e and is n o t concl u d e d by a s tr o ng e r s t o p
, ,

a c o mm a m u s t b e i n s e rt e d a ft e r t h e l a s t m e mb e r a s w e l l as
a ft e r t h e o th e r s I n th e ty p e s e nt e n c e which c o ntai n s two
.
,

e nu m e r ati o n s i t woul d b e l e giti m at e t o u s e com ma s a s w e l l

,

a s a n d s wi th o n e s e t and n o t with t h e oth e r i f i t w e r e d e s ir e d ,

e ith e r to av o i d m onot o ny o r t o giv e o n e l i s t s p e cial e m ha s i s

p .

Th e th r e e e xam p l es now to b e add e d t r an s gre s s t h e r ul e ab o u t

th e fi nal com ma W e a rrang e th e m f ro m bad to wors e ; i n
.

t h e la s t o f th e m th e a p p ar e nt l y n e e dl e ss th o ugh n o t n e c e ss a r ily
,

wrong co m ma a ft e r f a ll s ugg e s t s that t h e writ e r h as r e ally

fe lt a c o m m a to b e wanting to th e e nu m e ration bu t h as tak e n ,

a bad s h o t with it as i n th e e xam p l e s o f s e ct io n 6 o n th e

,

mi s p l ac e d com ma .

N e ith er th e C ou rt n or s o ci ety n or P arlia men t n o r th e o ld e r m en in

, , ,

the Arm y hav e yet r e c o gn i z e d t h e fu n da m e n tal tr u th that Ti m es .

A s u b o rdi n at e wh o s e p a s t c o n d u ct in t h e p o s t h e fill s a n d wh o se ,

k n o wn p o litical s y m p athi e s m ak e h im wh o lly u n fi tte d h o w e v e r l o yal ,

h is i n t e n ti o n s m a y b e to giv e that
,
— Ti m es .

B u t t h e r e are u n i n s tr u ct e d e ar s o n wh o m t h e c o n s ta n t ab u s e an d ,

i mp u tati on o f l o w m o tive s m a y f all with a m i s chi ev o us an d m i s l eadi n g

,

e ff e ct
. Ti mes
.

Of ty p e (c ) t h e charact e ri s tic i s that w e hav e two o r m o r e

adj e ctiv e s attach e d to a f oll o w ing nou n ; a re th e r e to b e
com ma s b e tw e e n th e adj e ctiv e s o r n o t ? Th e rul e u s ually
,

giv e n i s that th e re s h o ul d b e u nl es s th e la s t adj e ctiv e is m ore

,

i nti mat e ly c o n n e ct e d with th e n o un s o that th e e ar li e r o ne

,

q u al i fi e s n o t th e n ou n bu t th e l a s t adj e ctiv e and t h e n o u n

, ,

tog e th e r i t wil l b e n o tic e d that w e s trictly have no e nu m e ra

ti o n th e n at all Thi s i s s o m e ti m e s u s e fu l ; an d s o i s th e
.

m o r e p ractical and l e s s th e o r e t i c dir e cti o n t o a s k wh e th e r

a n d co u l d b e i n s e rt e d and i f s o u s e t h e c o m ma but n o t o th e r
, ,

wi s e Th e s e both s ound s u ffi ci e n t i n t h e ab s tract B ut that

. .

th e r e are d o u bt s l e ft i n p ract i c e is s hown by t h e typ e s ent e nc e ,

 E N U M E RA T I O N 25 3

wh ich B e ad n e l l giv e s a s c o rr e ct th o u gh e ith e r t e s t wou l d ,

rath e r r e qu ir e th e c o m ma H e giv e s al s o as c o r r e ct C a n
.
,

fl att e ry s o oth e th e dull cold e a r o f d ath

e — whi ch is n o t v e r y
,

cl e arly d i s tingui s habl e f r o m th e oth e r O ur ad vi c e is to u s e .

th e s e t e s t s wh e n i n do u bt bu t wi th a l e aning to t h e o mi s s i o n
,

o f t h e com ma I f it ha p p e n s that a c o m ma o f thi s p artic u l ar

.

cla s s is th e o nly s to p i n a s e n t e nc e i t h as a fal s e a p p e a r anc e ,

o f d ivid ing th e s e nt e nc e i nt o t w o p art s that is v e r y un p l e a s ant ,

and m ay m ak e th e r e ad e r go through i t twi c e t o m ak e s u re

that al l is right— a n i nco nv e ni e nc e that s h o u l d by al l m e an s
b e s p ar e d hi m .

Ty p e (d ) is o ne in which th e fi n al word o r p hra s e o f a

se nt e nc e h a s t w o p r e vi o u s e x p r e s s i o n s s ta n ding i n th e s am e

gram matical r e lation to it bu t th e ir e nding with d i ffe re nt ,

r o iti n o r t h f act that o n e i s t o b e s ub s titut e d fo r t h e

p p e s o s e ,

o th e r or t h e l e ngth o f th e e x p r e s s ion s o r s om e oth e r cau s e

, , ,

o b s cu r e s thi s id e nti ty o f r e lation A d d to th e ty p e s e nt e nc e

.

th e f ollow ing

H is l c
e o q u e n e w a s th e m ai n , o ne m ight alm o s t l
s ay t h e s o e , s o u rc e of

h is i nflu e n c e — B RY CE .

To da z z l e p e o p l e m o re h e l e ar ne d o r p r e t e n d e d to l e ar n th e S p a n i s h
, ,

—
la ng uag e B AGE ITO T
.
— .

a p art fr o m p hil o sop h i cal a n d s o me ti m es from th e o l ogical th eo ri e s , .

B AL F O U R .

Th e rul e s we ( )
lay down a re : 1to p s at I f p o s s ibl e u s e no s

all ( 2) N e v e r u s e th e s e con d c o m m a an d o m i t th e firs t

. .

(3 ) Ev e n wh e n t h e fi r s t i s n e c es s ary t h e s e cond m ay o ft e n ,

b e d i s p e n s e d with (4 ) B oth com

. ma s may b e n e c e s s a ry i f t h e

p h ra s e s a r e long .

We s hould corr e ct al l th e e xam p le s i ncl u d ing th e typ e ,

th e ty p e und e r rul e th e B ryc e (which is s trictly cor r e ct )

und e r rul e t h e Bag e hot u nd e r rul e s ( 2 ) and ( I ) ; and
th e B al fou r und e r rul e s ( 2 ) and th e la s t two a re cl e arly
wrong Th e fo u r w o ul d t h e n s tan d a s fo l l o w s
.

M a n y s tat e s a re in allia n c e with an d u n d er th e p r o t e cti o n of F ra n c e .

 2 54 P U N CT UA T I O N

H is l c
e o q u e n e w a s th e mai n, o ne m ight al mo s t s ay l
th e s o e s o u rc e of

h is i n fl uen ce .

T o d az z l e p e o p l e m o r e h e l e ar ne d o r p r e t e n d e d to l e arn t he S p a n i s h
,

la ngu ag e .

a part fro m p h il o s op hical a nd s o me ti me s fro m th e o l ogic al th e o ri e s

, .

L e arn e rs wil l b e i ncl in e d to s ay : al l thi s is v e ry i nd e finit e ;

do giv e u s a cl e ar r u l e that wi l l a p p ly to al l c a se s S uch w as .

t h e vi e w wi th which on a m att e r o f e v e n gr e at e r i m p ortanc e

,

than p unctuation P rocru s t e s i d e nti fi e d hi m s e l f ; bu t it brought

,

hi m to a bad e n d Th e cl e ar rul e Use al l logical com ma s

.
, ,

would giv e u s
H e w a s b o rn in o r n ea r L o nd o n o n D e c e mb e r 2 4th 1 900
, , , , ,
.

N o o ne would writ e thi s who w as n o t s u ffe ring fro m bad

hy p ertro p hy o f th e gra m matical c on s c i e nc e Th e cl e ar ru l e .
,

U s e n o com m a s i n thi s s ort o f e nu m e ration would giv e ,

I f I hav e t h e q u e er way s yo u acc u s e m e o f that is b eca u se b u t I s h o uld

,

hav e th ou ght a m an of y ou r p er s p icacity m ight hav e b een ex pe ct e d to s ee

that it w as al s o why I live in a h e rm itag e all by m y s e l f .

No o ul d writ e thi s without both com ma s ( a ft e r beca us e

o ne w

and w hy ) who w as not d eep ly com m itt e d to a n anti com ma -

c ru s ad e B etw e e n th e two e xtre m e s lie ca ses cal l ing fo r

.

variou s tr e atm e nt ; t h e ruli ng p rinci p l e s hou ld b e f re e dom

withi n c e rtain limit s .

8 . Th e
co m ma b etw e e n i nd ep e nd e nt s e nt e nc e s .

A mong t h e s ign s that mor e p arti cul arly b e tray th e u ne du

c at e d writ e r i s inabi lity to s e e wh e n a com m a i s not a s u fl i c i e nt
s to p .U n fortunat e ly littl e mor e can b e don e than to warn
b eginn e r s that any s e riou s s l i p h e r e i s m u ch wors e than th e y
w ill p robably S u pp o se and r e co m m e nd th e m to ob s e rv e t h e
,

p ractic e o f good writ e r s .

It is roughly tru e that gram m atical ly i nd ep e nd e nt s e nt e nc es

s h o u l d b e p art e d by at l e a s t a s e m icolon ; bu t i n t h e fi rs t

p lac e th e r e a re v e ry larg e e xc e
p tion s to thi s ; and se condly ,

th e writ e r who r e ally know s a gra m matical ly ind ep e nd e n t

s e nt e nc e w h e n h e s ee s it i s hard ly i n n e e d o f i n s tru ction ;
 256 P U N CT U A T I O N

d ig ni ty . The
rd e r may p e rha p s b e giv e n a s : a nd or bu t
o
, , ,

so ,
n or
f ; c o nj u ncti o n s l e s s c om m o n than th e s e s h o uld
o
,
r

s carc e ly e v e r b e u s e d with l e s s than a S e mi colo n ; and m any

g o o d writ e rs w o u ld r e fu s e t o p u t a m e re co m m a b e fo re f o r .

( 2 ) S hortn e s s and l ightn es s o f t h e s e nt e n c e j oin e d o n h e l p s to

l e ss e n th e n e e d fo r a h e avy s t o p ( 3 ) I n ti mat e con n e xi o n .

i n th o u ght with th e p r e c e d i ng s e nt e nc e h as th e s am e e ffe ct .

B e fo r e giving O tl l e xam p l e s whi ch a re al l o f u nd e s i rabl e

‘

com ma s w e p o int o u t that i n t h e fi rs t two th e re a re ind e p e n

,
’
d e n t S ign s o f th e w r ite r s b e ing u n e du cat e d ; and s u ch s ign s
wil l o ft e n b e di s c o v e rabl e I t wil l b e cl e ar f ro m what w e
.

h
hav e s ai d why t e oth e rs a re bad e xc e p t p e rha p s th e third
—

it is p articul arly di s agr e e abl e t o hav e two s u cc e s s iv e ind e p e n

d e nt s e nt e nc e s tagg e d o u with co m ma s as th o s e b e ginni ng ,

with n o r and f or a re i n that e xam p l e .

No p e ac e at n ight h e e nj o y s , f or h e lay s awak e — Gu er ns ey A d ver ti s er .

No w acc e p t e d , n o m i n al C h ri s t e n d o m b e l i e v e s th i s a n d s triv es to ,

attai n un o t it , th en why th e i n c on s i s t e cy o f cree d a n d ee d D a i ly

n d —

Tel egr ap h .

B ut w ho i s r e sp o ns ibl e to Go v e r n m e n t fo r th e e ffi ci e n cy o f th e Ar m y ?
Th e C o m m a n d e r in C hi ef a n d n o o ne e l s e , n or h a s a n y o n e q u e s ti on e d
- -

th e fact , f o r i t i s p at e n t — Ti m es . .

B u t e v e n o n thi s th e o ry th e f o r mu la ab o v e s tat e d h o ld s g o o d , f or s u ch
s y s t e m s , s o fa r f r o m b e i n g s e l f c o n tai n e d ( a s it w e r e ) a n d s u ffi ci e n t
-

e vid e n c e f o r th e m s e lv es , are r e ally

—
B A L F OU R .

S o m e ba n k s o n th e N
e v s ky P r o s p e ct are havi ng ir o n s h u tt e r s fitt e d ,

oth er w i s e th e r e i s no thi n g a p p are n tly to j u s ti fy Ge n e ral T re p o ff s p ro

’

cla m ati on Ti m es .

E v e ryb o dy k n o w s wh e re h is o w n s h o e p i n ch es an d if p e op l e fi n d , ,

drawback s in th e p lac e s th e y i n habit th e y m u s t al s o fi n d adva n tag es

, ,

oth er w i s e th e y w o u ld n o t b e th e r e
— Ti m es .

We hav e s u ff e re d m a n y thi ngs at th e ha n d s o f th e Ru s s ia n N avy d uri ng

t h e war n ev er th el es s t h e n e w s that A d m iral R oz hd es tv e n s ky
,
w ill

s en d a thrill o f ad m irati Ti m es
o n — .

I thi n k that o n t h e wh o l e w e m ay b e tha n k fu l fo r th e arch it e ct ural

m erit s o f th e G ai e ty bl o ck it h a s bre adth a n d dign ity o f d e s i gn and
,

gro u p s w e ll o n th e a ng u lar s it e Ti mes

— . .

I t wi ll n ot b e i rr e l e vant to ad d h e re though th e p oi nt h a s ,

b e e n touch e d u p on i n U n d e rs to pp ing th at th o ugh a l ight ,

 S E M I COL O N FOR CO M MA 25 7

a nd - clau s e may b e i ntrod uc e d by n o m o r e than a com ma ,

i t d o e s n o t fol l o w that it n ee d n o t b e s e p a r at e d by a n y s t o p at
all a s i n
,

W h e n th e M o t o r C ar s Ac t w as b efo re th e H o u s e it w a s su gge s t e d that

th e s e a u th o riti e s s h ou ld b e giv e n th e right t o m ak e r e c o m m e n dati o n s to
th e c e n tral a u th o riti es an d that right w a s c o n c e d e d Ti m es . .

9 . Th e m icolon
se b e tw e e n s ubord inat e m e mb e r s .

J u s t a s th e ti ro w i l l b e s a fe r i f h e av o id s c o m ma s b e fore
ind e p e nd e n t s e n t e nc e s s o h e will g e n e ral ly b e wi s e n o t t o
,

u s e a s e micol o n b e fo r e a m e r e s ub o rd inat e m e mb e r We hav e .

e x p lai n e d i nd e e d that i t is s om e ti m es q u it e l e giti mat e fo r

, ,

r h e torical r e a s on s and i s u nd e r c e rtai n circu m s tanc e s al mo s t

,

r e qu ire d by p ro p orti o n T hi s is wh e n th e s e nt e n c e contain s

.

co m ma s d o ing l e s s i m p ortant work than th e o n e about which

’
th e qu e s tion ari s e s B u t th e tiro s tru e way o u t o f th e
.

d i ffi cu lty is to s i m p li fy h is s e nt e nc e s s o that th e y do not n e e d

s uch d i ffe r e ntiation E v e n s kil fu l w r it e rs as th e fo llowi ng
.
,

two q u o tation s wil l s how s o m e ti m e s c om e to gri ef ov e r thi s

,
.

O ne vi e w call e d m e to a n o th e r ; o n e hill to its f ell o w hal f acr os s ,

th e c o u n ty a n d s i n c e I c o u ld a n s w e r at n o m o r e tr o u bl e tha n th e
,

s n a p p i n g f o rward o f a l e v e r I l e t th e c o u n ty flo w u n d e r m y wh e e l s
, .

K I P L I NG .

N ay do not th e e l em en t s o f all h u ma n virt u es and all h uma n vic e s ;

,

th e p a s s i o n s at o n c e o f a B o rgia a n d o f a L u th e r lie writt en in s tr o ng e r

, ,

o r f ai n t e r li n e s in th e c o n s ci o u sn es s o f e v e ry i n divid u al b oso m
,

C AR L Y LE .

I n th e fi rs t o f th e s e th e s e cond com m a and th e s e m i colon cl e arly

o u ght to chang e p l ac es I n th e s e cond it l ook s as i f C arlyl e
.

had thought i t du l l to hav e s o m an y co m ma s ab o u t ; but th e

r e m e dy w as m u ch wor s e than dul ln e s s A v o idanc e o f wh a t .

a corr e s p o nd e nt s u p p o s es to b e d ull b ut what w o u ld i n fact

,

b e n atural an d right accou nt s al s o fo r t h e fo ll o wing p i e c e

,

o f vicari o u s rh e t o ri c ; t h e w r it e r i s n o t n e arly s o e x c i t e d i t ,

may b e s u s p e ct e d a s h is s e m i c o l o n s w o ul d mak e hi m o u t
,
.

Th e o rdinary s e n s ibl e m an wou l d hav e ( I ) u s e d c o m ma s a n d ,

( )
2 e i th e r omitt e d t h e third an d f o u rth de n i es ( r e m i n d in g u s

S
25s P U N C T U AT I O N
’ ’
of Z ol a s j famou s vi cariou s and o n a n ad e quat e
acc us e, n o t ,

o cca s i o n ) or e l s e in s e r t e d an a nd b e for e th e la s t r e p e titio n

, .

M r Lo o m i s d e n i e s all thr ee cat e g o rically H e d e n i e s that th e A sp halt

. .

Co m p a n y p ai d h im o r a n y o th e r s u m ; d e n i e s that h e p u rcha s e d

a cl ai m agai n s t th e Ve n e z ue la n G o v e r n m e n t a n d th e n u se d h is i n fl u e n c e
wh en M i n i s t e r at C araca s to c o ll e ct th e clai m ; d e n i es that h e agr ee d
with M r M e y e rs o r a nyb o dy e l s e to u se h is i n fl ue n c e fo r m one y
. .

10 . Th e
xcl am ation mark wh e n th e r e is no e xclam ation
e .

M y ri en d th i s c d ct a a e
f o n u m z s m e — B .

We mu s t d i ff e r al tog e th e r from B e ad n ell s rul e that Th i s ’

‘

o i nt i s u s e d to d e n o t e any s udd e n e mot ion o f t h e m i nd

p ,

wh e th e r o f j oy g r i e f s u rp ri se fe ar or any o th e r s e n s ation
, , , ,

at l e a s t a s i t is e x e m p l i fi e d i n h is fir s t i n s tanc e giv e n abov e ,

.

Th e e xclamation mark a ft e r f r i en d i s j u s tifiabl e not th e ,

oth e r Th e s to p s hou l d b e u s e d with o n e e xc e p tion o nly

.
, ,

a ft e r r e al e xclam ati on s R e al e xcla mation s i ncl ud e ( I ) th e

.

w o rd s r e cogni z e d a s i nt e rj e ctio n s as a la s ( 2 ) fragm e ntary , ,

e x p r e s s ion s that a re not com p l e t e s e nt e nc es as M y f r i en d ,

i n th e e xam p l e and (3 ) com p l e t e s tat e m e nt s that contain an

,

e xclamatory word a s ,

W hat a p i e c e of w o rk i s m an — B .

Th e xc ep tion m e ntion e d abov e is thi s : wh e n t h e writ e r

e

wi s h e s to e x p r e s s h is own i ncr e dulity o r oth e r fe eling abou t

what is not h is own s tat e m e nt but p ractically a quotation ,

f ro m s om e o ne e l s e h e i s at l ib e rty to do i t with a ma r k
,

o f e xcla mation i n th e followi ng e xa m p l e th e e p ita p h wri t e r ,

-

e x p r e s ses e ith e r h is wond e r o r h is i ncr e dul ity about what

F am e s ays .

E n to mb d withi n thi s va ult a lawy e r li es

’

W h o , F a me as sureth u s w a s j u s t an d wi s e
,
— B .

Th e xc lamatio n m ark is a n e a t and conci s e s n e e r at th e l egal

e

p ro f es s ion .

O ut s id e th es e narrow l i m it s th e e xcl amati o n ma r k mu s t

not b e u s e d We s hall quot e a v e ry in s tru ctiv e s aying o f
.

L an do r s : I r e ad wa r i ly ; and wh e n e v e r I fi nd th e wri ting s

’
‘
2 60 P U N CT U A T I O N

r e al ly m e ant w e v e ntu re to qu es tion thi s p oint as w e d o al s o

, ,

i n s o m e o f th e e a r l i e r s e nt e nc e s A ny o ne who agr e e s with

.

th e d e tai l s o f thi s s u m ma ry can s av e hi m s e l f th e tro u bl e o f

r e ad i ng th e s ub s e qu e nt d i s cu s s i o n .

a. In that i n t erval what had I n o t l o s t l— LAM B .

b . An d what will n o t t h e di s c o n t i n u an c e c o s t m e l— R I C H AR D S O N .

c . A s tr e ak o f bl u e b el o w t h e ha n gi n g ald e r s is c e rtai n ly a charact e r

is ti c i n tr o d u cti on to th e ki n gfi s h e r H o w m a n y p eop le firs t s ee h im s o ?
.

— Ti ni es .

d . r eadi ng o f hi s t o ry m ak e u s fatali st s W hat c ourage d o es

D o es th e
n o t th e O p p os it e o i n i o n s h o w — E M E R S O N
p .

e .W hat e c o n o m y of li fe a n d m one y h e ex clai ms w ou ld n ot hav e b een

, ,

s p ar e d t h e e m p ir e o f t h e T s ar s had it no t r e n d e r e d war c e r t ai n by

d e v o ti n g it s el f s o larg ely t o th e w o rk s o f p e ac e — Ti mes .

f H o w m a n y w h o thi n k n o o th erwi s e tha n th e y o u ng p ai nt er hav e

, ,

w e n o t h e ard di s b u r s i n g se c o n dha n d hy p e rb o l e s — S TEV E NS O N .

I t wil l b e noti c e d that i n al l th ese s e n t e n c es e xc e p t c t h e r e

i s a n e gativ e which p ut s th e m e x c e p t f wr o ng ; whil e in
, , ,

c it is th e ab s e nc e o f th e n e gativ e that mak e s t h e q u e s tion

wrong I t wil l b e s i m p l es t to s tart with c Th e writ e r cl e a r ly

. .

m e an s to le t u s know that many p e o p l e s e e th e k ingfi s h e r

fi rs t a s a blu e s tre ak H e m ight giv e thi s s i m p ly s o as
.
,

a s tat e m e nt H e m ight ( artific ially) giv e it as an e xcl amati o n

.

-
H ow ma ny fi r s t s ee h i m so O r h e m ight ( v e ry art ific ial ly )
giv e it a s a qu es tion — H o w m a ny do not fir s t s ee h i m s o
a
‘
rh e tori cal qu e s tion i n which H ow m a ny i nt e rrogativ e is
’

u nd e rs tood to b e e quival e nt to F ew p o s itive H e h as r ej e ct e d .

t h e s i m p l e s tat e m e nt ; vaulting a mbition h a s o e rl e a p t a nd h e

’
,

h a s e nd e d in a c o n fu s ion b e tw e e n th e t wo artificial way s o f

s ayi ng th e th ing taking th e word s o f t h e p o s s ibl e e xcl am ati o n
,

and th e s to p o f th e p o s s ibl e qu e s tion I n a b d and i m p licitly

.
, , ,

i n e w e hav e t h e co nv e r s e arrang e m e nt o r d e rang e m e nt B ut

, ,
.

a s a l ittl e mor e cl e ar thi nki ng i s r e quir e d fo r th e m w e p oint ,

o u t that th e origi n o f th e co n fu s i o n (though th e car e l e s s

ri n ti ng o f fi f ty o r a hund r e d y e ar s ago no d oubt h e l p e d to
p
e s tabl i s h it) li e s i n th e id e ntity b e tw e e n th e word s u s e d fo r

qu e s ti o n s and fo r e xclamat i o n s I t wi ll b e e n o ugh to s ugg e s t

.
 Q U E S TI O N A ND E X CLA MA T I O N 2 01

th e p r o c e s s that accou nt s fo r a ; th e a mbig u ity is e a s ily go t

ri d of by i n s e rti ng a no u n with w h a t .

Q u es ti on :W hat a m o u n t had I l o s t ?

E x cl a m a ti on : W hat a n a m o un t I had l o s t "

That is th e fi rs t s tag e ; th e r e s e mbl anc e is n e xt i ncre a s e d by

i n v e rti ng s ubj e ct and v e rb i n th e e xclam ation which is b o th ,

natural e n o u gh i n that ki nd o f s e nt e nc e and p articul arly e a s y ,

a ft e r I n th a t i n ter va l S o w e ge t .

Q u es ti on : that i n t e rval
In what ( a m o u n t ) had I,l o st ?
E x cl a m a ti on : I n that i n t e rval what ( an a m o u n t ) had , I l ost "
Th e word s w h e n th e brack e t e d p art o f e ach s e nt e nc e is l e ft
,

out are now th e s am e but th e qu e s ti on is o f c o urs e i nca p abl e

,

o f giving th e r e q u i r e d m e ani n g Th e wri t e r s e e ing thi s b ut .

, ,

d e c e iv e d by th e ord e r o f word s i nto thinking t h e e xclam ati o n

a qu es tion tri es to m e nd it by in s e rti ng n ot ; w h a t
, not i n ,

rh e torical qu e s tio n s b e i n g e qu ival e nt to every th i ng A t thi s

, .

s tag e s om e writ e r s s tick a s S t e v e n s on i n f O th e rs try to

, .

mak e a right o u t o f tw o wr o n g s by r e s toring to th e quondam

e xcla mation which h as b e e n wrongly conv e rt e d w ith t h e h e l p
,

o f n ot into a qu es tion th e e xclamation mark to w hi ch i t h as

,

aft e r conv e r s ion n o right S uch i s th e g e n e s i s o f a b d .

, ,
.

Th e p ro p e r m e thod wh e n th e s i m p l e s tat e m e n t is r ej e ct e d a s
, ,

i t o ft e n re a s onably m ay b e is to u s e th e e xclamation not th e , ,

S t e v e n s on ian qu e s ti o n to giv e th e e xcl am ati on its right m ark

1
, ,

and n o t to in s e rt th e i llogi cal n e gativ e .

1 2 I nt e rnal qu es tio n and e xcl am atio n m ark s

. .

By thi s n am e w e d o no t m e an that i n s e rtion o f a brack e t e d

s to p o f which w e s hall n e v e rth e l e s s giv e o n e e xam l e That
p .

i s i nd e e d a c o n fes s i o n o f w e akn e s s and in fallibl e s ign o f th e

p r e n tic e hand and f urth e r e xam
, p l e s wil l b e fo u nd i n A i r s a n d
Gr a ces m is cella neou s ; but i t is o ut s id e gra m mar with which
, ,

th es e s e cti o n s a re conc e r n e d .

1
Of c o u r s e h o w ev e r th e rh e t o rical que s ti o n i s o ft en n ot
, , , as h ere , th e
re su lt of a c on f u s i on n o r to b e d e s crib e d a s v e ry arti ficial
,
‘ ’
. E g,
. . Wh a t
w ou l d I n ot gi v e to be th ere 9
. To w h a t su bter uge f h as h e n ot r es or ted
2 62 P U N C T U A TI O N

U nde r th ese circ u m s ta n c e s i t w o u ld b e i nt e re s ti ng to a s c ertai n th e

,

e x act p o s iti o n o f la n dl o rd s wh o s e t e n a n t s d e cli n e to p ay r en t a nd ,

wh o s e o n ly a s s e t fr o m th e ir p r o p e rty i s th e i n c o me ta x n o w clai m e d -
.

What is m e ant i s th e ugly s to p i n th e middl e o f a s e nt e nc e ,

u n b r ack e t e d a nd u n d e fe nd e d by q u o tati o n ma r k s o f whi ch ,

e xa m p l e s fo ll o w To n o v e l i s t s a s i n t h e fi rs t e xam p l e it m ay
.
, ,

b e n e c e s s ary fo r t h e p u r p o s e o f av o i ding t h e n u i s anc e o f

e r p e tu al q u otati o n mark s B u t e l s e wh e r e i t s hou ld b e go t
p .

ri d o f by u s e o f t h e ind i r e c t qu es tion o r oth e rwi s e E xc e s s iv e .

i n d u lg e nc e i n di re ct qu e s ti o n s o r e xcl amation s wh e r e th e r e is
n o n e e d f o r th e m what e v e r i s o ne o f th e s e n s ational t e nd e nci e s

o f mod e rn n e w s p a p e r s .

W h y b e s ch e mi ng ? V i ct o r a s k e d — M E RE D I T H .

W hat will J a p a n d o ? i s th o u ght th e m o s t p r es s i ng q u es ti on o f all .

Ti m es ( W hat J a p a n will d o i s th o u ght & c )

.
, .

W hat n e x t ? i s th e nex t q u es t i o n w h ich th e Am e rica n P re ss di s c us ses .

Ti m es ( W hat n ex t ? is & c O r What will c o me n ex t is & c )

‘
. .
, .
, ,

A mu s ing e ffo
rts a re s hown b e low at e s ca p ing th e ugli n es s
o f th e i nt e rnal qu e s tion m ark O b s e rv e that th e th ird quotation .

h a s a wors e blu nd e r s i nc e w e hav e h e r e two i nd e p e nd e nt

,

s e nt e nc e s .

C an itthat th e Go v e rn men t will s till p er s i s t in c o n ti nu i ng th e no w

be
h o p e l e s s s tr u ggl e is th e qu e s ti o n o n e v e ry l ip —Ti mes .

M e n are di s en ch a n t e d T h e y hav e go t what th e y w an t e d in th e day s

.

o f th e ir y o u th ye t what o f it th e y a s k — MO RL E Y
, ,
.

Ye t w e r e m e m b e r s e e i n g l Ab b é C o n s tan ti n s o m e s i x t ee n y e ar s ago o r
’

m o r e at th e R o yalty with that fi n e o l d act o r L a fo n tai n e in th e p ri n ci p al

,

p art a n d s e e i n g it with l iv e ly i n t e r e s t
, W a s it di s ti n ctly d at es fo r
.
‘ ’

n o th i n g w e ar s s o badly a s th e n a mby p a m b y — Ti m es -
.

1
3 . Th e
naccou ntabl ue co m m a .

W e s hal l now conclu d e th e s e gram matical s e ction s with a

s i ngl e e xam l e o f tho s e co m m a s ab o u t whi ch it i s only o ibl
p p s s e

t o s a y that th e y a re r e p ugnant t o g r am m ar I t i s a s di ffi cu lt .

to d e cid e what p rin ci p l e th e y o ff e nd agai n s t a s wh at i m p ul s e

can p o s s ibly hav e dictat e d th e m Th e y are co m mon e s t i n .
25 4 P U N C T U A TI O N

I n the fo l lowing
cl e ar ca s e o f antith e s i s a c o l o n woul d
h av e b e e n m o r e accordi ng to mod e r n u s ag e than th e s e mi
co l o n .

As a p art fr o m o u r r e qu ir e me n t s M r Ar n o ld F o r s t e r s s ch eme s hav e ma n y

.
-
’

m e rit s in r e lati o n to th e m th e y h av e v e ry fe m — Ti m es .

I t n o w o nl y r e main s b e fo r e l e avi n g actual s t o p s fo r th e

,

da s h hy p h e n qu o tation ma r k an d brack e t to c o m m e nt o n a
, , , ,

fe w s t r ay ca s e s o f a mbigu ity fal s e s c e nt an d ill j udg e d s to p, ,

-

p ing W . e hav e n o t h u nt e d u
p and s hal l not manu factu r e , ,

any o f t h e p at e nt ab s u rd iti e s that are a m u s in g bu t u np ro fi t

abl e Th e s o r t o f a mbig u i ty that mo s t n e e d s g u ardi n g
.

agai n s t is that which all o w s a s l e e p y r e ad e r to tak e th e wo r d s

wr o ng w h e n th e o m i s s ion o r i n s e rtion o f a s to p would hav e
s av e d hi m .

Th e ch i ef agitat o rs o f th e L e ag u e w h o hav e — n o t u n n at u rally c o n s id e ri ng

,

t h e f av o u r s s h o w e r e d u p on th e m in th e p a s t — a high s e n se o f th e ir o w n

i p rta n c e
m o — Ti m es .

W i th n o c o m ma a ft e r u n n a tu r a l ly t h e fi rs t thought i s that
th e agitat o r s n o t u nnatu ral ly con s i d e r ; s e cond tho u ght s p u t
it right b ut se con d thought s s houl d n e v e r be e x p e ct e d fro m
a r e ad e r .

S i m u lta ne ou s ly ex t e n s iv e r e cla m at i on o f la n d a nd harb o u r i mp r o v em en t s

a re in p r ogre s s at C h em u l p o a n d F u s a n — Ti m es . .

With no co m m a a f t e r th e fi r s t word th e s l e e p y r e ad e r i s s e t ,

wond e ring what s i mu l ta neou s ly ex ten s i ve m e an s and wh e th e r ,

i t is j o u rnal e s e fo r equ a l ly ex ten s i ve .

B u t An n e an d I did
had p lay e d th e r e all
,
for we liv l e a s t all our es — at ,

t h e y e ar s w e had s p e n t t o g e th e r a n d t h e r e s t d o n o t c o u n t i n t h e s t o ry .

W h e n An n e an d I ca m e t o g e th e r w e b e ga n to liv e C R O C K E TT .
-
.

A com m a a ft e r together w o u ld s av e u s f r o m adding th e two

t
s e s of y e ar s to e ach o th e r I n th e n e xt p i e c e o n t h e o th e r
.
,

hand th e u n c o m fo r tabl e co m m a a ft e r gol d is a p p are ntl y

,

m e a n t t o warn u s q u it e u nn e c e ss aril y that h er e a n d ther e

b e long s to th e v e r b .

F l e ck s of s traw c o l ou re d go ld h e r e a nd t h er e lay u p on it wh e re th e
-
, ,

s u n s hi n e t o u ch e d th e b e n t o f la s t y e ar — C R O C K E TT . .
 A M B I G U I T Y, P O S I T I O N 2 65

A ft e r that havi ng o n c e fall en o ff fro m th e ir c o ur s e th e y at l en gth

, ,

s u cc e e d e d in cr o s s i n g t h e Ae g e a n a n d b e ati n g u p i n th e t e e th o f t h e
,

E t e s ia n wi n d s o n ly y e s t e rday se v e n ty day s o u t f r o m E gyp t p u t in at

, , ,

th e P ira e u s — S T I R W I N . . .

Th e om i s s i o n o f t h e co m m a b e tw e e n a n d a nd bea ti ng w o u ld
o r d i n ari ly b e quit e l e giti mat e H e r e it p u t s u s o ff o n a f al s e
.
,

s c e nt b e ca u s e i t a l low s bea ti ng t o s e e m p aral l e l wi th c r os s i ng

,

and obj e ct to s u cceeded i n w e hav e to go back again wh e n w e

g e t to t h e e n d and wo r k i t o ut , .

T h e F re n ch d e mu rri ng to th e c o n diti o ns wh ich th e E n gli s h c o mm an d e r

o ffe er d agai n c o mm e n c e d
,
th e acti o n — B .

Th e want o f a com ma b e tw e e n F r en ch and demu r r i ng m ak e s

us a s s u m e an ab s ol ut e c o n s tru ction and e x p e ct anoth e r
s ubj e ct o f which w e a re di s a p p o int e d
,
.

Th e n e xt t w o p air s o f e xam p l es illu s trat e th e e ff e ct o f m e r e

accid e ntal p o s it i o n o n s t o p p ing Thi s is o n e o f th e n u mb e r .

l e s s s mal l di s t u r b i n g e l e m e nt s that mak e ca s t iron r u l e s -

im p o s s ibl e i n p unctuation .

I mu s t
l e av e yo u to di s c o v e r wh at th e a n s w e r i s .

W hat th e a n s w e r i s I m u s t l e av e yo u t o di s c o v e r
,
.

That is a s u b s tantival clau s e o u t o f its p lac e is g e n e rall y

,

al l o w e d t h e c o m ma that al l b u t th e s trait es t s e ct o f p u n c tu a
t o r s w o u l d r e fu s e i t i n its p lac e .

I n th e p r es e n t di sp u t e , th e r e f o r e , th e l o cal p o liticia n s hav e had t o ch o o s e

b e tw e e n d efe n c e o f th e p ri n ci p l e o f a u th o rity an d e s p o u s i ng th e ca u s e o f
th e l o cal lic e — Ti m es
po . .

O f it s f o rty f o u r c o m m i s s i o n e r s h o w e v e r fe w act u ally t o o k a n y p art

-
i n i ts
p r o c e e di n g s ; a n d t h e p o w e r s o f t h e C o m m i s s i o n —
J R G R E E N . . .

Th e hal f adv e rb s hal f co nj u ncti o n s o f whi ch th eref or e a n d

h ow e ver a re i n s tanc e s o cc u p y u s u al ly th e s e c o n d p lac e in t h e
s e nt e nc e Wh e n th e r e it is o f l ittl e i m p o r ta n c e wh e th e r th e y
.
,

a re s t o p p e d o r n o t th o u gh w e hav e i n d i cat e d o u r r e fe r e n ce
, p
fo r n o s t o p s B u t wh e n i t ha p p e n s that th e y c o m e lat e r ( o r
.

e a r li e r ) t h e c o m ma s a re g e n e r ally want e d
, Th er ef or e i n th e .

fi r s t o f th e s e s e n t e nc e s w o u ld b e as u n c o m fo r tabl e i f s t r i p p e d
a s h o w e ver act u all y i s i n t h e s e c o n d .
 2 66 P U N C T U A TI O N

D AS H ES
M ov e d b e yo nd h is wont by E gl i s h ill tr e atm e nt o f th e o ur n -

da s h B e ad n e l l p erm it s hi m s e l f a wail as j u s t a s it is p ath e t i c

,
.

‘
da s h i s fre qu e n tly e m p l o ye d in a v e ry ca p rici o us a n d arbitrary
Th e
m a n ne r a s a s u b s tit u t e fo r all s o rt s o f p o i n t s by writ e r s wh o s e th o u ght s
, , ,

alth o ugh it m ay b e s o m e ti m es s triki ng a n d p r o fo u n d a re thr o wn t o g e th e r

, , ,

with o u t o rd e r o r d e pen d en c e ; al s o by s om e o th e rs w h o thi n k that th e y ,

th er e by giv e p ro m i ne n c e a n d e mp ha s i s t o e x p re s s i o n s wh ich in th em s e lv e s
are v e ry c o mm o n p lac e a n d w o u ld with o u t thi s fict iti ou s a ss i s ta n c e e s ca p e
, , ,

th e o b s e rvati on o f th e r e ad e r o r b e d e e m e d by h im hardly w o rthy o f

,

n o tic e
’
.

I t is all only too tru e ; th e s e a re th e r e al m s o f C hao s and ,

th e lord o f th e m is S t e rn e f ro m w ho m m od e rn writ e r s o f th e
,

p u r e l y l it e rary kind hav e s o many o f th e ir charact e ri s ti c s .

Wi s hing fo r a n e xam p l e w e m e re l y o p e n e d t h e fi rs t v o l u m e
,

o f Tr i s tr a m S h a ndy at a v e ntu r e and thu s t h e A narch ol d ‘

,

Wi th falt e ring s p e e ch and vi s ag e i ncom p o s e d A n s w e r e d

— Ob rv e I d e t e r m i n e n o th i g u p o n th i
se , M y way is e v e r to p o i n t
n s —

o u t t o th e c u ri ou s di ffe r e n t tract s o f i n v e s tigati o n t o c o me at t h e fir s t

, ,

s p ri n g s o f th e e v e n t s I t e ll — n o t with a p e da n ti c fe s c u e —o r i n th e
,

d e ci s iv e ma nne r o f Tacit u s w h o o u twit s hi m s e l f a n d h is r e ad e r — b u t

.

with th e o ffi ci ou s h um ility o f a h eart d e v o t e d to th e a s s i s tan c e me r ely o f

th e i nq u i s itiv e — to th e m I writ e an d by t h e m I s hall b e re ad — i f a n y
,
-
,

s u ch r e adi n g a s thi s c o u ld b e s up p o se d to h o ld o u t s o l on g to th e v e ry ,
-

e n d o f th e w o rld —S T E R N E
. .

Th e mod e rn n e w s p a p e r writ e r who ov e rd o e s th e u se o f da s h es

is s e ldo m a s i n corr e ct as S t e rn e b u t i s
p e rha p s m or e irritating ,

Th e r e al so a gr eat nu m b e r o f p eOp le Q—m a n y o f th e m n ot in t h e l e a s t

a re

tai nt e d by m ilitari s m — w h o go fu rth e r a n d w h o fee l t hat a m an i n o rd e r to

b e a c o mp l e t e m a n — that i s o n e ca p abl e o f p ro t e cti n g h i s li fe h i s c o u n try
, , ,

a d
n h i s civil a n d po litical right s — s h o u ld ac qu ir e as a b o y a n d y o u th th e

ele m en t s o f m ilitary trai n i g

n — that is s h o u ld b e giv en a p hy s i c al trai n i n g
,

o f a m ilitary charact e r i n cl u di ng — S pecta tor .

,

I t mu s t b e add e d how e v e r that B e adn e ll him s e l f h e l p s to

, ,
’

mak e thing s w o r s e by count e nanci n g th e s t r ang e p ri nt e r s

,

s u e rs tition that i s b e a u ti ful to l o ok u p on and U gly

p ,
.

U nd e r th es e c ircu m s ta n c e s w e s hal l hav e to a band o n ou r

u s u a l p ractic e o f att e nd i ng only to co m mon m i s tak es and ,
2 68 P U N CT U A T I O N

with r ep etition of s om e p r e viou s word s i n dang e r of b e ing

forgott e n .

7 . n ow idl e
att e m p t to h ide th e fact that ne v e r w a s the Ru ss ia n
I t is to
lack o f s ci en c e o f th e m o d e rn s p irit o r to s peak fra n kly o f i n t ellig e n ce
, , , ,

n e v e r w a s t h e ab s e n c e o f trai n i n g o r o f e n th u s ia s m wh ich r e tard s t h e

e flo rts o f th e wh o l e E m p ir e di s p lay e d in a m o r e m e la n ch o ly f a s hi o n tha n

'

in th e S e a o f J a p a n — Ti m es ( A d d a c o mm a a f t e r i n tell igen ce)

.

f . G iving th e air
an a ft e rthou ght to a fi nal c o m m e nt of
that
would s p oi l th e balanc e o f th e s e nt e nc e if p r e c e d e d onl y by
an o rd inary s to p J u s ti fi ab le w h e n r e ally wa nt e d that is .
, ,

wh e n i t is i m p ortant to k e ep th e co m m e nt til l th e e n d oth e r

wi s e i t is s l ightly in s ulting to th e r e ad e r i m p lying that h e w as ,

not worth working out th e s e nt e nc e fo r b e for e it w as p u t

d own .

8 . As th e y p art e d , s h e i n s i s t e d o n h is givi ng th e m o s t s ol e mn p ro mi s es
that h e w o u ld n o t e xp o se h i m sel f to dan g e r — which w as q u it e u nne c es s ary .

g M arking a chan
.
ge o f S
p e ak e r s wh e n quotat io n m ark s an d
he
’
aid & c a re not u s e d or in a s i ngl e s p eech
s ,
.
, , , 3 . chang e of

s ubj e ct or r on add r d
p e s e ss e .

9 . W h o cre ate d yo u
— Go d — B . .

1 0. An d l o se th e n a m e o f a cti on — S o f t you now "

Th e fair O p h e l ia "

h . With colo n o r oth e r s to p b e fore a quotation .

11 . H e ar M ilt on H ow char m i ng i s divi ne P hil o s op hy "

-

1 2. W hat s ay s B a c on —Re v enge is a ki nd o f wild j us ti c e .

i . I ntrodu cing a l i s t .

13 . Th e fou r
gr eate s t n a me s i n E n gli s h l it erat u re are al mo s t th e fir s t w e
c e t
o m o C ha u c e r S p e n s er S hak e s p e ar e an d M ilt
,
-

,
on — B ( O
,
m it t h e , . .

c o mm a b efo r e th e da s h )
h . C on fe ss ing
an anac o l u thon o r s ub s ti tutio n ,
of a n ew con
s truction f o r th e o n e s tart e d with .

14 . a ch ild — w h o c a n l ook un mo v e d i nt o that w e ll

T h e n th e e ye of ,

u n d e fi le d in whi ch h eav en it s e l f s eem s t o b e r e fl e ct e d

, B I G EL O W ( O m i t -
.

t h e c o m ma )

1 . B r e aking o ff a se nt enc e altog e th e r .

15 . Oh ,
how I wi s h I B ut wh at is th e u se o f wi s hi n g ?
 TH E DAS H : D I FF I C U L T I E S 2 69

m . to s e rv e th e p u r p o se o f brack e t s I t giv es a
D oubl e d .

m ed iu m b e tw e e n th e light com ma p ar e nth e s i s and t h e h e avy

brack e t p ar e nth es i s I t al s o h as th e advantag e ov e r b r ack e t s
.

that wh e n th e p ar e nth e s i s e nd s only with th e s e nt e nc e th e

s e cond da s h n e e d not b e giv e n ; thi s advantag e how e v e r m ay , ,

i nvolv e a mbigui ty a s will b e s hown ,

.

16 . very w e ll r eg ulat e d c o m mun ity — s u ch as that o f E n gla n d — th e

In e ,

law s o w n n o s u p e ri o r — B ( Th e c o mm a s h o u ld e ith e r b e o m itt e d o r

. .

p lac e d a ft e r i n s t e ad o f b e fo re th e s ec o n d da s h )
Th es e a re a do z e n d i s ti nct u s es o f more or l es s val u e or
i m p ortanc e to which oth e rs m ight no d o ub t b e ad d e d ; b u t
,

th e y will s u ffic e both to s how that th e d a s h is a hard work e d -

s ymbol and to ba s e ou r r e mark s u on

, p .

2 . D e batabl e
qu es tion s .

Th e r e a re s e v e ral qu e s tion s that m u s t b e an s w e re d b e for e

w e can u s e t h e da s h with c o n fid e nc e F ir s t is th e d a s h to .
,

s u p e r s e d e s t o p s at th e p l ac e wh e r e it i s i n se rt e d or to b e ,

add e d to th e m P S e condly what is its r e lati o n to th e s to p s in

,

th e p art o f th e s e nt e nc e (or grou p o f s e nt e nc es ) th a t f o ll o w s

it ? do e s its authori ty that i s e xt e nd to t h e e n d o f t h e
, ,

s e nt e nc e or grou p o r wh e r e do es i t c e a s e ?
,
Thi rd ly a s s u m ,

i ng that i t i s o r can b e co mbin ed with s top s what is th e right ,

ord e r a s b e tw e e n t h e two
B e a d n e l l s an s w e r to th e fir s t qu e s tion is Th e d ash does n o t
’

d isp ens e w i th the u s e of the or d i na ry p oi n ts a t th e s o me ti me ?

w h en th e gr a m ma ti ca l cons tr u c ti on of the s en ten ce r equ i r es

th em But i na s mu ch a s a d a s h i m p li e s s o m e s o rt o f b r e ak
.
,

i rre gular p au s e or chang e o f i nt e ntion i t s e e m s q u it e n e e d l e s s

, ,

to i n s e rt th e s to p that would hav e b ee n u s e d i f it had n o t b e e n

d e cid e d that a s to p w as inad e quat e Th e da s h i s a c o n fe s s i o n .

that th e s t o p will not do ; th e n l e t th e s to p go Th e r e ad e r .

,

w h o i s th e p e r s on to b e c o n s i d e r e d g e n e r ally n e ith e r kn o w s
,

n o r car e s t o kn o w h o w th e s e n t e n c e m i ght w i th in fe r ior e ffe ct , ,

hav e b e e n w r itt e n ; h e o nly fe e l s that th e s t o p i s otio s e and ,

that h is auth o r had b e tt e r hav e b e e n o ff with th e o ld l o v e

2
7 9 P U N C T U A T IO N

b e fore h e w as on with th e n e w Th e r e a re e xc e p tion s to t h i s

.

obviou s ly i n e xam p l es 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 an d I 5 wh e r e th e d a s h is
, , , , ,

at th e e n d o r b e ginn i n g o f a s e nt e nc e ; and p e rha p s al s o i n

s e nt e nc e s o f which th e r e ad e r can cl e arly for e s ee t h e g r am

m a tic a l d e v e l o p m e nt I n e xam p l e 7 fo r in s tanc e it is cl e ar

.
, ,

that a p a r tici p l e (disp lay ed o r an o th e r ) is d u e a ft e r n ever w a s

&c . a c o mm a a ft e r i n telligence is th e re fo re d e finit e ly e x
p e c t ed S o .i n e xam p l e 6 w e a re e x p e cting e ith e r anoth e r

conti nuati o n o f a s s oon a s o r th e p rinci p al s e nt e nc e b e for e

, ,

e ith e r o f wh ich a co m ma is look e d fo r I n e xam p l e s 2 and 3 .

,

o n t h e oth e r hand th e s e nt e n c e may f o r al l w e k now b e com

,

p l e te at t h e p lac e wh e r e t h e da s h s tand s s o th at n o e x p e cta ,

ti o n is di s a p p oi nt e d by om itting th e co m ma Th e rul e th e n .
, ,

s houl d b e that a d a s h i s a s ub s ti tu t e f o r any i nt e rnal s to p and ,

’
n o t an additio n to i t e x c e p t wh e n f ro m th e r e ad e r s p oint o f
, ,

vi e w a p articular s top s e e m e d i n e vitabl e

, .

I t mu s t b e ad mitt e d that that con clu s ion is n o t v e ry c ertain ,

an d al s o th at th e m att e r is o f no gr e at i m p ortanc e p rovid e d ,

that th e s to p s i f i n s e rt e d a re th e right on es M or e c e rtainty

, , .

is p o ss ibl e ab o u t th e combination o f s to p s w ith t h e d o u b l e

da s h which w e hav e not y e t con s id e r e d Th e p robabl e origi n
, .

o f th e dou bl e d a s h wil l b e touch e d u p on wh en w e c o m e to t h e

s e cond qu e s tion ; bu t what e v e r i ts origi n it is now s i m p ly ,

e q u ival e nt to a p ai r o f brack e t s e xc e p t that i t i s s lightly l e ss

,

con s p i cuou s and s o m e ti m e s p r e fe rre d on that accou nt C o n

, .

s e q u e ntly t h e s am e rul e abou t s to p s wil l a p p ly to both and

, ,

a s th e r e is no occa s ion to tr e at o f brack e t s s e p arat e ly i t m ay ,

h e r e b e s tat e d fo r both Th e u s e o f a p are nth es i s b e ing t o

.

i n s e rt without damag e to th e res t o f th e s e nt e nc e s o m e thing

, ,

that is o f th e or e tical ly m i nor i m p ortan c e i t is n e c es sa ry that ,

w e s houl d b e abl e s im p ly to r e mov e th e two da s h es or brack e t s

with e v e rythi ng e ncl o s e d by th e m and a ft e r th e i r re moval ,

fi n d th e s e nt e nc e co m p l e t e and rightly p unctuat e d F urth e r .

,

th e re is no r e a s on fo r u s ing in s id e t h e p ar e nth es i s any s to p

that h as no t an int e rnal valu e ; that is n o s to p ca n p o s s ibly b e ,
272 P U N CT U AT I O N

a re u s e d a ft e r a d a s h wi th o u t p u tting an e n d to its
fr e qu e ntl y
i n fl u e nc e and if th e y a re to b e s o m e ti m e s tak e n n e v e r th e l e s s , ,

a s d o i n g s o c o n f u s i o n is s u r e t o r e s u lt
, U nl e s s th e au t h o r o f
.

th e n e xt e xa m p l e is blind t o t h e d ang e r that two n e ighb o u r

i ng but i nd e p e nd e n t d a s h e s m ay b e m i s tak e n fo r a p a r e nth e ti c
ai r h m s t hav a s s u m e d that t h e auth o r ity o f a d a s h i s
p ,
e u e

t e r minat e d at any rat e by a s e mic o lon ; that i f t r u e wo u l d , ,

o bviat e t h e d a n g e r .

23 . It is a fo rl o r n
h op e h o w e v e r ex c e ll en t th e tra n s lati o n a n d
,
-

M r H a n ki n s c o u ld n ot b e b ett e r e d ; o r h o w e v er caref u l th e p layi n g

.
’

a n d t h e p layi ng at t h e S tag e S o ci e ty p e rf o rm a n c e w a s m e tic u l o u s ly

care fu l — Ti m es ( I n sert a da s h b e tw e e n better ed an d th e s e m ic o l on

. .
,

which th e n n ee d n ot b e mo re tha n a c o mm a )
B ut that it is not tru e will p robably be ad m itt e d o n th e
s tr e ngth o f s e nt e nc e s l ik e :

24 . T h e re m ay b e di ffe re n c es o f o p i n i o n o n th e d egrees — n o o ne tak e s

whit e f o r black : m o s t p eo p l e s o m e ti m es tak e blacki s h fo r black b ut
that i s not f atal to m y arg u m en t .

O n th e oth e r hand doubt wh e th e r a ful l s to p is e v e r

, we

allow e d to s tand i n th e midd l e o f a d a s h p ar e nth es i s a s i t o f ,

co u rs e m ay in a b rack e t p ar e nth e s i s Th e r e a s o n fo r th e dis

.

tinction is cl e ar W h e n w e hav e had a l e ft hand b rack e t w e

.
-

kn ow fo r c e rtain that a right hand o n e is d u e fu ll s to p s o r no

-
,

fu l l s t o p s ; but wh e n w e hav e had a da s h w e v e r y s e ldo m ,

k now fo r c e rtai n that i t is o n e o f a p ai r ; a nd th e a p p e ar anc e

o f a f ul l s to p would b e too s e v e r e a tri al o f our faith I t s ee m s .

natural t o s u p p o s e th at th e doubl e da s h p are nth e s i s i s thu s -

acco u nt e d fo r : th e co n s truction s tart e d with a s ingl e da s h ;

but a s i t w as o ft e n n e c es s ary to re v e rt to th e main c on s tru e
t ion th e s e cond d as h w as r e s ort e d to a s a d e claration that th e
,

cl o s e ti m e o r s tat e o f s i e g e w as ov e r Th e r u l e w e d e du c e is
, ,
.

A l l that fo llow s a d a s h is to b e tak e n a s u nd e r i ts in fl u e nc e

u ntil e ith e r a s e cond d a s h t e rm inat e s it o r a full s to p is ,

r e ach e d .

O ur an s w e r t o t h e third qu e s tion h as al r e ady b ee n giv e n by

 DA S H A ND S TOP 27 3

i m p l i cati o n ; but i t m ay b e b e tt e r to giv e it agai n e x p licitly .

W e fi rs t r e fe r to e xa m p l es I 2 3 6 1 3 I 4 2 4 in al l o f w hich
, , , , , , ,

t h e s t o p i f o n e is to b e u s e d th o ugh o u r vi e w is that i n m o s t
, ,

o f th e s e s e nt e nc e s i t s h o uld n o t i s i n t h e r ight p lac e

, and to
e xam p l e 1 6 in which i t i s in th e wrong p l ac e
,
W e n e xt add .

two n e w e xam p l es o f wrong ord e r with corr e cti on s as u s u al ; ,

th e r u l e s fo r s t o p s with brack e t s a re th e s am e a s with d o u bl e

d a sh es .

2 5 T hr ou gh o u t th e p art s
. wh ich th e y a re i n t en d e d to make m o s t
p e r s o n ally th e ir o w n ( th e P s,
al m s ) it i s alway s t h e L a w which i s s p o k e n
,

o f with ch i e f j o y — R U S K I N
.
~
( e m o v e b o th c o m m a s a n d u s e acc o rdi n g
R .
,

to ta s t e e ith e r n o n e at all o r o n e a f t e r th e s e c o n d brack e t )

,

2 6 W hat i s th e di ff e re n c e wh e th e r la n d a n d s e a i n t e ract an d w o rld s

.
, ,

r e v o lv e a n d i n t e r m i ngl e w ith ou t n u m b e r o r e nd — d e e p yaw n i n g u n d e r

,

d ee p a nd galax y bala n ci ng gala x y thr o u gh o u t ab s o l u t e s p ac e — o r

, , , ,

wh e th e r E M E RS O N ( e m o v e b o th c o mm a s a nd p lac e o ne a f t e r
R .
,

t h e s e c o n d da s h )

’
A p rot e s t mu s t n e xt b e mad e agai n s t th e com p o s it o r s
’
s u p e rs titi o n e mbodi e d i n B e a d n e l l s w o r d s : A s th e d a s h i n

th is ca s e s upp l i es th e pl a ce of th e p a r en thes is s tr i c tly sp ea h i ng , ,

th e gr a mm a tica l p o i n t s h o u ld f o l low th e l a s t d o s h bu t a s th is
w ou l d h a ve a n u n s igh tly appear a n ce i t i s a l w ay s p la ced bef or e,

it. Th i s un s ightli n es s is e ith e r i magi nary or at m o s t p u r e ly

conv e nti o nal and s h o u l d b e e ntir e l y d i s re gard e d Th e r u l es
, .

will b e ( 1 ) F o r th e s ingl e d a s h : S i nc e t h e da s h is o n any vi e w

e ith e r a c orr e cti o n o f or a n add ition t o t h e s t o p that w o u ld

hav e b e e n u s e d if da s h e s had n ot e x i s t e d th e d a s h will alway s ,

s tand a f t e r t h e s to p ( )
2 F
. or t h e d oubl e d a s h or brack e t s

Th e r e will b e o n e s t o p or n o n e according to th e r e q u i r e m e nt s
o f t h e p r i nci p al s e nt e nc e only ; th e r e wil l n e v e r b e t w o s to p s

( p
a art o f
,
c o u r s e f ro m int
, e rnal o n es ); i f th e r e i s o n e it wi ll ,

s tand b e for e th e fir s t or a ft e r th e la s t d a s h or brack e t acc o rd

i ng a s th e p a r e nth e s i s b e long s to t h e foll o wi ng o r th e p r e c e ding

p a r t o f t h e p r in ci p al s e n t e nc e I t may. b e add e d that i t i s

e xtr e m e ly r a r e f o r t h e p a r e nth e s i s t o b e l o ng t o th e la s t p a r t ,

a n d th e r e for e fo r t h e s t o p t o b e r ightly p lac e d b e fo r e i t In .

u s T
2 74 P U N CT U A T I O N

th e fol lowi ng xam p l e co n s tr u ct e d fo r th e occa s ion i t do es s o

e

b e l o ng ; bu t fo r p r acti cal p u r p o s e s t h e r ul e might b e that if a

s to p i s r e q u ir e d it s tand s a f t e r t h e s e cond da s h or brack e t .

27 . W h en I la s t s aw h im , ( a s i ng u lar fact ) h is n o se w a s p e a -
gr een .

3 . C o m mo nm i s u s e s .

a I f two s ingl e ind e p e nd e n t da s h es a re p lac e d n e ar e ach

.

o th e r s till mor e if th e y a re i n th e s a m e s e nt e nc e th e r e ad e r
, ,

n atu r ally tak e s th e m fo r a p ai r con s tituting a p a r e nth e s i s and ,

h as to r e con s id e r t h e s e nt e nc e wh e n h e fi nd s that h is fi r s t
r e ad ing giv e s n on s e n s e W e r e fe r back to e xam p l e 2 3 B ut
. .

thi s i nd i s cre tio n is s o com mo n that i t is w e l l to add s om e

mor e Th e s e nt e nc e s s hou ld b e r e ad ov e r w ithou t th e two
.

d a s h es a nd what th e y e nclo s e .

T h e n th e r e i s al s o M i s s E u p h e m ia l o n g d ep os e d fr om h er o ffi c e o f
,

g o v e rn es s ,
b u t p en s i o n e d driv e n to goo d w o rk s an d th e m a n uf act u r e
and s o

o f t h e m o s t w o n d e r f u l cra z y q u ilt s — fo r which t o h e r cr e dit b e it s aid s h e

, ,

s h o w s a r e m arkabl e a p tit u d e — a s I s h o u ld hav e s u p p o s e d — C R O C K E TT . .

Th e E n gli s h ca m e m ai n ly f r o m th e Ge rm a n s wh o m R o m e f o u n d hard ,

to c o n q u e r i n 2 1 0 y e ar s — sa y i m p o ss ibl e t o c
, o n q u e r wh e n o n e r e me mb e rs -

t h e l on g s e qu e l — E M ERS O N
. .

A s fo r An n e — w e ll A n n e w a s Anne — n e v e r m ore cal m th an wh en o th e r s

,

w er e t e mp e s t uou s —C R O CK E TT . .

b Th e
. fi rs t da s h is i n s e rt e d and th e s e cond forgott e n It .

wil l s u ffic e to r e fe r back to e xam p l e s 2 0 2 1 2 2 , ,

.

c . Brack e t s and d a sh es a re co mbi n e d I t is a p ity f ro m th e .

’
coll e ctor s p oint o f vi e w that C arlyl e b e ing i n th e mood d id , ,

n o t r e ali z e t h e f ul l p o s s ibiliti e s an d add a p ai r o f com mas, ,

clo s ing u p th e p ar e nth e s i s in r obu r et o es tr ip lex .

H o w m u ch w o uld I giv e t o hav e my m o th e r— ( th o u gh b o th my wi fe

a n d I hav e o f lat e t i m e s l iv e d wh o lly f o r h e r a n d had m u ch t o e n d u r e ,

o n h e r acc o u n t ) — h o w mu ch w o u ld I giv e t o hav e h e r back to m e .

C AR L Y LE .

d . co mm a th e da s h is s o m e ti m es mi sp lac e d by a
L i k e th e ,

word or two I n t h e fi rs t e xam p l e t h e firs t da s h s ho u ld b e

.
,

o n e p lac e l at e r ; and in t h e s e cond u nl e s s w e m i s re ad th e ,

s e nt e nc e and thi s is anoth e r ca s e o f two s ingl e da sh e s th e

, ,
2 7 6 P U N CT UA T I O N

3 . I t i s good Engli s h u s ag e t o p l ac e a no u n or oth e r non ~

adj e ctival p a rt o f s p e e ch b e fo re a n o u n p ri nting i t a s a ,

s e p arat e w o r d and to r e gard it a s s e rving t h e p u r o s e o f an

, p
adj e ctive i n vi r tu e o f i ts p o s ition fo r i n s ta nc e w a r exp endi ,

tu r e ; b u t th e r e a re s o m e ti m e s S p e cial o bj e ction s to it s b e ing

d o n e Th u s wo r d s i n i ng m ay b e actual adj e ctiv es ( p a r ti

.
,
-

(
c i p l e s ) o r no u n s g e ru nd s
, ) u s e d i n virtu e o f th e i r p o s iti on a s
,

adj e ctiv e s ; a n d a vi s ibl e di s tinction is n e e d e d A w a lhi ng .

s ti ch i s a s ti ck that walk s and t h e hra s m ight o ccu r as a

p e ,

m e ta p horical d e s cri p ti o n o f a s t i ffl y b e hav e d p e rs on : a

w a lh i ng s ti ch or w a lh i ngs tich is a s tick fo r walking ;
-
th e
di ffe r e n c e may s o m e ti m e s b e i m p ortant and co n s i s t e ncy m ay ,

b e h e ld to r e q u i r e that al l co m p ound s with g e ru nd s s houl d b e

hy p h e n e d o r m ad e i nto s ingl e wo rd s .

4 No t o nl y can a s ingl e word i n o rd i nary ci rcu m s tanc es b e

.

th u s tr e at e d as an adj e ctiv e bu t th e s am e is tru e o f a p hra s e ,

th e word s o f th e p hras e how e v e r mu s t th e n b e hyp h e n e d

, , ,

o r ambigu ity m ay r e s ult Thu s : C ov e nt G ard e n ; Cov e nt .

G ard e n M ark e t C ov e nt G ard e n M ark e t s al es m e n - -

.

Th e p r e vail ing m e thod o f giving railway and s tr e e t n am es ,

b es id e s i ts ungainli n e s s , i s o ft e n m i s l e ad ing and contrary to
com m on s e n s e F or o n e d i ffic ulty w e s ugg e s t r e curre nc e t o
.

th e o ld fa s hi o n e d f orm u la with com ma s

-
and a nd as i n , ,

Th e L ondon Ch a th a m a n d D o ver
, O n anoth e r i t is to b e
, .
,

o b s e rv e d that N e w Yor h s tr ee t s hould m e an t h e n e w p art o f

-

Yo rk S tr e e t but N e w Yor h S tree t th e s t r e e t n am e d a ft e r

,

Ne w York Th e s e t o f e xa m p l e s i nclud e s s om e a nalogou s

.

ca s es b e s id es th e railway and s tr e e t nam e s

,
.

I t istat e d that
s th e trai n rvicse e on th e H i s n - m in - tun- K au -p an - ts e

Yingk a u s e cti o n of th e I mp e rial C hi n e se R ailway will be r es t o re d withi n

a fe w d ay s Ti m es . .

H s in m intu n , and Yingk a u

K a u p a n ts e , Th es e p lac es can .

s ure ly d o witho u t th e i r i nt e r n al hy p h e n s i n an E ngli s h n e w s

a
p p e r ; and o n e al mo s t s u s p e ct s f rom t h e ab s e n c e o f a ,
 H YP H E N S 277

hy p h e n b e tw e e n Yi ng a nd h o n, that th e Ti mes
’
s s toc k m u s t
hav e r u n s hort .

E ven th ird cla s s carriag e s

-
a re s carc e on th e D al ny P o rt
-
Arth u r li n e .

Ti m es .

Th e D al ny and P o rt A rthu r l in e By g e n e ral p rinci p l e 4

-
.
,

though P or t A r th u r n e e d s no hy p h e n by it s e l f i t do e s a s ,

s oon a s it s tand s f o r an adj e ctiv e with l i n e : th e P ort A r th u r -

lin e A l s o by 2 th e Ti mes v e r s ion im p l i es that D a lny is

.
, ,

mor e clo s e ly c o nn e ct e d wi th P or t tha n P or t wi th A r th u r .

We d o i nd e e d m o s t o f u s know at p r e s e nt that th e r e is no
D al n y P o rt s o call e d an d that th e r e i s a P ort A r thu r , Bu t .

i n th e n e xt e xam p l e w h o woul d know that t h e re w as a B r es t

,

L i to vs k i but fo r t h e s e nt e nc e that fol low s ?

,

A g en e ral s trik e h a s b ee n d e clar e d on th e W ar s aw B r e s t L ito vs k i -

rail w ay Th e t e l e gra p h s tati on s at P raga W ar s aw a nd Bres t Litovsk i

.
, ,

hav e b een da m ag e d . Ti mes .

Th e Wars aw and B r e s t L i to vs k i rail w ay By 4 th e hy p h e n -

.
,

b e tw ee n B r es t and L i tovs h i is n e c e s s a r y I f w e writ e Wa r s a w .

B r es t L i tovs h i it is natu r al to s u pp o s e that thr e e p lac e s a re

-
,

m e ant ; th e a nd s ol ution is accordingly th e b e s t .

A t B o w s tr e e t R o b e rt M ar s h gr een gr o c e r o f Gr e at W es t e r n r o ad
-
, , ,
-
,

H arr w road w as charg e d

o -
,
— Ti m es .

G r e at We s t e rn R oad H arrow R oad Bow s tr e e t as a t ( n o t

-
, .
-
,

i n ) s how s is a c o m p o u n d e p ith e t fo r p oli ce cou r t u nd e rs to o d

,
-
,

a n d h as a right to i ts hy p h e n By 3 th e r e is n o n e e d fo r a .
,

hy p h e n a ft e r H a r r ow and by I if u nn e c e s s ary it is u n d e s ir
, , ,

abl e A s to th e oth e r road th e re are thr e e p o s s ibil iti es Th e

.
, .

Ti m es is right i f th e r e is a Wes ter n R oa d o f which o ne s e ct io n

is call e d Gr ea t and t h e o th e r L i t tl e , I f t h e n am e m e an s .

l it e ral ly t h e g r e at road that ru n s w e s t th e r e s h o u ld b e n o ,

hy p h e n at al l I f th e roa d is n am e d fro m th e G r e at W e s t e rn
.

R ailway or fro m th e G r e at W e s t e rn H o t e l ou r v e r s ion is

,
-
,

right .

C o chi n C hi n a wat e r s — Ti mes .

B Y 4 , Coch i n Ch i n a giv e s Coch i n Ch i n a wat e rs -

.
 278 P U N CT U A T I O N

W ithi n th e la s t ten day s t w o An gl o S o u th Am e rica ns hav e b e e n -

in m y
ofli c e arra n gi n g fo r p a s s ag e s to Ne Z e ala d
w n — Ti m es .

A uglo -
S o u th A mer i c a n s-
done is th e be s t that ca n be .

What is r e al ly wa nt e d is A uglo S on th A mer ica n s to S h o w that -

,

S o u th g o e s m o r e cl o s e l y with A m er i ca B ut i t is t o o h o p e .

l e s s ly contrary to u s ag e at p r e s e n t .

Th e p r o c ee d s o f th e r ec en t L o n d o n Ne w -
Y o rk l o a n . Ti nzes .
( Lon d o n
an d N
e w Y o rk l o a n )
-
.

A g o o d ge n e r ou s K i n g M ark lik e
, ,
-
so rt of m a n — Ti m es .

K i ng M a r h l ihe ,
- -
in d e fa u l t o f K i ngM o r h -
l ih e . B ut th e
add ition o f l i he -
to com p ound nam e s s hou ld be avoid e d .

Th e F u gitiv e S lav e law in Ame rica b efo r e -

th e re b elli on — H S I DG W I C K
. .

( F u giti ve S lav e law )-

Th e s e t a m car s will h av e
-
16 -
h r
o se p o wer en gi ne s — Ti m es .

S tea m b e tt e r by 3 and I
ca r s is A nd 1 6 hor s e p ow e r
, , .
-

e ngi n e s W e can d o thi s ti m e what th e ca p i tal s o f A mer ica n

.

and M a r h p re v e nt e d i n th e p r e vi ou s co m p ou nd s .

E ntir e ly gratu itou s hy p h e n s .

O n e had a m al e p art ne r w h o h o pp e d h is l o u ti s h b u rl es qu e — M E RE D I T H
-
, .

Gl u tt o n y i s t h e l e a s t g e n e r o u s o f th e V i c e s — M E R E D I T H
-
. .

A littl e ch i n a b o x b e ari n g th e m o tt o T h o u gh l o s t t o s ight to m em o ry

-
‘
, ,

d e ar wh ich D o rca s s e n t h er a s a r e me m bra n c e — E L I O T

,
’
.

Thi s e vid e ntly m e an s a b o x mad e o f china A box t o .

h o ld chi na wo u l d hav e th e hy p h e n p ro p e rly and th e r e a re ,

many d i ffe r e ntiati o n s o f thi s kind o f which bla ch bi r d a s , ,

o p p o s e d to bl o ch bi r d o r blo chbi r d i s th e ty p e
-
,
.

B e rt i e t ook u p a q u a n tity of wa s t e p ap e r s
-
, and thru s t th em d o w n i n t o
th e ba s k e t — E F B E N S ON . . .

Th i s i s p r o bably fo rm e d by a m i s tak e n s t e p backward s

f ro m w a s te p aper ba s he t wh e r e th e hy p h e n i s co rr e ct a s
-
, ,

e x p lain e d in 3 .

In h r a s e s lik e w et a n d d ry fl y fi s h i ng com p ou nd e d o f
p ,

w e t f ly fi s h i ng and
-
d ry fi y fis h i ng m e thod s vary Fo r , .

i n s tanc e :
A l o w d o o r l e adi ng thr gh a
o,
u m oss a n d ivy c v e re d wall S C O TT
o — -
. .
2 80 P U N C T U AT I O N

q u it e famil iar I t s e e m s ab s u rd to k e e p any l o ng e r th e

.

d ivi s i o n in to d ay and to mor r ow ; th e r e a re no w o r d s i n t h e

- -

lang u ag e that a re m o r e d e fi n it e ly s ingl e and not d o u bl e

w o rd s ; s o m u ch s o that t h e o r d ina r y m a n can giv e n o
e x p lanati o n o f t h e to O n t h e oth e r hand t h e w o r d ital ici z e d
.
,

i n th e n e x t e xam p l e may w e l l p u z z l e a g o o d ma n y r e ad e rs
with o ut its hy p h e n ; i t h a s q u it e l at e ly com e into u s e i n thi s
’
cou nt r y ( C h ie fly U S s ays th e Oxf o rd D ic tion a ry which
‘
. .
,

p rint s th e hy p h e n wh e r e a s W e,
b s t e r do es not
) a nd i s i n ,

d ang e r o f b e ing tak e n at firs t s ight fo r a fo r e ign word and

p r o nou nc e d i n s trang e way s .

Th e so ld i e rs hav e b e en b u ildi n g dugou ts throu gh ou t Ap ril . Ti mes .

Th e re is a t e nd e ncy to writ e c e rtai n fam iliar co m bi nati o n s

i rrati o nal ly whi ch m ay b e m e ntion e d h e r e though it d o e s n o t
, ,

n e c e s s a r il y i nv o lv e th e hy p h e n With i n n o w is e and a t .

a ny r a te ,
th e o nl y rational p o s s ibi liti e s a re to tre at th e m l ik e
n e ver th el es s a s o n e wo rd or l i k e n o n e th e les s a s thr e e word s
,

( t h e r ight way by u s ag e ) or giv e th e m two hy p h e n s

, , N ow i s e .

and a ny r a te a re n o t noun s that can b e gov e rn e d by i n

and a t
D on M c Ta gga rt w as th e o n ly m an on h is es tat e wh o m S ir Te mp e s t
c o u ld in n o wi s e m ak e a f raid — C R O C K E TT
. .

F r e n ch r u l e s of n e u trality are i n n o wi s e i n f ri n g e d by t h e s qu a dr o n .

At a n yrate — . C O R ELL I , p a ss i m .

Q UO TATI ON M A RK S
Q uotation mark s lik e hy p h e n s s hould b e u s e d only wh e n
, ,

n e c e s s ary Th e d e gre e o f n e c e s s ity wi ll vary s lightly with th e

.

m e ntal s tat e o f th e audi e nc e fo r whom a book is i nt e nd e d .

T o an e duc at e d man i t is an an noyanc e to fi nd h is a u th o r

war n ing hi m that s o m e thin g writt e n long ago and q u ot e d ,

e v e ry d ay al mo s t e v e r s inc e is not an o r iginal r e ma r k now ,

fi r s t s tr u ck out O n th e oth e r hand w r it e rs who add re s s th e

.
,

une du ca te d m ay fi nd th e i r accou n t i n u s ing al l th e quotati on

 Q U O TA T I O N M A R K S 281

mark s th e y can th e ir re ad e r s m ay b e gratifi e d by s e e i n g h o w

w e l l re ad t h e auth o r is o r m ay thi nk quotation mark s d e c o r a ,

tiv e Th e fol l o wi n g e xam p l e s s ta r t with th e l e a s t j u s tifiabl e

.

u s es a n d s to p at t h e p o i nt wh e r e q u o tati o n ma r k s b e com e
,

m o r e or l e s s n e c es s ary .

J o h n S m ith E s q C hat s w o rth M elt o n R oad L ea m i ngt o n

,
.
,
’
, , .

Th e i m p l icatio n s e e m s t o b e : l iving i n t h e ho u s e that s e n s ibl e

p p
e o l e cal l 1 64 M e lton R oad b ut o n e fo o l l ik e s to cal l ,

C hat s worth .

H o w is it that d u ri n g th e y e ar in which that s ch em e h a s b ee n s o ,

to sp e ak ,
‘
in th e p ill o ry
’
, n o alt e r n ativ e h a s at a ny rat e b ee n m ad e
, ,

p u blic Ti m es .

E ve ry m e ta p hor ought to b e t r e at e d a s a qu otation i f i n th e ,

p i l l o ry i s to b e H e r e m or e ov e.r qu o tati o n ma r k s a re a , ,

p r actical ta u t o l ogy a f t e r s o to sp e a h ,
.

R o b e rt Br o w n a n d W illia m M ar s hall c on vict e d o f r o bb e ry with ,

vi o l en c e w e r e s e n t en c e d re s p e ctiv e ly t o fi ve y e ar s
,
’

p e n al se rvit u d e
a n d e ight ee n s tr o k es with t h e a n d s e v e n y e ar s p e n al s e rvit u d e
‘ ’ ’
cat ,
.

Th e r e i s by thi s tim e no d ang e r what e v e r o f con fu s ion w i th

th e cat o f o n e tail .

n o t fo rg e t f u l o f h o w s o o n thi n g s J a p an e s e w ou ld b e thi ng s o f th e
‘

p a s t f or h e r — S L A D E
. N .

Thi s m ay b e call e d th e p r o p itiato ry u s e anal ogou s in p ri nt to ,

th e t e ntativ e ai r with which i n co n v e r s atio n t h e Engli s hman , ,

n o t s u r e o f h is p r onunciation o ffe r s a F r e nch w o rd S o t r i fl ing .

a p h r a s e is n o t worth u s i n g at th e co s t o f quotation mark s I f .

i t cou l d p a s s withou t w e l l a n d good ,

.

So that th e p ri n c e a n d I w e r e abl e to av o id that fa m iliarity that ‘

br e e d s c on t e m p t by k e e p i n g u p o u r o w n s ep arat e e s tabli s h m e n t s
’
.

C O RELL I .

th e R e ct o r ,
li n e al r e p r e s en tativ e o f th e a n ci en t m o n arch s o f th e
U n iv e rs ity th o u gh n o w littl e m o r e tha n a ki n g o f s hr e d s an d p atch e s
, ,
— H UX L E Y .

W e agre e p r e tty w e ll in our ta s t e s and habit s— y e t so, as

‘
with a
di r ce
ff e e n — LAM B .
 2 82 P U N CT U A T I O N

Wi th a d if f
( Op hel i a 0 y o u m u s t w e ar you r ru e with
er en ce ,

a d i ffe r e nc e ) m ight e s ca p e n otic e as a quotat ion i f att e nti o n

w e r e not d r awn t o i t A r e ad e r fi t to a p p r e ciat e L amb h o w
.
,

e v e r c o ul d s carc e ly fai l t o b e s u ffi ci e ntly warn e d by th e o d d

,

tu r n o f th e p r e c e ding word s .

A q u e s tio n o f s o m e i m p ortanc e to wri t e r s who troubl e

th e m s e lv e s ab o ut accu racy though no d o ub t t h e av e rag e
,

r e ad e r i s p ro fou ndly i ndi ffe r e nt is that o f th e ri ght ord e r as

,

b etw e e n qu o tat ion m ark s and s tO p s B e s i d e s t h e con fl ict i n .

which w e s hal l agai n find ou rs e lv e s with th e a es th e ti c c o m

o s it o r i t i s r e al ly di ffic u l t to arriv e at a co m p l e t e ly logical
p ,

s ys t e m . B e for e l ay ing down w hat s e e m s t h e b es t attainabl e ,

w e m u s t warn t h e r e ad e r that i t i s n o t th e s y s t e m now i n

f a s hi o n but th e r e a re s ign s that p r int e rs a re fe e l ing th e i r way

toward s b e tt e r thing s and thi s is an att e m p t to antici p at e
,

wh at th e y wi ll ultimat e ly com e to We s hall mak e o n e o r .

two p o s tulat e s d e d u c e ru l es and giv e e xam p l e s A ft e r th e

, , .

e xam l e s i n ord r that r e ad e r s who a re c o n t e n t e i th e r to go

p ( e

o n with th e r e s e nt c o m p ro mi s e or to acc e p t o u r r u l e s may b e

p
abl e to s ki p th e d i s cu s s ion ) w e s hal l con s id e r s om e p o s s ibl e
,

obj e ction s .

No s to p i s e v e r r e qu ir e d at t h e e n d o f a qu otatio n t o
s e p arat e t h e quotati o n a s s u ch f ro m what follow s ;
, ,
that i s
s u ffi ci e ntl y do n e by t h e quotati on m ark .

A s to p i s r e qu ir e d to s e p arat e th e containing s e nt e nc e ,
’
wh ich m ay go o n b eyond t h e quotation s e nd bu t mor e c o m ,

m o n ly do e s not f ro m what fo l l o w s
,
.

A n e xcl amation or qu e s tio n m a rk w h ich a re n o t tru e n

s to p s bu t ton e s y mbol s — m ay b e an e s s e ntial p art o f t h e

,

qu otation .

Wh e n a qu o tation is brok e n by s u ch in s e rtion s a s h e s a id ,

any s t o p or t o n e s ymb ol m ay b e an e s se nti al p art o f th e fi rs t

f r agm e nt o f qu o tation .

No s t o p is n e e d e d at e ith e r e n d o f s uch i n s e rtion s a s h e s a id

 2 84 P U N CT U A T I O N

i ncorr e c t p re tti n es s bu t corr e c t p re tti n e s s Th e r e is n ev e r

,
.

any d i ffi culty i n r e w r iti ng s e nt e nc e s l ik e th e s e ( I s th e .

qu e s tion wh e re h e w a s & c P) C a n a thing b o th b e and n o t

, .

Th e qu e s ti o n is ab s u r d ) B ut i t s h o ul d b e r e c o gni z e d
’
be ? .

that if s uc h s e nt e nc e s a re to b e wri tt e n th e r e is on ly o n e way

, ,

t o p u nctuat e th e m .

I t m ay b e o f i nt e res t to s how how th es e s e nt e nc e s s tand i n

th e book s I s t s e nt e nc e ( E s s ay s 2 nd rd
‘
.
3
(
’
h ( 6 h
’

4 t a,s h e r e ; 5 th not h e e xclai m e d ,

t gu e s s ,

h e r e tort e d ) , 7 th ( V e la s qu e z 8 th ( s a y ing ) (d i es ,

Th e la s t two a re f abri cat e d .

Th e obj e ction s m ay now b e con s id e r e d .

Th e p a s s i n g cr o wd i s a p hra s e c o i n e d in th e s p irit o f i ndi ff e r en c e

‘ ’
.

Ye t , to a m a n o f what P lat o call s u n iv e r s al s y m p ath i e s an d e v en to th e

‘
,
’

p lai n o rdi n ary d e n i z e n s o f thi s w o rld what c a n b e m o r e i n t e re s ti n g tha n

, ,

th e p a s s i n g cr o wd —B
‘
.

A ft e r giving th i s e xam p l e B ead n e l l s ay s : Th e r e a s on is

,

cl e ar th e word s qu ot e d a re tho se o f anoth e r bu t th e qu es ti o n ,

’
i s th e w rit e r s o w n N e v e rth e l e s s fo r th e s ak e o f n e atn e s s
.
, ,

t h e ord i nary p o i n t s s u ch as th e co m ma s e micol on c o l on and

, , , ,

fu ll s to p p r ecede th e quotat ion m ark s i n i n s tanc e s analogou s

,

t o th e o n e quot e d ; bu t th e e xclamati on foll ow s th e s am e

r u l e a s t h e i nt e rrogation
S ing u larl y e nough th e s to p s that are accord ing to thi s
,

alway s to p r e c e d e th e quotati on m ark (fo r th e analogou s ‘

ca s es a re t h e o nly ca se s i n which th e out s id e p o s ition would

b e s o m u ch a s c o n s id e r e d ) a re j u s t th e on e s that by ou r rul e s
ough t hard ly e v e r to d o s o wh e r e a s th e two that a re s om e ,

t i m es allow e d th e out s id e p o s ition a re th e two that w e ad m i t

to b e as o ft e n n e c es s ary i n s id e a s out s id e N e atn e s s is th e s ol e .

c on s id e ration j u s t a s th e e ars m ay b e r e gard e d a s not h e ar

’
i ng organ s b u t h and s o m e vol ut e s o f th e hu man ca p ital s o
,
‘
,

qu otati o n mark s may b e w e lcom e d a s giving a good p ic

t u re s q u e fi n i s h to a s e nt e n c e ; th o s e who a re o f thi s way o f
th i n kin g m u s t fe e l that i f th e y all ow e d out s id e th e m anythi n g
,
 Q U O T A T I O N S A ND S TO PS 2 85

s h o rt o f fi ne hand s o m e s to p s l ik e th e e xcl amati o n and qu e s tion

m ark s th e y w o u ld b e c o u nt e n ancing an anti cl i max B u t th e y
,
.

a re r e ally m e r e con s e rvativ e s ma s qu e rad ing only a s a e s th e t e s ;

,

and th e i r con s e rvati s m wil l s oon hav e to yi e ld A rgu m e nt .

o n th e s u bj e ct is i m p o s s ibl e ; it is o nly a qu e s ti o n wh e th e r t h e
’
rint e r s lov e f o r t h e ol d way s that s e e m to hi m s o n e at o r th e
p ,
’
writ e r s a n d re ad e r s d es ir e to b e und e rs tood and to u nd e r
’

s tand f ul ly is to p r e vail ,
.

A noth e r obj e ctor tak es a s trong e r p o s ition H e ad m it s .

that l o gic and n o t b e auty m u s t d e cid e : but b e for e w e giv e

, ,
‘

u p th e o l d l e t u s b e s u r e w e a re giving it u p fo r a n e w that i s
,
’
l o gi cal H e i nvi t e s o u r att e nti on to th e r e c e nt p aragra p h
.

’
containing B e a d n e ll s vi e ws Why i n th e la s t s e nt e nc e o f
.
‘
,

that p a r agra p h is th e ful l s to p o uts id e ?

,
B ut th e e xcl a m a
tion follow s th e s am e rul e a s th e i nt e rrogati o n i s a com p l e t e
s e nt e nc e quot e d ; why S houl d i ts f u l l s to p b e s e p arat e d f ro m
,

Th e an s w e r i s that th e ful l s to p is n o t i ts f ul l s to p ; i t
’
it ?
n e e d s no s t o p having its com m un icati on s forward ab s o l u t e ly
,

cut o ff by t h e quotation m ark I t is a d e l u s ion to s u p p o s e .

that any s e nt e nc e h as p ro p ri e tary right s i n a s to p tho u gh it ,

m ay hav e i n a ton e s ymbol a s to p is p lac e d a ft e r it m e r e ly

to s e p arat e i t f ro m what foll ow s if n e c e s s ary A n d t h e ful l , .

s to p a f t e r e v e ry la s t s e nt e nc e ( not a qu e s tio n o r e xclamation )

f a aragra h cha t e r or bo o k ? —I s illogical and o n ly to b

o p p p , , e ,

allow e d l ik e tho s e i n th e i s olat e d quotation s m e ntion e d i n rul e

,

( )
I a ,in d e fe r e nc e to u niv e r s al cu s to m O u r f u ll s to p b e long s .
,

not to th e l a s t s e nt e nc e o f th e q u otation bu t to t h e p aragra p h , ,

which is al l o n e s e nt e nc e th e wh o l e qu otati o n s im p ly p laying

,

t h e p a r t h e l p e d by th e quotati o n ma r k s o f o bj e ct to s ay s
, ,
.

Bu t s ay s is fo llow e d by a c o l o n and a colon b e tw e e n v e r b ,

and o bj e ct b reak s yo u r own ru l e s — No ; is s o m e thing .

’

d i ffe r e nt fr o m a s t o p it is an e xt r a q u o tatio n m a r k a s m uch ,

a c o n v e ntional s ymb ol a s th e f ul l s t o p i n M A and oth e r .

abb r e viati o n s W e ll th e n i n s t e ad o f s ays r e ad con ti n ues to

.
, , , ,

wh ich th e qu o tati o n cl e a r ly cannot b e o bj e ct ; wi ll that a ffe ct

2 86 P U N CT U A T I O N

o ur f ul l s op t ? -
No quotati o n wil l s ti ll b e p art o f th e
; t h e

se nt e nc e ; not i nd e e d a no u n a s b e fo r e a nd obj e ct to t h e
, ,

v e rb ; b u t a n adv e rb s im p ly e qu ival e nt to th u s attach e d t o

, ,

th e v e r b .

S ati s fi e d o n that p o i nt th e obj e ctor tak e s u p o u r s tat e m e nt

,

that th e q u o tation ma r k c u t s co m mu nication s a s i m ilar s tat e

m e nt w as m ad e i n th e D a s h es s e ctio n abo u t b rack e t s an d
d oubl e d a s h e s H e s u b mit s a qu o tation — S o m e p e o p l e
.

’
‘
g r u n t and s w e at u nd e r v e ry e a s y b u rd e n s i nd e e d ; and a
p ai r o f b rack e t s — l t is
( n o t a l ittl e l e arning b ut ) m uch c o n ,

cci t that i s a dang e ro u s thi ng I t is s u r e ly n o t tru e that

.
‘

e ith e r q u o tation ma r k o r b r ack e t cut s t h e c o m mu ni cati o ns

th e r e ; u n der i n th e q u o tati o n bu t in t h e b rack e t s a re i n v e ry
, ,
’
activ e co m m u nicatio n wi th bu r d ens and c on cei t o ut s id e Th e , .

an s w e r is that th e s e a re m e r e ly conv e ni e nt m i s u s e s o f quota

ti o n m a r k s and brack e t s A qu o tation and a p ar e nth e s i s.

s ho u l d b e co m l e t e in th e m s e lv e s and in s tan c e s that a re n o t

p ,

s o m ay b e n e gl e ct e d i n a r g u ing ou t rin ci l S c ial r l

p p e s p e u es .

m ight ind e e d b e r e qu i re d i n c o n s e q u e nc e fo r t h e abnorm al

ca s e s but i n p ractic thi s n o t s o with qu o tati n s
e i s o — A l as t .
‘

p oint . To ada p t o n e o f you r in s tan c e s h e r e a re t w o s e t s,

o f
s e nt e nc e s s to
pp e
, d a s I gath e r y o u wou ld s to p th e m H e

a s k e d m e C an a thing both b e and not b e ? Th e qu e s tion

"
i s ab s u rd ( 2 ) H e s aid
. A thing cannot b o th b e and n o t b e .

I at onc e agr e e d No w i f th e fu l l s to p is r e q u i re d a ft e r th e
.
,

quotation mark i n th e s e cond i t m u s t b e r e quir e d a ft e r that,

i n th e fi r s t in e ach ca s e t o p art n o t th e quotation but th e

, , ,

containing s e nt e nc e fro m th e n e xt s e nt e nc e
,
W hat right have .

’
you to om it th e fu l l s t o p in th e fi rs t ? —N o n e what e v e r ; i t
wil l not b e o mitt e d S o w e hav e an addition o f s o m e i m
.

p o rtanc e to t h e m on s tro s i ti e s you s aid w e s ho u l d hav e to

’
avoid — W e l l s e nt e nc es o f thi s ty p e a re not co m mon e x c e p t
.
,

i n a s tyl e o f a ffe ct e d s i m p li city O r r e al s i m p l i city

. He .

s aith u nt o hi m t h e third t i m e S i mon s o n o f J o na s lov e s t thou

, , ,

me ? A n d is th e r e any p articul ar s i m p licity r e al o r a ffe ct e d , ,

2 88 P U N CT U A T I O N

s y s t e m al s o u s e th e S ingl e m ark s fo r i s ol at e d wo rd s s hort ,

p hra s e s and ,
anythi ng that can hard ly b e call e d a f o rmal
quotation ; thi s avoid s givi ng m uch e m p ha s i s to s u ch e x p r e s
s ion s which i s an advantag e Th e m o r e l ogical m e th o d is
,
.

that ad o p t e d fo r i n s tanc e by th e O x ford U n iv e rs ity P r e s s o f

, , ,

r e s e rving th e d o u bl e mark s e xcl u s iv e ly fo r qu otation s withi n

quotation s B e s i d es th e l o s s o f th e u s e fu l d e g r e e s i n e m p ha s i s
.

(s u r e h o w e v e r t o b e incon s i s t e ntly u tili z e d

, , ) th e r e i s a c e rtain ,

lack o f fu l l d re s s e ffe ct abou t i m p o r tan t qu otation s wh e n

-

gi v e n thi s way ; but that is p ro b ab ly a m e r e m att e r o f hab i tu a

t ion I t s hould b e m e nti o n e d that m o s t o f th e quot e d quota
.

tio n s i n thi s s e cti o n had originally th e d o ubl e m ark s bu t ,

hav e b e e n alt e r e d to s ui t th e m or e logical m e tho d ; and th e

u n p l e a s antn es s o f th e n e e dl e s s quotatio n m ark s with which
w e s tart e d h as s o b e e n s lightly ton e d d own .

A co m mo n m i s tak e o f no gr e at i m p ortan c e bu t r e s ulting

, ,

i n m ore or l e s s di s com fort or p e rp l e xity to t h e r e ad e r is t h e ,

p lacing o f th e fir s t qu otation m ark e arl i e r than t h e p lac e wh e r e

quotatio n r e al ly b e gi n s Th e co m mo n e s t fo r m o f it is t h e
.

’
incl u ding o f th e quot e r s i ntro ductory th a t which it is ,

o ft e n obviou s that th e original d id not contai n Gen er .

ally s p e aking if th a t i s u s e d th e quotat ion m a r k s may b e

,

d i s p e n s e d with ; not how e v e r if th e e xact p hra s e ol o gy is

, ,

i m p ortant ; bu t at l e a s t th e m ark s ho u l d b e i n th e right p l ac e .

I r e m e m b e r an o ld s ch o la s ti c a p h ori sm which s ay s that th e m an w h o

, ,
‘

liv e s wh o lly d e tach e d fro m o th e r s m u s t b e e ith e r an a ng e l o r a d e vil

,
.
’

B URKE .

As a p hori s m d e s c e nd s through L atin fro m A ri s totl e (i)

th e
d ) h f
’

a i ov b e s t e p r e ci s e E ngl
, i s h w o r d s a r e o no i m p ortanc e ,

and th e q u otation mark s might a s w e ll b e away ; at l e a s t th e

firs t s houl d b e a ft e r th a t .

T h en , with a me , h e t o ok hi mse l f i n t o kitch en

’
s a rva n t, s ir th e
‘
to .

B o RRow .

C l e arly a is not i nclud e d in th e qu o tation .

 Q U O TA T I O N M A R K S 2 89

Th e y m ak e rfe ctly cl ear an d p lai n h e i n fo r me d th e H o u se that

it pe , ,

S ir An t o n y M a c D o n n ell w a s i n vit e d by h im rath e r a s a c o ll e ag ue tha n ,

a s a m e r e U n d e r S e cr e tary t o r e gi s t e r m y will — Ti m es
’
-
. .
,

Th e cha n g e f r o m h i m to my would b e quit e l e giti mat e i f th e

fi rs t qu o tati o n mark s t o o d b e fo r e r a ther i n s t e ad o f wh e r e it
d o e s ; a s it s ta n d s i t i s ab s u rd ,
.

I t i s l o n g s i n c e h e p art o o k o f th e H o ly C o m m u n i o n th o u gh th e r e w as ,

an E a s t e rday , o f which h e writ e s , wh e n h e m ight hav e re m ai n e d q u ei tly

in ( )
h is c o r n e r d u ri n g t h e o ffi c e , if Ti m es .

Th e ( h is ) is vid e n tly b rack e t e d t o s h o w that it is s ub s titut e d

e
’
f o r t h e o ri gi nal writ e r s my Thi s is v e ry c o ns ci e n ti o u s ; bu t
.

it foll o w s that e ith e r t h e s am e s hould hav e b e en d o n e fo r h e ,

or th e quotation m ark s h o uld b e a ft e r h e .

W e b ega n thi s s e ction by s aying that qu o tati o n m a r k s

s houl d b e u s e d o nly wh e n n e c e s s ary A qu e s ti o n that a ffe ct s .

th e d e ci s ion to s o m e e x t e n t i s th e d i ffe r e nc e b e tw e e n d i r e ct ,

indir e ct a n d hal f and hal f qu o tati o n W e can s ay ( 1 ) H e

,
- -
.

s aid I will go ( ) H e s aid h e woul d go

( ) H ai d h ‘
2 3 e s e .

Th e fi r s t vari e ty is o ft e n n e c es s a r y f o r t h e s ak e o f
’
w o uld go .

vivid n e s s Th e thi r d i s o cca s i onall y j u s tifi e d wh e n th o u gh

.
,

th e r e is no occa s i o n fo r vividn e s s th e re i s s o m e tu r n o f p h ra s e ,

that it is i m p o r tant fo r th e r e ad e r to r e c o g n i z e as actual ly

o riginating n o t w ith t h e writ e r b ut with t h e p e r s o n q u o t e d ;
, ,

o th e r wi s e that vari e ty i s t o b e car e ful ly av o i d e d ; h o w d is

,

ag r e e abl e it is wi l l a p p e ar in t h e e xam p l e b e l o w F o r o rd i n a r y .

u r o s es
p p t h e s e c o nd va r i e ty which i nv o lv e s no q u otat
, i o n

ma r k s is th e b e s t
, .

He th en f o ll o w e d m y e x a m p l e , d e clar e d h e n e v e r fe lt m o r e r e fr e s h e d i n
h is li fe , an d , givi n g a b o u n d , s aid , h e w o u ld go a n d l o o k aft e r h i s h o r s e s .
’

—B o R R o w .

F urth e r th e re m ay , qu o tation n o t o f o th e r p e o p l e s
be ,
’

word s b u t o f o n e s o w n th o u ght s I n th i s ca s e t h e m e th o d
,
’
.

p r e vailing at p r e s e nt i s that e x e m p l ifi e d i n t h e Ti m es e x t r act

b e l o w Tak e n by it s e l f th e r e is no o bj e cti o n t o i t W e p o i n t
.
, .

out ,h o w ev e r that it is i r r e c o ncilabl e with th e p ri nc i p l e s

,

U
2 90 P U N CT U A T I O N

e x p lain e d in th i s s e cti o n which d e mand th e additi o n o f a full

,

s t o p (d e r iv e d That w o u l d b e a wo r s e m o n s tro s ity than

t h e o n e i n th e fi r s t o f th e thr e e l e gitim at e alt e r nativ e s that w e
add . We r e c o m m e nd that th e Ti mes m e thod s ho u ld b e
abandon e d a n d th e fi rs t o r s e cond o f th e oth e r s u se d a c
,

c o r d ing to ci rc u m s tanc e s .

The n ex t qu e s ti on i s W h e n c e is thi s i n c o m e d e riv e d — Ti mes

, .

T h e n e x t q u e s ti o n i s W h e n c e i s th i s i n c o m e d e riv e d ( F u ll d ire ct
‘

q u o tati o n. O b s e rv e t h e m o n s tr os ity s t op )

Th e n e x t q u es ti o n is wh e n c e thi s i n c o m e i s d e riv e d .
( I n dir e ct
q u o tati o n )
T h e n ex t q u es ti o n i s W h e n c e th i s i n c o m e i s d e riv e d dir ct
‘
( I
’
. n e

q u o tati o n with
q u o tati o n m ark s , o r hal f a n d hal f
- -

q u o tati o n lik
, e th e
B o rr o w s e n t e n c e )
In concl u d ing th e cha p t e r on P unct u ation w e m ay m ak e
th e g e n e ral r e m ark that t h e e ff e c t o f ou r r e co m m e ndati o n s ,

wh e th e r advocating a s in th e l a s t s e ction m o r e s tri ctn e s s o r ,

a s in oth e r p art s mor e l ib e rty w o uld b e c e rtainly a con

, , ,

s id e ra b le r e d uction i n t h e nu mb e r o f d iac rit i cal ma r k s

cu tti n g U p a n d d i s figuring th e t e xt ; and a s w e thi nk a , ,

p r actic e i n mo s t r e s p e ct s m or e logi cal and com r e h e n s ibl e

p .
 292 EU PHONY

not r e s ult in a j i ngl e b ut in al l o u r i ns ta nc e s th e two ad v e r b s

e ith e r qual i fy d i ffe r e nt word s or qual i fy th e s am e word at ,

d i ff e r e n t tim es Th u s in th e H u xl e y s e nt e nc e u n qu es tion a bly

.
, ,

e ith e r q u al i fi e s i s o r qual ifi e s tr u e only a ft e r l a rgely h a s

,

q u al i fi e d it : i t is n o t t h e ( u niv e rs al ) t r uth b u t th e p artial ,

t r u th o f th e p ro p o s itio n that is u nqu es tion abl e

, .

W h en th e tra ffi c in our s tre e t s b e c o m e s en tir e ly m e cha n ically p ro

p e lle d Ti m es
. .

H e l iv e d p ract ically cl us iv e ly o n m ilk E F B E N S ON

ex .
-
. . .

C ritic s w ou ld p r o bably d e cid e dly d i s agr e e — H U TT ON . .

Th e ch ildr e n a re fu n cti o n ally m e n tally d e fe ct iv e Ti m es . .

W hat i s p ract ically wh o lly a nd e n tire ly th e Briti s h c o m me rc e a n d

trad e Ti m es
. .

w h o a n s w e re d u s u ally m o n o s yllabica l ly
,
—E F B E N S ON . .
, .

T h e p o li cy o f E n gla n d t o ward s A fghan i s ta n i s a s fo rm e rly e n tir e ly , ,

fri e n dly Ti m es . .

M o ne y S p e n t po s s ibly u n wi s e ly p ro bably ill e gally a n d c e rt ai n ly ha s tily , , .

Th e d ee r a re n e e s s c
arily cl o se l y c o n fi ne d to d e fi n it e are a s Ti mes . .

W e fi n d H o bb es s vi e w t o l e rably e ff e ctiv e ly c o m bat e d — M O RL E Y

’
. .

Gr e at m en tal e n d o w m e n t s d o n o t u n ha p p ily n e c es s arily i n v o lv e a , ,

p a s s i o n fo r o b s c u rity — H G W E L L S . . . .

Th e p rop o s iti o n o f D e s cart es is u n q u e s ti o n ably larg e ly tr u e — H U X L E Y .

2 . A L L I T E RAT I ON
A lli t e rati o n i snot m u ch a ffe ct e d by m o d e r n p ro s e w r it e rs
o f a n y e x p e r i e nc e i t i s a n o vi c e s toy Th e ant i th e ti c va r i e ty ’
.

h a s p r o bably s e e n i ts b e s t d a y s and th e o th e r i n s tanc e s ,

quot e d a re d ou btl e ss to b e att r ib u t e d to n e gl ig e nc e .

I mu s t d s tru dg e at e v e ry o l d beld a m s bi dd i ng a n d e ve ry y o u ng ’
n ee

m i n x s m aggot — S C O TT
’
.

O n ward gl i d e d D a m e U r s ula n o w in gl i mmer an d n o w in gl o om , .

S C O TT .

I hav e s een h e r in th e s a m e day a s cha n g e fu l a s a m arm o z et a n d ,

a s s t u bb o rn a s a m u l e S C O TT .
-
.

T h u s i n con s e q u en c e o f th e co n ti nu a n c e o f that gri e va n c e th e m e a n s o f

, ,

e d u cati o n at t h e di s p os al o f th e P r o t e s ta n t s an d P re s byt e ria n s w e re

s tu n t e d a n d s te rili z e d — B AL F O U R . .

A ga u n t w e ll with a s h att e r e d p en t h o us e dw arfe d th e dw e lli ng -

.

H G WELL S
. . .
 E UP H ON Y 2 93

It shall b e law ful to p ick e t p re m i s e s fo r t h e p urp o se of p e ac e fu ll y

p e r s u adi n g a n y p e r s o n to T i m es .

3 P R
. E P O S I T ON
R E PE A TE D
I S

Th e fo u n d e r s of th e s t u dy f rigi h m a c lt r — M O Y
o t h e o n of u n u u e RL E .

Aft e r th e m a nn e r of t h e a u th o r qf t h e i m m o rtal s p ee ch es of P e ricl e s .

M O R LE Y .

To g o a n n o u n c em e n t of th e d es tr u cti o n of th e fighti n g p o w e r of
’
s

Ru s s ia s P acific s q u adr o n Ti mes

’
. .

Th e n e c e s s ity of t h e m o dificati o n of t h e s y s t e m of ad m i n i s trati o n .

An ex agge rati o n of th e e x c e s se s of th e e po ch of s en ti m e n tal i s m .

M O RLE Y .

H o s t il e j u s ti ce of th e p ri n ci p l e of th e ta x i ng of th o s e val u e s
to t h e
which LO R D R O S E B E R Y .

Th e o b s e rvati o n of t h e fact s of th e g e o l o gical s u cc e s s i o n of th e fo r m s

o li fe — H U X L E Y
f . .

D e v o id of a n y acc u rat e k n o wl e dg e of th e m o d e of d e v e l o p m e n t of
m a n y gr o u p s of p la n t s a n d a n i m al s — H UX L E Y . .

O n e u n i fo r m n o t e of co rd I a l re c o g n iti o n of th e c o mp l e t e s u cc e s s 4 th e
e x p e ri m e n t — Ti m es .

T h e fir s t fa s ci c u l u s of th e s e c o n d v o l u m e of t h e B i s h op of S al i s b u ry s
’

critical e diti o n of S t J e r o me s R e vi s i on of th e L ati n Ne w Te s ta m e n t

.
’
.

Ti m es .

Th e a pp r e ciati on of th e H o u s e of th e b e n e fit s d e riv e d by th e e n c o u rage

m en t a ffo rd e d by th e Go v e r n m e n t to th e o p e rat i o n s of Ti m es .
—
.

T h e s t u dy of th e p e r fe ctly h u ma n th e m e of th e a ffe cti o n of a m a n of

m iddl e a ge Ti m es . .

H is c o n victi o n of th e i m p os s ibility of th e p ro p o s al e i th e r of th e cre ati o n

of e l e cti v e fi n a n cial b o ard s —D a i l
y E xp r es s .

R e p r e s e n tativ e of th e m i n d of th e a ge of lit e rat u r e RU S K I N .

-
.

I n dig n ati o n aga i n s t th e w o r s t o ffe n d e r s aga i n s t — Ti m e s .

A b e li e f i n la n g u ag e i n har m o n y with —D a i l Te l e r a h
y g p .

T h e O p p o s iti o n to th e s u b m i s s i o n to th e clai m s — Ti m es . .

Tak e n u p w i th war fare w i th a n e n e m y — F R E E M AN .

P al m e r s t o n wa s t e d th e s tre n gth d e riv e d by E ngla n d by th e gr e at war by

h i s brag — GR A N V I L L E
. .

U n p rO p i ti o u s f or a n y p roj e c t f or th e r e d u cti o n
C all e d up on to d e cid e up on th e r e d u cti o n

4 . S E QU E N C E OF R E L A TI V E S
A garr e t in w h i ch w e r e tw o s m all b e d s in o n e
, ,
of w h i ch she gav e me
to u n d e r s ta n d a n o th e r g e n tl e m a n s l e t
p B O R R O W . .
2 94 E U PH ONY
S till no w o rd o f e n light e n men t had c o m e w h i ch s h o u ld p i e rc e th e th ick
cl o u d s o f d o u bt w h i ch h id th e fa ce o f th e fu t u r e E F B E N S ON .
-
. . .

T h e id e al o f a g e n e ral al p hab e t is o n e w h i ch giv e s a ba s i s w h i ch is

ge ne rally acc e p tabl e — H S W E E T . . .

H e e nj o y e d a l u crat iv e p ractic e w h i ch e n abl e d h i m to m ai n tai n a n d

,

e d u cat e a fa m ily with all t h e adva n tag e s w h i ch m o n e y c a n giv e in thi s

c o u try T R O L L O P E
n —. .

T h e cl o w n w h o vi e w s th e p a n d e m o n i u m o f re d brick w h i ch h e h a s
b u ilt o n t h e e s tat e w h i ch h e h a s p u rcha s e d — B O R R O W . .

Th e m ai n thr e ad o f t h e b o o k w h i ch i s a dari n g a s s a u lt u p o n that

,

se ri o u s ki n d o f p e da n try w h i ch u tt e r s it s e lf in —L S T E P H E N . .

P ractical r e a s o n s w hi ch c o m bi n e to co mm e n d thi s arch it e ct u ral s o l u t i o n

o f a p r o bl e m w h i c h s o m a n y o f u s dr e ad

T h e t e ach e r s w h o t o o k car e that t h e w e ak e r w h o m ight o th e rwi s e b e

, ,

d riv e n to th e wall had th e ir fair s hare Ti m es

, . .

L e t th e h e ad s a n d r u l e r s of f ree p eop l e s t e ll thi s tr u th t o a T s ar w h o

s e e k s to d o m i n at e a p e o p l e w h o will n o t a n d ca n n o t

H e m ad e a s p ee ch w h i ch c on tai n e d a p a s s ag e o n th e c o n diti o n s o f

m o d e rn di p l o m acy w h i ch attract e d s o m e att e n ti o n — Ti m es .

Th e r e is o f c o urs e no o bj e cti o n to th e r e cu rr e n c e wh e n th e
r e lativ e s a re p arall e l .

S E QU E N C E O TH E R C ON J U N C TI ON S
’

5 . OF
‘
T H AT OR

H e re ,
as with r e lativ e s th e r e cu rr e nc e is o bj e ctionabl e o nly
,

wh e n o ne o f t h e cl au s e s is s ubord i n at e to t h e oth e r .

I do not fo rg e t th a t s o me write r s hav e h e ld th a t a s y s t em i s to b e

i n fe rre d .B A L F OU R
-
.

I s a y th a t th e r e i s a r e al da n g e r th a t w e m a y ru n to t h e o th e r e x tr e m e .

—H U X L E Y .

I t i s cl e ar th a t th e o p i n i o n w a s th a t it i s n o t i n c o mp atibl e .

N AN S E N .

I fi n d th a t th e vi e w th a t J a p a n h a s n o w a s p l e n di d O pp o rt u n ity is
h e artily e n d o r s e d Ti mes
— .

I m u s t p o i n t o u t th a t it i s a bl o t o n o u r n ati o n al e d u cati o n th a t w e
hav e s e rvi ng Ti m es .

Th e C hairm a n r e p li e d t o t h e all e gati o n m ad e by th e R adical p r e s s to

t h e e ff e ct th a t th e s tat e m e n t th a t th e Briti s h w o rk m an will n o t w o rk a s
a n u n s kill e d lab o u r e r in th e m i ne s i s i n acc u rat e Ti m es . .

An o fficial t e l e gra m s ta t es th a t Ge n e ral N o gi r e p o rt s th a t Ti m es .

T h e c o n victi o n th a t th e T s ar m u s t r e ali z e th a t th e p r e s tig e o f R u s s ia is

at s tak e Ti mes
.
-
.
296 E UPH ON Y

7 . S E N TE N C E A C C E N T

It is onl y n e c es s ary t o r e ad alo u d any o ne o f th e s e nt e nc e s

qu o t e d b e l o w to p e r c e iv e at o nc e that th e r e is s o m e thing
,

w r o ng with i ts acc e nt u ati o n To l ay d o wn r u l e s on thi s p o int

.

woul d b e s u p e r fl u ou s e v e n i f i t w e r e p racti cabl e ; fo r i n al l

,

d o ubt ful ca s e s th e e ar can and s hou ld d e cid e A writ e r who .

can n ot tru s t him s e l f to balanc e his s e n t e n c e s p r o p erly s h o ul d

r e ad al o ud al l that h e writ e s I t is u s e l es s fo r hi m to argu e
.

that r e ad e r s will n o t r e ad h is work al o ud an d that th e re fore

,

th e fau lt o f which w e a re s p e aking wil l e s ca p e notic e F or

.
,

although th e faul t may a p p e ar to b e e xcl u s iv e ly o n e o f s ou nd ,

i t is alway s i n fact a fa u lt o f s e n se : u nnatu ral acc e nt u ation is

o nly t h e o u tward S ign o f an u n n atural combination o f thought .

Thu s nin e r e ad e rs o u t o f te n woul d d e t e ct in a m o m e nt

, ,

with o u t r e ading al o ud th e i ll j udg e d s tru ct u re i n our firs t

,
-

e xam l e
p t h e writ e r h a s tri e d to d o t w o i ncom p atibl e thing s

at th e s am e ti m e to d e s crib e in s o m e d e tail th e a p p e aranc e o f

,

h is charact e rs and t o b e gi n a c o nv e r s ati o n th e r e s ult i s that

,

any o n e r e ad i ng th e s e nt e nc e aloud is c o m p e ll e d to maintai n ,

t hrough s e v e ral lin e s Of n e w and e s s e ntial i n form ati o n th e ,

t o n e that i s a p p ro p riat e only to what is tr e at e d as a matt e r o f

c o u r s e Th e i nt e rrogativ e t o n e p ro t e s t s mor e l o u d ly than any
.

oth e r again s t thi s kind o f mi s manag e m e nt ; b u t o u r e xam p l e s

wil l S how that oth e r ton e s a re l iabl e t o th e s am e abu s e .

Th e ac c e ntu ati o n o f e ach clau s e o r p ri nci p al m e mb e r o f

a s e nt e nc e is p r i marily fi x e d by i ts r e l ation t o th e o th e r
m e mb e rs : wh e n th e int e rnal clai m s o f i ts o w n com p o n e n t
p art s cla s h w ith thi s fix e d acc e ntuation — wh e n f o r i n s tanc e
, ,

w hat s h o u l d b e r e ad with a u ni formly d e cl ining acc e nt u ati o n

r e q u i r e s fo r it s own int e r n al p u r p o s e s a ma r k e d r i s e a nd fal l o f

acc e nt — r e con s tru ction is n e c e s s ary t o avoid a ba dly balanc e d
s e nt e nc e . Th e p a s s ag e from P e aco ck will i llu s trat e thi s :
a ft e r p up i ls and s til l m or e a ft e r cou n terp oi n t th e ac c e nt u ati o n
, ,

s hould s t e ad ily d e cl in e to th e e n d o f th e p a s s ag e ; bu t con ,

 S ENTEN CE ACCE NT 2 97

flict ing with thi s r e q u i r e m e nt w e hav e th e e x o r bi tant claim s

,

o f a c o m p l e t e an e cd o t e c o ntaining within it s e l f an e l aborat e ly

,

acc e nt e d s p e e ch To r e p res e nt th e an e cd o t e a s an i ns ign ifi

.

cant a p p e n dag e t o p up ils w a s a fa u lt o f s e n s e i t is r e v e al e d to

th e fe w w h o w o u ld n o t hav e p e rc e i v e d i t by th e i m p o s s ibility
o f r e ad ing th e a s ag e natural ly
p s .

‘
Are J ap a n e s e A p ril s alway s l o v ely as thi s ? a sk e d th e ma n in th e
as
’

light tw ee d s u it o f t w o o th e rs in i mm ac u lat e flan n els with cri m s o n s a s h e s

r o u n d th e ir wai s t s an d p uggar e e s f o ld e d in c u nn i n g p lait s r o un d th e ir
bro ad Te rai hat s — D S L AD E N
. . .

‘
H e r e w e are h e s aid p r e s en tly a ft e r th e y had t u r n e d o ff th e m ai n
’
, ,

r o ad f or a wh il e a n d rattl e d al o n g a la n e b e tw een h igh ba nk s t op p e d with

E n gli s h s hr u b s a n d l o o ki n g fo r all th e w o rld lik e an o u t s kirt o f Tu n bridg e
,

We ll s — D S LAD E N
. .

I d o u bt if H ayd n w o u ld hav e p a s s e d a s a c o m p o s e r b e fo r e a c o mm itt ee

o f l o rd s l i k e o n e o f h i s o w n p u p il s w h o i n s i s t e d o n d e m o n s trati n g t o h im
,

that h e w a s c o n ti n u ally s i nn i n g agai n s t th e r u l e s o f c o u nt e rp o i n t ; o n

which H ayd n s aid to h im I th o u ght I w a s to t e ach yo u b u t i t s ee m s
, ,

yo u a re to t e ach m e a n d I d o n o t wa n t a p r e c e p t o r an d th e r e o n h e
’

, ,

wi s h e d h is l o rd s hi p a go o d m o rn i n g — P E AC O C K . .

S h e w o n d e r e d at havi n g dri ft e d i n t o t h e n e ighb o u rh oo d of a p e r so n

r e s em bl i n g in h e r re p e ll en t fo rm al chill virt u o u s n e s s a wi n dy b el fry t o w e r ,

d o w n a m on g th o se di s trict s o f s u b u rba n L o n d o n o r a p p alli ng p ro vi n cial

t o w n s p a ss e d n o w an d th en with a s h u dd e r wh er e th e f u ner eal s q uar e ,

brick s u p th e ch u rch that A rctic h e n mo th er s it s o n th e s qu ar e a n d th e

-
,
-
,

m o vi ng d e ad a re s u mm o n e d t o th e ir r o u n d o f p en it e n tial e x e rci s e by
a m o n o s yllabic trib u lati on b e ll — M E R E D I T H
-
. .

Th e
’
v e rb w onder p r e s u p p o s es th e r e ad e r s famil i ari ty with
th e ci r c u m s tanc e wond e r e d at ; i t will n o t d o t h e do u bl e
wo r k o f a n n o u nci ng both th e w o nd e r a nd th e thi n g w o nd e r e d
’
at . I w o nd e r e d at S m ith s b e i ng th e r e i m p l i es that my
‘ ’

h e a r e r kn e w that S mith w a s th e r e ; i f h e d id n o t I s h o u ld ,

s ay
‘
I w as s ur p r i s e d to fi nd A cc o rdi ngly i n thi s v e r y ,

a r tifici al s e nt e n c e th e w r it e r p r e s u p p o s e s t h e i n c o n c e ivabl e
,

q u e s ti o n : What w e r e h e r fe e l i n g s o n fi n d i ng that s h e had

‘

d r i ft e d t r ib u l ati o n b e l l ? T o r e ad a s e nt e nc e o f m inut e
-

a n d s triki ng d e s c r i tion with t h e d e cli ni n g acc e ntuati o n that

p
n e c e s s arily fo ll o w s th e v e rb w on de r ed is o f cou r s e i m p o s s ibl e .
298 EUPH ONY
H ow d o th th e e a rth with t e rribl e earth q u ak es
terrifi e a n d o p p e s s u s r ,

wh ich a re m o s t fr e qu e n t in C hi na J a p a n a n d th o s e e a s t e rn cli me s s wall ow

, , ,

i ng u p s o me ti m e s s ix citi e s at o n c e — B U R T ON .

many p o s s i bl e violati o n s o f s e nt e n c e acc e nt o ne

O f the ,

—
c o m mon i n in fe rior writ e r s is i llu s trat e d i n th e n e x t s e ctio n .

CA U S AL CLA U S E S
’
8 .
‘
AS
4.

Th e r e a re two ad mi ss ibl e kind s o f ca u s al as clau se s — th e ‘ ’

p u r e and t h e m ix e d T h e p u r e cl au s e a s
. s ign s a s a cau se

s om e fact that i s al r e ady kn o wn to t h e r e ad e r and i s s u r e

t o o ccu r to hi m in th e con n e xion : th e mi x e d a s s ign s a s

a cau s e what is no t n e c e s s arily known to th e r e ad e r o r p re s e nt
i n h is m i nd ; it h as th e do u bl e fu ncti on o f conv e yi ng a n e w
fact and indi cating it s r e l ation to th e mai n s e nt e nc e C o nt e xt
,
.

w il l u s ual ly d e cid e wh e th e r an a s cl au s e is p u r e o r mix e d in

t h e f o l l o wing e xam p l e s i t is cl e ar fr o m t h e natu r e o f t h e t w o
,

cl a u s es that th e firs t i s p u r e th e s e cond m ix e d ,

I hav e a n e diti on with Ger ma n n o t es b u t that is of n o u se , a s yo u d o

n o t r e ad Ge r m a n .

I ca u ght th e trai n b u t a ft e rward s wi s h e d I had

, n o t, as I p r e s en tly
di s co v e re d that m y l uggag e w a s l ef t b e hi n d .

Th e se th e s e i t wil l b e noti c e d is unr e ad abl e u nl e s s

co nd of , , ,

w e s lur th e a s to s u ch an e xt e nt a s p ractical ly t o acknowl e dg e

that it ought n o t to b e th e r e Th e re a s on is that al though .

,

a p u r e clau s e m ay s tand at any p oint i n th e s e nt e nc e a m i x e d ,

o n e m u s t alway s p r e c e d e t h e m ai n s tat e m e nt Th e p u r e .

cl a u s e having o nly th e s u bordi n at e fu nction normally ind i cat e d

,

by a s is s u bordinat e i n s e n s e a s w e ll a s i n g r am mar ; and t h e

,

d e cl i n i n g acc e ntuati o n with which i t is acco r d ingly p ro nou nc e d

wil l n o t b e int e r fe r e d with wh e r e v e r w e m ay p lac e i t B u t .

th e m ix e d cl au s e h a s a n oth e r f u n cti o n that o f c o nv e yi ng ,

a n e w fact fo r wh ich as d o e s n o t p r e p ar e u s and which

, ,

e ntitl es i t t o an acc e n tuati o n a s f ul l and as vari e d a s that o f

th e main s tat e m e nt To n e utrali z e th e s u b o rd inating e ffe ct

.

o f a s and s e cu r e t h e p ro p e r acc e ntuation w e mu s t p lac e t h e

, ,
3 00 E U PHON Y

b e long rath e r to th e s p ok e n tha n to th e writt e n languag e .

I t fo llow s that a go o d w r it e r will s e ld o m hav e a cau s al a s c lau s e

o f any kind at t h e e n d o f a s e nt e nc e T w o f u r th e r li mitation s .

r e mai n t o b e n o tic e d
i Wh e n t h e cau s e not t h e e ffe ct is obvi ou s ly th e wh o l e
.
, ,

p oi nt o f t h e s e nt e nc e b ec a use n o t as
,
s hould b
, e u s e d ; t h e

fo ll o wi ng i s qu it e i m p o s s ibl e Engli s h
I m ak e th e s e r e m ark s a s qu ick s h o o ti n g at s h o rt ra n ge s ha s lat e ly b een
so s tr o n gly r c o m e d e d Ti m es
e m n — .

ii . As su s e d only to giv e th e c au s e o f th e thi ng

ho u ld be
a s s e rt e d n o t th e cau s e o f t h e a s s e rtion n o r an i l l u s tration o f
, ,

i ts truth a s i n th e following i n s tanc e s :

,

You r e fe r m e to th e E n c yCIO p a e dia : yo u a re m i s tak e n a s I fi nd the ,

E n cycl o p a e dia e xactly c o n firm s m y vi e w .

Th e O x fo rd C o x s wai n did n o t s t e e r a v e ry g o o d c o u r s e h e r e a s h e ,

k e p t t o o cl o s e in to th e M iddl e se x s h o re to o btai n fu ll adva n tage o f th e

tid e ; it m ad e littl e di ff e r e n c e h o w e v e r a s h i s cr e w c o n ti n u e d to gai n
, ,
.

M y fi n di ng th e E ncycl o p a e di a s con firmation ’

w a s n o t th e ca u se
of mi s tak e nor th e k e e p i ng too clo s e
,
th e cau s e of bad s t e e ring .

9 W E N.S A N D H Y P E R T R O PH I E D M E M B E R S

N o s e nt e nc e is to b e c o nd e m n e d fo r m e r e l e ngth ; a r e al ly
s k il ful w r it e r can fi ll a p ag e with o n e and not tir e h is r e ad e r ,

tho u gh a s u cc e s s i o n o f long s e nt e nc e s wi tho u t th e r e l i e f o f

S h o r t on e s i nt e r s e r s e d i s al mo s t s u r e t o b e f orb idd ing B ut
p .

t h e tir o an d e v e n t h e go o d writ e r w h o is n ot p r e p ar e d to
,

tak e t h e t r o u bl e o f r e ad i n g alo u d what h e h as wri tt e n s h o u ld ,

c o nfin e hi m s e l f t o th e e a s ily m anag e abl e Th e t e nd en cy i s .

t o allow s o m e p art o f a s e nt e nc e to d e v e l o p u nnat u ral p ro

p o rti o n s o r,
a hal f p ar e nth e ti c i n s e rtion to s e p arat e too wid e ly
t h e e s s e ntial p art s Th e cur e i ndi s p e n s abl e fo r e v e ry o n e
.
,

who aim s at a p a s s abl e s tyl e a nd i n fall i bl e fo r any o n e who

,

h a s a g o o d e a r is r e ading alo u d a ft e r writing

, .

I D i s p ro p ortionat e i n s e rtion s
. .

S ome s i m p le el o qu en c e di s ti n ctly h e ard th o ugh o nly u tt e re d,

in h er
e ye s ,
u n c o n s ci o u s that h e r e ad th e m as B y th e de ath b e d s
, ,
‘ -
I hav e
 H YP E R T RO P H I E D M E M B E RS 3 0 1

t end e d by th e ch ildh o o d I hav e su ffe re d by o u r m e eti n g in thi s dre ary

, ,

h o u s e at m i d n ight by th e cry wru n g fr o m m e in th e a n g u i s h o f m y h eart

, ,

0 fath e r t u r n to m e a n d s e e k a r e f u g e in m y l o ve b e fo r e it i s to o lat e "

,
’

m ay hav e arr e s t e d th e m — D I C K E N S . .

C a p tai n C u ttl e th o u gh n o s l u ggard did no t t u r n s o e arly o n t h e

, ,

m o r n i n g a f t e r h e had s e e n S o l Gill s thr o u gh th e s h o p wi n d o w writi n g , ,

in th e p arl ou r with th e M id s hi p m a n u p o n th e c o u n t e r an d R o b t h e
, ,

Gri n d e r m aki n g u p h is b e d b e l o w it b u t that t h e cl o ck s s tr u ck s ix a s h e ,

rai s e d h i ms e l f o n h is e lb o w a n d t o ok a s u rv e y o f h is littl e cha m b e r

, .

D I CK E N S .

A p e r p e t u al c o n se qu e n t war far e o f h e r s p irit a n d t h e n at u r e s u bj e ct

to t h e th o u s a n d s e n s ati o n al hy p o cri s i e s i n v o k e d f o r c o n c e al m e n t o f i t s
r e vil e d bru ti s h ba sen e s s h e ld th e w o m a n s u s p en de d fr o m h er e mo ti on s
, .

— M E RE D I T H .

Ye s t e rday b efo re D u dl e y S ow e rb y s vi s it N ataly w o u ld hav e b e en

,
’
,

s tirr e d wh e re th e t e ar s wh ich w e s h e d f o r ha pp i n e s s or r e p r e s s at a fl att e ry

d w e ll wh e n se e i n g h er fri en d M rs J o h n C o rmyn e n t e r — M E RE D I TH
. .

‘
I t tak e s it i s s aid that S ir Ro b e rt P e e l o b s erv e d thr ee g e n e rati o n s
’
, ,
‘

to m ak e a g e n tl e m a n —B AG E H O T ’
. .

B e h i n d ro u n d th e wi n d o w s o f th e l o w e r s t o ry cl u s t e rs o f cl em ati s lik e
, , ,

larg e p u rp l e sp o n ge s bl o s som e d m irac u l ou s ly fe d thro u gh th e ir thi n dry

, , ,

s talk s — E F B E N S ON
. . .

I t i s a s triki n g ex hibit i o n o f th e p o w e r which th e gr o u p s h o s til e in ,

di ff er en t d e gre e s to a d em o crati c r ep u blic hav e o f P arlia me n tary c o m bi n a ,

ti on — S pecta tor .

S ir — W ith r efe re n c e t o th e c u s t o m a m o n g s o m e a u cti on ee r s a n d

,

s u rv e y o r s o f r e c e ivi n g s e cr e t c o mm i s s i o n s wh ich w a s r e c e n tly bro u ght ,

to light in a ca s e b e fo r e th e L o rd C hi e f J u s tic e a n d J u s tic e s K en n e dy

an d R idl e y ( K i n g s B e n ch D ivi s i o n ) wh e n t h e L Q ] in givi n g j u dg m en t
’
. .
,

fo r t h e e e d f n da n t s s aid — U n fo rt u n at e ly i n c om m e rcial circl e s in which ,

p r o m i n en t m en p lay e d a p art e x tra o rdi n ary m i s tak e s o cc u rr e d

,
B ut .

a p ri n ci p al w h o e m p l o y e d a n ag e n t t o d o w o rk f o r h i m e m p l o ye d h im

u p o n t e r m s that t h e ag e n t w a s n o t liabl e t o ge t s e cre t c o m m i s s i o n s T he .

s o o n e r s e cr e t c o m m i s s i o n s w e r e n o t a pp r o v e d by a n h o n o u rabl e p r o fe s s i o n ,

t h e b e tt e r it w o u ld b e fo r c o mm e rc e in all i ts bra n ch e s I d e s ir e to tak e .

thi s o p po rt u n ity Ti m es .

I n th e c o u r s e o f a c o n v e r s at i o n with a r e p r e s e n tativ e of th e Ga u l oi s ,

C a p tai n K la do a ft e r r e p e ati n g h i s vi e w s o n t h e n e c e s s ny fo r R u s s ia to
,

s e c u r e th e c o mm a n d o f t h e s e a which hav e alr e ady a p p e ar e d i n t h e

Ti mes r e p li e d a s fo ll o w s t o a q u e s ti o n a s t o wh e th e r a ft e r th e n e w
, ,

s qu adr o n in t h e c o u r s e o f f o r m at i o n at L iba u h as r e i n fo rc e d A d m iral

R o z h d e s tve n s k y s fl e e t th e R u s s ia n an d Ja p a n e s e n aval fo rc e s will b e

’
,

e v e n ly bala n c e d : [h e r f ll w s rep ly] Ti m es

e o o — .
3 02 EUPH ONY

2 . S e nt e n c e s of which t h e e nd is all o w e d to trai l on to

u n e x p e ct e d l e ngth .

B ut th o ugh s h e c o u ld tr u s t h is w o rd th e h eart o f th e w o rd w e n t o u t o f ,

it wh e n s h e h e ard h e r s e l f tha nk e d by L ady B la ch ingto n ( w h o c o u l d s o

w e ll e x c u s e h e r at s u ch a t i m e fo r n o t re t u r n i n g h e r call that s h e call e d ,

in a f ri e n dly way a s e c on d t i m e war m ly t o tha n k h e r) f o r thro wi n g ,

O p e n th e C o n c e rt R o o m at L ak e la n d s i n A u g u s t to a n e n t e rtai n m e n t ,

i n a s s i s ta n c e o f th e f u n d s fo r t h e p u r p o s e o f e re ct i n g a n E a s t L o n d o n
C l u bh o u s e wh e r e th e childre n o f th e p o o r by day c o u ld p lay a n d th e ir
, ,

ar t a a di gag d v i — M E RE D I T H
p e n s p s s se n e e e n n g .

H o w t o c o m m e n c e t h e c e re m o n y m ight h av e b e e n a difl i c u l ty b u t for ,

th e z e al o f t h e Am e rica n M i n i s t e r w h o r e gardl e s s o f t h e f act that h e w a s

, ,

t h e r e p r e s e n tat iv e o f a s i s t e r P o w e r did n o t s e e a n y q u e s ti o n o f d e licacy

,

ari s e in h i s taki n g a p r o m i n e n t p art in p r o c ee di n g s r e gard e d a s e n tire ly

irre g u lar by th e r e p re se n tative s o f th e P o w e r to wh ich th e p arti es c o n c e rn e d
b el o n g e d — D S L A D E N . .

T h e s tyl e h o ld s th e att e n ti o n b u t p e rha p s th e m o s t s u btl e char m o f th e

,

w o rk li e s in th e i nex tricabl e m a n n e r in wh ich f act is i n t e rwo v en with

s o m e thi n g e l se that i s n o t e x actly ficti o n b u t rath e r fa n cy br e d o f th e ,

arti s t s tal en t in p roj e cti n g u po n h is ca n va s h is o w n vi e w o f t hi ng s s e e n

’

a n d fe lt a n d l iv e d thr o ugh by th os e wh o s e th ou ght s m o t iv e s a n d acti o n s , , ,

h e d e p ict s Ti m es
. .

T h e c o ck b u s tard that havi ng p r ee ne d hi m s e l f p ac e s b efo r e th e h e n

-
, ,

bird s o n th e p lai n s that h e c a n s c ou r wh en h is wi n g s wh ich are s l o w in ,

th e air j o i n with h is s tr o n g l e g s to m ak e n o th i ng o f gra s s y l e ag u e s o n

,

l e ag u e s Ti m es
. .

I d o n t s o m u ch w o n d e r at h is g o i n g a way b e ca u se l e avi n g o ut o f
’
, ,

c on s ide rati o n that s p ic e o f th e m arv e ll o u s whi ch w a s alway s in h is

charact er a nd h i s gre at a ff e cti on f o r m e b efo re whi ch e v e ry O t h e r con
, ,

s id e rati o n o f h i s lif e b e ca m e n o th i ng a s n o o n e o u ght t o k n o w s o w e ll a s ,

I w h o had th e b e s t o f fath e r s in h i m l e avi ng that o u t o f c o n s id e rati o n

—
,

I s a y I h av e o ft e n re ad a n d h e ard o f p e o p l e w h o havi n g so m e n e ar a n d
, ,

d e ar r e lative w h o w a s s u p p o s e d to b e s hi p wre ck ed at s e a hav e g on e

, ,

d o w n to l iv e o n that part o f th e s e a s h o re wh e re any t idi n g s o f th e

m i s s i n g s hi p m ight b e e x p e ct e d to arriv e th o u gh o n ly an h o u r o r t w o ,

s o o n e r tha n e l s e wh e r e o r hav e e v e n g o n e u p o n h e r track to th e p lac e whith e r

,

s h e w a s b o u n d a s if th e ir g o i n g w o u ld cr e at e i nt e llig en c e
,
— D I CK E N S . .

W hat h e had to c o m mun icat e w as th e c o n t e n t s o f d e sp atch e s fr o m To ki o

c on tai n i n g i nfor m ati on re ce ive d by th e J a p an es e Go v e rn men t re s p e cti n g
i nfri n g e m en t s of n eu trality by th e B altic F l e e t in I n d o C hi n es e wat e r s -

o u t s id e what a re s trictly s p e aki n g th e t e rrit o rial li m it s a n d p ri n ci p ally

, , ,

by o btai n i ng p r o vi s i on s fr om th e s h o r e Ti mes . .
3 04 E UP H ON Y

r e p e titi o n u nc o n s ci ou s a nd p rov e s
is ,
on ly that th e writ e r did
no t r e ad ov e r what h e had writt e n .

a m an dire ctly i mpr ess es o n e with th e i mp r ess i on

w ho Ti m es .

F o r m o s t of th em ge t rid of th e m m o r e o r l e s s c o m p l e t e ly — H S W E E T . . .

Th e m o s t i m p o rta n t di s ti n cti o n b e tw e e n dial o g u e on th e o ne ha n d a nd

u r ely d e s cri p tiv e a n d n arrat iv e p i e c e s o n th e o th e r ha n d i s a p u r ely
p
gra mm atical o n e —H S W E E T . . .

A n d it m ay b e th at fr o m a gr o wi ng fa m iliarity with C a n adia n wi n t e r

a m u s e m e n t s m ay in t i m e s p ri n g a n e v e n war m e r r egard — Ti m es .

I t m ay w e ll i n d u c e t h e u n c o mfo rtabl e r e fl e cti o n that th e s e h i s t o rical

w o rd s m ay p r o v e Ti m es
’

-
.

T h e i n cl u s i o n o f a dh er en ts w o u ld b e a dh er ed to Ti m es . .

T h e r ema sn der r em a i n i ng l o yal fi e rc e fighti n g c o mm e n c e d — Sp ecta tor , .

E v e ry s u b o rdi n at e s h o rtc o m i n g e v e ry i n cid e n tal d e fe ct will b e p a r d on ed

, , .

‘
S av e u s i s th e c ry o f th e m o m e n t ; a n d in th e c o n fid e n t h o p e o f s a fe ty , ,

a n y d e fici e n cy will b e o v e rl o k e d
o a n d a y railty p a r do ed
n f n — B AG E H O T
, . .

T h e y w e r e f o ll o w ed by ji n rik s ha s con ta i n i ng y o u n g girl s with v e ry

"

car e fu lly dre s se d hair ca r ry i ng large b u n ch e s o f r eal fl o w e rs o n th e ir

-
,

la p s f oll ow ed in t u rn by t w o m o r e c o o li e s ca r ry i ng s qu are whit e w o o d en

,

j ar s con ta i ni ng h u g e s ilv er ti n s e l flo w e rs D S L AD E N
,
— . .

I t c a n d o s o in all r e a s o n abl e p ro bability p r o v i d ed i ts m ilitia charact e r

, ,

i s m ai n tai ne d B u t i n an y ca s e it will pr ovi de u s at h o m e with th e s e c on d

.

li n e ar m y o f o ur n e e d s Ti m es . .

D r es s ed in a s u btly ill d r es s ed ex p e n s iv e m o d e
- — E F B E N S ON
, . . .

T o o dl e b e i n g th e f a m i ly n a me o f th e a p p l e fa c e d f a m i ly —D I C K E N S -
. .

A rtill e ry firi n g ex ten ds al o ng th e wh o l e f r o n t ex ten di ng f o r e ighty m il e s ,

Ti m es .

I re gard th e acti o n an d c o n d u ct of th e M i n i s t ry a s a wh o l e a s of f ar
gr e at e r i m p o rta n c e Ti m es . .

Th e fl ee t p a s s e d t h e p o rt on i ts w ay thr o u gh t h e S trait s on th e w ay t o
th e C hi n a S ea . Ti m es .

M u ch o f h is p o p u larity h e o we d w e b e l i ev e to th a t v e ry ti m idity w h i ch , ,

h i s f ri e n d s la m e n t e d Th a t ti m idity o f t e n p r e v e n t e d h im f r o m e x hibiti n g
.

h i s tal en t s to th e b es t adv an tag e B u t it p r op it iat e d N e m e s i s

. I t av e rt e d .

th a t e n vy w h i c w h o u ld th rwi hav b
o e s e e e e n e cit e d
x — M ACA U LAY .

I will lay d o w n a p en I a m s o littl e abl e t o go v e rn — A n d I will try to

s u bd u e a n i mp a ti en ce w h i ch m a y o th e rwi s e l e ad m e i n t o s till m o r e
u n i s habl e e rr o r s — I will r e t u rn t o a s u bj ect w h i ch I ca nno t fl y f r o m fo r
p .

te n m i n u t es t o g e th e r — RI C H AR D S ON
. .

A t t h e s a m e t i me it w as larg e ly o w i ng to h is car efu l trai n i ng th a t s o

m a n y gre at E t o n ia n crick e te r s ow ed th e ir s u cc es s — Ti mes .
 Q U O TA T I O N 3 5 9

1 1 . C O M M ON M I S QUO TA TI ON S
Th e s e a re e xcu s abl e i n talk but ,
no t i n p ri n t A fe w .

p i e c e s a r e giv e n corr e ctly with t h e , u s ual wr o ng w o r d s in

b r ack e t s .

An i l l f a v ou r ed thi n g , s ir, b u t m i n e o w n
-
( p o or ) .

F i n e by d e gr ee s a n d b e a u ti f u lly l e s s ( s mall ) .

Th a t la s t i n firm ity o f n o bl e m i n d ( th e : m i n d s ) .

M ak e a s s u ra n c e d o u bl e r
su e .
(d o u bly )
TO m o rr o w to fr e s h w o od s
-
and p a st ure s new .
( fi e ld s )
Th e d evil c an ci te S cri p t u re fo r h i s p u r p o s e .
( q uo t e )
C h e wi ng t h e f ood o f s w e e t a n d bitt e r fa n cy .
( c u d)
Wh en Gr eeh s j oi ned Greehs th e n w a s th e , t ug o f war .
( Gree k m ee t s
Gr e e k : c o m e s )
A g o o dly a p p l e r o tt e n at th e h ea r t ( c o re ) .

U N C O M M ON M I S QUO TATI ON S O F W E L L K NO W N
12 .
-

P A S S A G E S O R P H R AS E S
I t i s s till wor s e to mi s quot e what is u s ual ly giv e n r ight ,

h o w e v e r i n formal th e quotation . Th e tr u e r e ad ing is h ere

add e d i n b rack e t s .

No w fo r th e tra p p i ng s an d th e w eeds o f w o e — S F E RR I E R ( s u it s ) . . .

S h e had a n i n s ti n c tiv e k n o wl e dg e that s h e k n e w h e r a n d s h e fe lt h e r ,

g e n i us r ep r es s ed by h er a s j u l i u s Ca es a r s w a s by Ca s s i u s — S F E RR I E R
,
’
.

( M y g e n i u s i s r e b u h e d a s it i s s aid, M a r h A n t o ny ,
s w a s by Ca es a r )
’

T h e n e w dra m a r e p r e s e n t e d th e v e ry a ge a n d b o dy o f th e ti m e h is ,

fo rm a n d f ea tu r e — J R GR E E N
. . .
( p r es s u re ).

H e li ft s th e v e il fr o m th e s a n g u i n ary a ff air at K i n cha u a n d w e a re ,

all o w e d gli m p ses of bl o ckad e ru n n i ng trai n wre cki ng a n d cavalry re c o n

-
,
-

n ai s s a n c e a n d o f m a n y o th e r m o vi n g i n cid en ts by fl o o d a n d fi eld
,
.

Ti m es . ( accid en t s )
To hi m thi s r o ugh w o rld w a s b u t too lit e rally a rac k — L O W E L L (w h o .

w o u ld u p on th e rack o f thi s tough w o rl d s tre tch h im o u t l on ge r)

, ,

H avi n g o n c e b e g un th e y fo u n d r e t u r n i n g m o r e t e di o u s tha n gi vi ng o e r
,
’
.

O
— L WE LL
( re t u rn i n g w e r e a s t e di ou s a s go o e r)
.
’

P os th a ec [s i c] m e m i n is se j u va b i t — H AZ L I TT (.e t ha e c o li m ) .

u i d v u lt vald e v u lt W hat th y th y with a will — E M E R S ON

Q . e do e do ,
.
.

( q u o d ) Q u id is n o t tra n s latabl e .

T h e n that w o n d e r fu l e s p rit d u c o rp s by which w e ad o p t i n t o o u r ,

s e l f l o v e e v e ryth i n g w e t ou c h — E M E R S ON
( d e)
-
.

L e t n o t h im that p u tte th o n h i s a r m o u r boa s t a s h i m that ta heth it o ff .

Wes tm i ns ter Ga z ette (gird e th harn e s s b o a s t hi ms el f h e p u tt e th )

.
, , , ,

N S .
X
3 9 6 Q U O TA T I O N
li
E z ab e th h r
e se l f s ay s Sp e n s e r ,
to m i n e op pp
en i e ,
i n‘
cl i n e d h e r e a r

J . R G.R E E N ( o at e n ) .

H e ouc ld j i
o n th e cr e w of M irth a n d l o o k p l e a s a n tly ,
o n at a villag e

air wh r r b ck d m a y a y th d m a y a m aid
e e th j y l l n
‘
f , e o e e s s o u n t o n o u a n ,

da n ci n g in t h e ch e qu e re d s had e —
J R G R E E N ( j o cu nd ) . . .

H e ath e n K a ffi rs e t h o c g ene ro & c : ,

D a i ly M a i l, ( g e nu s o m n e )
. .

If s he tak e s h er h us ba n d o n p i ed d e l ett r e — W es tm Ga z ( d e la l e ttr e ) . . .

1 3 . M I S QUO TA TI ON OF L E SS F A M I L I AR P A S S A GE S
B u t th e gre at e s t wr o ng is d o n e to r e ad e rs wh e n a p a s s ag e
that m ay n o t i m p ro bably b e u nkn o wn to th e m is alt e re d .

I t w a s at D u bli n o r in h is ca s tl e o f K ilc o l m an t w o m il e s fr o m D o n e rail e , ,

u n d e r t h e f a l l o f M o l e that m o u n tai n h o ar that h e s p e n t th e m e m o rabl e

,

y e ar s in which —
J R G R E E N ( t)
f oo . . .

P etty sp it e s o f th e villag e s qu i r e -
S p ecta tor .
( p ig my : sp ir e )

14 . M I S A PP L I E D A ND M I S UN D E R S TOO D Q UO TATI ON S
A ND P H R A S E S

B e fore lea di ng q u es ti on o r the ex cep ti on p r oves th e r u le i s

s
writt e n a l awy e r s hou l d b e c on s u lt e d ; b e fo r e c u i bono
, ,

C ic e ro ; b e fo r e m or e h onou r ed i n th e br each th a n th e obs er

va n ce H a m l e t ,
A l e ad ing qu es tion i s o n e that u n fai r ly h e l p s
.

a witn es s to th e d e s i r e d a n s w e r c u i bon o h a s b e e n e x p l ain e d

on p 3 5 the ex cep ti on & c i s not an ab s u rd i ty wh e n u nd e r
.
, .
,

s tood bu t i t is a s g e n e rally u s e d
,
m or e h o nou r ed & c m e an s n o t ,
.
,

that t h e rul e is g e n e ral ly br o k e n bu t that i t is b e tt e r bro k e n ,

.

A familiar l in e o f S hak e s p e ar e o n t h e o th e r ha n d gai n s by , ,

b e ing mi s u nd e r s tood : o n e touch o f natu re m ak e s th e whol e ‘

worl d ki n m e re ly m e an s I n o ne r es p e ct all m e n a re al ik e ‘
,

B ut cu iall thi s d e tail of o ur de bt

bon o H a s th e a u th o r giv e n a s i n gl e
light t o ward s any m at e rial r e d u cti on o f it No t a gli m me ri ng — B U R K E 3
.

A r u l e dat e d M arch 3 1 8 0 1 whi ch h as n e v e r b e e n abr o gat e d lay s it

, , ,

d o w n that to o btai n fo r mal l e av e o f ab s e n c e a m e m b e r m u s t s h o w s o m e

, ,

s u ffi ci e n t ca u s e s u ch a s b u t thi s ru l e i s m o r e h o n o u r e d in th e bre ach

,

than in th e o b s e rva n c e Ti mes . .

E v e ry o n e k n o w s that th e Go v e r n o r Ge n e ral i n C ou n cil i s i n v e s t e d -

by s tat u t e with th e s u p r em e c o mm an d o f th e A rm y a n d that it w o u ld

b e di s a s tr o u s t o s u bv e rt that p o w e r B u t why drag in V e la s q u e z .If
a n y o n e wi s h es u s t o i n fe r that L o rd K itch e n e r h a s dir e ctly or i n dir e ctly , ,
3 08 Q U O T A T I O N

1 6 . I NC O RRE CT A LL U S I O N
Ev e ry o n e w h o d e t e ct s a w r i t e r p r e t e nd i ng to m o re know
l e dg e than h e h as j u m p s to t h e c o ncl u s ion that th e d e t e ct e d
m u s t kn o w l e s s than th e d e t e ctiv e and cannot b e wo r th h is ,

r e ad i ng I nc o r r e ct all u s ion o f thi s kind is th e re for e f atal

. .

H o m e r w o u l d hav e s ee m e d arr o ga n tly s up e ri o r to h is a u di e n c e if h e

had n o t call e d H e b e whit e arm e d o r x e y e d
o — Ti m es -

( H e se ld o m -
.

m en ti o n s h e r, call s h er n e ith e r )
an d

M y acc e s s to f o rt u n e had n o t s o far br o u gh t m e e ith e r m u ch j oy o r

, ,

di s ti n cti o n — b u t it w a s n o t to o lat e fo r m e ye t to p l u ck th e g o ld e n a p p l e s
,

o f H e s p e rid e s C O RE LL I .
—
( I t i s hardly p o s s ibl.e f o r a n y o n e w h o k no w s

what th e H e sp e rid e s w e r e to o m it tne )

M y p u bli s h e r J o h n M o rge s on ,
w a s n o t lik e S hak e s p e ar e s C a s s i o
’

s trictly a n h o n o u rabl e m an — C O RE LL I ( C a s s i o w a s a n h o nou rabl e

‘
.

m a n b u t w a s n e v e r call e d 5 0 E v e n C a s s i u s h a s o n ly h i s s har e in S o a r e
, .

"m y a ll a l l lz on o u r a ol e m en
,
Br u t u s p e rhap s .
,

A s t u rdy B e n e dict to p r op o s e a t ax o n bach e l o r s Wes tm i ns ter .

Ga z ette ( B e n e dick I n s p it e o f th e Oxf o r d D i cti on a ry th e di ffe r e n tiati o n

. .
,

b e tw een t h e s ai n t B e n e dict a n d th e c o n v e rt e d bach e l o r B en e dick is

, , , ,

s u r e ly n o t n o w t o b e giv e n u p )

B u t i m p o u n d th e c ar f o r a l o n g e r o r s h o rt e r p e ri o d acc o rdi ng to
th e o ffe n c e a n d th at a s th e F r e n ch sa y will giv e th em r ea s on to ‘
, , ,

thi n k — Ti m es ( T h e F r e n ch d o n ot s a y gi v e r ea s on to t/z i n é ; and

.

if th e y did th e p hra s e w ou ld hardly b e w o rth tre ati n g a s n o t E n gli s h ;

th e y s a y gi ve to tlzi n e which is of t en q u o t e d b e ca u s e it i s u nlik e E n gli s h )
,

1 7 . D O V E TA I L E D A ND A D A P TE D Q U O T A T I O NS A ND

P H RA S E S
Th e fitti n g into a s e nt e nc e o f r e fractory quotation s th e ,

m aking o f fac e tiou s addition s to th e m a nd t h e con s tru cting o f ,

L ati n ca s e s with E ngl i s h gov e rn ing wo rd s h av e o ft e n i n to le r ,

ably p ond e rou s e ffe ct s .

T h o ugh h i s d e n ial o f a ny s t ep s in that dire cti o n may b e tr u e in h is

o ffi cial ca p acity th er e i s p r ooa oly s om e s m ok e i n t/z e fi r e of commen t
,

to whi ch h is p e r s o n al r e lat i o n s with Ge r m a n s tat e s me n hav e giv e n ri se .

Ti m es (
. T h e r e v e r s al o f s m o k e a n d fi re m a y b e a s l i p o f t h e p e n o r

a j ok e ; b u t t h e c o rr e cti on o f it m en d s matt e rs li ttl e )

I t r em ai n s t o b e se en wh e the r th e p i e d a t e rr e which Ge rma n y
h o p es s h e h a s w o n by h er p r e l i m i nary acti on in th e M o ro cc o q u e s ti o n
will fo rm th e s tarti ng p o i n t for fu rth e r ach i e v e m ent s or will m e r e ly re p re
-
 Q U O T A TI O N , &c .
3 09

s en t lik e
,
so m any
th e r Ger ma n e n t e r p ri s e s tlte en a of tlz e begi n n i ng
o ,
’
.

Ti m es ( T h e.r e v e r s al th i s ti m e i s cl e arly f ac e ti o u s )

B u t th e y had g o ne o n addi n g m i s d ee d to m i s d e e d th e y had ol n n a er ea

’ ’

a ter Ma n ama— L C OU R T N E Y
f . .

Ge rm a n y h as it w o u ld a p p e ar ye t a n o th e r card i n h e r ha n d a card of
, , ,

k en i n d ou bt — Ti m es
tlz e k i n a w lz i elz i s f p l ay er s
’
u se u l to w .

B u t t h e p ro bl e m o f i n d u c i n g a r ef r a ct ory ca m el to s qu e e z e hi m s e l f
thr o u gh th e e ye o f a n i n con v en i en t n eed le is an d re m ai n s i n s o l u bl e Ti m es . .

B u t th e s e u n so ldi e rlik e r e cri m i n ati o n s a m o n g t h e R u s s ia n o f fi c e r s a s

w e ll a s th e ir l u x u ri o u s l iv e s a n d th e ir c o m p l e t e i n s o u cia n c e in th e
p r e s e n c e o f th e ir c o u n try s m i s f o rt u n es s e
’
e m s t o hav e s e t
,
ba ck t/z e

k ana th e d i a l f j ap a n es e ppr oeltemenL Ti m es

’
on o ra .

Isth e re n o s p irit u al p u rg e to m ak e t h e eye o f t h e ca m e l e a s i e r fo r

a S o u th Africa n m i lli o n aire — Ti m es
-
.

A n d s o it h a s c o m e t o p a s s that n o t o n ly w k er e i n v a l z a s a o co ngr ega te

'
’ ’
, ,

b u t in p lac e s hi th e rt o r e s e rv e d f o r th e s u m m e r r e cr e ati o n o f t h e t o u ri s t
o r th e m o u n tai n e e r th e r e i s a gr o wi n g i n fl u x o f wi n t e r p l e a s u r e s e e k e r s -
.

Ti mes .

S a lm a s i u s al o ne w a s n o t n n w or tky s n ol i m i flagel l o — L A NDO R . .

E v e n if a cha n g e w e re d e s irabl e w i t/z K i telz en er a n ee et a u sp i ce Ti m es

’
.

C harge d with carryi n g o u t th e M ilitary M e m b e r s o rd e r s b u t havi n g

’

, ,

S i E d i C l l o a u th o rity o f h i s o w n T i m
p a c e r w n o e n n ,
es . .

I t i s n o t in th e i nt e r e s t s o f th e J a p a n e s e to cl o s e t h e b o o k o f t h e war ,

u n til th e y hav e p lac e d th e m s e lv e s in th e p o s iti o n o f b e at i p o s s id e n t e s .

-
Ti m es ( B .e a t i p o s s i z l en /es i s a s e n t e n c e m e a n i n g B l es s ed a r e tlz os e
,

m k a a r e i n p os s es s i on ; to fit it i n t o a n o th e r s e n t e n c e is m o s t awkward )
R e s ig n at i o n b e ca m e a vi rt u e o f n e c e s s ity fo r S w e d e n in h o p e s that
a b e tt e r u n d e r s ta n di n g m ight in ti m e gr o w o u t o f th e n e w o rd e r o f thi n g s .

—Ti m es
( I n
. t h e o rigi n al p hra s e of n e c e ss i t
, y d o e s n o t d e p e nd o n

v i r t u e b u t o n m a k e ; a n d it i s i n t o l e rabl e with o u t th e w o rd that giv e s

,

i t i ts m e a n i n g )
M a n y o f th e c e l e briti e s w h o in that m os t friv o l o u s o f wat e ri n g p lac e s do -

c o n gr e gat e — B A R ON E S S V ON H U TT E N
. .

I f m i s b e havi o u r b e n o t ch e ck e d in a n e ffe ct u al m a n n e r b e fo re l o ng ,

th e re i s e v e ry p r o s p e ct that th e whi p s o f th e e x i s ti n g M o t o r A c t will

b e tra n s fo r m e d i n t o th e s c o rp i o n s o f t h e M o t o r A c t o f th e f u t u re — Ti m es .

A s p e c i al p r ot e s t s h o uld b e m ad e agai ns t t h e p r act i c e o f in tro

d u c ing a q u otati o n in tw o o r thr e e i n s tal m e nt s o f a w o rd o r
t w o e ach w i th i ts s e p a r at e s u it o f q u otati o n ma r k s
, Th e o nly .

q u o tation s that s h o u l d b e c u t u p a re th o s e that a re fam il i a r

e n o u gh t o n e e d n o q u o tati o n m a r k s s o that t h e e ff e ct i s n o t ,

s o j e r ky .
3 10
Q U O T A T I O N

Th e p g y b o dy
i m s e e me d fr e tt e d to d e cay by fi e ry l
‘ ’
th e
‘ ’ ‘ ’
sou

withi n it —.
j . R . GREEN
rigi n al is .
( Th e o .

A fi e ry s o u l wh ich w o rki n g o u t i ts way , ,

F r e tt e d th e p yg m y b o dy to d e cay —D RYD E N ) -
. .

T RI TE Q U O T ATI O N 1 8 .

Q uotation m ay b e m at e r ial o r fo r mal With th e fi rs t th e .

,

wr i t e r q u o t e s t o s u pp o rt h i m s e l f by th e auth o r ity (o r to
i m p u g n th e au tho r ity) o f th e p e r s o n q u o t e d ; thi s d o e s n o t
conc e r n u s With th e s e c o nd h e q u o t e s t o add s o m e charm
.
,

o f s t r iking e x r e s s io n o r o f a s s ociati o n t o h i s o w n w r iti n g

p .

To t h e r e ad e r th o s e qu o tati o n s a re ag r ee abl e that n e ith e r

,

s trik e h i m a s hackn e y e d n o r r e buk e h is ign o ranc e by th e i r

,

com p l e t e n o v e lty bu t rou s e d o rmant m e mo r i e s Q u o tation

,
.
,
’
th e n s hou ld b e ada p t e d to th e p robabl e r e ad e r s cu ltivati o n
,
.

To d e al i n trit e qu otation s a n d p h r a s e s th e r e for e a mo u nt s t o

a con fe ss ion that th e writ e r e ith e r i s u ncultivat e d him s e l f o r ,

is addr e s s ing th e u n cu ltivat e d A ll w h o wo uld not mak e th i s .

c o n fe s s ion a re r e c o m m e nd e d to avoid ( u n l e s s i n s o m e re ally

ne w o r rv rt d a li cation — not u m s i cal l id a v e r bu m re d
p e e e pp
d id e rit j un ctu ra novum ) s uch th ing s a s
C hart e r e d lib e rti n e ; bal m in G il e ad ; m y p r o p h e ti c s o u l ; harm l es s
n e c e s s ary ; e p ur s i m u o v e ; th e r e s t h e ru b ; th e c u rat e s e gg ; h in c
’ ’

illa e lacri m a e ; fit a u di e n c e th o u gh fe w ; a c o n s u m m at i o n d e v o u tly t o

b e wi s h e d ; m o r e in s o rr o w tha n i n a n g e r ; m e tal m o r e attractiv e ; h e ir
o f all th e ag e s ; c u r s e s n o t l o u d b u t d ee p ; m o r e s i n n e d agai n s t tha n

s inn i ng ; th e ir o n y o f fat e ; th e p s ych o l o gical m o m e n t ; th e m an i n

t h e s tr e e t ; th e s l e e p o f th e j u s t ; a w o rk o f s u p e re r o gati on ; th e p ity
o f i t ; t h e s c en e s h e l o v e d s o w e ll ; i n h e r gr e at s o rr o w ; all that w a s

m o rtal o f fe w e qu al s a n d n o s u p e ri o r ; l e av e s e v e r e ly al o n e ; s u fi e r
’

a s e a cha n g e
-
.

T h e p la n p art o o k o f th e n at u r e o f t h at o f th os e i n g e n i o u s i s la n d e r s w h o
liv e d e n tir e ly b y taki n g in e ach th e r s wa s h i g E F B E N S ON
o n — ’
. . .

F o r h e w a s b u t m o d e rat e ly giv e n t o th e c u p s that ch ee r b u t n o t

‘

i n e briat e a n d had alre ady fi n i s h e d h i s te a E L I O T

’
,
— . .

A u s tria f o rbid s ch ildre n to s m o k e i n p u blic p lac e s ; a n d i n Ge r m a n

s ch o o l s a n d m ilitary c o ll e g e s th e r e are law s u p o n t h e s u bj e ct ; F ra n c e ,

S p ai n Gr e e c e a n d P o rt u gal l ea v e th e m att e r s ev er ely a l on e

, ,
Wes tmi n s ter .

Ga z ette .
(S ev er ely is m u ch w o r s e tha n p o i n tl e s s h e r e )
T h e y carri e d c o m p u l s o ry s u bdivi s i on an d r e s trict i o n o f all ki n d s o f
 3 12 G RA M M A R

Th ey did n ot l o n g s carl e t c o l o nn ad e s o f th e t e mp l e it s e l f
l i nger i n t h e ,

n o r ga z i n at th e da n ci n g fo r wh ich it i s f a m o u s — S L AD E N
g .

Th i s u n d o u bt e dly ca u se d p ri c e s t o ri se ; b u t did i t n o t al so ca u s e all

L a n ca s h i r e to w or k s h o rt ti me m a n y m i l l s to cl os e a n d a gr e at r es tr i c
, ,

ti on i n th e p u rcha se s o f all o u r c us t o m e r s f o r c o tt on g o o d s Ti mes .

s et h er s elf q u i e tly d o w n to th e c a r e o f h e r o w n h o u s e h o ld an d ,

t o as s i s t B e nja m i n in t h e c o n c e rn o s f h i s trad e — S C O TT .

T hi s c o rre s p o n d e n t s ay s that n o t o n ly d i d t h e F r e n ch G o v e r n m e n t
k n ow th a t Ger m a ny r ecogn i z ed th e p rivil e g e s r e s u lti ng fo r F ra n c e f r o m
h e r p o s iti o n i n Alg e ria b u t al so h e r g e n e ral v i ew s o n th e w o rk o f r e fo r m
,

which i t w o u ld b e th e ta s k o f th e c o n fe r e n c e to e x a m i ne Ti m es . .

Te ac h t h e m th e ch a r a cter o f Go d thr o u gh th e S o n s L i fe o f L o v e
’

th a t cons ci en ce m u s t n o t b e o u trag e d n o t b e ca u s e th e y w o u ld b e p u n i s h e d
,

i f th e y did o r b e ca u s e th e y w o u l d b e ha n d so m e ly r e ward e d if th e y did n t

’
, ,

b u t s i m p ly b e ca u se th e y k no w a thi n g i s right o r wr on g D a i ly
Tel egr ap h .

A nd any o ne w h o p e rmit s hi m s e l f thi s i ncongru ity is lik e ly

to b e b e tray e d int o act u al bl und e r s .

Th e p o p u larity o f th e p arl e men t s w a s s u r e ly d u e to th e d e t e s tati o n

fe lt fo r th e ab s o l u t e M o n archy , an d b e ca u s e th e y s e e me d to hal f i n fo r m e d -

cha m p i on s of — Ti m es ( H ere beca u s e th ey s eem ea does

’
m en to b e th e .

n ot r e ally fit th e p op u l a r i ty w as, b u t p a r l ei f z en ts w er e p op u l a r )
thi s which w a s n o t m u ch c o n s id e re d wh e r e a n d wh en th e
‘
A d ifi ere n c e , ,

e n d o f t h e war w a s th o u ght to b e tw o o r t hr e e y e ar s O R a n d that the la s t

"

—
bl o w w o u ld b e R u s s ia s F G R EE N WOOD ( Th e la s t cla u s e d o es n o t fit
’
. .

f th e w a r w a s th ough t, w a s th ough t )
7
th e en a o b ut i t
A ttila a nd ar m i es h e s ai d ca m e a n d di s a p p e ar e d in a v e ry
h is , ,

m y s t e ri o u s m a n n e r a n d th a t n o thi n g c o u ld b e s aid with p os itiv e n e s s

,

ab o u t th e m — B O R R O W . .

S av e h i m acc o rdi n gly s h e did : b u t n o s o o ne r i s h e di s m i s s ed a n d ,

F a u s t h a s m a de a r e m ark o n th e m u ltit u d e o f a rr o w s which s h e i s darti n g

f o rth o n all s id e s tha n L y n c e u s r e t u r n s
, C AR L Y L E .
-
.

T h e s h o rt driv e s at th e b e gi nn i ng o f t h e c o u r s e o f i n s tr u cti o n w e r e
i nt en d e d grad u ally to a ccu s tom th e n o vic e to th e s p ee d a n d of gi v i ng ,

h im i n th e p a u s e s a n o p p o rt u n ity to fi x w e ll i n h is m i n d th e p ri n ci p l e s
o f th e a u t m o bil e
o — Ti m es .

Th e p r e d e c e s s o r s o f S ir An t ony M ac D o n n e ll w er e to u se th e w o rd s ,

o f th e P ri m e M i n i s t e r th e aid e r s advi s e r s a n d s u gg e s t e r s o f th e ir o fficial

‘
, , ,

chi e sf — Ti m es ( T h ou gh a chi e f c a n hav e a s u gg e s t e r a s w e ll a s a n

.

advi s e r a a v i ser i s n at u rally fo ll o w e d by a n o bj e ct iv e g e n itiv e b u t s ug

,
’

es t er c a n o n ly b e f o ll o w e d by a iv g itiv — c t f t h
g p o s se ss e e n e e x e p o e

s ugg e s ti o n m ad e )
 U N E Q U A L YO K E F E L L O W S 3 3
1

M y a s s id u iti e s ex p o s e me rath e r to her s o n c r tha n to th e t re at m en t

due t o a R I C H AR D S ON
m am — .

O n e w o rthy ge n tl e m a n w h o i s p e rha p s better k n o w n th a n p op u l a r in

, , ,

C ity r e s ta u ra n t s i s n e v e r k n o w n to hav e lavi s h e d e v en th e h u m bl e s t

,

c o p per c o i n on a wait e r Ti tbi ts

— . .

I ts ha n d s r e q u ire s tr e ngth e n i n g a n d its r e s o u rc e s i n cr e a s e d Ti mes . .

A n al o g o u s ,
but alway s i n co rr e ct th o u gh e xc u s abl e i n va r i o u s ,

d e g r e e s i s t h e e qui p p i n g o f p ai r s that s ho u l d o bv i o u s ly b e i n
,

d o u bl e ha r n e s s with c o nj u ncti o n s o r p r e p o s i ti o ns that d o n o t

m atch — fo l l o w ing n ei ther by or bo th by a s w ell a s a n d t h e l i k e , .

D id e r o t p r e s e n t e d a b ou qu et wh ich w a s n ei th er w e ll or ill r e c e iv e d .

M O R L EY .

L ik e t h e P e r s ia n no bl e o f o ld , I as k ,
‘
that I m ay n ei th er c o m ma n d or

o b y
e —E M E R S ON
~
.

She w o u ld h e ar n oth i ng o f a d e clarati o n of war , or giv e a ny j u dg m e n t

—
J . R . GR E E N .

It a p pe ar s th e n that n ei th er th e m i x e d a n d i n c o m p l e t e e m p irici s m
, ,

c o n s id e re d in th e th ird cha p t e r s ti l l l es s th e p u r e e m p irici s m c o n s id e r e d

,

in t h e s e c o n d cha p t e r a ff o rd s u s B AL F OU R
,
—
.

S ca r cely w a s th e n ic e n e w drai n fi n i s h e d th a n s e v e ral o f t h e childre n

s i ck e n e d with di p hth e ri a — S p ecta tor .

W hich di ffe r s fr o m that a n d w h o in b e i n g u s e d both a s an adj e ctiv e a s

w el l a s a n o u n — H S W E E T . . .

M S h ip o ff i n o n e a n d th e s a me br ea th d e n o u n c e s i n no vati o n s y et
.
,

ba se s th e wh o l e e l e ct o ral s y s t e m o n t h e gr e at e s t i nn o vat i o n in Ru s s ia n
h i s t o ry Ti m es
. .

I t w ou ld b e eq u a lly ab s u rd t o att e n d t o all th e o th e r p art s o f a n e n g i n e

a n d t o n egl e ct t e p ri ci p al s o u rc e
h n o f i s e n e rgy th e fi re b o x — a s it I S
t —

ridic u l o u s to p a y p artic u lar att e n ti on to th e cl e a n li n e s s o f th e b o dy a n d to

n e gl e ct th e m o u th a n d t e e th — A dv er ti s em en t . .

Th e c o n c e p ti on o f Go d in th e ir m i n d s w a s n o t th a t of a F ath e r b u t a s ,

a d e al e r o u t o f r e ward s a n d p u n i s h m e n t s D a i ly Tel egr ap h —

.

D r D ill o n tha n wh o m n o E n gli s h m a n h a s a p r o fo u n d e r a n d m o r e

.
,

a cc u rat e ac q u a i n ta n c e w i th th e s e a m y s id e — a s i n d e e d of all a s p e ct s , ,

o f R u s s ia n li f e — a s s u m e s — Ti m es .

S ir ] n v i e w of th e c o n tr o v e r s y whi ch h a s ari s e n c o n c e r n i n g th e
,
—

1 2 in M ark V I I I g u n s in t h e N avy a n d e s p e cially to t h e s u gg e s ti o n

.
,

which m i ght giv e ri s e to s o m e d o u bt a s to th e e ffi ci e n cy o f t h e wire

s y s t e m o f c o n s tr u cti o n — Ti m es .

We add th r e e t
s e n en e s , c in t h e fir s t O f wh ic h d o ubl e ha r n e s s
s hould not hav e b e e n u s e d b e ca u s e it is t o o c u mb r o u s i n t h e .
3 14 G RA M M A R

cond o f whi ch i t is no t corr e ctl y p o s s i bl e and i n

se
, th e thi rd of

which th e fail u re t o u s e it is v e ry s lov e n l y .

Th e o dd p art of it
that th i s ch ildi s h c o n f u s i on d o es n o t on ly not
is
tak e f r o m o u r p l e a s u r e b u t d o es n o t e v e n tak e f r o m o u r s e n se o f th e
,

a th o r tal e t H J A M ES (far fro m di mi n i s hi ng o u r p l e a s u re d oe s

u s n
’
— . . .

not

As d u rati o n o f th e Au s tro Ru s s ian m a n dat e th e r e se ems l i ttl e

t o th e -
,

d i sp os i ti on h e re to tr e at th e q u e s ti o n in a hard an d fa s t S p irit bu t r a th er - -
,

t o r e gard it a s —Ti m es s p irit it i s rath e r r e gard e d a s

.

To th e s t u d e n t o f th e h i s t o ry o f r e ligi o u s o p i n i o n s i n E ngla n d ew
f
c on tr a s ts a r e m or e s tr i k i ng w h en h e c omp a r es th e a s s u ra n c e a n d c o m

p la c e n c y with which m e n m ad e p r o fe s s i o n o f th e ir b e li e fs at t h e b e gi nn i n g
o f t h e n i n e t e e n th c e n t u ry a n d th e d iffi d e n ce a n d h e s itati o n with whi ch

th e s a m e are r e cit e d at t h e b e gi n n i n g o f t h e tw e n ti e t h — D a i ly Tel egr a h

p .

( m o r e s triki n g tha n that b e tw e e n th e a s s u ra n c e

21 . C O M M ON P A RTS
Wh e n t w o s e nt e nc es cou p l e d by a conj uncti o n ( wh e th e r
co o rdi nating o r s ubord inati ng) hav e o n e o r mor e p arts i n
com mon th e re a re two way s o f av o iding th e f ull r e p e titi o n o f
,

t h e co m mon p art s (a ) I s e e through yo u r villany and I

‘
.

’
d e t e s t y o u r villany can b e com e I s e e th r o u gh and d e t e s t ‘

’
you r vi llany I hav e at l e a s t tri e d t o bring ab o u t a r e co n
‘

cil iati o n though I m ay hav e fai l e d to bri ng about a r e concili a

,
’
tion can b e co m e I hav e a t l e a s t tri e d th o u gh I m ay hav e
‘
,

( b) By s ub s tit u ti o n or e ll i p s e th e
’
fail e d to brin g ab o ut &c
, , .
,
’
s e nt e nc e s b e com e I s ee thr o ugh you r villany an d d e t e s t i t
‘
,

a nd I hav e at l e a s t t r i e d to bri ng ab o u t a r e c o n ciliation

‘
,

though I m ay hav e fai l e d (to d o O f th e s e t h e ( a ) f orm ,

r e qu ir e s ca r e fu l hand l i n g a word that is n o t c o m mon to both

s e nt e nc e s mu s t n o t b e t r e at e d a s c o m m o n ; and o n e that i s

co m m on and who s e p o s iti o n d e c lar e s that i t is m e ant to d o

,

do u bl e d u ty m u s t n o t b e r e p e at e d
,
Vi o lati on s o f th e s e ru l es .

a re alway s m o r e o r l e s s un s ightly and a re e xcu s abl e only ,

wh e n t h e p r e ci s e (a ) fo rm is i ntol e rably s t i ff and th e (b) form

not avail abl e I n o u r e xam p l e s b e l ow t h e w ord s p lac e d i n
.
,

brack e t s a re th e two variant s e ach o f which wh e n t h e oth e r , ,

is om itt e d s h o uld with th e com m o n or u nbrack e t e d p art s

, , ,
 3 16 G RA M M A R

On th e th e r hand w o rd s p l ac e d b e tw e e n t h e two corr e lativ e s

o ,

a re d e cla r e d by th e i r p o s iti o n n o t to b e c o m m o n
W hich ne ith e r ( s u it s one pu rp o s e ) ( n o r th e o th e r ) .
— Ti m es .
( s u it s
ne ith e r no r )
No t only (agai n s t m y j u dg me n t ) (b u t m y i n cli n ati o n ) — RI CH AR D S ON
,
. .

No t o n ly ( i n t h e m att e r o f m alaria al b rib ri —

) ( b u t so e e ) Ti m es
,( I n . .

th e m att e r n o t o f m ala ria o n ly b u t o f ,

W RON G T U RN I N G
22 . THE

I t is n o t v e ry u nc o m mon on r e gaining th e high road a ft e r a ,

d iv e rg e nt cl a u s e o r p hra s e to ge t con fu s e d b e tw e e n t h e t w o
, ,

a nd contin u e quit e wrongly t h e s ubordi nat e con s tru cti o n

i n s t e ad o f that a ctu al ly r e qu i re d .

I fe e l ,
h o w e v e r that th e r e n e v e r w a s a ti m e wh e n th e p e o p l e o f th i s
,

c o u n try w e r e m o re r e ady to b e li e v e tha n th e y a re t o day a n d w o u ld ,

o pe n ly be li e v e if C hri s t ia n ity wi th d o ctri ne s u b o rdi n at e d w e r e p re s en t e d

’

, ,

t o th e m i n t h e m os t c o n vi n ci n g o f all fo r m s v iz —Da i l
y Te legr ap h , . .

( W ou l d be l i ev e i s m ad e p arall e l t o th ey a r e tod ay ; it i s r e ally p arall e l t o

th er e n ev er w a s a ti m e ; a n d w e s h o u ld r e ad a n d th a t th ey w o u l d op en ly
bel i e v e)
I n th e f ac e th i s s tat em en t e ith e r p r o ofs s h ou ld b e add u c e d to S h o w
of

that C o r o n e r T ro u tb e ck h a s s tat e d fact s s o b e rly j u dg e d a nd that th e y ‘ ’

c o n tai n warran t fo r th e acc u s at i on o f wh o l e s al e ig n o ra n c e o n th e p art

‘ ’

o f a tr u s t e d a n d e m i ne n tly u s e f u l cla s s o f t h e c o m m u n ity o r f aili n g thi s , ,

that th e o ffe n s iv e a n d u nj u s t charg e s h o u l d b e withdraw n Ti m es ( Th e . .

ch a rge s h o u l d be w i th d r a w n i s m ad e p ara l l e l t o Cor on er Tr ou tbeck h a s

s ta ted a n d th ey con ta i n it i s r e ally p arall e l to p r oof s s h o u ld be a dd u ced ;

a n d w e s h o u ld o m it t h a t a n d r e ad o r f a i l i ng th i s th e m f
'

,
e n s i v e ,

W e ca n n o t p art fro m P r o f B u ry s w o rk with o u t ex p r e s s i ng o ur u n fe ig ne d

.
’

ad m irati o n fo r h i s c o m p l e t e c o n tr o l o f th e o ri gi nal a u th o riti e s o n which h is

n arrativ e i s ba s e d a n d o f th e s ou n d critical j u d gm e n t h e e x hibit s
,

S p ecta tor ( Th e j u dg men t is ad m ir e d n o t c o n tro ll e d )

.
,

S o m e ti m e s th e c o n fu s i o n is n o t m e r e l y o f t h e p e n bu t , is in
’
th e wri t e r s th o u ght and i t is th e n al m o s t in c u rabl e .

th e p rivil e g e by which th e m i n d lik e th e la m p s o f a m ailc o ach , ,

m o vi n g ra p idly thro u gh th e m id n ight w o o d s ill u m i n at e fo r o n e i n s ta n t , , ,

th e fo l iag e o r s l e e p i n g u m brag e o f th e thick e t s a n d in t h e n ex t i n s ta n t , , ,

hav e q u itt e d th e m to carry th e ir radia n c e fo rward u p o n e n dl es s s u c

,

c e s s i o n s o f o bj e ct s — D E Q U I N C E Y .
 GRA M M A R 3m

E L L I P S E I N S U B O RD I N A TE C L A U S E S
23 .

Th e m i s s ing s ubj e ct and ( wi th o n e e xc e p t i o n ) th e m i s s i n g

v e r b o f a s ub o rdinat e cl a u s e can b e s u p p l i e d o n ly from t h e
s e nt e nc e t o w hi ch i t i s s u bord i nat e Th e e x c e p ti o n is t h e .

v e rb t o b e ‘
W e can s ay Th e ball s wh e n w e t d o n o t
’
.
‘
, ,

b o u nc e Wh e n in d o u bt p lay tru m p s b e cau s e t h e v e rb t o

’

, ,

b e s u p p l i e d is a r e a n d t h e s ubj e ct is that o f th e p rinci p al s e n

,

t e n c e O th e r vi o lation s o f th e rul e o ccur b u t a re s ca r c e ly

.
,

t o l e rabl e e v e n in t h e s p ok e n languag e Th e f o l lowing a re .

u nd e s irabl e in s tan c e s :

F o r th ou gh s u mm e r I k n e w
,
M r R o ch e s t e r w o u ld lik e to s ee
, .

a ch e e rf u l h eart h — C B R ON T E . .

W e can s u p p ly w a s b u t n o t i t ; th e nat u ral s u bj e ct is l

, .

hav e n o w s e e n h im a n d th ou gh n o t fo r l o ng
I , ,
h e is a m an w h o spe ak s
with B i s m arckia n f ra n k n e s s Ti m es . .

Th o ugh I did n o t s e e h i m fo r l o ng w e m e ant to u nd e r ’

,
a re

s tand . B u t th e th ough cl a u s e is n o t s ub o r di nat e t o th e

s e nt e nc e c o n tai ning that s u bj e ct and v e r b : a n d alway s j o i n s

c o o r d inat e s and a n n ounc e s t h e tran s ition f r o m o n e coord i n at e

to an o th e r C o n s e q u e ntly t h e th ough clau s e mu s t b e a p a r t
.
,

( a s ub o r d inat e p a r t ) o f t h e s e c o nd c o o rd i nat e and m u s t d r aw ,

f r o m that i ts s u bj e ct and v e rb : though h e i s n o t a m a n o f ‘

B i s marckian f r ank n e s s fo r l o ng Ev e n i f w e c o uld ,

s u p ly 1 s a w wi th t h e c lau s e i n i ts p r e s e nt p lac e w e s h o u l d
p ,
’
s till hav e th e ab s u rd i m p licati o n that th e m an s habitual
f rankn e s s ( n o t th e writ e r s p e rc e p tion o f it ) d e p e nd e d o n th e
’

d urati o n o f th e i nt e rvi e w W e o ffe r thre e c onj e ctu r al e m e n

.

d ation s : I hav e now s e e n hi m tho u gh n o t fo r l o ng ; a n d h e ,

i s a man w h o I h av e now s ee n hi m and th o ugh I d id

.
‘
,

not s e e hi m fo r long I p e rc e iv e d that h e w a s a m an w h o

,

‘
I hav e n o w s e e n hi m and th o u gh I did n o t s e e hi m fo r l o ng
, ,

I found o u t what h e th o ught fo r h e is a man w h o

24 . S OM E I L L E GI T I M ATE I N F I N I TI V E S
Cla i m is n o t fo l l o w e d by a n infi n itiv e e xc e p t wh e n th e
s ubj e ct o f c la i m i s al s o that o f th e i nfi nitiv e Thu s I cla i m to .
,
3 8
1 G RA M M A R

be h on es t, b u t not I cl a i m th i s to be h on es t . Th e Oxf or d
(
D i c t io n a ry d o e s n o1t m e 8 93)
nti o n t h e l att e r u s e e v e n t o

c o nd e mn it b u t i t is n ow b e c o ming v e r y c o m m o n and cal l s

, ,

fo r s tro ng p r o t e s t Th e cor r e s p o ndi ng p a s s iv e u s e i s e qually

.

wrong Th e s am e a p p li e s to p r e ten d
. .

T hi s tire ly n e w e xp e ri me n t which you clai m to hav e s olv e d t he

‘ ’ ‘
en

p r o bl e m o f c o m bi n i n g Ti m es .

U s ag e th e r e fo r e i s n o t a s it i s o ft e n clai m e d to b e th e ab s o l u t e law
, , , ,

o f la n g ag e
u — R G W H I TE . . .

T h e gu n which m ad e i ts fir s t p u blic a p p e ara n c e o n S at u rday is clai m e d

to b e th e m o s t s e rvic e abl e w e a p o n o f its ki n d i n u s e in a n y ar m y Ti m es .
-
.

T h e c o n s ta n t fail u r e to liv e u p t o what w e clai m t o b e o u r m o s t s e ri o u s

c o n victi o n s p r o v e s that w e d o n o t h o ld th e m at all — D a i ly Tel egr afi h . .

T h e a n o n y m o u s a n d m a s k e d d e lat o r s wh os e cre ati o n th e O pp o s iti o n

pr te e n d to b e an ab u se o f p o w e r o n th e p art o f M C o m b e s Ti m es
s — . . .

P os s i ble
and p r o ba ble a re not to b e com p l e t e d by an infi nitiv e .

F or a r e p os s ible to r e ad ca n and fo r p r oba ble re ad likely .

B ut no su ch q u e s ti on s a re p o s s ibl e, as it s ee ms to m e , to ari s e b etw ee n

y o u r n ati on a n d o u r s — C H O AT E . .

S h o u ld Ge r m a n y m e ditat e a n ythi n g o f th e ki n d it w o u ld l o o k u n
c o m m only like a d e lib erat e p ro v o cati on of F ran c e a n d for that r e a s on ,

it seem s s carc e ly p r o babl e to b e b o rn e o ut by e v en t s Ti mes . .

two con s tru ction s : I p r e fe r thi s ( living) to that

P r ef er h a s
( dyi ng ) and I ,p r e fe r t o do t hi s r a th er th a n that T h e i n fi n i .

tiv e con s truction mu s t not b e u s e d withou t r a ther ( u nl es s o f ,

c o u r s e th e s e cond alt e rnati v e i s s u p p r e ss e d al t o g e th e r)

,
.

O thr th i n g s b e i ng e qu al
e , I s h ould p r ef e r to m arry a rich m an tha n
a p o o r o ne — E F B E N S ON
. . . .

Th e f ollowing i nfi ni t ive s rhap s by fal s e anal o gy fr o m a re pe

tho s e that m ight follow f o r ba de s een a s k I t m ay b e noti c e d , , .

g e n e ral ly that s l ov e nly and hu r r i e d writ e rs fi nd th e infinitiv e

a gre at r e s ou rc e .

M ar s hal O ya m a s trictly p r oh i bi ted h is tro op s to ta k e q u art e r withi n th e

wall s . Ti mes .

Th e C hi n e s e h e ld a ch ou ch o u , d u ri ng which th e d e vil -
w a s e xo rci s e d
a n d d u ly w i tn es s ed by s e v e ral b e l i e v e r s to ta k e h is flight in div e r s g u i s es .

— Ti m es .

T hird ,
th ey m ight de m a n d f r o m Ge rm a n y , all fl u s h e d as s h e w as with
m ilitary p rid e , to tell us p lai n ly wh e th e r — M O RLE Y .
3 2 0 G RA M M A R
‘
thi s s t e p 15 n o t th e o bj e ct o f hav e att e m p t e d and ca n n o t
‘ ’

b e th e s u bj e ct o f th e c o rre s p onding p a s s iv e Th e tru e o bj e ct .

of hav e att e m p t e d is t h e wh o l e p hra s e to j u s ti fy thi s s t e p

‘

wh ich i n ( 2 ) rightly a p p e ars as th e s ubj e ct i n a p p o s it i o n to a n ,

i n tro duct o ry i t I n p oint o f clu m s i n e s s th e r e i s p e rha p s

‘
-

n o t much t o ch o o s e b e tw e e n th e two a s s iv e con s tructi o n s

p ,

n e ith e r o f whi ch s ho u ld b e u s e d wh e n it can b e avoid e d .

Wh e n th e s ubj e ct o f th e activ e v e r b hav e att e m p t e d is ’

d e fi n it e a nd can c o n v e ni e ntl y b e s tat e d th e activ e form

, ,

s h o u ld alway s b e r e tain e d ; to writ e it had b e e n att e m p t e d‘

by th e fo u nd e rs o f th e s t u dy to s u p p ly i n s t e ad o f th e ’

’
fo u nd e r s had att e m p t e d to s u p p ly is m e r e p e rv e rs ity Wh e n .
,

a s in s om e o f our e xam l es b e l o w t h e ubj ct f t h activ e

p s e o ,
e

v e rb hav e att e m p t e d i s i nd e finit e th e p a s s iv e t u rn is s om e

,

ti m e s d i ffi cult t o avoid but u nl es s t h e obj e ct o f j u s ti fy i s a

r e lat iv e an d th e re for e n e c es s ari ly p lac e d at th e b e gi nning an
, ,

att e m p t h as b e e n mad e ca n o ft e n b e s ub s ti tut e d fo r i t h as

’ ‘

’
b e e n att e m p t e d and is l e s s s ti ff a nd ugly
, .

Th e c u tti ng d o w n o f s ayi n g l e s s on s by which it had b e en att e mp t e d

‘

by th e fo u n d e r s o f t h e s t u dy to s up p ly th e p lac e o f s p ee ch in th e l ear n i n g
o f Gr e e k . Ti m es .

B u t wh en it w as att em p t e d t o giv e p ractical e ffe ct to th e p op u lar

e x a s p e rati o n s,e ri o u s o b s tacl es ar o s e — Ti m es ( W h
. e n a n att e m p t w a s

m ad e to
H e an d h i s f ri e n d s w o u ld m ak e th e g o v e rnm en t o f I r e la n d a s h e e r
i mp o s s ibility a n d it w ou ld b e th e d u ty o f th e I ri s h p arty to m ake it s o if
,

i t w a s att em p t e d to b e run o n th e li n es o f — Ti m es
( if a n att e mp t w a s
.

m ad e to ru n it o n t h e
I t is n o t h o w e v e r att emp t e d to b e d e n i e d H AZ LI TT ( N 0 on e att emp t s
.
-
.

to d en y )
As to th e a u di e n c e w e i m agi ne that a larg e p art of it c e rt a i n ly all that
,

p art o f it wh o se s y m p athi e s it w a s d e s ir e d t o e n li s t — T,
i m es ( wh o s e .

s y m p ath i e s w e r e to b e e n li s t e d )

H e will s ee th e alt e rati o n s that w e r e p ro p o s e d to b e m ad e b u t r ej e ct e d ,

.

—Ti m es . r
(p p o o s e d b u t r
,
ej e ct e d )
Th e arg u me n t by whi ch thi s di ffi c u lty i s s o u gh t t o b e e vad e d .

B AL F OU R .

Thi s and th e following in s tan c e s a re no t a i ly m e nd e d

e s ,
 CO M P O U N D P A S S IVE S 3 2 1

unl e s s may ly the ubj e ct of k me

’
&c (
‘ ‘
we s up p s see ,
. so

Th e argu men t s by wh ich th e ab o li ti o n w a s att e mp t ed to b e s u p p o rt e d

w er e fo u n d e d o n th e right s o f m an Ti m es . .

S o m e m y s t e ry i n r e gard to h e r birth wh ich s h e w a s w e ll i n , ,

f o r m e d w a s a s s id u o u s ly th o u gh vai n ly e n d e av o u r e d t o b e d i s c o v e r e d
, , , .

—F A NNv B U R N E v .

Th e cl o s e dark n e s s o f th e s h u t u p h o u se ( f o rg o tt en t o b e o p en e d th o u gh
-
,

it w a s l on g s i n c e day ) yi e ld e d to th e u n ex p e ct e d glar e — D I C K E N S . .

T h o se wh o s e h o u r s o f e m p l o y me n t a re p r o p o s e d to b e li m it e d Ti m es —
.

T h e i n s ig n ifica n t d u ti e s p r o p o s e d t o b e p lac e d o n fo o d Ti m es . .

T h e a n t i lib e ral p ri n ci p l es which it w as l o n g a go att e m p t e d t o e m b o dy

-

in t h e H o ly A llia n c e Ti m es . .

C o n s id e rabl e s u pp o rt w a s m a n ag e d to b e rai s e d fo r W ald e m ar .

C AR L Y L E .

W e may notic e h e r e a cu rio u s blund e r that is s om e ti m e s mad e

with th e r e fl e xiv e v e rb I avai l my s e l f o f T h e p a s s iv e o f
’

thi s i s n e v e r u s e d b e cau s e th e r e is n o occa s i o n fo r it : I w a s

,

avail e d o f thi s by my s el f w o u l d m e a n e xactly th e s am e a s ’

th e activ e and w o uld b e intol e rably clu m s y

,
T h e i m p o s s ibl e .

e d b e l o w i m p ly that i t and s tay? woul d b e t h e

"
p a s s iv e s qu o t
dir e ct obj e ct s o f th e activ e v e rb .

W att a n d F u lt on b e th o u gh t th em s e lv e s that wh e re w a s p o w e r w a s n o t ,

d e vil,
b ut Go d ;
w as that it mu s t b e avail e d o f, a n d n o t by a ny m ea n s l e t
o ff a n d wa s t e d — E M E R S ON .

Us ed o r em p loy ed , and so in t h e n e xt
N o alvage a pp lia n c e s
s or s ta ff c ou ld hav e b ee n avail ed of in ti me to
s av e th e l iv e s o f th e m e n . Ti m es .

27 . C ON F U S I ON W I T H N E GA TI V E S
Thi s is traord i na r ily c o m m o n
ex . Th e i n s ta n c e s a re ar

r ang e d in o rd e r o f obvi o u s n es s .

Yez d is ly th e r efu g e o f th e m o s t a n ci e n t of P e r s ia n r e ligi o n s b u t

not o n ,

it i s o n e o f th e h e ad qu art e rs o f th e m o d ern Babi p ro p aga n da th e fa r ,

re achi n g e ff e ct s o f whi ch it i s p r o bably di ffic u lt to u n d e re s ti m at e .

S ,b ecta tor .

No t a wh it u n d e t e rr e d by th e di s a s t e r which o v e rt o o k th e m at
C av en di s h s qu ar e la s t w e e k
-
th e s u ff r a g e tt es agai n m a d e th e m s elv e s

r o m i n e n t — D a ily M a i l
p . .
3 2 2 G RA M M A R

S o fa r me di c i n e is c o n c e rn e d , I a m n o t s u re that p hy s i o l o gy , s u ch
as as

it w as d o wn t o th e t i me o f H arv e y, m ight a s w e ll n o t h av e ex i s t e d .

H U X LE Y .

ge ne rality of h is c o u n try m e n are far m o re care fu l n o t t o tra n s gr e s s

Th e
t h e c u s t o m s o f what th e y call g e ntility tha n t o vi o lat e th e law s o f h o no u r ,

o r m o rali ty — B O R R O W
. .

F ra n c e a n d R u ss ia a re alli es a s a re E n gla n d a n d J a p a n I s it i m p o s s ible

,
.

to i m agi n e that i n c o n s e q u e n c e o f th e gr o wi n g fri e n d s hi p b e tw e e n th e

,

t w o gr e at p e o p l e s o n b o th s id es o f t h e C h a n n e l a n agre e m e n t m ight n o t ,

o n e day b e r e ali z e d b e tw e e n t h e f o u r P o w e r s — Ti m es .

I d o n o t o f c o u r se d e n y that in thi s a s i n all m o ral p ri n c i p l e s th e r e , ,

m a y n o t b e f o u n d h e r e a n d th e r e e x c ep ti o n al ca s e s wh ich m ay a m u se
, ,

a ca s u i s t L S T E P H E N
— . . .

I n v i e w o f th e d o u bt s a m o n g p r o fe s se d th eo l o gia n s r e gardi n g t h e
ge n u i n e n e ss a n d a u th e n ticity o f th e Go s p e l s in wh o l e or i n p art h e i s ,

u n abl e t o s a y h o w m u ch o f th e p o r trait u r e o f C hri s t m ay n o t b e d u e t o th e

id ali ati o
e z n o f H i s li e a n d charact e r
f — D a ily Tel egr ap h . .

I s it q u it e i n c o n c e ivabl e that if th e s m itt en had alway s t u r n e d th e o th e r

c h e c k t h e s m it e r s w ou l d n o t l o n g s i n c e h av e b e c o me s o a s ha m e d that

th e ir p ract ic e w o u ld hav e c eas e d — D a i ly Telegr ap h .

I do n o t thi n k it i s p o s s ibl e that th e traditi on s a n d d o ctri n e s o f th e s e

t w o i n s tit u ti o n s s h o u ld n o t f ail to cr e at e rival a n d p e rha p s warri n g , ,

s c h o ol s . Ti mes .

A n y m an — ru n s thi s t e rribl e s tat u t e — d e n yi n g th e d o ctri ne o f th e

Tri n ity o r o f th e D ivi n ity o f C hri s t o r that th e b oo k s o f S cri p t u re are ,

n o t th e W o rd o f God o r
‘
s hall s u ff e r th e p ai n o f d e ath
’
,
‘ ’

J . R GR E E N
. .

it w o u ld n o t b e at all su rp ri s i ng if by att e m p ti ng to o m u ch a n d
B ut , , ,

i t m u s t b e add e d by i n d ulgi ng to o m u ch in a s tyl e th e s trai n e d p re ci o s ity

,

o f wh ich o cca s i on al ly v e rg e s o n ra n t a n d e v e n hy s t e ria M r S i ch e l h as , .

n o t t o s o m e e x t e n t d e f e at e d h is o w n o bj e c t — S p ecta to r .

No o n e s carc e ly r e ally b e li e v e s — D a i ly Tel egr ap h .

L e t th em agr ee to di ffe r ; f o r w h o k n o w s b u t what agr ee i n g to di ffe r

m ay n ot b e a fo r m o f agr e e me n t rath e r tha n a f o r m o f di ffe r e n c e
S T E V E N S ON .

L a s tly h o w c an M r Bal fo u r t ell b ut that t w o y e ar s h e n c e h e m a y n o t

, .

b e t o o tir e d o f o ffi cial li fe to b egi n a n y n e w c o n fl ict —F G R E E N W OOD . .

W hat s o rt o f i mp res s i o n w o u ld it b e lik e ly to m ak e u p o n th e B oe r s ?

T h e y c ou ld hardly f ail to r e gard it a s a nyth i n g b u t an e xp r e s s i o n o f wa n t
o f c o n fid e n c e i n o u r wh o l e S o u th A f ri ca n p o licy Ti m es -
. .

M y fri e n d M r B ou n derb y c o u ld n ev e r s e e a n y di ffe r en c e b e tw e e n

.

l e avi n g t h e C o k e t o w n han d s e x actly a s th e y w e re a n d r e qu iri n g th e m

‘ ’

to b e fe d with t urtl e s ou p a n d v e n i so n o u t o f g o ld S p o o n s —D I CKE NS . .

 2
3 4 G RA M M A R

O M I S S I ON
’
28
‘
. OF As

Thi s is v e ry com mon but q u it e co ntrary to good m o d e rn

,

u s ag e a ft e r t h e v e rb r ega r d and o th e r s l ik e i t I n th e fi rs t
, , .

thr e e i n s tanc e s th e m o tiv e o f th e o m i s s i o n is obviou s bu t d o e s ,

n o t j u s ti fy i t ; al l that w a s n e c e s s a r y w a s t o ch o o s e a n o th e r

v e rb a s con s ider that d o e s n o t r e q u ir e as I n th e l at e r

, , .

i n s tanc e s th e o m i ss i o n is gratu itou s .

I r e gard it a s i m p o rta n t a s a n ythi n g .

L o rd B o m bi c had ru n away with L ady B o m b i c in h er s ark Thi s ‘ ’

.

I c o u ld n o t h e l p r e gardi n g b o th a m o s t i m p r o p e r a s w e ll a s a m o s t
u c o m fo rtabl e p r o c e e di n g
n — C R O C K E TT .

S o V ital i s thi s s ugge s ti o n r e gard e d .

R are e arly e d iti o n s o f S hak e s p e ar e s play s a n d p o e m s — e diti o n s wh ich

’

had l o g b ee n r e gard e d a n g t e n ati o al h e irl o s S L E E

n m o h n o m — . .

T h e l att e r m ay n o w b e e xp e ct e d to r e gard h i m s e l f ab so lv e d f r o m su ch
o bligati o n a s h e p r e vi o u s ly fe l t — Ti m es .

A m e m o ir which w a s j u s tly r e gard e d o f s o m u ch m e rit a n d i mp o rta n ce

that — H U X LE Y .

what m ight b e cla s s e d a h o ri z o n tal E u r op e an tri p l ic e Ti mes ’

. .

Yo u w ou ld l o o k u p o n y ou r s e l f a m p ly r e v e n g e d if yo u k n e w wh a t th ey
hav c o t me RI C H AR D S O N
e s — . .

H e al s o all u d e d to th e bay o n e t a n d o b se rv e d th a t it s m ai n u s e w a s
,

n o l o n g e r a d e fe n c e agai n s t cavalry b u t it w a s fo r th e fi n al ch arge

, .

I w as re ward e d with s u ch a c on c ep ti o n o f th e Go d l ik e m aj e s ty -

an d i n fi n it e divi n i ty which e v e rywh e r e l o o m e d u p b e h i n d a n d s h o n e

thro u gh th e h u ma n ity of th e S o n o f M an that n o f al s e t e achi ng o r a ny

p o w e r o n e arth o r in h e ll it s e l f will e v e r s hak e m
y fi rm f aith i n t h e

c o m bi n e d divi n ity a n d h u m a n ity in th e p e r s o n o f th e S on o f Go d and ,

as s u re a m I that I e a t a n d dri n k an d l iv e to day s o c e rtai n a m I that -

,

thi s m y s t e ri o u s D ivi n e Re d e em er i s in livi n g —D a i l

y Te l eg ph
r a .

Th e la s t e xam p l e a d i ffe r e nt kind R e ad a s

is of . s u r e as 1
a m fo r a s s u re a m I as th e l e a s t p o s s ibl e c orr e ction . U n p ra c
t is e d writ e r s s ho ul d b e war e o f corr e lativ e cl au s es e xc ep t i n
th e ir v e ry s im p l es t f orm s .

29 . O TH E R L I B E RTI E S TA K E N WI TH ‘
As
’

As mu s t not be e x p e ct e d to do by it s e l f th e work of
 AS 3 25

Th e r e we r e no t tw o dragon s e n tri e s ke e p i n g ward b e fo r e th e gat e

o f thi s ab o d e a s in m agic l e g e n d a r e u s u ally f o un d o n d u ty o v e r th e
,

wr o n g e d i n n o c e n c e i m p ri s o n e d — D I C K E N S .

Th e S p e ciali s t i s n at u rally b e s t fo r h is p art ic u lar j o b ; b u t i f th e

p artic u lar s p e ci a li s t r e q u ir e d i s n o t o n th e s p o t a s m u s t o ft e n b e t h e ca s e
, ,

t h e b e s t s u b s tit u t e f o r h i m is n o t a n o th e r s p e cial i s t b u t th e m a n trai n e d

to act f o r hi m s e l f i n all ci rc u m s ta n c e s a s it h a s b e e n th e gl o ry o f o u r
,

n ati on t o p r o d u c e b o th i n th e Ar m y a n d e l s e wh e r e — Ti m es .

W e q u e s t i o n if thr o u gh o u t th e F r e n ch Re v o l u ti on th e r e w a s a s i n gl e
ca s e o f s ix o r s e v e n th o u s a n d i n s u rg e n t s bla s t e d away by ca nn o n s h o t a s ,

is b e li e v e d t o hav e ha pp e n e d i n O d e s s a — S p ec ta to r
( T hi s i s m
. u ch m o r e

d e fen s ibl e tha n th e p re vi o u s t w o b u t wh e n a d e fi nit e n o u n — a s h e re ca s e

— c an b e n at u rally s u li d f o r th e v rb i tr d c d by h a s is
pp e e n o u e a s s u c ,

b e tt e r )
.

Th e d e ci s i o n o f th e F r en ch G o v e r n m e n t to s en d a s p e cial m i s s i o n t o
r e p r e se n t F ra n c e at th e m arriag e o f th e Ge rm a n C r o w n P ri n c e is n o t
in t e n d e d a s a n yth i n g m o re t ha n a m e re act o f i n t e r n at i o n al c o u rt e s y a s ,

i s c u s t o m ary o n s u ch o cca s i on s Ti m es
. .

N e ith e r a s n o r s u ch a s s h o ul d b e m ad e to d o th e w o r k o f th e
r e lativ e p ronou n wh e r e th e re wo u l d b e n o awkward n es s in
u s i n g th e p r o n o u n i t s e l f .

W ith a s pe e d of e ight k n o t s , as
[which ] b ee n fo u nd p racticabl e
h as
in t h e ca s e of th e S u e z C a n al , th e p a s s ag e w o u ld o cc u p y fi ve day s .

Ti m es .

Th e We s t I n dia n
at mo sp h e r e i s not o f th e li m p id bright n e s s a n d
tra n s p ar en t p u rity s u ch a s [that ] a re fo un d in th e s k e tch e n t i tl e d A S tr e e t ‘

in K i n g s t on Ti m es .

Th e id e al s tat u e s a n d gr o up s in th i s r o o m a n d th e n ex t a re s carc e ly
s o i n t e r e s ti n g a s w e hav e s o me t i m e s s e e m — Ti m es ( A s i s cl e arly h e r e.

a r elat iv e adv e rb a n s w e ri n g to s o ; n ev e rth e l e s s th e c o n s tr u cti o n c a n

,

b e th e o r e t ically j u s tifi e d t h e f u ll fo r m b e i n g a s w e h a v e s o m eti m es s een

,

g r o up s i n t e r es ti n
g B u t.i t i s v e ry u gly ; why n o t s a y i n s t e ad a s s o m e

th a t w e h a ve s een ? )
Th e id i o m as w m u s t n o t b e u s e d u n l e s s th e
h o s h o u ld s ay

s e nt e nc e t o which it is a pp e nd e d h a s fo r s ubj e ct a p e r s o n
t o who m th e p e r s o n i m p li e d i n w h o i s c o m p ar e d Th i s .

s e e m s r e a s o nabl e and is b o r n e o u t fo r i n s ta n c e by a ll
, , ,

th e S hak e s p e a r e i n s tanc e s — a d oz en —
that w e hav e l o o k e d
at T h e ty p e is : Th e cl o udy m e s s e ng e r turn s m e h is back
.
,

and hu m s as w h o s hould s a y — & c

,
.
3 2 6 GRAM M A R

To thi n k o f t h e ca mp aig n with o u t th e s c e ne i s a s w h o s h o u ld r e ad

a p lay by ca n dl e ligh t a m o ng th e gh os t s o f an e m p ty th e atr e — MO RLE Y
- .

3 0 . B RAC H YL O GY
I . O m i ss i o n
a d e p e nd e nt nou n i n th e s e cond o f two
of
’
aral l e l s ri T h e bri m o f m y hat i s wid e r than you r s
p e e s : .

F or thi s th e r e is s o m e j u s tificati o n an ugly s tri ng o f word s is

av o id e d and th e m i s s ing w o rd is e a s ily s u p p l i e d from th e fi r s t
,

s e ri es ; it h a s u s u al ly th e e ffe ct how e v e r o f attaching a , ,

r
p p e o s ition to t h e wr o ng n oun
I h o u ld b e p ro u d to lay a n o bligati o n u p on my char m e r to th e a mo u n t
s

o f hal f n a y t o t h e wh o l e o f m y e s tat e
— R I C H AR D S O N .
, ,

Th e re i s a s m u ch o f th e p u re g o s p e l in th e ir t e achi n g s a s in an y o th e r
c o m m u n ity o f C hri s t ia n s i n o u r la n d .

T h e r e ca n n o t b e t h e s a m e re a s o n fo r a p r o h ibiti o n o f c o rr e s p o n d e n c e
with m e a s th e re w a s o f m i n e with M r Lo v e lac e — R I C H AR D S ON
,
. .

H e r e th e right p r ep o s ition i s r e tain e d .

A m an h o ldi n g su ch a r esp o n s ibl e p o s iti on as M i n i s te r o f th e U n it e d

S tat e s — D S L AD E N . .

2 . A p r e p o s ition i s
om e ti m e s l e ft o ut quit e u nwarrant s ,

ably fr o m a m i s tak e n id e a o f e u p h o ny
,

W ith ou t tr bl i g ou n m yself a s to what su ch se l f ab s orp ti o n

-
might l ea d in
th e f u t u re .
—C O RE L L I .
( l e ad to )
He ch o se to fa n cy that s h e w a s no t s u s p ici o u s of what all h is ac qu ai n t
a n c e w e re p e r fe ctly aware — n a me ly that T H AC K E R AY ,
.
( a w ar e o f)

3 . I m p o s s ibl e co m p ro m i s e s b e tw e e n two p o s s ibl e alt e r

nativ e s .

To b e a C hri s tia n m e a n s to u s one w ho h as b ee n r e g ene rat e d D a i ly —

Tel egr ap h . A C hri s tia n m e a n s one w h o h as ’

t o b e a C hri s tia n m e a n s
to have b een ) ’

T o d o what a s fa r as h u m a n p os s ibility h a s p r o v e d out of h is p o w e r .

D a i ly Tel egr ap h .
(
‘
As a m att er o f h u m a n p oss ibility as fa r as h um a n
pos s ibility g o e s
O ne com p ro m i s e of thi s kind h as co me to be g e n e rally
r e cogni z e d :
S o far fro m b e i ng a nn oy e d h e agr ee d at o n c e ( S o fa r w as ,
.
‘
h e from
b e i ng a n no ye d that f a r fr o m b e i n g a nn o y e d h e agr e e d ,
3 2 8 G RA M M A R

c o nf e s s i o n o f a p u rp ose l a u dabl e o r wicke d th a t h er fac e o r v o ic e o r

, , , ,

m a n n e r had fo r th e m o me n t b e tray e d s h e l ou ge d
, ,
n — D I C KEN S , .

A t th e Ep ee Te a m C o m p e titi o n fo r D r S avag e s C hall e n ge C u p h e l d

’
.
,

o n t h e 2 sth a n d 2 7 th F e bru ary la s t w a s w on by th e I n n s o f C o u rt t ea m

, ,

c o n s i s ti n g o f — I th M i dd l es ex B a tta l i on Or d er s
4 .

I M P E RS ONA L O NE
’
TH E
‘
3 2 .

Thi s s houl d n e v e r b e mix e d u p with oth e r p ronoun s I ts .

’
iv e i s on e s not h is and o n e s hou ld b e r e p e at e d i f
p o s s es s , , ,

n e c es s ary not b e r e p lac e d by h i m & c Tho se w h o d oubt

, ,
.

th e i r ability to h and l e i t s kil ful ly u nd e r th e s e r e s tri ction s

s hould o n ly u s e it w h e r e no r e p e ti tion or s ub s tit u t e i s n e e d e d .

T h e o ld e r e x p e ri m e ntal u s ag e which h a s no w b e e n p ractical ly ,

d e cid e d again s t , is s h o wn in th e L ow e l l e xam p l e s .

T hat i ne qu al ity and i n c o n gr uo us n e s s in h i s writi n g which m ak e s on e

re vi se h i s j u dg men t at e v e ry t e nth p age — L O W E L L .

As o ne gr o w s o ld e r on e l o s e s m a n y id o l s p e rha p s c o me s at la s t to
, ,

hav e n on e at all alth ough h e m ay h on e s tly e n ough u n c o v e r in d efe r en c e

,

to t h w o r h i r at a n S hri n e — LO WE LL
e s pp e s y . .

T h e r e a re m a n y p a s s ag e s wh ich on e is rath e r i n cli ne d to like tha n s u re

h e w o u ld b e right i n liki ng L O W E LL
— .

H e i s a m an w h o s p e ak s with B i s m arckia n fra n k n e s s an d w h o dir e ctly ,

i mp re s se s on e with th e i m p res s i o n that y ou are s p e aki ng to a m an a n d

n o t to an i n car n at e bl u e b o o k Ti m es . .

Th e m e rit o f t h e b o o k a n d it i s n o t a s m all o n e is that it di s c us s es

, ,

e v e ry p r o bl e m with f airn e s s with n o p e ril o u s ha n k e ri n g a ft e r o rigi n ality

, ,

a n d w ith a di s p o s it i o n t o avail on es elf o f what h a s b e e n d o ne by h i s p re

d e c e s s ors . Ti m es .

If on e h as i i
bj e ct it is o f l ittl e u se to r ead b o o k s
a n Op n o n o n a ny s u , or

a
p p e r s which t e ll y o u what yo u k n o w al re ady T i m es . .

are all cr e ati o n s wh ich m ak e on e la u gh i n wardly a s w e r e ad .

H U TT ON .

On e s , is
’
on th enot th e right p o s s es s iv e fo r th e
oth e r hand ,

g e n e ri c m a n ; ma n s o r h is is r e qu ir e d a ccord ing to circu m

’

s tanc e s ; h is i h th e f ollowing e xam p l e :

T h ere i s a n at u ral d e s ir e i n th e m i n d of ma n t o s it f or ict r

’
on e s p u e .

H AZ LI TT .

33 B E T W EE N O R .

Thi s is a con fu s io n b e tw e e n two way s o f giving a lt e rnative s

— betw een a n d and ei th er or It is al w ays wrong
,
. .
 G RA M M A R 3 9
2

Th e c h o ic e R u s s ia h as i s b e tw ee n p aym en t for da m ag e s i n mo n e y or in
ki nd . Ti m es .

F o rc e d ch oo se b e tw e e n th e s acrific e o f i m p o rta n t i n t e r e s t s o n th e
to
n
o e ha n d o r t h e e p
x a n s i o n o f t h e E s ti m at e s o n t h e o th e r — Ti m es . .

W e have in that su b s ta n c e th e li n k b e tw e e n o rga n i c or i n o rga n ic m att e r

which ab o li s h e s th e di s ti n cti o n b e tw ee n livi n g a n d d e ad m att e r — Wes t .

m i n s ter Ga z ette ( O b se rv
. e t h e e l e ga n t variati o n

T h e q u e s ti o n l i e s b e tw e e n a Go d a n d a cr ee d or a Go d in s u ch a n ,

ab s tract s e se that d o e s n o t s ig n i fy D a i ly Telegr ap h

n — . .

Th e auth o r o f th e la s t h as b e e n p e r p l e x e d by th e a n d i n o ne

o f h is alt e rnativ e s H e s hould hav e u s e d on th e one h a nd

.
,
&c .

PL A C E D B E TWE E N
’

34 .
‘
A TH E A D J E C TI V E A ND

I TS N OUN
Thi s is ugly wh e n no t n e c e s s ary Ty p e s o f p hra s e in .

which it i s n e c es s a r y a re M any a y o u th What a l ie " H o w

dr e ad ful a fat e S O la m e an e xcu s e B u t th e re is n o di ffic u lty .

in p la c ing a b e fo r e o rdinary qualification s o f th e adj e ctiv e l ik e

q u i te m or
,
e m u c h l es
, s I n t h e f o ll owing r e ad
.
q i te a s ufi c i e n t
u , ,

m or e va l u a ble, a m or e gl or i ou s , mor e s er vicea ble, d zfi

’
a a no er e n t

pos i ti on , a g r e at e r or les s degr ee .

addi n g that th e re w a s n o s u gg e s ti o n o f a n o th e r raid agai n s t th e

J a p a n e se fl a n k whi ch w a s qu i te s ufi ci en t a n i ndi ca ti on o f co m i n g e v en t s
,

fo r th o s e ca p abl e o f re adi n g b e tw ee n th e li n e s Ti m es . .

C a n an y o n e ch o o s e m or e gl or i o u s a n ex i t tha n t o d ie fighti n g for o ne s

’

o w n c o u n try — Ti m es .

O f s y m p athy o f M r Bari ng h a s a fu ll m e a s u re which in h is ca s e is

,
.
, , ,

m or e v a l u a bl e a n a s s et tha n f a m il iarity with m ilitary t e x tb o o k s Ti m es . .

No gr eat additi o n al e x p e n dit u r e i s r e q u ir e d in o rd e r to m ak e O x fo rd

m or e s er v i cea bl e a p a r t o f o u r e d u cati o n al s y s t e m We stm i n s ter Ga z ette .
.

A n d y o u n g u n d e rgrad u at e s a re in thi s r e s p e ct in n o di ff e r e n t a p o s iti o n

fr o m that o f a n y o th e r C ivil S e rva n t Wes tm i n s ter Ga z ette
. .

T h e th ou s a n d a n d o n e adj u n ct s t o d e v o ti o n fi n di n g p lac e i n m or e
or l es s a d egr ee i n all ch u rch e s a re all D a i ly Tel egr aph
— .
,

Th eOdd ar r ang e m e nt i n t h e f ollowing w il l n o t d o we s hould

hav e a e ith e r b e fo r e s o o r b e fo r e d egr ee .

B ut what I do v e n t u re r t
to p o e s t agai n s t i s th e s acrifici n g of th e
33 0 G RA M M A R

i nt e r e s t s o f th e c ou n try di s trict s in so ri di cu l ou s ly an un a ir f degr ee to

th o se o f a s mall b o ro u gh Ti m es . .

35 . DO V E RB AS S U B S TI T U T E
D o cann o t r e p r e s e n t ( I ) be ( 2 ) an activ e v e rb s u p p li e d f ro m
,

a p a s s iv e (3 ) an activ e v e rb in a com p ound t e n s e g e ru nd o r

, , ,

i n fi n itiv e ; Yo u m ad e th e v e ry m i s tak e that I d id bu t h a ve ,

m a de w a s af r a i d of m a k i ng exp ec ted to m a k e s h a l l ( m a k e)
, , , .

It ght to hav e b e e n s ati s fyi n g t o th e y o u n g m an An d s o in a

ou .
,

m a n n e r o f s p e aki n g it did — C R O C K E TT
,
. .

I t m ay j u s tly b e s aid a s M r P a u l d o e s that

,
.Wes tm i n s ter Ga z ette , .

T o i n fl ict u p o n th e m se lv e s a di s ability which o n e day th e y will fi nd th e

m i s tak e a n d f o lly o f d o i n g Wes tm i ns ter Ga z ette
. .

W e can o f co u r s e s ay H e l o s t h is t r ai n which I had warn e d ,

hi m not to d o ; b e cau s e los e is th e n r e p r e s e nt e d not by d o,

b ut by w h i ch (thi ng ) .

3 6 . F RE S H S TA RTS
Th e t r i ck o f taking b r e ath i n th e m idd l e o f a s e nt e nc e b y
m e an s o f a r e s u m p tiv e th a t or th e lik e s hould b e av o id e d ;
e s p e ci ally wh e n i t i s a c o n f e s s ion rath e r o f t h e writ e r s s hort
’

wind e d n e s s than o f th e u nwi e ld y l e ngth o f h is s e nt e nc e .

It d o e s n o t fo ll o w ( as I p o i n t e d o u t by i mp l icati o n ab ov e) that if ,

acc o rdi n g to th e acc o u n t o f th e ir o rigi n giv e n by th e s y s t e m th o s e ,

f u n da m e n t a l b e li e f s a re tr u e that th e r e f o r
, e th e y a re tr u e —B A L F OU R . .

S ir M igh t I s u gge s t that whil e thi s i n t e re s ti ng q u e s t i o n i s b e i ng

-

di s c u s se d that th e hy m n R o ck o f Ag e s b e s u n g in e v e ry ch u rch a nd
‘ ’

Cha p e l D a i ly Te l egr aph

-
.

A v e r y hort wi nd e d c o rre s p ond e nt

s -
.

It s ee m s a f air d e d u cti o n that wh e n th e J a p a n e s e gai n e d th e ir

to b e
fl a n k p o s iti o n i m m e diat e ly W e s t o f M u kd e n an d wh en f urth e r th e y , , ,

t o o k n o i mm e diat e adva n tage o f th e fact b u t o n th e c o n trary b e ga n , , ,

t o h o l d th e villag e s i n th e p lai n a s d e f e n s iv e p o s iti o n s that a m u ch m o r e ,

a m biti o u s p la n w a s i n o p e rati o n Ti m es
— . .

I f th e w r it e r m e an s what h e s ays and th e gro u n d s o f th e ,

d e du cti o n a re n o t i ncl ud e d i n th e s e nt e nc e r e c o n s tru cti o n is ,

n o t o bvio u s and th a t is p e rha p s want e d to p i ck u p th e

,

thr e ad ; bu t i f as m ay b e s u s p e ct e d th e w hen C lau s es c on

, ,

tai n th e grou nd s o f th e d e ducti o n w e m ay r e con s tru ct a s ,

332 M EA N I N G
Th e Pe re s viet l o s t b o th h er fi gh ting t op s an d ( in ap p e ara n c e) look e d -

t h e m o s t da m ag e d o f all th e s h i p s — Ti m es . .

T h e y w o u ld h o w e v e r s tr e n gth e n th e ir p o s iti o n if th e y r e t u r n e d th e ( te m
, ,

p o ra ry) l o a n o f S i r A M a c D o n n e ll
. t o h i s o w n e r s wi th tha n k s — Ti m es .

T h e s c o r e w a s tak e n to I 3 6 wh e n M r M a c La re n w h o had ( e vid en tly ) .

,

s ee m e d b e n t o n h itti n g M r A r m s tr o n g o ff w a s b o wl e d
.
— Ti m es .
,

ca n n o t p re v e n t t h e di p l o m acy o f th e t w o c o un tri es f ro m l en di ng
e ach o th e r ( m u t u al ) s u pp o rt — T i m es . .

H o w e ve r I j u dge d that th e y w ou ld s oon (m u t u a ll y) fi nd e ach o th e r

,

o ut .
— C R O C K E TT .

N o twith s ta n di ng which ( h o we v e r ) p oo r P o lly e mbrac e d th em all r oun d

, , .

D IC KENS .

If a nyr e al r e m e dy i s to b e f o u n d w e m u s t fir s t d iagn o s e th e tru e ,

n at u re o f th e di s e a s e ; (b u t) that h o we v e r i s n o t hard s es , , .
-
.

M D e lc a s s é c o n t e mp lat e d a n id e n ti cal a ns w e r f o r F ra n c e Gre at

.
,

B ritai n an d S p ai n re f u s i n g o f c o u r s e t h e p r o p o s e d c o n fe r en c e b u t
, , , , ,

h i s c o ll e ag u e s o f t h e C abi n e t w e re h o w e v e r ) o p p os e d to id en tical ,

r ep li e s — Ti m es .

T h e s tr o n g c u rr e n t s f r e qu e n tly s hi ft e d th e m i n e s t o th e e qu al da ng e r ,

( b th )
o o f fri e n d a n f oe
d — Ti m es .

A n d p e r se c u ti o n o n th e p art o f th e B i s h o p s a n d th e P r e s byt e ria n s t o ,

( b o th o f) wh o m th e ir o p i n i o n s w e r e e q u ally hat e f u l dro v e fl o ck s o f ,

r e fu g e e s o v er s e a —J R GR E E N . . . .

B u t to t h e o rdi n ary E n gli s h P r o t e s ta n t ( b o th ) L atit u di n aria n a n d H igh

C h u rch m e n w e r e e q u ally hat e fu l — J R G R E E N . . . .

S e ri o u s ly ( an d a p art fr o m j e s ti ng ) th i s i s n o light m att e r — B AG E H O T

, ,
. .

T o go back to y o u r o w n c o u n try w ith ( th e c o n s ci o u sne s s that yo u

.

go back w ith ) t h e s e n s e o f d u ty d on e L O R D H AL S B U R Y -
.

N o d o ubt my e ff o rt s we re cl um s y e n o u gh b u t To g o had a c ap acity fo r ,

taki n g p ai n s by whi ch ( s aid ) q u ality g en i u s i s a p t to tri ump h o v e r e arly

,

o b s tacl e s Ti m es
. .

a s havi n g cr e at e d a ( o i n t )
j p art n e r s h i p b e tw ee n t h e t w o P o w e r s i n

th e M o r o cc o q u es ti o n — Ti m es .

S ir— As a w o rki n g m a n i t a p p e ar s t o m e that to th e qu e s ti o n D o w e

b e li ev e ? th e o n ly s ens ibl e p o s iti o n ( th e re s e e m s t o b e) i s to fra n kly
’

ackn o wl edg e o ur ig nora n c e o f what li es b e y o n d D a i ly Tel egr ap h -

.

39 . R E D UN D A N C I E S
D r Re d m o n d
. t old h i s c o n s tit u en t s th at by r e d u ci n g th e N at i o n al v o t e
in t h e H o u se of C o m m o n s th e y w o u ld n o t t h er eby ge t ri d o f o b s tru cti o n .

I t is n ot a th ou s a n d y e ar s g
ao s i n ce m u n ici p al iti e s in S c o tlan d w e re
by no m e a n s f r e e fr o m t h e s u s p ici o n o f c o rr u p ti o n — L O R D R O S E B E R Y .

S o me s ub sta n c e e qually a s yi e ldi ng — D a i ly M a i l .

 M E AN I N G 333

H ad a n o th e r e xp editi o n re ach e d th e S o l o mon I s la n d s w h o k n o w s bu t ,

that th e S p a n iard s m ight n ot hav e go n e o n to c o l o n i z e Au stralia a n d s o

t u rn e d th e c u rr e n t o f hi s t o ry — S pecta tor .

A s o n e bei ng abl e to giv e f u ll c o n s e n t I a m y ou r s f aith fu lly

D a i ly Tel egr ap h .

B u t to wh e r e s hall I l o o k fo r s o m e s m all ray o f light that will ill u m i n e

t e dark e s
h n s s u rro un di g e y s te ry o f m y b e i n g D a i ly Tel egr ap h
n t h m — .

I t i s q u it e p os s i bl e that if th e y d o that it m ay b e p os s i bl e to a me n d it in
c e rtai n p artic u lar s Wes tmi n s ter Ga z ette
. .

M e n a n d w o me n w h o p r of es s ed to ca l l th e m s e lv e s C hri s tia n s .

D a i ly Tel egr ap h ( An e ch o n o d o u bt o f p r ofe s s a n d call th e m

.
, ,

s e lv e s C hri s tia n s

Th e c o rr e s p on d e n c e that you hav e p u bli s h e d a bu n d a n tly thr o w s o u t

i n t o bol d r e li e f th e fal se p o s iti o n a s s u m e d — D ai l
y T el e
g p
r a h .

I n th e c o u r s e o f th e d ay y es ter d ay M R o u vie r w a s abl e to a s s u r e

, , .

M D e l ca s se
. Ti mes .

M or eov er too d o w e n o t all fee l

, , J C C O LLI N S -
. . .

Th e d o i n g n o th i n g fo r a l e ngth o f day s a f t e r th e fir s t s h o ck h e s u s tai n e d

w as th e r ea s on of h o w i t ca m e th a t N e s ta k n itt e d cl o s e r h e r ac qu ai n ta n c e
— M E RE D I T H .

W h en t h e p u blic ad o p t n e w i nv e n ti o n s wh o l e s al e s ome obl iga ti on ,

i s du e to l e s s en s o fa r as i s p os s ibl e th e hard s hi p s i n which

, , Wes t
mi ns ter Ga z ette .

WH E T H E R
’

4 0 .
‘
As To

Thi s is a form that i s s e ld o m n e c e s s ary and s houl d b e ,

r e s e rv e d fo r s e nt e n c es i n whi ch i t is r e al l y di ffic u l t to fi nd a
s ub s ti tut e . A b s trac t nou n s that can n o t b e f o l low e d i m m e
d ia t e ly by w hether s h o uld i f p o s s ibl e b e r e p l ac e d by th e
c o rre s p onding v e rb s M any writ e r s s ee m t o d e light i n thi s
.

hid e o u s co mbi nati o n and e m p l oy i t no t o n ly with ab s tract s

,

that can b e fol low e d by w h ether but e v e n with v e rb s , .

T h e C o u rt d e cli ne d to e xp r e s s any o p i n i on a s to wh eth e r th e R u ss i an

Amba s s ad o r w a s j u s ti fi e d in givi n g th e a s s u ra n c e s in q u e s ti o n an d a s to
wh e th e r th e o ff e n c e s with wh ich th e acc u s e d w e re charg e d w e r e p u n i s h
abl e by Ge r m a n law — Ti mes ( P e rha p s d e cli ne d to s a y wh e th e r in
. .
‘

th e ir o p i n io n ; b u t thi s i s l es s e a s ily m e n d e d tha n m o s t )

’

Th e di ffi c u lti e s o f thi s ta s k w e r e s o gr e at that I w as in d ou bt a s to

wh eth e r it as p o s s ibl e Ti mes
w — .

H i s wh o l e i nt e res t i s c o n c e n trat e d o n th e q u e s ti on a s t o h o w h is m i s s i o n
will a ff e ct h is o w n fort unes Ti mes . .

A fi n al d e ci s i on h as n o t ye t b ee n arrive d at a s to wh eth e r o r n o t th e
33 4 M EA N I N G

p ro c e e di ng s s h all b e p u bli c — Ti m es ( I t h a s n o t ye t b e en fi n ally d e cid e d

.

wh e th e r )
Yo u rai se th e q u e s ti o n a s to wh e th e r A d m iral R o z hd e s tv en s ky will n o t
re t u rn Ti m es
. .

I hav e m u ch p l e a s u r e in i n fo r m i n g R e ar Ad m iral M ath e r Byl e s a s to

wh e re h e c o u ld i n s p e ct a ri fl e o f th e ty p e r efe rr e d to .

Th e i n t e r es ti n g q u e s ti o n whic h s u ch e x p e ri m e n t s t e n d to s u gg e s t i s a s
to h o w f ar s ci e n c e m a y
— 0u tl o ok .

W h e n w e c o m e to c o n s id e r th e q u es ti o n a s to wh e th e r u p o n th e ,

di s s o l u ti o n o f th e b o dy th e s p irit fl i e s to s o me far di s ta n t c e l e s tial r e al m

,
-

He v e r t o ld u s to j u dge by th e liv e s o f p r ofe s s i n g C hri s tia n s a s to

ne

wh e th e r C hri s tia ity is t ru

n e — D a i ly Tel egr ap h .

M D elca s s e di d n o t all u d e to th e d e bat e d q ue s ti o n a s to wh e th e r any

.

o ffi cial c o mm u n icati o n w a s m ad e by t h e F r e n ch Go v e rn m e n t t o

Ge rm a n y I t i s al s o p o i n t e d o u t that h e did n o t l e t fall th e s light e s t

.

i n ti m ati on as to wh eth e r th e F r e n ch Go v e rn me n t ex p e ct e d Ti m es .

S U P E R F L UOU SH OU G H ‘ ’ ’
‘
4 1 . B UT A ND T

Wh e r e th e r e i s a natu ral o p p o s ition b e tw ee n two s e nte nc e s ,

adv e rs ativ e conj uncti o n s m ay y e t b e mad e i m p o s s ibl e b y

s o m e thi ng i n o n e o f th e s e nt e nc e s that d o e s t h e w o rk u naid e d .

Thu s i f i n va i n on ly and r es er ves an d s ole had n o t b e e n u s e d

, , ,

i n th e following s e nt e nc e s bu t and th ough would hav e b e e n ,

right ; a s i t is th e y a re wrong , .

( e
T h a u th o r dre a m s that h e is a h o r s e b e i n g ridd e n ) I n v a i n did I
re ar and kick att e mp ti n g t o get rid of m y f oe bu t th e s u rg e on re main e d
,

a s s addl e f a s t a s e v e r
- — B O R R OW . .

B u t th e s u b s ta n c e o f t h e s t o ry i s p ro bably tr ue th ough Vo ltair e h a s ,

on ly m ad e a s li p in a n a m e — M O R LE Y .

Ge r m a n y it a pp e ar s r es er v es f o r h e r s e l f th e s ol e p rivil e ge o f cre ati n g

, ,

tri p l e allia n c e s a n d p u re ly d e fen s iv e c o m bi n at i o n s o f that charact e r

‘ ’
,

bu t wh e n th e i n t e re s t s o f o th e r P o w e r s bri n g th e m t o g e th e r th e ir acti o n
i s r e p r o bat e d a s aggr e s s iv e a n d m e n aci n g Ti m es . .

S u ch m i s tak es p robably r es ult f ro m alt e ring th e p l an o f a

s e nt e nc e in writi ng ; and th e cu re is s i m p ly to r e ad ove r
e v e ry s e nt e nc e a ft e r it i s writt e n .

I E A ND W H E N
‘ ’
42 .

Thi s f ormula h as e nj oy e d mor e p o p u la r ity than it d es e rv e s

’
e ith e r wh e n or if by it s e l f woul d alm o s t always giv e th e
‘ ’ ‘
 33 6 M EA N I N G

43 . M AL T RE AT ED I D I O M S
I .
Two ex s i ting id io m s a re fu s e d i nt o a non e xi s t e nt o ne
-
.

It did t kenot a h im m u ch
tr o u bl e .
-
S L AD E N.
( I tak e i t c o s t s m e)

An o p p o rt u n ity s h o u ld b e a ff o rd e d th e e n e m y o f re tiri n g n o rthward s ,

m o r e o r l e s s of th e ir o w n a ccou n t — Ti m es ( o f m y o w n acc o rd ; o n m y
. .

o w n acc o u n t )

D r K u y p e r ad m i tt e d that h is o p i n i o n h ad b e e n c o n s u lt e d — Ti m es
.
. .

( I c o n s u lt yo u tak e y o u r o p i n i o n )
B u t it w a s in vai n with th e m aj o rity t o att e mp t i t — B A G E H O T (I . .

att e mp t in vai n it is vai n t o att e m p t )

T h e ca p tai n go t o u t th e s h u tt e r o f th e d oo r s h u t it u p m ad e it all , ,

fa s t a n d l o ck e d th e d o o r it s e l f — D I C K E N S
, ( m ak e it f a s t : m ak e all fa s t )
.

Th e p r o vi s i o n i n g o f th e R u s s ia n A rm y w o u ld p ractically hav e to b e
draw n ex cl u s iv e ly fro m th e m o th e r c o u n try — Ti m es ( draw p r ov i s i o n s : .

d o p r o vi s i on i n g )
I t gi v e s m e th e gr e at e s t p l e a s u r e in addi n g m y t e s ti m o n y D a i ly .
-

Tel egr ap h ( I hav

. e p l e a s u r e in addi n g : it giv e s m e p l ea s u r e to add )
An d i f w e rej e ct e d a s i m ilar p ro p o s iti o n m ad e t o u s w a s it n o t to o ,

m u ch to e x p e ct that C a n ada m ight n o t t u rn in a n o th e r d ir e cti on

C H A M B E R L A I N ( r e p o rt e d ) ( M ight n o t C a n ada t u rn ?
. to e x p e ct that
C a n ada w o u ld n o t t u rn )
I c an s pe ak fr o m e x p e ri e n c e that c o n v e r s i on w a s a v e ry r e al

an d p o w e r fu l thi n g ( s p e ak t o c on v e r s i o n s b e i n g
’
— D a i ly Tel egr ap h .

s ay that c o n v e r s i o n w a s )

H e c e rtai n ly p o s s e s s e d th o u gh in n o gr e at d e gre e th e m e a n s o f
, ,

a ff o rdi g th e m
n m o re r e li e tha e p racti s e d S CO TT (p re ach e d m o re
f n h — .

tha n h e p racti s e d : had m e an s o f a ffo rdi n g m o re than h e did a ff o rd )

M y p o s iti on is o n e o f a cl e rk th irt y e ight y e ar s o f age a n d m arri e d
,
-
, .

D a i ly Tel egr ap h ( o n e .that n o on e w o u ld e n vy : that o f a cl e rk )

A bb o t i n d e e d had p u t th e fi n i s h i n g s tr o k e o n all att e m p t s at a high e r

, ,

c e r em o n ial N e ith e r h e nor h is h o u s e h o ld w o u ld b o w at th e n a me o f

.

C hri s t —
J R
. G.R E E N.
( p u t th e fi n i s h i n g t o u ch e s o n : giv e n th e fi n i s h i n g
.

s tr o k e to )

I n thi s cha p t e r s om e o f th es e w o rd s will b e c on s id e r e d a n d al s o s om e ,

o th e r s agai n s t wh ich p u ri s m h as rai s e d o bj e cti o n s wh ich d o n o t s e e m

t o b e w e ll tak e n — R G W H I TE. .
(.e x c e p t i o n s . w e ll tak e n : o bj e cti o ns

righ tly m ad e To ta k e a n obj ecti on w el l c an o n ly m e a n to k ee p y o u r

.

t e m p e r wh en it i s r ai se d )
A w o m a n w oul d i n s ti n ctiv e ly dra w h er Cl o ak o r dre s s c l os e r t o h e r an d ,

a m an l e av e by far an u nn e c e s s ary a moun t o f r oo m fo r fe ar of c om i n g i n t o

c on tact w ith th o s e t o wh o m D a i ly Tel egr ap h ( by f ar t o o gr e a t
.

it e n u nn e c es s ary )
q u a
 M EA N I N G 337

Th e fi ne s i n fl icte d fo r e x c e s s o f th e l egal s p e e d — Ti m es ( ex c e s s o f .

s p e e d : e x c e e di n g th e l e gal s p e e d )

N o twith s tan di n g th e n o i n c o n s ide rabl e di s ta n c e by s e a — Gu er n s ey

A d v e r ti s e r ( it .i s n o i n c o n s id e rabl e di s ta n c e : t h e o r a — n o t in c o n
—

s id e ra b l e di s ta n c e )

H is whi m had b e e n gratifi e d at a tri fl i n g c o s t o f te n th o u s a n d

p ou n d s —.C R A W F O R D ( a tri .fl i n g c o s t — u n s p e c i fi e d : a tri fl e o f te n th ou

s a n d or s o : th e tri fl i n g c o s t o f t e n th o u s a n d S o in th e n e x t )
.

D yi n g at a ri p e o ld a ge o f e ighty th r e e -
Wes tm i n s ter Ga z ette
. .

T hat q u e s ti o n is th e p re s e n t s o l v e n cy o r i n s o lv e n cy o f t h e R us s ia n
S tat e . T h e a n s w e r to it d e p en d s n o t u p on th e f act wh e th e r R u s s ia h a s
o r h as n o t — Ti m es
( th e fact that : th e q u e s ti o n wh e th e r
. B ut .

d epen ds n ot up on w h eth er w ou ld b e b e s t h e r e )
T o all th o s e w h o had th u s s o s e l f s a c ri fi c i n gly a n d e n e rge tically
-

p r o m o t e d t h e o rga n i z ati o n o f thi s f u n d h e d e s ir e d to acc o rd i n th e

n a m e o f th e di o c e s e th e ir d e e p o bligati o n — Gu er n s ey A d ver ti s er ( acc o rd .

tha n k s : ack n o wl e dg e o bligat i o n )

T h e alli e s fritt e r e d away in s i e g e s th e fo rc e which w as r e ady f o r an
advan c e i n t o th e h e art o f F ra n c e u n til th e r e v o lt o f th e W e s t an d S o u th
w as alik e dr o w n e d in bl o o d Ti m es -
( th e r e v olt s w ere alik e dr o w ne d
.

t h e r e v o lt w as dr o w n e d )

2 . Of two di s tinct idi o m s th e wrong is cho s e n .

W h en to o it w a s m y p l ea s u r e t o addre s s a p ubl ic m eeti n g o f m o re

, ,

than at th e R o yal T h eatre th e o rgan i z e d o p p o s iti on n u m b ere d l e s s

tha n sev e n s c o r e Ti mes . .

I t i s o u r p l e a s u re to p r e s en t to yo u th e e n cl o s e d n o tificati o n o f th e
p r o p o rti o n o f p r o fit s which h as b ee n p lac e d to t h e cr e dit o f y o u r
a m o u n t — C o m p a n y circ u lar ( I had w e hav
. e t h e p l e a s,
u r e o f T he ,

f o r m ch o s en i s p r o pe r to r o yal p er s o n ages e x p r e s s i n g th e ir graci o u s

will )
I n th e f ac e o f it th e r u l e a p pe ar s a m o s t advi s abl e o n e — Gu er n s ey
A dv er ti s er ( On th e f a ce of i t m e an s p ri ma faci e : t h e o th e r mea ns
.

in s p it e o f )

3 . Th e fo rm of an id i o m is d i s t o rt e d with o u t c o n fu s ion with

,

anoth e r .

H o we v e r t o ward s e ve n i ng
, th e wi n d an d t h e wav es
b s id e d a nd th e su

n ight b e ca m e i t tarlight —Ti m es

q u e a n d s .
( S ta r l igh t is a n o u n which
.
,

c a n b e u s e d a s an adj e ctiv e i m m e diat ely b efo r e a n o th e r n o u n o n ly ; a

s tarlight n ight )

Ru s s ia i s n o w b itt e rly ex p iati n g h e r s hare in t h e i nf a my t h e n vi s it e d

u p o n J a a n — Ti mes
p .
( W e vi.s it u p o n a p e r s on h i s s i n s o r s o m e thi ng fo r ,

Z
33 8 M EAN I N G

which h e an d n o t w e i s r e s p on s ibl e o r agai n w e m a y vi s it o u r i n dign a

, , ,

t i o n u p on h im)
H e a n tici p at e d m u ch t o ward s M ary s r e c o v e ry in h e r re t u rn to J a p an
’
.

— S L AD E N
( a n tici p at e
. fro m )
B u t b o th Go v e rn me n t s hav e n o w r e q u e s t e d W a s h i n gt o n t o b e ch o se n
a s t h e p lac e o f m ee ti n g Ti m es ( r e q u e s t e d that W a s hi n gt on s h o u ld )
. .

F o r a s i ts a u th o r in lat e r y e ar s t o ld th e wri t e r o f thi s arti cl e h e had ,

s t u di e d war f o r n i ne y e ar s b e f o r e h e p u t t h e p e n t o t h e
p ap e r Ti m es -
. .

( Pu t p e n to p a p e r Thi s l ook s l ike i m itati on F r e n ch it i s c e rtai n ly n o t

.

E n gli s h )

4 . Th e
m e aning of a n id iom is m i s tak e n withou t con fu s i o n
w ith an o th e r .

For day s a n d day s in s u ch m oo d s h e w o u ld s tay wi thi n h is c o ttage

, , ,

n e v e r dark en i ng t h e d o o r o r s e e i n g o th e r f ac e tha n h is o w n i n m at e s .

T R O LL O P E ( To dark en th e d o o r i s alway s to en t e r a s a vi s it o r n e v e r
.
,

t o go o u t)

5 . S o me
mi s c e llan eou s and uncla s s ifi e d violation s are add e d ,

m o s tly withou t f u rth e r com m e nt than i tal ic s to r e m ind ,

s anguin e l e arn e r s that th e r e a re s mal l p it fall s in e v e ry d i r c e

tion .

I f I di d h a ve th e m os t th o r o ugh d ep en d en c e o n y ou r g o o d s en se
n ot

an d high p ri ci p l e s , I s h o u ld n o t s p e ak to yo u in thi s way TR O LL O E

n — . P .

J a p a n, whil e d e s iri ng th e m a ss acre of h er o wn an d Ru s s ia s s u bj e ct s to

’

b e bro u ght to a n en d , h as n e v e rth e l e s s ev ery i n ter es t th at t h e w ar s h ou l d

go o u .Ti m es .

Th e u np u bli s h e d s tat e , of wh ich on ly a n ex tre mely f ew ex a mp l e s are in

i t
ex s en e c . Ti m es .

O n c e I j es ted ab ou t i r — C R O C K E TT
h er . .

I t i s s ign ifi ca n t to a dd that wh en M rs C h es nu t di e d in 1 8 86 h er s e rva n t s

.

w e re with h en — Ti mes .

H e rri ng b o at s th e drap e ry of wh os e black s u s p en de d n e t s con tr as ted

,

with p ict u re s qu e e ffe ct th e w h i te s a i ls o f th e larg e r v e s s e l s — S F E R R I E R . .

I t i s at l e a s t i n c u mb e n t to b e s cr up u l o u s ly acc u rat e — Ti mes ( Th e .

m e ta p h o r in i n cu m ben t i s s o m u ch aliv e that up on — is n e v e r di s p en s e d

wi th )
A m e a s u re a ccor d i ng R om a n Ca th oli c cl ergy men w h o hav e p a ss e d
thr o u gh th e l o cal s e m i n ari e s b u t hav e n ot ye t p a s se d th e p re s crib e d
R u s s ia n lan g u ag e t e s t to h ol d cl e rical a p p o i n t m en t s Ti m es .
-
.

T h e re will b e e s tabli s h e d i n thi s free E n gla n d a c o mm e rcial tyra n n y

th e l i k e of w hi ch will n o t b e i n fe ri o r to th e tyra nn ical I n qu i s iti o n o f th e
D ark Ag e s — S p ecta tor .
3 4 0 M E AN I N G
’
le d away by accurat e p e rc e p tion is a m i s fort un e that c o u l d
ha p p e n o nly i n a s p e cial s e n s e th e s e n s e i n which it h a s,

ha p p e n e d p o s s ibly t o th e writ e r w ho m s h e e r fo rc e o f accu rat e

, , ,

p e rc e p t i o n m ay hav e hu rr i e d i nt o i nacc urat e e x r e s s i o n ; bu t

p
m o r e p r o bably h e to o is th e V icti m o f j i ngl i ng a n tith es i s ’

L ong bef or e th e a p p o i n t e d h o u r fo r th e c om m e n c e me n t o f th e r e cital ,

s ta n di n g r o o m o n ly f e ll to t h e l o t o f th o s e w h o arri v e d j u s t p r ev i ou s to

Mr K s a p p e ara c e
’
n o n t h e lat f r m — G u r n s A d v ti
. .
p o e
. ey er s er .

Th e n c e s s ary
e f
that M r K th e r e cit e r a p p e ar e d
i n e re n c e — .
,

o n th e lat form lon g b for t h a oi nt d hou r — i r babl y

p e e e pp e s p o

n o t i n acc o rdanc e with th e f act s .

Th e w e ath e r thi s w ee k h a s for t h e m o s t p art b een o f that q u ality which

t h e m o n th o f M arch s o s tr i k i ngly charact eri z e s i n th e or d i n a ry c o u r s e o f

e v en t s . Gu er n s ey A d ver ti s er .

What ha p p e n s i n th e ord i nary cour se o f e ve nt s can s carc e ly

contin u e to b e s triking Wh e th e r th e m o nth charact e ri z e s th e
.

w e ath e r o r th e w e ath e r th e m on th w e n ee d not con s id e r

, ,

h e re .

H e f orgot th at it w a s p o s s ibl e that fr o m a bri ef p eri o d o f t umu lt uo u s

,

di so rd e r th e re m ight i s s ue a m ilitary d e sp o ti s m m o re c omp act m o re

, ,

di s ci p li n e d a n d m o re o v e r p o w e ri ng tha n any wh ich h ad p re c e d e d it o r

, ,

an y whi ch h a s fo ll o w e d i t —B AG E H O T
. .

He co u ld not fo rg e t b e cau s e h e cou l d no t know anything

, ,

abou t th e d es p oti s m s whi ch h a ve i n fact follow e d H e might .

know a nd forg e t s o m e thi ng about al l th e d e s p oti s m s that had

r c d d or s h ou ld follow ( i n d i r e ct s p ee ch that hav ‘
e e e p re
p e ,

c e d e d o r s hal l fol low thi s may r e s ult i n th e mo s t com p act

d e s p oti s m in al l hi s tory p as t an d futu r e , B u t p robably
Bag e hot do es not e v e n m e an thi s : th e l a s t C lau s e s e e m s to
contai n a r e fl e ction o f h is own fal s e ly p r e s e nt e d as a p art o f
,

what h e o ught to hav e r e fl e ct e d .

S o m e p eo p l e w o u ld s ay that my p re s en t m a nn e r of tr a v e lli ng is mu ch
th e m os t p ref er a bl e, ridi n g a s I d o n o w , i n s t e ad o f l e adi n g my h o r se .

B o RR o w .

O nly two mod e s o f trav e lling a re com p are d th e m os t p r ef er

 M EAN I N G 3 4 1

a ble i m p l i e s fo u r thr e e o f th e m p r e fe r abl e in d i ffe re nt d egr e e s

,

to th e f o u r th A n ot u ncom m o n vu lgari s m
.
.

45 EMPH AS I S . D OU B L E
A tt e m p t s at p acki n g doubl e e m p ha s i s i nt o a S ingl e s e nt e nc e
a re a p t t o r e s u l t in r e al w e ak e ning .

N 0g o v e r n m e n t e v e r p l u n g e d m or e ra p idly i n t o a deeper q u ag m ir e .

O u tl ook ( F
. r o m t h e writ e r s e vi d e n t wi s h to s tat e th e m att e r s tr o n gly
’

w e i n f e r that s e v e ral G o v e r n m e n t s hav e p l u n g e d m o r e ra p idly i n t o a s

d eep q u agm ire s a n d a s ra p i dly i n t o d e e p e r o n e s )

,

M r J u s tic e N e vill e
. will n o w h av e th e v e ry rar e e x pe ri e n c e o f j o i n i n g
o n t h e B en ch a c o ll e ag u e wh o m h e d e f e at e d o n t h e p o ll s j u s t f o u r teen

yea r s ago Wes tm i n s ter Ga z ette ( Th e exp er i en ce with e xact ti m e

. .
,

i n t e rval i s p ro bably u n i qu e like a n y i n divid u al th u m b p ri n t ; that d o e s

, ,
-

n o t m ak e th e coi n ci den ce m o r e r e m arkabl e a n d it i s t h e c o i n cid e n c e that

w e a re t o ad m ir e )

N o thi n g h a s bro ught o u t m o re s tro ngly tha n m o t o r drivi ng the o v e r -

b eari n g se lfi s h n at u r e o f t o o m a n y m o t o r driv e rs a n d th e ir u tte r wa n t of

,
-

c o n s id e rati o n fo r th e ir f e ll w e o m n — L O R D W E M YS S ( h e att e m p t t o
T
. .

kill drive r s a n d drivi n g with o ne s t o n e l e av e s b o th v e ry s lightly w o u n d e d .

F o r what s h o u ld S h o w u p t h e driv e r s m o r e tha n t h e drivi n g ? an d wh o m

h
s ou ld t he drivi n g S h o w u p m o r e th a n t h e driv e r s ?
)
Th e c o m m o n e s t fo r m o f thi s is d u e t o c o n s ci e nti o u s bu t
m i s tak e n z e al fo r c o rr e ctn e s s w hich p r e fe r s fo r i n s tanc e w i th , , ,

ou t o pp r es s i ng or w i thou t p l u n d e r i ng t o w i th ou t opp r es s i ng or

p l u n der i ng fi r s t fo rm e xcl u d e s o n ly o n e o f th e O ff e n c e s
. Th e ,

and is th e r e fo re th o u gh p r o babl y m e ant to b e twic e a s

,

e m p hatic actually m u ch w e ak e r tha n t h e s e cond

,
whi ch e x ,

c l u d e s both W i th a nd in s t e ad o f o r i t is anoth e r m at t e r
.
,
.

Act u al ri e n c e h a s s h o w n that a gun c o n s tr u ct e d o n th e wire s y s t e m

exp e

c an s till b e u t i l i z e d e ff e ctiv e ly with o u t th e d es tr u c t i o n o f t h e w e a p o n o r

with o u t da n ge r o u s e ff e ct s e v e n with its i n n e r t u b e s p lit Ti m es

,
. .

Th e U n i o n m u s t b e m ai n tai n e d w ith o u t p a n d e ri n g t o s u ch p r ej u dic e s

o n th e o n e ha n d o r w i th o u t givi n g way o n t h e o th e r t o t h e
,
s ch e m e s

o f t h e N ati o n ali s t s — Sp ect a to r .

H e i n h ibit e d h i m o n p ai n o f e x c o m m u n icati o n f r o m s e eki ng a div o rc e

, ,

in h i s o w n E n gli s h C o u rt s or f r o m c o n tracti n g a n e w m arriag e

, .

J . R G.R E E N ( H al f e.x c u se d by t h e n e g a tiv e s e n s e o f i n h i bi t

)
3 4 2 M EAN I N G

A U X I L I A RI E S
’

4 6 .
‘
S PL I T .

S om e writ e r s hold i ng that th e r e is th e s am e obj e cti o n to

,

s l it co m o u nd v e rb s a s to s p l i t in fi n it ive s r f r t lac any

p p p e e o p e ,

adv e r b or q u al i fying p hra s e not b e t w e e n t h e au xiliary and th e

o th e r c o m p on e nt b u t b e fo r e both
, P rovi d e d that th e adv e rb .

i s th e n s e p arat e d f ro m th e a u xi liary no ha r m i s d on e : Evi ,

d e nt ly h e w a s m i s tak e n is o ft e n a s good a s H e w a s e vid e ntl y

m i s tak e n an d s u it s al l r e qui r e m e nt s o f acc e n t u atio n But .

th e p lacing o f th e ad v e rb i m m e diat e ly b e for e or a ft e r th e

auxil iary d ep e nd s acco rd ing to e s tabl i s h e d u s ag e u p on th e
, ,

r e lativ e i m p ortanc e o f th e tw o com p on e nt s Wh e n t h e m ain .

acc e nt is to fal l u p o n th e s e cond com p on e nt th e norm al p lac e ,

o f th e ad v e rb i s b e tw e e n t h e two ; i t is onl y wh e n th e s am e

v e r b is r e p e at e d with a C hang e i n th e t e n s e o r mo o d o f th e
aux il iary that t h e ad v e rb s ho u l d c o m e fi r s t
, H e e vid e ntl y .
‘

’
w as d e c e iv e d i m p l i e s o r s hou ld i m p ly that th e V e rb d ece i ved
, ,

h a s b e e n u s e d b e for e and that t h e p oin t o f t h e s e nt e nc e

,

d e p e nd s u p on th e e m p h ati c au xilia r y ; accord ingl y w e s h o uld

wri t e Th e p o s s ibil ity o f h is b e ing d e c e iv e d had n e v e r
occu rr e d t o m e bu t h e e vi d e ntly w a s d e c e iv e d bu t I re l i e d
im p l i citly on h is kn o wl e dg e o f th e fact s but h e w as e vi d e ntly
’
d e c e ive d I n o u r fi r s t t w o e xa m p l e s b e l ow th e adv e r b is
.

rightly p lac e d fi r s t t o s e cur e th e e m p ha s i s on t h e auxi liary

i n all t h e o th e rs th e ab o v e p ri nci p l e o f a cc e ntu ati o n is
violat e d Th e s a m e ord e r o f word s is re qu ire d by t h e co p u l a
.

with what e v e r kind o f co m p l e m e n t .

I r e c o gn i z e th i s tr u th a n d alway s hav e r e c ogn i z e d it

, .

R e fi n e d p o licy e v e r h as b een th e p are n t o f c o n fu s i o n a n d e v e r will b e ,

so, a s l o n g a s t h e w o rld e n d u r es — B URKE .

T h e y n e v e r a re s uff e r e d t o s u cc e e d i n th e ir O p p o s iti o n — B U R K E .

S h e had re c e iv e d th e h o m age o f a n d o cca s i o n ally had d e ig n e d to

br e ath e fo rth — B E ACON S F I E L D .

H e o rd e r e d br e ak fa s t a s cal m ly as i f h e n e v e r had l ef t h is h o m e .

B E AC ON S F I E L D .

M i s s B e cky wh o s e s y m p ath e tic p o w e r s n e v e r had b een call e d i nt o

,

acti on b efo re — F E R R I E R
. .
3 44 M EAN I N G

sh o ul d e x p r e s s p ro p e r conc e rn los t is a s hort cut to me n so

u n iqu e a s h e who s e lo s s w e now d e p l o r e

T h e re a re b u t fe w m e n wh os e liv e s ab ou n d i n s u ch wild a n d r o ma n ti c
adv e n t ur e ,
a n d, f o r th e m o s t p art cr o w n e d with s u cc e s s — P R E S C O TT
, .

Th e wri t e r do e s n o t m e a n adv e ntu r e s s o wi ld s o ro manti c

‘
, ,

and s o s u cc e s s fu l i n th e m ai n that i s s hown by th e qu al i fy

ing p a r e nth e s i s which is obvi o u s ly o n e o f co m m e n t on th e
,

ind ivid ual ca s e What h e d o e s m e an o u ght to h av e b e e n

.

giv e n in tw o s e nt e nc e s : Th e r e a re but fe w ‘
adv e ntu r e ; . .

mor eov e r w as fo r th e mo s t p art crown e d with s u c

,

’
c ess .

T h e S u lta n r e gre t s that th e di s ta n ce an d th e s h ort n o tic e al on e p rev en t

h im f r o m c o m i n g in p er s on Ti m es . .

Thi s is a s m uch as to s ay that th e S u ltan wi s h e s th e r e w e re

m o re o b s tacl e s R e ad : Th e S u ltan re g r e t s that h e can n o t
.

com e i n p e rs o n nothi ng b ut th e d i s tanc e and t h e s hort notic e

could p re v e nt hi m

48 . D E M ON S TRATI V E , N OUN AND P A RT I C I P L E

, OR
A D J E C TI V E

O f th e f orm s , p er s o n s i n ter es ted , th e p er s ons i n ter es ted , thos e

i n ter es ted, th os e w ho are i n ter es ted , o ne o r anoth e r may b e tt e r
s u it a p articu lar p hra s e o r cont e xt Th os e i n ter es ted i s th e .

l e a s t t o b e r e co m m e nd e d e s p e cially wi th an activ e p artici p l e

,

or adj e ctiv e Th e form thos e p er s ons i n ter es ted is a hyb r id

.
,

an d i s v e ry s e ldo m u s e d by a n y g o o d writ e r b u t i t i s b e c o m
i ng s o c o m mon in i n fe rior work that i t is thought n e c e s s a r y t o
giv e m an y e xam p l e s Th e firs t tw o o f th e fo r m thos e i n ter
.
,

es ted will p a s s though thos e w h o w er e c on cer n ed a ll w h o d r i ve

, , , ,

woul d b e b e tt e r I n th e oth e r s th a t and thos e s hou l d b e

.

e ith e r r e p l ac e d by th e o r ( s o m e ti m e s ) s i m p ly o m itt e d .

Th e i d e a o f a s h o rtag e had hard ly e n t e re d th e h e ad s e v e n o f th os e

m os t i mm e diat e ly con cer n ed — Ti m es .

T h e y a re th e t erro r o f all th os e d r i v i ng o r rid i n g s p i rit e d h o r s e s .

 M EA N I N G , A M B I G U IT Y 34 5

At ev ery ti m e a n d in e v ery p lac e thr o ugh o u t th a t v e ry li m it e d p or ti on

o f ti me a n d s p ac e op en to h u m a n o b s e rvati o n — B A L F OU R . .

Th a t p a r t o f th e r e g u lar ar m y q u a r ter ed at h o m e s h o u ld b e gr o u p e d by
divi s i o ns Ti m es
. .

H e re th e y b e h e ld acre s o f th a t s t up en d ou s gr ow th s een o n ly in th e
e q u i n o ctial r e gi o n s — P R E S C O TT
. .

I t i s n o t l ik e ly that Ge n e ral K u ro p a tk in e h a s a m a s s e d th os e r es er v es o f
m ilitary s t o r e s a n d s u p p li e s p lai n ly r eq u i i ed by th e circ u m s ta n c e s o f h is
s it u at i o n — Ti m es .

Th e i n s u rr e cti o n had b e e n g e n e ral thr o u gh ou t t h e c o u n try at l e a s t th a t ,

p o r t i o n o f it o cc up i ed by t h e S p a n iard s — P R E S C O TT .

M y a m e n d m en t w o u ld b e that th a t p a r t o f t h e r e p o rt dea li ng with th e

divid e n d o n th e A s har e s
‘
b e n o t ad o p t e d C o m p a n y r e p o rt —
.

W e s hall fail to s e c u re th a t u n a n i m i ty o f th o ught a n d d o ctri ne s o

i n d i sp en s a bl e b o th f o r Ti mes .

in o rd e r to m i n i m i z e th e e ff e ct p ro d u c e d by th a t p or ti on o f th e
A d m iral s r e p o rt f a v o u r a bl e to E n gla n d
’
Ti m es . .

A s tr u ggl e which o u r n ati on m u s t b e p r e p ar e d to fac e in th e la s t

r e s o rt o r e l s e giv e way t o th os e co u n tr i es n o t af r a i d t o acc e p t th e
,

r e s p o n s ibiliti e s a n d s acrific es i n s e p arabl e f r o m E m p i re — Ti m es .

C ivil s e rva n t s will n o t n a y ca n n o t w o rk w ith th a t f r eedo m o f acti o n so

, , ,

ess en ti a l t o g o o d w o rk in th e ca s e o f s u ch
perso ns so l o n g a s ,

Ti m es .

T 0 th os e Col on i es u n a bl e to c o n c u r with th ese su gge s ti o n s a warn i n g

s h ou ld be addr e s s e d . Ti mes .

49 . F AL S E S C E NT

I t is m o s t annoying to a r e ad e r t o b e m i s l e d ab o ut th e
c o n s truct i o n and th e r e fo r e m o s t fo o li s h i n a w ri t e r t o m i s l e ad
,

him I n t h e s e n t e nc e s that f o l l o w f a c i l i ti es a n d ex ces s es a re

.
,

natural ly tak e n a s i n t h e s am e c o n s truct i o n a n d s i m i la r ly ,

i nflu en ces a n d n a tur e u ntil th e e nd s o f t h e s e n t e n c e s s h o w u s

,

that w e hav e g o n e w r o ng Th e s e a re v e r y bad ca s e s ; but .

m i n o r o ffe nc e s o f th e ki nd a re v e r y c o m m o n and s h o u ld b e ,

ca r e fu l ly gu ard e d agai n s t .

He gl o at s o v e r th e f aciliti e s t h e ex c e s s e s a n d th e bl u n d e r s o f t h e
a u th o riti e s hav e giv e n h is c o mrad e s f o r r e v o l u ti on ary act i o n a m o n g
t h e m a s s e s — Ti m es .

T h e i n fl u e n c e s o f that a ge h i s o p e n ki n d s u s c e p tibl e n at u r e to s a y
, , , ,
3 4 6 A M B I G U I TY

no th i ng o f h is highly u nt o ward s it u ati o n m ad e it , m o re than u su ally

di ffi c u lt fo r h im to ca s t as id e o r rightly s u b o rdi n at e .
-
C AR L Y L E .

That th e r e is n o c o m m a b e tw e e n f a c il i ties and the ex ces s es is

n o d e fe nc e s e e ing h o w o ft e n c o m ma s go wrong ; i nd e e d t h e
,

c o m m a a ft e r age in t h e s e c o nd p i e c e whi ch is s t r ictly wrong , ,

is a p roo f h o w l ittl e r e lianc e is to b e p lac e d o n s uch s ign s .

5 0 . M I S PL AC E M ENT OF W O RD S
’
G e n e rou s i nt e r p re tation wil l g e n e ral ly ge t at a writ e r s
m e aning ; bu t fo r hi m to re ly o n that is to a p p e al a d m is er i
cor d i a m A p p e nd e d to t h e s e nt e nc e s wh e n n e c ess ary i s th e
.
, ,

r es ul t o f s u p p o s ing th e m to m e an what th e y s ay .

I t is w ith gri ef a n d p ai n that a s a dm i r er s of th e B r i ti sh a ri s tocr a cy

, , ,

w e fi n d o u r s e lv es o blig e d to ad m it th e e x i s t e n c e o f s o m a n y ill qu aliti e s i n

a p e r s o n wh o s e n a m e i s in D e br e tt — T H AC K E RA Y ( i mp li e s that ad m ir e rs
. .

m u s t ad m it th i s m o re tha n o th e r p e o p l e )
I t is f ro m thi s fat e that th e s o n o f a c o mm a n di n g p ri m e m i n i s t e r i s a t
a ny r a te p re s e rv e d — B A G E H O T i m li that p er ved is a w e ak w o rd
( p e
. s r e s

u s e d i n s t e ad o f a s tr o n g e r )

A n d e v e n if w e c o u ld s u pp o s e it to b e o u r d u ty it is n o t o ne wh ich as , ,

w a s s h ow n i n the l a s t ch ap ter w e a r e p ractically c o m p e t e n t to p e rfo r m

, .

B AL F O U R .

Th e chair m a n s ai d th e r e w a s n o s add e r s ight in th e w o rld tha n to s ee

w o men dru n k b e ca u s e th e y see m e d to l o s e comp l ete c o n tr o l o f th e m s e lv e s
, .

i
( p m li e s that l o s i n g c o m p l e t e c o n tr o l l e av es y o u with l e s s tha n if yo u l o s t

i n c o m p l e t e c o ntr o l )
T h e s o ldi e r s are d e e p l y chagr i n e d at havi n g had to giv e u p p o s iti on s ,

i n obed i en c e t o o r d e r s whi ch ,t h e J a p a n e se c o u ld n o t tak e — Ti m es .

Gr e at a n d h e r o i c me n hav e ex i s t e d w h o had al m o s t n o o th e r i nfo r m at i on

,

tha n by th e p ri n t e d p ag e I on ly w o u ld s a y that it n e e d s a s tro ng h e ad

.
,

to b e ar that di e t E M E RS O N
.
-
( i m p li e s that n o o n e e l s e w o u ld s ay it )
.

Ye s th e la z i e s t o f h u m a n b e i n g s thr o u gh t h e p r o vid e n c e o f Go d
, , ,

a bei ng too , ,
of r a th er i nf er i or cap a ci ty ac qu ires th e writt en p art of
,

a la n g u age s o di ffi c u lt that — B O RR O W .

R ight o r wr o n g a s h i s hy p o th e s i s m ay b e no on e t h at k n o w s h im will ,

s u s p e ct that h e h i m s e l f had n o t s ee n i t a n d s e en o v e r it , N e ith e r a s ,

w e of ten h ea r i s th e r e any s u p e rh u m a n f ac u lty r e qu ir e d t o f o ll o w h im

,
.

C A RL Y L E ( i mp li e s that w e o ft e n h e ar th e re i s no t)
.

T hi s w e say t o o u r s e lv e s m ay b e all v e ry tr u e (fo r hav e w e too n o t

, , , ,

b ro w s e d in th e D i cti ona ry o f N ati o n al B i ograp hy ?) b u t w h y d o es Tann er

34 8 A M B I G U I TY

B o th th e s e la s t are v e ry u nkind to th e p o or s l e ep y r e ad e r i t
is tru e that i n o n e o f th e m h e is i n e xc u s abl e i f h e go e s wr o ng ,

bu t w e s hould fo r o u r o w n s ak e s giv e h i m as fe w chanc es o f

going wro ng a s p o s s ibl e .

L u ck d ext e rity alway s giv e m o r e p l e a s u r e tha n i n t e ll e ct an d

an d

k no wl e dg e ; b e ca u se th e y fill u p what th e y fall on to t h e bri m at o n c e ,

a d pe p le
n o ru n t o th e with accla ati o n at t e s p la s h LA N DO R ( On
m m h — . .

a n d to s o r e g u larly b e l o n g t o g e th e r n o w th o u gh th e y did n o t i n L an d or s
’

ti m e that it i s di s c o n c erti n g to b e a s k e d to p a u s e b e tw een th e m)

,

5 2 . A M B I GUOU S E NU M E RATI ON
’
In com m a d e nu m e rati o n s car e s ho u ld b e tak e n not to i n ,

s e r t a p p o s ition s that m ay b e tak e n e v e n i f o nly at fi r s t s ight , ,

f o r s e p arat e m e mb e r s .

S o m e high o ffi cial s o f th e H e ad qu art e r S ta ff i n cl u di n g th e o ff i c e r ,

w h o is p ri m u s i n t e r p ar e s th e D ir e ct o r o f M ilitary O p e rati o n s a n d
, ,

th e D ir e ct o r o f S ta ff d u ti e s — Ti m es .
( T w o , or thre e , p r
e s on s ?
P r o bably tw o ; th o s e w h o can b e s u re o f th i s d o n o t
b ut th e need

d e s cri p tiv e cla u s e a n d th o se w h o n e e d it cann o t b e s u r e )

,

L o rd C u rz on S i r E d m o n d E ll e s t h e p r e s e n t M ilitary M e m b e r a n d
, , ,

t h e C ivilia n M e m b e r s of C o un cil trav e r s e th e m o s t m at e rial o f L o rd

K itch en e r s s tat e men t s o f fact Ti mes ( I s S ir E E ll e s th e M ilitary
’
. . ,

M e m b e r ? N 0 n ee d to t e ll any o n e w h o kn o w s ; a n d a n y o n e w h o d o e s
n o t k n o w i s n o t t o ld )

I h e r e wi s h t o r e m ark that L o rd D u ff e ri n fir s t f o r m e d t h e M o bili z ati o n

C o m m itt ee o f which th e C o m m a n d e r in C hi ef i s P r e s id e n t a n d t h e
,
- -
,

M ilitary M e m b e r S e cre tary M i l itary D e p art m e n t an d th e h e ad s o f

, , ,

d e p art m en t s b o th at A r m y H e ad qu art e r s an d u n d e r t h e Go v e r n m e n t
o f I n dia ,a e
r m e m b r s with t h e e xp r es s i n t e n ti o n of
e — Ti m es ( S
I .

t h e M ilitary M e mb e r S e cr e tary o f th e M o bili z ati o n C o m m itt ee ? W e ll ,

h e m a y b e b u t a c e rtai n a m o u n t o f p at i e n c e s h o w s u s that th e s en t e n c e
‘

w e a r e r e adi n g d o e s n o t t e ll u s s o )

53 . A N TI C S

A mal l s e l e ctio n m u s t s u ffic e S trai ning a f t e r t h e d ign i

s .

fi e d th e u nu s ual t h e p o ignant t h e high flo w n t h e p ict u r e s q u e

, , ,
-
, ,

th e s triking o f t e n turn s o u t badly

,
I t i s n o t wo r th whil e t o .

attai n any o f th e s e ai m s at th e c o s t o f b e ing u nnatu ral .

I .U s e o f s ti ff f u l l d r e s s l it e rary o r ou t o f th e way word s

,
-
, ,
- - - .
 A M B I G U I T Y, S T Y L E 34 9

A n d in dir e cti on w a s th e s light e s t c o n c e rn ev in ced Ti mes

no . .

Th e m aj o rity di s p lay s ca n t a nx i e ty f o r n e w s Ti m es -
.

tre ati n g h i s charact e r s o n bro ad e r li n e s o cc u p yi n g h i ms e l f with ,

m o r e e l e m e n tal e m o ti o n s a n d ty p e s a n d fo r s aki n g alt o g e th e r h is a l m o s t

,

m eti cu l o u s a n aly s i s o f m o tiv e a n d t e m p e ra m e n t Wes tm i n s ter Ga z ette . .

( W e r e c o mm e n d to thi s r e vi e w e r a m o r e m e tic u l ou s u s e o f th e dicti on ary )

An d m os t p r o bably h e i s v o t e d a f o o l fo r n o t d o i n g a s m a n y m e n
in s i m ilar p o s iti o n s a re d o i n g — v iz m aki n g u p fo r a lack o f p ri n ci p l e
.
,

by a n ab u n da n c e o f ba w bees e a s ily ex tract e d fr o m a larg e cla s s o f

c o n tract o r s h o are o nly t o o willi n g
w — Ti m es .

I t i s V ict o r H u g o s p e o p l e th e m o tiv e s o n which ;th e y act th e m e a n s

’

, ,

th e y tak e to carry o u t th e ir o bj e ct s th e ir r elati o n s to o n e a no th e r that

, ,

s trik e u s a s s o m on u m en ta l ly dr o ll — Ti m es . .

N o thi n g d e fi n it e h a s b ee n d e cid e d u p on a s to th e e x act dat e o f th e

vi it th e e u o f th e vi s it s th e
s s , v n e —
,
Ti mes .

2 . P r e t e nti o u s C i rcu m l oc u ti o n .

That li fe w a s br o u ght to a cl o s e in N o v e m b e r 1 56 7 at a n age p r o bably , , ,

n o t f a r fr o m th e on e fix ed by th e s a cr ed w r i ter a s th e ter m of h u m a n

ex i s ten ce — P R E S CO TT
. .

S h e s kat e d e x tr e m e ly badly b u t with a n e nj o y m en t that w as al m o s t

,

p ath e ti c i
,
n co n s i d er a ti on of th e p e r s i s ten ce f f q
o r e u e n t f a ll
‘

E F B ENSO N
. . .

Th e q u e s ti o n o f a n e x t e ns i o n o f th e Z e m s tv o s to th e s o u thw e s t
p r o v i n c es i s b e li e v e d t o b e u n d e r c o n s id e rati o n I t i s u n d e r s t o o d that.

th e vi s it o f Gen e ral K l e ige l s t o S t P e t e r s b u rg i s n o t u n con n ected ther e

.

w i th . Ti m es .

3 P
. o eptic
hra s e ology e s p e cially th e C a r lyl
,
e s e s u e r lativ e
p .

’
A l mo s t any p ag e o f M ilton s p r o s e wi ll s h o w wh e nc e C a r lyl e
h ad thi s bu t i t i s m o s t o ffe n s iv e i n ordinary m o d e rn writi n g .

A p e ri o d wh e n , a s S h e p u t s it , m en an d w o me n o f f a s h i o n tri e d n o t
‘

to b e th e m se lv e s , ye t ne v e r s o su cc es s fu lly di s p lay e d th e n a k ed h ea r ts of
th em Ti m es .

Th e la s t w e e k in F e br u ary w as har ne s s i ng h e r s e v e n bright s t e e d s in

shi n i n g ta n d em in th e S il en t c o u rtyard o f th e ti me to b e Th e L a mp .
—
.

O u r e n v e l o p i n g m o v e m en t s s i n c e s o me day s p r o v e s u cc e s s fu l a n d ,

fi e rc e s t battl e is n o w p r o c ee di ng — Ti mes .

T h e u n ha p p y m a n p e r s u ad e s h i m se l f that h e h a s in tru th b e c o m e
a n e w cr e at u re o f th e w on de rf ulle s t s y mmet ry — C A R LY LE
, . .

4 P atr o ni z ing s u p e riority e x p r e s s e d by d e s cribing s im p l e

.

thi ngs i n l o ng word s .

Th e s kati g ri n k wh e re ha p p y
n -
, fo lk all day s lid e with se t pu rp o s e on
35 0 S T YL E

th e e u s l iv e mat e rial , a nd with gr e at c o n t e n t p e rfo r m my s tic e v o l u ti o n s

of th e m o s t c o mp l icat e d o rd e r
.
—E F B E N S ON
. . .

5 . Th e d e t e rm in e d p i ct u r e s qu e .

A cr o s s th e s tr e e t bla n k s h u tt e r s fl u n g back th e ga s light in c o ld s me ar s .

—K 1 PL 1 NG .

Th e t fl u n g whit e wat e r at th e f o o t o f a h o m e ward b ou n d C hi n am a n

ou -

n o t a h u n dre d yard s away a n d h e r s had o w s la s h e d r o e

p p u rfle d s ail s
- -
,

b u lgi ng s id e way s lik e i n s o l en t ch e ek s —K I P L I N G . .

An u n d e r carry o f gre y w o o lly s p i n dri ft o f a s laty c o l ou r fl u n g it s e l f

-

n o i s e l e s s ly in t h e o p p o s it e dir e cti o n a l ittl e ab o v e th e tr e e t op s

, .

C R O C K E TT .

T h e n fo r a s p ac e th e gr o u n d w a s m o re clay e y a n d a car pe t o f gree n ,

wat er w e e d s w e re c o m b e d a n d wav e d by th e w o ve n r ope s o f wat e r

-
.

E F B E N S ON
. . .

At s o me di s ta n c e o ff in W i n ch e s t e r p r o bably whi ch p rick e d th e bl ue

, ,

ha z e o f h e at with dim s p ire s a ch u rch b e l l ca me mu ffl e d a n d la ng u id

, .

E F B ENSON
. . .

A carriag e driv e lay in l o ng c u rv e s lik e a fl ick e d whi p la s h s u r m o u n ti n g ,

t e rrac e aft e r t e rrac e s et with n ugat o ry nu diti es —E F B E N S O N . . . .

6 . R e ch e rch é ep ith et s .

P e rha p s b o th M ilt o n a nd B eeth o v en w ou ld l ive in o u r m e mo ri es as

writ e r s o f idyll s had n o t , a br u s q u e i n fir m ity drea df ully s h u t th e m o ff

f r o m th e ir f e ll o w m e n — Ti m es . .

Th e h igh ca n or ou s n o t e o f th e n o rth e a s t e r S TE V E NS O N -
. .

B y s p e ci o u s a n d cl a ma n t ex c ep ti on s — S T E V E N S ON .

7 . F orm al antith e s i s o r p arall e l

Thi s p articul ar f o rm o f .

a rti fi c iality is p e rha p s too mu ch o u t o f f a s hion to b e d ang e rou s

at p res e nt Th e gr e at s tore hou s e o f it is i n M acaulay

. .

He had n e ith e r th e qu aliti es wh ich m ake d u l ne s s r e sp e ctabl e n o r the ,

q u aliti e s wh ich m ak e lib e rt i n i s m attractiv e — M A C A U L A Y .

Th e fir s t tw o ki n g s o f th e H o use o f H a no v e r had n e ith e r th o s e

h e re ditary right s which hav e o fte n s u p p li e d th e p lac e o f m e rit n or ,

th o s e p e r s onal qu aliti e s which h av e o ften s up p li e d th e d efe ct of titl e .

M A C AU L A Y .

B u t h e w a s i n d o l en t an d di s so l u t e a n d had e arly i mp aire d a fi n e,

e s tat e with th e dic e b o x an d a fi n e-

c on s tit u ti on with th e b o t tl e
,
.

M ACAU LAY .

Th e di s cl o su re of th e s t o res o f Gr e ek lit e ra t u re h ad wr o ught th e revol u

ti o n o f th e R en a s c en c e Th e di s cl o s u r e o f th e o ld e r m a s s o f H e bre w
.

l it e rat ur e wrought th e r ev o l ut i on o f th e R efo rmati on J R GREE N

— . . .
35 2 S T YL E

No y e ar p a s se s no w with o u t e vid e n c e of th e tr u th o f th e s tat e men t that

th e w o rk o f g o v e r n m e n t i s b e c o m i n g i n cr e a s i n gly d i ffi c u l t — S p ecta tor . .

I t h a s tak e n a l e adi n g p art i n p r o t e s ti n g agai n s t th e C o n g o S tat e s

’

tr e at me n t o f n ativ e s c o n tr o ll e d by it a n d in p r o c u ri n g th e p re s s u re
,

which t h e H o u s e o f C o m m o n s h a s p u t u p o n o u r Go v e rn m e n t w ith a vi e w
to i n t e rn ati o n al i n s i s t e n c e o n f u lfil m e n t o f th e o bligati o n s e n t e r e d u p o n
by th e C ng o Go v e rn m en t a s r e gard s n at iv e right s Ti m es
o — . .

Th e o u tc o me o f a d e s ir e to c on vi n c e th e G o v e r n m e n t o f th e e x p e di e n cy
o f gra n ti n g th e r e t u r n r e c e n tly o rd e r e d by th e H o u s e with r e gard t o th e

n a me s ,
Ti m es .

I n d e fa u lt o f i n fo r m ati o n o f th e r e s u lt o f t h e d e lib e rati o n s which it h a s

b e en s tat e d th e I mp e rial D efe n c e C o mm itt ee hav e b e en e n gage d in
Ti m es .

Th e v o l u n t e e r d oes n o t v o l u n t e e r to b e c o m p e ll e d to s u ff e r l o ng filthy , ,

a n d n e gl e ct e d ill ne s s e s a n d t o o o ft e n d e ath y e t s u ch w a s S o u th A frica o n

,

a va s t s cal e a n d is i n evitabl e in war u n de r th e p r e s en t o ffi cial in

,

di ffe r en c e Ti mes
. .

55 . S O M E W H A T, & c .

I nd ul g e nc e in q u al i fying a dv e rb s a s p er h ap s p os s i bly p r o
, , ,

ba bly r a th er a li ttle s omew h a t amo unt s with E ngl i s h j our

, , , ,

n a l is t s to a d i s e a se ; t h e int e m p e rat e o rgy o f m o d e ration is

r e n e w e d e v e ry m o rning A s s om ew h a t i s ra p id ly s wall o wing

.

u p th e r e s t w e s hal l al mo s t confi n e our att e ntion to it

,
an d it
i s u s e l es s t o d e p r e cat e th e u s e wi thou t co p iou s il l u s tration .

Exam p l e s will b e cl a s s ifi e d u nd e r h e ading s though th e se a re ,

n o t quit e m utua lly e xclu s i v e .

1 . S omew h a t l arly i llogical

C e .

A b er o f
n um q u e s ti on s to th e P ri me M i n i s t e r h av e b e en
p ut u p on th e
p a p e r with th e o bj e ct o f e liciti n g i nfo r m ati o n a s t o th e p e r s o nne l o f
th e p r o p o s e d R o yal C o m mi ss i o n a n d th e s c o p e o f th e ir i n qu iry T h es e .

a re n o w s om ew h a t bel a ted i n V i e w o f th e o ffi cial ann ou n c e m e n t m a d e thi s

m o r ni n g .Ti m es ( Th e a nn o u n c emen t c o ntai n e d b o th t h e li s t o f m emb er s

.

a n d th e f u ll r e fe r en c e
)
Thrill s wh ich gav e h im r a th er a u n i q u e p l e a su r e — H U TT ON .

Ru s s ia n d e s p atch es a re s om ew h a t i n con s i s ten t o n e o f th e m s tati ng ,

that th ere i s n o chan ge in t h e p o s iti on of th e ar m i e s whil e a n o th e r s ay s ,

th a t th e J a p a ne s e adva n c e c o n ti nu es Ti m es . .

B e i ng f ai n t w ith h un g er I w as s omew h a t i n a l i s tl ess con di ti on b o rd er

ing o n s t u p o r — C O R E L L 1
. .
 S TY L E 3 53

In th e l igh t o f th e s e i t wo u ld b e hard to ,
s ay what ful l b e lat e d
n e s s i ncon s i s t e n cy and li s tl e s s n es s may
, ,
be .

2 . S o m ew h a t
with e s s e ntial ly e m p hati c w o rd s .

W e m ay cal l a thing di r ty o r filthy ; i f w e ch o o s e t h e ,

l att e r w e m e an to b e e m p hatic ; i t is ab s u rd to u s e t h e
,

e m p hati c w o r d a n d tak e a w ay i t s e m p ha s i s wi th s o m ew h a t ,

wh e n w e m i ght u s e th e g e ntl e r word by it s e l f .

A m e m b er o f th e L e gi s lativ e C o u n cil is
all o w e d n o w to s p eak in D u tch
if h e c a nn o t e x p re ss hi m s e l f cl e arly in E n gli s h ; u n d e r t h e p r o p o s e d
arra n ge m e n t h e will b e abl e to d e cid e fo r hi m se l f in which m e di u m h e
c a n e x p r e s s hi m s e l f th e m o re cl e arly S u r e ly a s om ew h a t i nfin i tes i m a l
.

p o i n t Ti
. m es .

T h irdly it is r a th er agon i z i ng at ti m e s to th e p hil o l o gi s t

,
Ti mes . .

Th e di s ta n c e s at which th e m o v e m e n t s a re b e i n g c o n d u ct e d r e c e iv e
a s o m ew h a t s ta r tl i ng ill u s trati o n fr o m th e s tat e m en t that Ti m es .

U n d e r th e s e circ u m s ta n c e s it i s s om ew h a t ex tr a or d i n a ry to e n d e av o u r
t o s av e th e G o v e r n m e n t f r o m bla m e Ti m es . .

I n vari o u s e vid e n tly w e ll i n fo r m e d j o u rn al s th e s omew h a t a m a z i ng

‘ ’
-

r o o s iti o n i s s e t u that — T i 7 n es
p p p . .

B u t u n f o rt u n at e ly th e w o rd d u ti e s go t accid entally s u b s tit u t e d fo r

‘ ’

b o u n ti e s in tw o p lac e s an d m ad e th e u tt e ra n c e s om ew h a t u n i n tell igi bl e

,

to th e g e n e ral r e ad e r Ti m es . .

T h e s o n g s are s u n g by s t u d e n t s to t h e acc o m p a n i m e n t o f a s om ew h a t
a on i z i n
g g ba n d T i m es
. .

T h e r e i s a m y s t e ri o u s m an killi n g o rchid a gr e at E a s t e r n j e w e l o f
-
,

S tat e a n d m a n y o th e r p r o p e rti e s s om e o f th e m a l i ttl e w el l w or n

, , ,

s u itabl e f o r th e s tagi n g o f a tal e o f m y s t e ry — S p ecta tor . .

S o me of th e
in s tanc e s i n th e s e tw o cla ss e s w o uld b e d e fe nd e d
a s h u m o ro u s u nd e r s tat e m e nt Bu t if thi s hackn ey e d t r ick
-
.

i s an e xam p l e o f th e nati o n al hu m o u r w e had b e tt e r c e a s e ,

m aking r e fl e cti o n s o n G e r man want o f h u mou r .

3 . S o mew h a t s hyly announcing an ep igram mati c or w el l

ch o s e n p hra s e .

T h e r e is a v e ry p r e tty p r o bl em awaiti n g th e d e ci s i o n o f P ri n c e B u l o w ,

and one wh i ch is e n tire ly w o rthy o f h is s om ew h a t a er oba ti c di p l o m acy .

Ga s t o n en gag e d in a c o n tr o v e r s y on th e o rigi n of e vil which

,
te r
m in a te d by h is so mew h a t a br u l
p y
t q u i tti ng hi s A lm a Al a /e r .

B E A CON S F I E L D .

NS .
3 54 S T YL E

W h y e v en T en n y s o n b e ca m e an a m at e u r m ilk m a n to s om ew ha t con cea l

a n d ex cu se th e s h a me a nd d egr a d a ti on of w r i ti ng v er s e C O R EL L I . .

The virt u o u s b u t s om ew h a t u npl ea s i ng ty p e o f th e R o m a n n ati o n .

Th e s ight of th e s e s o ldi e r s a n d s ail o rs s itti ng r o u nd ca m p fi re s in th e -

m id s t o f t h e s n o w in f a s h i o n abl e th o r o u gh fare s tra n s fo r m i n g th e city i n t o

,

an ar m e d ca m p , i s s om e w hat w ei r d . Ti m es .

W hil e M ary w as tryi ng to d e ci p h e r th e s e s omew h a t my s ti c l i n es .

S . F E RR I E R .

4 . S o mew h a t conv e ying a s n e e r .

I t is what s tra n g e that a n y o ne c o nn e ct e d with thi s i n s tit ut i on

s om e

s h o u ld b e s o u n f a m iliar with its r e g u lati o n s — Ti m es .

that th e c on cl u s i on arriv e d at by th e s h o rt es t ro u t e is to b e acc e p t e d

a s o m e what ex travaga n t d o ctri ne acc o rdi n g to which , B ALF O U R .

B u t v e ry fe w p o i n t s o f g e n e ral i n t e re s t hav e b e e n e licit e d in a n y q u art e r

by th e s e s o m e wh at acad e m ic re fle c tion s Ti m es .
-
.

T hi s s o m e what gl o wi n g adv e rti s e m e n t o f th e n e w l o a n Ti m es . .

5 g.e Th e
nuin e s o mew h a t m e r e ly tam e tim id und e cid e
,
d , , ,

concil iatory or p olit e ,

.

I t is what p iti fu l to s ee th e e ffo rt s o f a for e ign S tat e dire ct e d no t

s o me ,

to th e p u r s u it o f i ts o w n ai m s by l e giti m at e m e a n s b u t to th e gratificati o n ,

o f p e r s on al h o s til ity t o a gr e at p u blic se rva n t o f F ra n c e — Ti m es . .

I a m c e rtai n that th e cl e rgy th e m s e lv e s o n ly to o gladly ac qu i es c e in

th i s s om e what ill o gical divi s i o n o f lab ou r — Ti m es . .

T hi s n o d o u bt is what P rof e s so r R a y L a nk e s t e r i s drivi n g at in h is

, ,

s o m e what i n t e m p e rat e o n s la u ght Ti mes . .

Th e r a th er my s ter i ou s vi s i t o f S Titto n i th e I talia n F o r e ig n M i n i s t e r

.
, ,

to Ge rm a n y —Ti mes . .

T h e se a re of r a th er r em a r h a hl e p ro m i se ; th e h e ad s h o w s an u nu s u al
p o w e r o f r e ali z i ng charact e r u n d e r a p u re ly i d e al c o n c e p ti o n Ti mes -
. .

Th e r a th er finely c o n c e iv e d s tat u e tt e call e d Th e H u m a n Ta s k by

‘ ’

M r O liv er W h eatl e y Ti m es
. . .

I t i s so me what th e fa s h i on to s ay that i n th e se day s Ti m es .

A l e tt e r fr o m o n e wh o s e l e ar n i n g a n d e x p e ri e n c e e n titl e h im to b e h e ard ,

c o n c e iv e d a s I thi n k i n a S p irit o f s ome what e x agge rat e d p e s s i m i s m

, , .

Th etat e men t m ad e by th e writ e r i s s o me what o p en t o d o u b t — Ti mes

s .

I hav e re ad with m u ch i n t e re s t t h e l e tt e r s o n th e s ubj e ct o f h u s h

m o n e y e s p e cially as th ey acc o un t t o m e s om e what fo r th e di ffi c u lti e s
,

I hav e e x p e ri e n c e d — Ti mes .

I t w o u ld b e val u abl e if h e w o u ld s o me what e x p a n d h is id e a s re gardi ng

l o cal d efe c by o l u t ee r s Ti mes
n e V n — .
 35 6 S T YL E
Th e o cc up a n t s talk e d i n s p e ct e d ,
th e car s of on e a n oth er i n t e rcha nge d ,

t al e s of Ti m es ( av o ida n c e .
, in gra mm ati cal p u s illa n i m ity o f on e ,

a n oth er s ca r s )
’

w ho hav e o n ly th e m se lv e s in vi e w by br eaki ng thro ugh i t .

RI C H AR D S O N ( av o ida n c e o f d o u bl e i n )
.

H e n o dd e d as on e w h o w ou l d s ay
, I hav e alr e ady th o u ght o f that ,

C RO CK E I T
’

(
‘

av o ida
. n c e o f t h e archai s m wh ich h o w e v e r i s t h e o n ly
,

n at u ral f o r m a s w h o s h ou ld s ay )
,

I t i s n o w p ractically c e rtai n that th e cre w s o f Ne b oga to ff s s qu adro n

’

w e re in a s tat e o f m u ti n y a n d that thi s i s th e ex pla n ati on f or th e su rr e n d e r

,
—
of th es e v e s s el s Ti mes ( av o ida n c e o f d o u bl e of .

An d f or t h e fir s t ti m e af ter tw e n ty y e ar s t h e W h ig s s a w th e m s e lv e s
agai n in p o w e r — J R G R E E N (Av o ida n c e o f d o u bl e f or ; if af ter had
. . . .

b ee n o rigi n ally i n t e n d e d w e s h o u ld h av e had a t l a s t i n s te ad o f f or th e

,

fir s t ti m e)
A n d o pp r e s s iv e la w s fo rc e d e v e n th e s e f ew with s ca n t e x c ep ti on s to
p r o fe s s P r o t e s ta n ti s m —
J R GR E E N ( To avo id th e re p e titi o n o f f ew th e
. . . .

a fi e c te d w o rd s ca n t h a s b e e n ad m itt e d )
'

G iv e n c o m p e titi o n a n y li n e w o u ld v ie with th e o th e r s i n m irr o r s

,

a n d gild e d f u rn it u r e ; b u t if th e r e i s n o n e why s p en d a p e n n y ? No t ,

a p a s s e n g e r t h e l e s s will trav e l b e ca u se th e m o d e o f tran s it is bes ti a l .

E F B E N S ON
. .
( T o av o id . t h e o v e rd o n e w o rd b ea s tly
— which h o w e v e r
ha p p en s to b e th e righ t o n e h e r e ; bes ti a l d e s crib e s charact e r o r c o n d u ct)
Th e r e i s i n d e e d a ki n d o f t i m o r o u s ath e i s m in th e m a n w h o dar es
, ,

n o t tru s t Go d to r en de r all e ff o rt s t o i n t e r p r e t h i s W o rd a n d what -

i s critici s m b u t i n t e r p r e tati o n — w o rk t o g e th e r for g o o d S p ecta tor

— .

( R e n d e r i s s u b s tit u t e d f o r m a h e b e ca u s e m a h e ejf o r ts m ight b e ta k en

a s c o m l e t e with o u t th e w or k to eth er that i s d u e U n f o rt u n at e ly to

p g .
,

r end er
"f o r ts w or k t og e th e r i s n o t e v e n E n gli s h a t all )

O M I S S I ON C ON J U N C TI ON
’

57 . O F TH E
‘
T H AT
T hi s is qu it e l e giti mat e but o f t e n u n p l e a s ant I t is p artly ,
.

a m att e r o f id iom as I p r es u me y ou h n ow b u t I a s s u me tha t

, , ,

y o u k n o w p artly o f av o id ing f al s e s c e nt a s i n t h e s ixth ,

e xa m p l e b e l ow wh e r e s che m e m ight b e o bj e ct to d i s cover

,
In .

p articu lar it i s u nd e s i rab l e to o m it t h a t wh e n a l ong clau se o r

p hra s e i nt e rv e n e s b e tw e e n it an d t h e s ubj e ct and v e rb it i ntro

d u c e s a s i n th e fi r s t fou r e xam p l e s
, .

And it i s to b e h o p e d , a s th e tr ee p l a n ti ng -
s ea s on h as a rr i ved, S t ep n e y
will now p u t its s ch e me in ha n d Ti m es . .
 S T YL E 35 7

S ir, — We no tice in a l ea di ng a r ti cl e i n y o u r i s s u e to a ay on th e s u bj ect -

’

o
f th e ca r r i age o f A u s tr a li a n m a i l s yo u i m p ly that t h e i n cr e a s e d p ric e
d em a n d e d by th e O ri e n t P acific L i n e w a s d u e to Ti m es .

L o rd Balf o u r m o v e d that i t is n e c e s s ary , bef or e th e con s ti tu en ci es

a r e a s h ed to d eter m i n e u p on th e des i r a bi li ty o f s u ch con er en ce,
f th e y s h o uld
be i n fo r m e d fir s t Ti m es .

L o rd S p e n c e r h e ld that it w as i m po s s ibl e w i th r ega r d to a q u es ti on

w h i ch h a d br oh en u p th e Gov er n m en t a nd di s tu r be d th e co u n try th e y c o u ld
go i n t o a c o n fe r e n c e which
I f t h e Au s tralia n i s to b e c o n vi n c e d that i s a n u nr e a so n abl e wi s h it will ,

n o t b e by arg u m en t s ab o u t ta x ati o n Ti m es . .

I thi n k h e w o u ld di s c o v e r t h e s ch e m e u n fo ld e d a n d e x p lai n e d i n th e m
i s a p e rfe ctly i n t e lligibl e a n d c o m p r e h e n s iv e o n e Ti m es . .

I t i s n o t till H e c o m e th th e id e al will b e s e e m — Ti m es .

An d it is o n ly by f aith th e e vil s yo u m en t i o n a s p r o d u ctiv e of war c a n

b e ca s t o u t o f o u r h e art s — Ti m es .

I d o n o t wi s h it to b e u n d e r s t o o d that I c o n s id e r all th o s e w h o a p p li e d
fo r w o rk d u ri n g th e p a s t t w o wi nt e r s an d w h o a re n o w s e e ki n g e m p l o y m e n t
a re i mp o s t o r s Ti m es
— . .

I a s s u me T u rk e y w o u ld r e q u ir e s u ch a ca s h p ay men t o f at l e a s t
Ti m es .

Ta w n o l ea p e d i n t o th e s addl e wh e r e h e r e ally l o ok e d lik e Gu nn ar o f

,

H lith a re n d s av e a n d e x c e p t th e c o m p l e x i on o f Gu n n ar w a s fl o rid wh e re a s
, ,

that o f Ta w no w as o f n e arly M u latt o dark n es s — B O R R O W . .

I n s om e o f th e se th e m otiv e is o bvi o u s t o av o id o ne th a t ,

clau s e d e p e nding o n anoth e r ; th e e nd w a s g o o d bu t th e ,

m e an s bad a mor e tho rough r e ca s tin g w as cal l ed fo r .

5 8 . M E A N I N GL E S S ‘
WH I L E
Wh ile origi nally t e m p oral
, a l e gi ti m at e u s e al s o i n con
,
h as
tra s ts Th e f u rth e r colo u rl e s s u s e o f i t wh e th e r with v e r b o r
.
,

with p artici p l e as a m e r e e l e gant va r i atio n fo r a nd is v e r y

,

cha ract e ri s ti c o f j o urnal es e and m u ch to b e d e p r e cat ed, .

O f its val u e th e re c an b e n o q u e s ti on Th e e dit or s articl e o n C o n s titu .

’

t i on s fo r e x a m p l e a n d that of M r W W y s e o n L a w b o th w e ll r e pay
’
, , . .

m o s t car e fu l s t u dy ; w h i l e wh e n S ir R J e bb writ e s o n L it e rat u r e

’
Dr
.
‘
, .

H e n ry J ack s o n o n P hil o so p hy o r P r ofes s o r W ald s t e i n o n S c u l p t u re

‘ ‘

th e ir c o n trib u ti o n s m u s t b e regard e d a s a u th o ritativ e — Sp ecta tor . .

Th e fi r e m a n w a s kill e d o n th e s p o t a n d th e driv e r a s w e ll a s th e g u ard

,

o f t h e p a s se n g e r trai n w a s s lightly i nj u r e d ; w h i l e th e u p li ne w a s bl o ck e d -

fo r so me t i m e with d eb ris f ro m br o k e n tr u ck s o f th e g o o d s trai n Tu n es . .

 35 8 S T YL E

Th e d ee r o n th e i sla n d t o o k s om e i n t e r e s t in th e p r o c ee d i n g wh il e th e ,

p e ac o ck s o n t h e law n s cr e a m e d at t h e right ti m e — B i r mi n h a m D a i l
g y .

P os t .

It ca nno t b e c o n t e n d e d that i t i s m o re p ro fitabl e to c o nv e y a pa s s eng e r

t h e tw e n ty fo u r m il e s to Yar m o u th fo r p ay m e n t tha n to acc e p t t h e s a m e
-

p ay m e n t with o u t p e rf o rm i n g t h e s e rv ic e ; w h i l e i f t h e c o m p a n y wi s h t o
,

di s c o u rage t h e u s e o f ch ea p w eek en d t ick e t s why i s s ue t h e m at all

-
,

59 . C O MM E RC I AL I S M S

C e r tain u s es o f s u ch th e s a me and oth e r wo rd s r e dol e nt o f

, , ,

c o m m e rc e and t h e law s houl d b e r e s e rv e d fo r c o m m e rcial and

,

l e gal cont e xt s A n en t which h as b e e n noti c e d i n P art I i s a

.
, ,

l e gal i s m o f thi s kind I n t h e B ro n té i n s tan c e s q u o te d a twang

.
,

o f fl i a ncy will b e ob s e rv e d t h e oth e r writ e r s a re p robably

pp
u n con s ciou s .

Th i s g en tl ema n s s tat e o f m i n d w as v e ry h arro wi ng a n d I w as glad

’

wh en h e w ou n d u p h is e xp o s iti on o f th e s a m e — C B R O N T E . .

T h e p r e s e n t w a s n o o cca s i o n f o r s h o wy array ; m y d u n m i s t cra p e

w o u ld s u ffi c e a n d I sou ght th e s a m e in th e gre at o ak wardro b e in th e
,

d o rm it o ry C B R O N T E
— . . .

T h e re are c e rtai n b o ok s that al mo s t d efy cla s s i fi cati o n an d th i s ,

v o l u me i s o n e o f s u ch — D a i ly Tel egr ap h . .

I a m p l ea s e d to r e ad th e c o rr e s p o n d e n c e in y o u r p a pe r a n d h 0p e that ,

g o o d will b e th e r esu lt of th e s a me — D a i ly Telegrap h .

T h e m a n w h o h as a p p ro ach e d n e ar e s t to t h e t e ach i n g o f th e M a s t e r ,

a n d c arri e d th e s a me t o i ts l ogical an d p ractical c o n cl u s i o n i s Gen e ra l

B oo t h — D a i ly Tel egr ap h .

D o I b e li e v e that by n ot havi n g had th e ha n d s o f a b i s h o p laid u p on

m y h e ad I ca n n o t e ngage in t h e o u tward a n d vi s ibl e c o mm e m o rat i o n o f
th e L o rd s S u p p e r a s n o t b e i n g fit t o r e c e iv e t h e s a me
’
D a i ly Tel egr ap h -
.

B ut d o th e gr e at m aj o rity o f p e o p l e l e t th e ir b e li ef i n th e h e r e a f t e r
a ffe ct th e ir c on d u ct wit h r egard to th e s a me I t hi nk n o t — D a i ly . .

Telegr ap h .

Let h o p e S ir that it m ay b e p os s ibl e in y ou r o w n i n t e re s t s to c on ti nu e

us , ,

t h e s a m e till th e s u bj e ct h a s h ad a g o o d i n n i n g s — D a i ly Tel egr ap h .

I b e li e v e a n d hav e b e li e v e d s i n c e a ti n y ch ild m ad e m i s e rabl e by

, , ,

th e l o s s o f a s h illin g I p ray e d m y H e av e n ly F ath e r to h e l p m e to r e c o v e r

,

th e s a m e — D a i ly Tel egr ap h
. .

I t is o f cou rs e p o s s ibl e i n th i s conn e x io n that , , th e P ray e r

B o ok is r es p on s ibl e fo r th e s a m e ‘
3 6 0 S T YL E

sp are a nd I fe ar w e s hall r e ali s e th e s t o ri e s th e y t el l o f th e s l o th : w e

,

hav e al m o s t e at e n Up t h e la s t gr e e n l e a f o n th e p la n t an d hav e n o thi n g ,

l eft fo r i t b u t to drop f r o m th e tr e e a n d bre ak o u r ne ck s .

’

C ON J UN C TI ON ; A ND
’
61 .
‘
A Lso AS

A ls o is a n ad v e rb th e u se o f i t as a conj u nc ti on is s lov e nly ,

if not illit e rat e .

We givi n g th e se e x p la nati o ns g e ntly as fri en d s al s o p ati en tly a s

a re ,

b e c om e s n e ighb o u r s Ti m es . .

S p e cial i s a m u ch o v e rw o rk e d w o rd it b e i n g u s e d to m ea n gr e at i n
‘ ’
,

d e gr ee al s o p e c u liar i n ki n d — R G W H I T E
, . . . .

M r S o nn en s ch e i n s v o l u m e will sh o w by p arall e l p a s s age s S hak es p e are s

.
’ ’

o bligati o n s to th e a n ci e n t s al s o th e o bligati o n s of m o d e rn writ e r s to

,

S hak e s p ear e Ti m es . .

Th e u se o f
xc e p t i n bu s in e s s co m muni cation s and s u ch
& e
'
v
c

cont e xt s h as o ft e n th e s a m e s ort o f i l l it e rat e e ffe ct Thi s i s

,
.

v e ry co m m on but o ne e xa m p l e m u s t s u ffi c e
,
.

Th e r e th e rs with fa u lt s o f t e mp er & c e vid e n t e n ou gh b e s ide wh o m

ar e o ,
.
, ,

we l iv e c o n t e n t a s if t e air ab o t th e did u g od C B R O NT E
,
h u m s o — . .
 I ND E X

I n th i s i ndex a ll f
r e er en ces a r e p S m a l l i ta li cs a r e u s ed f o r
to a
ges .

s m a ll r om a n typ e f o r s u b ects i n c i d en ta l l
w or d s a n d p h r a s es j y m e n ti o n ed ;

ca p i ta l s f or s u b ects j ex pr ess ly , ev en if n ot f ul ly , tr ea ted .

A M
A B I GUOU S E NU E RAT I ON 3 4 8 M .

A 4
—
1 2 . M
A B I GUOU S PO S I T I ON 3 4 7 8 -
.

A B E T WE E N AD J E CT I V E AND A m en d , n 3 8 9 .
-
.

N OU N 3 2 9 30 — . M
A E R I CAN I S S 2 3 6 M -
.

A B S O L U T E C ON S T R U C TI ON 1 1 5 6 -
. A - m or a l 4 1 2 -
.

Ab s o l u t e c o n s tr u cti o n a n d s t o p s 2 2 2 ,
A mp h i try on 1 7 4 .

241 An achr o n i s m i n th o ught 1 9 8, 2 00 .

A B S T RA C T W O R D S 4 , 5 6 -
. A m i —
n es 4 . 2 4 5 .

A C C E N T, S E N T E N CE 2 9 6 8 -
. A N D W H I CH 8 5 — 1 0 3 .

A cq u i es ce t o 1 64 . A N D WH O 8 5 1 0 3 -
.

A cte d e m a l v eil l a n ce 30 . A n en t 3 .

A dj e ctival cla u s e 2 3 5 A n i m a tea ly 4 7

'
. .

A D J E CT I V A L C L AU S E I N P UN CT U A n oth er s to ry 1 7 5 .

T ON 2 4 2 4
A I -
. A n tagon i z e 4 , 2 4 , 2 6 .

AD V E R B A ND AD V E R B I AL C L AU S E A n teceden tem s cel es tu m 3 3 .

I N PUN CT U AT I ON 2 4 4 7 -
. A N T I CS 3 4 8 5 1 -
.

A dv e rbial cla u s e 2 3 6 . An tith es i s 2 92 , 3 50 .

A d v er s e f r om 1 63 . A ny w ay 2 5 .

A es th op hy s i o l ogy 2 3 . App en di ci ti s 1 9 .

Aggi a v a te 59 . H
A R C AI S M
1 93 2 00 -
.

Archai s m I 7 , 8 3 , 1 03 , 1 3 7 .

A i m to 1 64 . Archai s m , p o s itiv e a n d n egativ e

A I R S A ND G R AC E S , C a p I I I . . 1 9 8 2 00
—
.

-
a1 2 2, 42 . M
A R C H A I S , S U S TA I N E D 1 9 8 9 -
.

A l bei t I 7 , 1 94 , 1 9 6 7 -
. A rgon 1 9 .

A l i t 3 9— 4 0 . A rise 9 .

A L L I T E R AT I ON 2 92 A r r i er e p en s ee 3 4
'

. .

A L L U S I ON 3 0 7 8 -
. A s a ls o 1 8 9 .

A l m a m a ter 2 7 . A s a n d w h i l e cla u se s , s l o v e n ly 1 8 9 .

A l m os t q u i te 3 3 9 . A s , C AS E 62 4 -
.

A n a , C O NJ , A N D 61 4 6 3 60. . . A s C L A U S E , C A U S A L 2 9 8 3 00 -
.

A l togeth er I I . A s f a r a s , th a t 1 6 8 7 0 -
.

Am at e u r s 1 2 7 , 1 94 . A s if 1 5 6 — 7 .

M
A B I GU I T Y 3 4 5 8 -
. A s , L I B E RTI E S W IT H 3 2 4 6 -
.

A m big u ity 8 8 , 1 0 9 , 1 1 7 , 1 2 0 , 1 27 , As, OM I S S I ON O F 3 2 4 .

A s t o 66 7
1 —
.

Am big u ity an d pun ct u ati o n 2 64 —

5 . A s TO WH E TH E R 3 3 3 4 -
.
 3 6 2 I N DE X
A s w h o s h ou ld s ay 3 2 5 6 -
.
Bro n t e , 3 58C . 2 9, .

A t a ny r a te 2 8 0 . B u r e a u cr a cy 4 6 .

A t th e l etter 3 3 . B u rk e , E 1 I I . .

A ugh t 1 9 4 , 1 9 7 . P
B U T, S U E R F L U OU S 3 34 .

A u p i ed d e l a l ettr e 3 2 .

A u to m ed on 1 7 4 .

A U X I L I A R I E S , S L I T 3 42 3 P -
. Ca d 50 .

A va i l 3 2 1 . Ca m a r a de r i e 2 7 .

A v a i l a bl e 4 3 . C A R E L E S S R E E T I T I O N 3 03 4 P -
.

A v er s e f r om 1 62 3 — . C arlyl e 4 4 , 3 4 9
A v o ida n c e , cl u m s y 1 7 , 7 4 , 1 2 5 , 1 7 9, C A S E 60 4 -
.

2 1 7 3 55 Ca s e 6 .

g
A w a tt 9 . C A S E A FT E R A S AND TH A N 6 2 4 -
.

A wf u l 4 9 50 -
. C AS E , C O MP
OUND PO S S E S S I V E 64 .

C A S E C O N F U S I ON 6 1 2 -
.

C a se in ab s o l u t e c onstr ucti on
B a ch -
n u m ber 2 5 . 115 6 -
.

B at h f
o 25 . C A S E I N A O S I T I ON 60 PP .

Bage h t o 2 1 0- 2 . C AS E O F C O L E E N T 60 MP M .

B ALA N C E I N V E R S I O N 1 82 -
7 . C A S E O F R E L AT I V E S 9 3 4 , 99 -

Bal fo u r 2 2 5 2 4 9 , . 1 00 .

C A U S AL A S C L AU S E 2 9 8 3 00
’
B a l l on d es s a i 3 0 .
-
.

B a na l 3 8 9 -
. Cel a v a s a ns d i r e 3 1 .

B a n a l i ty 3 8 9 -
. Ch a ma de 2 9 .

B a ng i n th e ey e 4 8 . Ch a s s eu r 2 7 , 3 7 .

Ba s tard enu m e rati o n 251 . Ch er ch ez l a f em me 3 5 .

B E A ND D O 33 0 . Ch i c 5 1 .

B ead n e ll 2 1 9 . M
C I R C U L O C U TI ON 6 .

B ed r och 5 1 . C irc u m l o c u ti o n 1 6 5 8 , 3 4 9 -
.

B en efits of 1 65 . Cl a i m 3 1 7 8 -
.

B es a n t 1 9 8 . Cl i m b d ow n 5 1 .

B eth i n h 9 . Cl os u r e 2 3 .

’
B eti s e 2 7 . M
C L U S Y AT C I N 3 5 5 6 P H G -
.

B E TWE E N on 3 2 8 9 Coa s ta l 4 2
-
.
. .

B E TW E E N TWO S T OO L S 32 7
-
8 . C O L L O Q U I AL I S S 3 3 1 M .

B etw een y ou a nd 1 61 . C O L ON 2 63 4 -
.

C o l o n , cha n g e d u s ag e o f 2 2 0, 2 2 2 .

B i en en ten d u 27 . Com e i n to h er l if e 2 1 5 .

B i he 4 9 . C o mm a b e fo r e th a t 2 3 6 7 , 2 4 9 50 - -
.

CO MM A B E TW E E N I ND E E ND E N T P
B l oom i ng 4 9 50 -
. S E N T E N C E S 2 54 7 -
.

B oo m 5 2 . C o m m a , di s ti n ct f u n cti o n s 2 2 1 2 -
.

B o rro w , G 1 3 . . CO MM M A I S P L AC E D 2 4 8 5 0 -
.

B oth a s w ell as 3 1 3. CO MM A , U N A CC O UN T A B L E 2 6 2 3 -
.

B o u n der 4 8 , 50 . C o m m a s , ill o gical 2 4 1 .

B ow s tr eet 2 7 7
-
. C o mm a s , u nn e c e s s ary 2 3 2 .

B R AC H Y L OGY 32 6 . CO MM E R C I ALI S S 3 5 8 9 M -
.

B rack e t s a n d d o u bl e da s h e s 2 86 . C o m m o n ca s e 60 .

B R AC K E T S A ND S T O P S 2 7 0 1 -
. CO MM O N P AR T S 3 1 4 6 -
.

B r i s h en , 2 1 . M
C O P A R AT I V E S 7 0 4 -
.

B ri ti ci s m 4 3 Comp l a cen t I o .
 6
3 4 I NDE X
E LE G AN T VAR I AT I O N 1 7 5 - 80 . F al se s c ent 93 , 123 -
4, 2 4 6, 2 6 4 -
5,
E l e ga n t var iat i o n 3 0 , 1 63 , 2 1 1 , 3 57 .

E li o t , Ge o rg e 1 7 1 . F a nf a r o n n a de 2 9 .

E LLI P S E IN S U B O R D I N AT E FA R FE TC H E D WO RDS 4 5
-
.

C L AU S E S 3 1 7 . F e mi n i n i ty 3 8 .

E m bl em , V b 5 . . F e rri e r , S 6 7 . .

E m e r s o n 2 6 , 4 3 , 44 . F i e ldi n g 215 .

E MP H AS I S , D O UB L E 3 4 1 .

E MP H A T I C I N V E R S I ON 1 90 1 -
. F i n d f a u l t to 1 64 .

E mpl oy e 3 6 F i x up 2 5
'

E n d o w ed by 1 64 . F l e xibility 4 1 1 2 0 , .

E ngl i s h , vb 2 . . F L OOD O F T E AR S AND S E D AN

E n/oi n d er 4 3 4 -
. C H AI R 1 7 3 .

E n n u z 2 6, 3 7 F l oor ed 5 1
‘

. .

E n ten te 2 9 —3 0 . i h v 2 33
'

E n tou r age 3 0 . F or a l l i t i s w or th 4 8 .

M
E NU E R AT I ON 2 50 4 -
. F or bi d f r o m 1 64 .

M
E NU E R AT I O N , A B I G U O U S 3 4 8 M . F o r ceyu l 2 1 —2
'

E n v i s age 7 . F O R E I GN W O R D S 2 6 3 9 -
.

E p ith e t s , r e ch erch é 3 50 . G P
FO R E I N W O R D S , A D A TAT I O N OF
E p och ma h i ng 3 1 , 50
-
.
37 9
-

E q u a l ly a s 3 3 2 . F O R E I G N W O R D S B L U ND E R S 3 4 6 ,
-
.

E r e 2 , 1 9 4 , 1 96 7 -
. FO R E I G N W O R D S TRAN S L AT E D
E sp eci a l 1 1 .
3 0 -
9 .

E spr i t d es ca li er 3 2 F o r e w or d
’
. 2.
E r a , S L O V E N L Y 3 60 . FO R M AT I ON AND AN AL OGY 4 1 -
3 .

E u ch r ed 5 1 . FO R M AT I ON B L U ND E R S 3 9 4 1 -
.

E u da em om eter 2 3 . FO R M AT I O N U G L Y 4 6 7 ,
-
.

E up h em i s m 1 2 . F R E S H S T AR T S 3 30 1 -
.

P
E U H ONY 2 9 1 3 0 4 -
.

E u p h o n y 4 6 7 , 8 4 , 1 0 2 , 1 04 , 1 2 2 ,
-
F r on ta l a tta ch 5 1 .

1 3 2 , 2 4 5, 3 2 6 ; a n d u n ct u ati o n 2 4 5 F r on ti sp i ece 5 1 2
p
-
. .

E u p h o n y with r e lat i v e s 8 4 . F u dgi ng in p u n ct u ati on 2 40- 1 .

E up h u i s m 1 2 . F U S E D P AR T I C I P L E 1 1 7 - 2 5.
E v a s i on 1 1 .

E x cep ti ng 4 6 .
G
M
E X C L A A T I ON A ND Q U E S T I ON Ga l l a n t 1 7 4 .

2 59 6 1
— . Ga l or e 1 7 4 .

M
E X C L A AT I ON M AR 2 5 8 62 K -
. Ga ny m ed e 1 7 4 .

M
E X C L A AT I ON M A R , I N T E R N AL K Ga u ch er i e 2 7 .

261 2 -
. Ge o rg e E li o t 1 7 1 .

M
E X CL A AT O R Y I N V E R S I O N 1 8 1 2 -
. GE R UND 1 1 6—3 3 .

E X P ART I CI L E S 1 1 0 1
-
P -
. G E R U ND A ND I N F I N I T I V E 1 2 9 3 3 -
.

E x per i m en ta l i z e 4 6 . GE R U ND AND P A R T I C I P L E 1 0 7 1 0, -

E xp l oi t, b 5 1 V . . 1 19 .

E x temp or a n eou s 4 5 . GE R UND A ND P O S S E S S I V E 1 1 6 2 5 -

.

GE R UND , C O P OUND S U B J ECT M

F 2 —
1 3 4 .

F a i l s d i v er s 2 8 . G E R UND , OM I S S I ON OF S U B J E CT
F a l l (au t um n ) 2 4 . 1 2 5-
9 .

F AL S E S CE N T 3 4 5 6 -
. Get th e boot 4 8 .
 INDE X 6
3 5

Gl obetr otter 5 1 . I N F I N I T I V E AND G E R UND 1 2 9 3 3 -

.

Go Nap 5 1 . I N F I N I TI V E , OM
I S S I ON O F S U B J E CT
Go o n e better 5 1 . 125 -

9 .

G RA MM
A R 3 1 1 —3 1 . N
I F I NI TI V E E R F E CT 1 54 —6 P .

GR A ARMM A ND P UN CT U AT I ON N N
I F I I T I V E S , I L L E I T I AT E 3 1 7 —8 G M .

2 20 —6
3 . N N
I F I I TI VE, S LI T 3 1 9 P .

Gr e en , J R 2 4 9 , 3 59
. . .
-
i ng 1 0 7 1 0 -
.

G R OU P S Y S T E I N P UN CT U AT I O N M I n i ti a ti ve of 1 64 .

2 2 8 30-
. I n n a te 1 2 .

I n n o w i s e 2 80 .

I n s en s a te 9 .

I n s o f a r a s , th a t 1 68 7 0 -

H a lf - w or l d 3 1
.

I n s til 1 2
H e be 1 7 4
.

I n s u cces s 2 1
.

H edge, vb 5 1
.

I n tel l ect u a l s 2 2 3
. .
-

H e o r- s h e 6 7
.
-
.

I n tel l igen ce 1 8
H er eof 1 9 6
.

I n ten s a te 44
.

H e said 2 82
.

I n t e rv e n i n g no u n e rro r in n u m b e r
.
-

H o m o l oga te 7
6 76 —
.

H on ey - co l o u r ed 2 5
.

I n ti m i s m 3 8 9
.
-

H o w bei t 1 7 , 1 94 , 1 9 7
.

I n ti m i ty 3 8
.

H o w e v er 2 6 5
.

I N V E R S I ON 1 80 —9 3
.

H ow i t p a n s ou t 5 1
.

I n v e r s i on a n d c o m p o u n d v e rb s
.

H u go 2 2 6 .

1 84 6
H U M O U R PO L Y S Y LL AB I C
-
.

17 1 -
2
,
I n v e r s i o n a n d e mp ha s i s 1 8 2 , 1 8 4
.

H U M O U R TY P E S 1 7 1 5 ,
-
.

I N V E R S I ON , B A L A N C E 1 8 2 7
.

H u xl e y 2 2 5 2 4 9
-
.

H ybrid w o rd s 4 1 2 4 6
, .

-
I N V E R S I ON , E P H AT I C 1 90 1 M -
.

I N V E R S I ON , E X C L AM A I O R Y 1 8 1 2
.
, ’ ‘

H Y P H E N S 2 7 5 80
-
.
-

I n v e r s i on in a s o r th a n cla u s e s
.

H y p h en s 4 2 .
1 8 8 —9 .

I n v e r s i o n in re lativ e cla u se s 1 8 8 .

I N V E R S I ON I N S YNTACTI C C LA U S E S
I dea l 7 5 . 1 87 9 -
.

I di o m 53 , 1 6 1 , 3 56 . I NV E R S I O N, M I S CE L L A NE O U S I 9 1 3 -
.

D OM
I I S, M
AL T R E AT E 3 36 8 D -
. I N V E R S I ON , E G AT I V E 1 90 1N -
.

1 e 311
. . . I n v i ew of 1 6 7 8 -
.

I F A ND WH E N 3 3 4 5 -
. I n w a r d n es s 50 , 5 2 .

Ign or a nce cr a ss e 2 9 . I R ONY 2 1 5—6 .

I gu es s 2 4 . I r o ny 1 5 .

G M
I L L E I T I AT E I N F I I T I V E S 3 1 7 — 8 N . I r r ep a r a bl e 1 2 .

I m m a n en ce 50 . I tal i c s 1 8 6 .

I m m o v a bi l i ty 4 6 . I tal ic s a n d iro n y 2 1 6 .

M
I PERS ONAL O N E 3 2 8 . I t s h ou l d s eem 1 94 .

I t s me 6 1
’
.

I n as m u ch a s 1 66 . It th a t 1 04 —7 .

I n cen ti v e 2 06 . I t w er e 1 9 5 .

I n c o n gru ity 1 94 .

I n dir e ct q u es ti o n a nd p u n ct u ati o n j eh u 174 .

238 . J I NG L E S 2 9 1 2 -
.

I n d i vi d u a l 5 2 , 5 3 6 -
. J o n atha n W ild 2 1 5.
3 6 6 IN DE X
J OU R N ALE S E 3 51
-
2 . M I S P L AC E M E N T O F W O R D S 3 46 7
-
.

J o u rn al e s e 7 , 3 52 , 3 57 . M I S QUO TAT I ON 3 0 5 7 -
.

j u d i ci a l 8 . M i x e d m e ta p h o r 2 03 9 -
.

j u st 2 5 . M ob 4 9 .

K
M o n s tr o s ity s t o p s 2 59 , 2 8 3 , 2 8 6 -
7 .

M or a l e 3 4 .

K i pli n g 5, 24 -
1 75 . M or e a n d mor e th a n ever 7 3 .

K n o ch ou t 5 1 . M or e eas i ly i m agi n ed th a n d es cr i bed

2 13
L
.

Ador e h on o u r ed i n th e br ea ch 3 06 7 -
.

L a m b , C harl e s 1 93 . M or e th a n I ca n h elp 7 4 .

L a p s u s cala m i 2 1 .

L AT I N A BB R E V I A T I ON S , &c 3 1 1 . . bl as t o f
74 5 a ny -
.

L a ugh a bl e 4 3 M u tu a l 56 8 -
.

L a x i ty, di s a p p e ara n c e o f 1 -
. My a n d m i n e 40 -
1 .

L ax ity I n p u n ct u at i o n 2 3 5 , 2 44 7
N
.

L az e 51 2 .

L ead i ng q u es ti on 3 06 7 Na i vete 3 7 8
’
- -
. .

L egi s l a tu r e 1 0 .

L i e a n d l ay 4 0 . N ativ w rd 3 7 e o s 2, .

L z he 33 1
’

. N E G AT I V E C ON F U S I ON 3 2 1 3 — .

-
li he 2 7 8 . N E GAT I V E I N V E R S I O N 9 1 0 -
1 .

L it e rary critic s w o rd s 3 8 9
’
-
. N gativ r lv d nd c mp
e es , es o e a o ou n d
G
L O I C A ND P UN CT U A T I ON 2 2 0 5 .
3 23 .

L o gic a n d rh e t o ri c in p u n ct u ati o n
25 2 . N egoti a te 5 1 —2 .

Nei th er 69 .

L ONG AND S O R T D E R I VAT I V E S H Nei th er 313 or .

44 6
-
N E O L O GI S M S 1 8 2 3 -
.

L o n g s e n te n c e s 2 2 6, 3 00 . N l gi sm s s ci en tific 2 3
eo o , .

L o n g w o rd s 3 49 50 -
. N e w s p a p e r s tyl e 1 6 2 1 7 8 , ,
1 8 0, 2 2 6,
L o qu en tly 2 0 .
-
2.
‘

ly 4 7 ) 2 19 °

No a n d n on e 41 .

N o is i n e s s 2 0 2 3 -
.

M aca u lay 3 50 . N om d e gu err e 3 4 .

M AL AP R O P S 8 -
18 . N om de p l u m e 3 4 .

M a l n u tr i ti on 5 . N o n c e w o rd s 1 9 2 0
- -
.

M AL T R E AT E D I D I O Ms 3 36 8 -
. N ON D EF I NI N
-
R E L AT I V E S 7 5 8 5 G -

M a n n e ri s m 4 7 , 1 9 , 1 9 5, 2 1
0 0, 2 1 2, N on es t 3 3 .

2 17 . N oth i ng if n ot cr i ti ca l 2 1 3 .

M N NG 3 3 1 4 5
EA I -
. N o u n s a n d ab s tract e x p r e s s i o n 3 5 .

M E A N I NG LE S S WH I L E 3 57 8
-
. N O U NS o r M U L T I T U D E 6 9 .

M e, e thic 1 9 9 . N o u n s u s e d adj e ctiv e ly 4 2 , 2 7 6 .

M er cu ry 1 7 4 . N M
U BER 65 7 0 -
.

M e re dith 1 9 8 . N M
U B E R O F C O U L A 65 7 —
P .

M E TA P H O R 2 00 9 -
.
N
M e ta p h o r liv e a n d d ead 20 1 0
9
-
.
,

M etap hy s i ca l 1 6 . Obl i v i on to 1 6 5 .

M eti cu l o u s 3 8 —9 , 3 4 9 . Obl i v i ou s to 1 6 1 .

M E TR I CAL P R O S E 2 9 5. Obs er va n ce 9 .
3 6 8 INDEX
P u n ct u at i o n gro u p s ys t e m 2 2 8 3 1 ,
-
. R egen es i s 2 0 .

P un ct u ati o n in s ci e n ti fic a nd p h il o Regi m e 3 6
'

sophic w o rk 2 2 5 2 3 1 , . R e lativ e a n d p arti ci p l e 3 2 7 .

PUN C T U AT I ON L OG I C AND R H E , , Re lativ e cla u s e s a n d i n v e r s i o n 1 8 8 .

TO RI C 2 2 0 5 -
. R E LA T I V E C OO R D I N AT I ON 8 5 — 1 0 3 .

PUN C T U AT I ON S P O T P LA G U E 2 2 6 , R E L AT I V E , M I S C E L LA N E OU S U S E S
3 1 . A ND A B U S E S 9 6 1 0 7 -
.

R E L AT I V E , OM
I S S I ON O F P R E O P
S I TI O N 1 02 - 3 .

Qu a 2 9 .
R EL AT I V E O M I TT E D
101 2 -
.

Qu a n d m i m e 2 7 .
R E L AT I V E S 7 5— 1 0 7
Q U E S T I ON AND E X CL A AT I ON M R e lat iv e s a n d p u n ct u ati o n 7 8 , 2 4 2 4
.

2 59 -
61 .

R E L AT I V E S , C A S E 9 3 4 , 99 1 00
M AR K
- -

QU E S T I O N I N TE R NAL
.

26 1
R E L A T I V E S D E F I N I NG A ND NO N
-
,

62 .
D E F I N I NG 7 5 8 5 -
.

Q u i e te n 45 R EL AT I V E S , P A R E N T H E S I S 9 4 5
Q UO TA T I ON
.

3 5 1 1.
0
R E L A T I V E S , S E Q U E N C E O F 2 93 4
-
-

Q tati o n hal f a n d hal f 2 3 7 8 2 89

.

uo - - -
, , , .
R el i a bl e 4 2 3
Q UO T A T I ON M A R K S 2 8 0 9 0 -
.
R em i n df u l 2 1
.

Qu o tati o n m ark s a n d iro n y 2 1 6

.

.
P
R E E T I T I ON 2 0 9 1 3 -

Quo tati o n m ark s a n d s lan g 4 8 4 9

.

, , P
R E E T I T I ON , C A R E L E S S 3 0 3 —4 .

5 0 .

M AR K S PS P
R E E T I T I ON , P L AY F U L 1 7 2 3 -

QUO TAT I ON S TO
.

A ND
R equ i s i ti on 1 1 .

2 82 8 Res ea r ch 1 1
-
.
.

Q tat i on m ark s m i sp lac e d 2 8 8 9

uo -
.
R es ou r ce 1 3
Q UO TA T I ON M AR K S S I NG LE A N D
.

, R ev er en d 8
D OU B L E 2 8 7 — 8
.

.
R h e t o ri c 2 3 4 , 2 3 6
Qu o tati o n m ark s s u p e r fl uo u s 2 8 0 , R h e t o rical r ep e tit i o n 2 0 9, 2 1 3 .

82 .
R H E TO R I C A ND P UN CT UAT I ON
Q UO T AT I O N ,
TR I T E 3 1 0 1 -
.
2 2 0- 5
tati
.

Q uo o n s c u t u p 309 1 0 -
.
R igh t a l ong 2 5 .

R
M
R O AN C E W O R D S I , 3 .

R o yal p r o n o u n 1 7 8 .

R a ci a l 2 2 —3 , 4 2 .
R u n th e s h ow 5 1 .

R ailway n a m e s 2 7 6 7 -
.

’
R a i s on d etr e 2 6
'

S
R e ad e r 2 3 , 7 , 3 6, -
2 2 8,
2 3 0 , 2 3 1 —3 , 2 5 3 , 2 68 , 2 6 9, 2 8 0 - 1 , S a i d with i n v e r s i on, 1 9 2 .

1
3 ,0 3 4 7 8 7 3 55
-
' S a m e, th e 3 5 8 .

R e adi n g al o u d 2 96, 3 0 0 . S ans 2 7 .

Re ca s ti n g 6 4 , 6 7 , 1 2 0, 1 2 5 , 1 7 7 8 , -
S a v e 2 3 , 1 96
-
.

1 8 5: 2 2 6) 2 39: 2 4 1 : 2 5 7 : S A XON W O R D S , 1 2 —
3, 7 .

S ca u da tu m m agn a tu m 3 4 .

Recl i n er 2 0 . S ch a denf r eu d e 2 7 8 -
.

R ecor d , a dj 5 1 2 .
-
. S c o tt 1 7 4 .

R ecr u d es cen ce 5 , 1 5—6 . S ea s on a bl e 4 3 .

R ecti tu di n ou s 2 1 . S e l f c on s ci o u s n e s s 3 5 1
-
.

S e m ic o l o n a n d i n d ep e n d e n t s en
R ed o u bl e 3 2 . te n c e s 2 5 5 .

R E DUND A N C I E S 3 3 2 3 -
. M
S E I C O L ON A ND S U B O R D I N AT E
Rega r d 3 2 4 . C L AU S E S 2 5 7 8 -
.
 INDEX
S e m ic o l o n , di s ti n ct f u n cti on s o f 2 2 2 . S u ch 3 58 9 — .

S e n s e a n d s o u n d 2 96 . S u ch w h o, w h i ch , a n d th a t 1 0 3 4 -
.

S en s i bl en ess 4 4 5 . S u m m er ly 2 0 .

S e n t e n c e 1 1 2 , 2 5 4 —5 . P
S U E R F L UOU S B U T A ND TH O UGH
S E N T E N C E A C C E N T 2 96 8 -
.
334
S H A L L A N D WI L L 1 3 3 5 4 -
. S U P E R L AT I V E S 7 4 5 .

S h a l l , archai c a n d lit e rary 1 3 7 , 1 5 3 , S u p e rlativ e s , C arlyl e s e 3 4 9 .

P
S U E R L AT I V E S W I T H OU T TH E 2 16
S H O R T AND L ONG W O R D S 6 7 -
. 17 .

S h r i mp p i n h 2 5
-
. S up er s en s i ti z ed 2 0
-
.

S ic 3 1 1 . S u p e r s titi o ns 6 2 , 9 9, 2 4 5, 2 66 , 2 7 3 ,
S ign p o s t c o n n e x i o n 1 8 3 , 1 8 4 .
3 19 .

S i n ce s ev e r a l d ay s 3 2 . S u rp r i s ed ly 4 7 .

S YN T A X , C a p I I . .

S L A NG 4 7 5 3 -
.

S la n g a n d idi o m 5 3 .
T
S L A NG , V A R I OU S R I G I N S 49 5 1 O -
. Ta ch e 2 8 .

S la n g with q u o tati on m ark s 4 8 . Ta ch l e 5 1 .

S l a ti ng 5 1 . Ta h e a ba t h s ea t 5 1 .

S m art n e s s 3 5 1 . Ta h e z t ly i ng d ow n 5 1 .

S m o ll e tt 1 1 1 . Ta he my w or d f o r i t 2 1 3 .

S o f a r a s , th a t 1 6 8 —7 0 . TA U T O L OGY 3 3 1 —2 .

S OM E WH A T, & c 3 52 5 .
-
. T a u t o l o gy 56 .

S or d or 4 3 . Tea r a n d w ea r 2 1 7 —8 .

S o u n d a n d s e n s e 2 96 . Te l egr a m 1 9 , 2 3 .

S o up gon 2 7 . Te ll tal e e rr o r s 2 1 ,
-
2 3 5, 2 54 ,
Sp eci a l 1 1 .

S p e n c e r 1 93 Tti e d téte 2 6
'
- -
. .

S p i r i t of th e s ta i r ca s e 3 2 . T hack e ray 88 , 1 9 8 .

S P L I T A UX I L I A R I E S 3 4 2 3 -
. TH A N , CA S E 62 4 -

S P L I T I N F I N I TI V E 3 1 9 . Th a n w h om 64 .

S P O T P L A GU E 2 2 6—3 1
-
. Th a t a n d w h i ch 2 4 2 —3 .

S ta n dp oi n t 2 5 TH A T A ND WH I CH ( W H O) 8 0 5 .

S ta n ds to r eas on 2 1 3 4 -
. TH A T ( C ON J UN CT I ON ) , I S S I ON OM
S ta tu s q u o 2 6 . O F 3 56 7 -
.

S ta v e of 2 0 6 7 TH A T ( R E L ATI V E ) O F P E R S ON 8 8 3 4
"
- -
. .

S teep ( s la n g ) 4 8 . Th a t re s u m p tiv e 3 30—1 .

S t e r n e 2 66 . TH A T, S E Q U E N C E O F 2 94 5 .

S t e v en son 1 9 8 9 Th a t s h i m 6 1
’
-
. .

S t o p s a n d t o n e s y mb o l s 2 2 0 , 2 8 5 . Th e ex cep ti o n p r o v es , &c 3 06 . .

S tr e e t n a m e s 2 7 6—7 . Th e i r 67 .

S tr onger , adv 4 0 . . TH E M O R E 7 0 4 -
.

S tu mp ed 5 1 . Th e m or e 2 1 8 .

S TY L E 3 4 8 e nd -
. Th e r ea n en t 2 9 , 1 9 4 .

S tyl es , vari o u s 7 8 -
. Th er ef o r e 2 6 5 .

S U B J E C T , & c , a n d V E R B I N F UN C
. Th er eto 1 9 6 .

TU AT I O N 2 3 9 42
-
. Th e r etof or e 1 9 6 .

S u b j un ctiv e 1 5 4 , 1 57 8 -
. Th e s a m e 3 5 8 .

S u bj u n ct iv e c o n diti o n al s 1 95 . Th e th a t ( r e s o lv e d i n t e rr o ga
S U B S TAN T I V A L C L AU S E IN PU NC tiv e ) 10 1 .

TU ATI O N 2 3 5— 8 , 2 6 5 . Th i th er 5 , 1 96 .

N S .
 37 0 I NDEX
Th ose i n ter es ted 3 44 5 -
. V O CA B U L AR Y , C a p I . .

Th os e s or t 3 3 1 . V O C A B U L A R Y , G E N E R AL R U L ES
TH O UGH S U E R F L U O U S 3 3 4 P . 1 —4 .

Th r as on i ca l 50 , 52 . Vo cab u lary , p r o s e an d p o e try 3 .

Ti n h e r w i th 1 64 V u lgari s m 1 0 3 , 1 1 8 .

M
.

Tod ay 2 8 0 . V U L G AR I S S 3 3 1 .

To h a ve 1 54 6 -

W
. .

To m or r o w 2 8 0 .

To n e s y m b o l s a n d s t o p s 2 85 .

To th e f o ot of th e l etter 3 2 .
Wa l h i ng s ti ch 2 7 6 .

Tr a n s ce n den ta l ly 1 0 1 1 -
.
Wa r a m ou s 2 0 .

Tr a n s l a te 2 . WE N S A ND H YPE RTR O PH I E D M E M
T R A N S L AT I O N O F FO R E I G N W O R D S B E RS 3 00 -
3 .

30
-

3 .
Were —
1 57 8 .

Tr a n sp i r e 4 , 1 6 , 2 4 .
Wh a t, a n t e c e d en t re lativ e 1 00 1 - -
.

T R I T E P H RA S E S 2 1 3 5 .
Wh a t ever 33 1 .

T R I T E Q UO TAT I ON 3 1 0 1 -
.
Wh a tev er 33 1 .

Wh a t relativ e a n d i n t e rro gat iv e

,

TR U I S MS 339 —
41 . I OO - I .

Wh er eof 1 96 .

Tr u s tfi cl n ess 9 . Wh i l e a n d a s cla u s e s s l o v e n ly , 1 89 .

T YP
E S OF H U M O UR 17 1 -
5 . WH I L E M E A N I N G LE S S 3 57 8
,
-
.

Wh i m s i ca l 4 2 .

U WH O A ND WH O M 6 1 .

-
u de 2 1 . Wh ol e h oggi ng 5 1
-
.

Un con s ci ou s to 1 6 1 . WI L L A ND S H A L L 1 3 3 54 -
.

Un der dog 5 1 . I/ Vi l l n o t d o th i s th i ng 2 1 4 .

U ND E R S T O P I NG 2 34
-
P . Wi n d flow er 4
-

m m, vb 1 9
.

U N E QU AL YO K EF I L L o w s , & c 3 1 1 . . .

14 . Wi th a v i ew to 1 67 —8 .

i e —
Un qu 58 9, 3 3 9 . Wi th th e v i ew of 1 6 7 , 1 68 .

Un q u i et , n 2 1 . . W O R D F O R M AT I ON 3 7 4 7
- -
.

Up to da te 5 1 . Wor l d p ol i cy 5 1 .

WO R N OU T H U M O R O U S P H RAS E S
-

V 17
3 4
-

V e rbal n ou n 1 0 8 .
Wor thy 1 7 4 , 2 1 4 .

Ver be r a n t 2 0 .
Wot 1 94 .

Vex ed ly 4 7 . Wr i te y ou 1 6 5 .

Vi d e 3 1 I .
W RO N G TUR N I N G 3 1 6 .

Vi ei ll e es cr i m e 2 8 .

Vi ei l l es p er r u q u es 2 8.
Y
Vi eu x j e u 2 8 .

Vi o l en ce 1 1 . You r an d y ou r s 4 0 -
1.
Yo u s h a l l / i n d 1 94 .

O x fo rd : P ri n t e d at th e C lare n d o n P r e s s by H O RAC E H AR T ,
MA . .
 Al l BO O KS MA Y BE REC ALLED AFTER 7 DAYS
-
n n n n
I m o t h lo o s m a y b e re e w e d b y c a ll i g 6 4 2 3 4 05 -

n n n n
O m o t h lo o s m o y b e re c h o rge d b y b ri g i g b o o k s to C i rc u lo t no n De s k
-

n
Re e w a ls o n d re c h o rge s m a y b e m o d e 4 d o y s p r i o r to d u e d a te

DUE AS STAM PED BELO W

UNIV ERS ITY O F CALIFO RNIA BERKELEY

.

FO RM NO : DD6 , 60 m , BERKELEYJ C A 9 4 7 2 0
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