ASTANA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY

The Higher School of engineering and information technology

(History faculty)

PAPER

Computers and its types

Student: Muratova Malika____________________

(Full name)
Group: ___________________
 Nur-Sultan
2021
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION................................................................................................ 3

CHAPTER 1. Supercomputer …………………………………… 3

1.1 Its types……………………………………………. 3
1.2 Importance in our time
1.3 Use in various spheres of life

CHAPTER 2.
10
2.1 500+ words essay on computer

2.2 history of computers

CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………… 14
REFERENCES……………………………………………………….. 15
 INTRODUCTION

A computer is a machine that can be programmed to automatically carry

outsequences of arithmetic or logical operations(computation). Modern digital
electroniccomputers can perform generic sets of operations known
as programs. These programs enable computers to perform a wide range of
tasks. The term computer systemmay refer to a nominally complete computer
that includes the hardware, operating system, software,
and peripheral equipment needed and used for full operation; or to a group of
computers that are linked and function together, such as a computer
network or computer cluster.
A broad range of industrial and consumer products use computers as control
systems, including simple special-purpose devices like microwave ovens and remote
controls, and factory devices like industrial robots. Computers are at the core of
general-purpose devices such as personal computers and mobile devices such
as smartphones. Computers power the Internet, which links billions of computers and
users.

Early computers were meant to be used only for calculations. Simple manual
instruments like the abacus have aided people in doing calculations since ancient
times. Early in the Industrial Revolution, some mechanical devices were built to
automate long, tedious tasks, such as guiding patterns for looms. More sophisticated
electrical machines did specialized analog calculations in the early 20th century. The
first digital electronic calculating machines were developed during World War II,
both electromechanical and using thermionic valves. The
first semiconductortransistors in the late 1940s were followed by the silicon-
based MOSFET (MOS transistor) and monolithic integrated circuit chip technologies
in the late 1950s, leading to the microprocessor and the microcomputer revolution in
the 1970s. The speed, power and versatility of computers have been increasing
dramatically ever since then, with transistor counts increasing at a rapid pace
(Moore's lawnoted that counts doubled every two years), leading to the Digital
Revolution during the late 20th to early 21st centuries.

Conventionally, a modern computer consists of at least one processing

element, typically a central processing unit (CPU) in the form of a
microprocessor, together with some type of computer memory,
typically semiconductor memory chips. The processing element carries out
arithmetic and logical operations, and a sequencing and control unit can
change the order of operations in response to stored information.
 It’s types
There are two bases on which we can define the types of computers. We will discuss
the type of computers on the basis of size and data handling capabilities. We will
discuss each type of computer in detail. Let’s see first what are the types of
computers.

 Super Computer
 Mainframe computer
 Mini Computer
 Workstation Computer
 Personal Computer (PC)
 Server Computer
 Analog Computer
 Digital Computer
 Hybrid Computer
 Tablets and Smartphone

Now, we are going to discuss each of them in detail.

Supercomputer

When we talk about speed, then the first name that comes to mind when thinking of
computers is supercomputers. They are the biggest and fastest computers (in terms
of speed of processing data). Supercomputers are designed such that they can
process a huge amount of data, like processing trillions of instructions or data just in
a second. This is because of the thousands of interconnected processors in
supercomputers. It is basically used in scientific and engineering applications such
as weather forecasting, scientific simulations, and nuclear energy research. It was
first developed by Roger Cray in 1976.

Mainframe computer

Mainframe computers are designed in such a way that they can support hundreds or
thousands of users at the same time. It also supports multiple programs
simultaneously. So, they can execute different processes simultaneously. All these
features make the mainframe computer ideal for big organizations like banking,
telecom sectors, etc., which process a high volume of data in general.

Characteristics of Mainframe Computers

 It is also an expensive or costly computer.

 It has high storage capacity and great performance.
 It can process a huge amount of data (like data involved in the banking
sector) very quickly.
 It runs smoothly for a long time and has a long life.
 Importance in our time
Computers have been used to coordinate information between
multiple locations since the 1950s. The U.S. military's SAGE system
was the first large-scale example of such a system, which led to a
number of special-purpose commercial systems such as Sabre.[128] In
the 1970s, computer engineers at research institutions throughout
the United States began to link their computers together using
telecommunications technology. The effort was funded by ARPA
(now DARPA), and the computer network that resulted was called
the ARPANET.[129] The technologies that made the Arpanet possible
spread and evolved.

In time, the network spread beyond academic and military

institutions and became known as the Internet. The emergence of
networking involved a redefinition of the nature and boundaries of
the computer. Computer operating systems and applications were
modified to include the ability to define and access the resources of
other computers on the network, such as peripheral devices, stored
information, and the like, as extensions of the resources of an
individual computer. Initially these facilities were available primarily
to people working in high-tech environments, but in the 1990s the
spread of applications like e-mail and the World Wide Web,
combined with the development of cheap, fast networking
technologies like Ethernet and ADSL saw computer networking
become almost ubiquitous. In fact, the number of computers that
are networked is growing phenomenally. A very large proportion of
personal computers regularly connect to the Internet to
communicate and receive information. "Wireless" networking, often
utilizing mobile phone networks, has meant networking is
becoming increasingly ubiquitous even in mobile computing
environments.
 History computer

Devices have been used to aid computation for thousands of years, mostly
using one-to-one correspondence with fingers. The earliest counting device
was most likely a form of tally stick. Later record keeping aids throughout
the Fertile Crescent included calculi (clay spheres, cones, etc.) which
represented counts of items, likely livestock or grains, sealed in hollow
unbaked clay containers. The use of counting rods is one example.
[a][4]

The Antikythera mechanism is believed to be the earliest known mechanical analog

computer, according to Derek J. de Solla Price.[6] It was designed to calculate
astronomical positions. It was discovered in 1901 in the Antikythera wreck off the
Greek island of Antikythera, between Kythera and Crete, and has been dated to
approximately c. 100 BCE. Devices of comparable complexity to the Antikythera
mechanism would not reappear until the fourteenth century. [7]

Many mechanical aids to calculation and measurement were constructed for

astronomical and navigation use. The planisphere was a star chart invented by Abū
Rayhān al-Bīrūnī in the early 11th century.[8]The astrolabe was invented in
the Hellenistic world in either the 1st or 2nd centuries BCE and is often attributed
to Hipparchus. A combination of the planisphere and dioptra, the astrolabe was
effectively an analog computer capable of working out several different kinds of
problems in spherical astronomy. An astrolabe incorporating a
mechanical calendarcomputer[9][10] and gear-wheels was invented by Abi Bakr
of Isfahan, Persia in 1235.[11] Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī invented the first mechanical
geared lunisolar calendar astrolabe,[12] an early fixed-wired knowledge processing
machine[13]with a gear train and gear-wheels,[14]c. 1000 AD.

The sector, a calculating instrument used for solving problems in proportion,

trigonometry, multiplication and division, and for various functions, such as squares
and cube roots, was developed in the late 16th century and found application in
gunnery, surveying and navigation.

The planimeter was a manual instrument to calculate the area of a closed figure by
tracing over it with a mechanical linkage

. In the 1770s, Pierre Jaquet-Droz, a Swiss watchmaker, built a mechanical doll

(automaton) that could write holding a quill pen. By switching the number and
order of its internal wheels different letters, and hence different messages,
could be produced. In effect, it could be mechanically "programmed" to read
instructions. Along with two other complex machines, the doll is at the Musée
d'Art et d'Histoire of Neuchâtel, Switzerland, and still operates. [15]
Conclusion
The defining feature of modern computers which distinguishes them from all
other machines is that they can be programmed. That is to say that some type
of instructions(the program) can be given to the computer, and it will process
them. Modern computers based on the von Neumann architecture often have
machine code in the form of an imperative programming language. In
practical terms, a computer program may be just a few instructions or extend
to many millions of instructions, as do the programs for word
processors and web browsers for example. A typical modern computer can
execute billions of instructions per second (gigaflops) and rarely makes a
mistake over many years of operation. Large computer programs consisting of
several million instructions may take teams of programmers years to write, and
due to the complexity of the task almost certainly contain errors.

In most cases, computer instructions are simple: add one number to another,
move some data from one location to another, send a message to some
external device, etc. These instructions are read from the
computer's memory and are generally carried out (executed) in the order they
were given. However, there are usually specialized instructions to tell the
computer to jump ahead or backwards to some other place in the program
and to carry on executing from there. These are called "jump" instructions
(or branches). Furthermore, jump instructions may be made to
happen conditionally so that different sequences of instructions may be used
depending on the result of some previous calculation or some external event.
Many computers directly support subroutines by providing a type of jump that
"remembers" the location it jumped from and another instruction to return to
the instruction following that jump instruction.

Program execution might be likened to reading a book. While a person will

normally read each word and line in sequence, they may at times jump back to
an earlier place in the text or skip sections that are not of interest. Similarly, a
computer may sometimes go back and repeat the instructions in some section
of the program over and over again until some internal condition is met. This
is called the flow of control within the program and it is what allows the
computer to perform tasks repeatedly without human intervention.
 REFERENCES

1. Bloom's Digital Taxonomy / Educational Origami [Electronic

resource]. –
URL: http://edorigami.wikispaces.com/Bloom’s+Digital+Taxonomy

2. Bloom's and ICT tools/ Educational Origami [Electronic resource]. –

URL: http://edorigami.wikispaces.com/Bloom%27s+and+ICT+tools
3. Bloomin' Apps // Kathy Schrock’s Guide to Everything [Electronic

resource]. – Last updated: 10.01.12. – 2011. –

URL: http://www.schrockguide.net/bloomin-apps.html
4. M. Serіk, A.K.Sadvakassova, S.Dalabay. Bulttyk tekhnologiyalar
negizderi / manual. - Astana, 2018. 111 p.