Utilizing Arecanut Sheaths Areca Catechu As An Eco Friendly Bag 5

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PAVIA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Senior High School Department
Evangelista St., Brgy. Purok I, Pavia, Iloilo
Utilizing Arecanut Sheet using Arecanut Sheaths ( Areca Catechu ) Fiber
as an Eco-Friendly Bag
12 STEM - EPISCIA
Jastine Glenn Marie L. Billones
Kent Caroline B. Catchillar
Jhelean G. Elauria
Jellah T. Fajardo
Khim Clarinse S. Gabasa
Krishia Joy B. Larios
Frances Camille F. Torres
Researchers
Jeriel Rose B. Solis
Research teacher
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment in the requirements for completion of Science, Technology ,
Engineering and Mathematics
Evangelista St. Pavia, Iloilo
Date:
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CHAPTER 1
Introduction
Background of the Study
Annual global production of plastics exceeds 300 million metric tons (The Consequences
of a Plastic-filled World, 2022). Plastic has toxic pollutants that damage the environment. It can
take hundreds or even thousands of years for plastic to break down (Earth Eclipse, 2017), so the
damage to the environment is long-lasting. Plastics are often used in groceries, packaging,
cutlery, even in textile. In the year 2021, the amount of plastics produced worldwide has
doubled, almost 400 million metric tons yearly (Bruna Alves, 2023). Due to the increased
production of plastics and its negative impact on the environment, people began to take action
by producing an alternative eco bag that can reduce the usage of plastics in our everyday living.
Although some are recycled, the majority end up in landfills or the oceans, where they
can harm marine life. Plastic toxins in dumps and from litter can seep into the groundwater,
which people drink every day. To address this issue, people have started seeking eco-friendly
alternatives to reduce plastic consumption. One such alternative is the eco bag, which can be
used repeatedly and poses no harm to the environment since it is made from natural and
organic materials. Additionally, eco bags can be utilized as fertilizer after disposal. We decided
to investigate another alternative substitution through organic materials that can decompose in
a short period of time. Utilizing arecanut sheath for making eco bag offers advantages, making
it a sustainable choice. Arecanut sheath is renewable resource and biodegradable material. In
addition, arecanut sheath bags are durable, lightweight, and affordable, making them a
practical choice for carrying groceries and other items. Eco-friendly bag production also offers a
source of income to the individuals in the community engaged in its production and also
contributes to the local industry.
In this study, the main focus is on utilizing arecanut sheath as a primary ingredient in
making eco bags due to its favorable properties. Arecanut sheath contains three essential
chemical components: cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Research has shown that areca nut
leaf sheath fibers consist of 56.8 percent cellulose, 22.4 percent hemicellulose, and 6.3 percent
lignin (Das et al., 2021). This abundance in cellulose and hemicellulose makes it a promising
material for eco bag production. This study will lessen environmental pollution through the
development of innovative materials as well as the potential of arecanut sheath as a material
for an eco-friendly bag.
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Statement of the Problem
This study aims to determine the potential of Arecanut sheath as an eco-friendly bag.
Specifically, this study shall seek answers to the following questions:
1. What is the average tear strength of the Arecanut Sheet using Arecanut Sheath fiber ?
a. Tear along machine direction
b. Tear along cross direction
2. What is the average water resistance of the Arecanut Eco-bag of different
concentrations of NaOH ?
3. Is there a significant difference in the Arecanut Sheath Eco-bag using different amounts
of NaOH ?
a. Tear Strength
b. Water resistance
Conceptual Framework
Independent variable Dependent Variable
25% of 40g of NaOH and Texture or quality of the

Arecanut fiber sheet
1000ml of water
50% of 40g of NaOH and
1000ml of water
75% of 40g of NaOH and
1000ml of water
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Figure 1.) Relationship of Variables in this Study
This conceptual framework shows the independent and dependent variables of the
study . It is presumed that making an Eco-friendly bag from Arecanut Sheath fiber could be an
alternative to commercial bought plastic.
Research Hypothesis
There is no significant difference in terms of the tear strength and water resistance tests
of the eco-friendly sheet and bag using different amounts of NaOH.
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
This study only ought to know the potentiality of arecanut sheaths as a material in
producing eco-friendly bags. The study delves into the unique characteristics of arecanut
sheaths as a promising alternative for the production of eco-friendly bags in comparison to
those commonly found in the commercial market.
This study was designed to explore the potential of arecanut sheaths as a sustainable resource
for eco-friendly bag production. It aims to contribute to environmental sustainability efforts by
investigating the feasibility of utilizing arecanut sheaths in this capacity.

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Significance of the Study
This study focused on making an eco bag made from arecanut sheath. Moreover, the
outcome of this study will be beneficial to the following:
Environment. This study may provide environmental benefits. Using arecanut sheath to make
bags instead of plastic could reduce plastic production since organic materials will be used and
may aid soil fertility in terms of decomposing.
Community. This study serves the community by reducing the amount of plastics by utilizing
eco-friendly bags made from arecanut sheaths. Utilizing bags that degrade more quickly and
cleanly will result in a cleaner community.
Farmers. This study will assist local farmers in cultivating more of the aforementioned raw
material to generate additional income.
Consumers. They will have an alternative to plastic bags, contributing to a reduction in plastic
waste and environmental degradation.
Bag Industries. The findings of this study will enrich their capabilities in developing locally
available resources for eco-bag.
Government. Promoting the use of eco bags can align with government policies aimed at
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reducing plastic waste and advancing sustainability goals.
Future Researchers. The findings obtained from this research can serve as a valuable point of
reference or a guiding tool for conducting further studies in the same field.
Definition of Terms
In order to clarify the parameters of this study, the definition of certain terms is important.
The following definitions may guide the readers the meanings of certain terms:
Arecanut Sheaths . It is a hard biodegradable fibrous material found in arecanut palm
tree. In this study, arecanut sheath is referred to as the primary material that was used in
making an environmental-friendly carrying bag.
Eco-Friendly Bag . It is a bag for carrying things you have bought that can be used many
times and does not harm the environment because it is made from natural materials
(Campbridge Dictionary). In this study, eco-friendly bag is referred to a product that researchers
developed in order to reduce and lessen plastic pollution.
Tear strength . A material’s ability to resist failure perpendicular to the stress applied
(Xometry). In this study, Tear strength is referred to one of the tests that the researchers used
to evaluate the Arecanut Paper sheet of the eco-bag.
Water resistance . Designed to not be easily harmed or affected by water or to not allow
water to pass through easily (Britannica Dictionary). In our study, water resistance is referred to
as one of the standard tests that the researchers used to evaluate the eco-bag
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CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The following are related articles and literature that support the study. These studies
highlight the importance of the study as well as the impacts of it in the society and
environment.
Introduction
Global environmental concerns and the availability of renewable green resources are
driving a growing demand for natural fiber reinforced composites (NFRCs) that are eco-friendly,
sustainable, and biodegradable. NFRCs are used in many different industries, but they have
limitations, such as poor interfacial adhesion and poor mechanical properties. In this review, we
will concentrate on plant-based cellulosic NFRCs because they are more cost-effective and do
not pose any health risks (Syduzzaman et al., 2020). Plant-based natural fibers that can be used
for textiles and other applications in a sustainable way. It describes fibers from cotton, bamboo,
flax, hemp, kenaf, sisal, jute, ramie, abaca, banana, pineapple, coconut and okra. For each fiber,
it discusses their structure, production process, production areas, using areas, advantages and
limitations. It focuses on sustainable agriculture and ecology, which are important factors for
sustainability (Shogren et al., 2019).

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textile fibers have been used for clothing and technical purposes since prehistoric times.
Because of their technical qualities, natural fibers such as flax, cotton, silk, and wool have been
used extensively; in the 20th century, synthetic fibers such as cellulose acetate were developed
(Eyüpoğlu, 2020). results indicate that consumers are generally unfamiliar with the term "bio-
based" and have both positive and negative associations with it related to environmental and
health issues. Discussions about specific bio-based products tended to be more concrete than
about the concept of "bio-based" in general. Consumers see different product attributes
holistically in evaluating bio-based products (Sijtsema et al., 2016).
Plant fibers are becoming more and more common in sustainable technology due to
their lightweight nature and environmental friendliness. However, this research evaluates
numerous sustainable materials because to the broad changes in their qualities induced by
processing methods, environmental factors, and type of fiber (Ramesh et al., 2017). Green
perceived value was found to have a positive and significant effect on green purchase behavior,
while green trust was found to have a positive and significant effect as well (Charviandi,
A.2023). The Theory of Planned Behavior is used by the researchers to analyze Gen Y's
intentions regarding reusable bags. In Kuala Lumpur, 385 Gen Y respondents participated in a
survey. Many respondents were found to be ignorant of reusable bags, according to the
findings. Price and style of shopping bags have been demonstrated to affect consumers'
intentions to use reusable bags.

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The study in Indonesia aims to measure the effectiveness of non-monetary interventions
to reduce plastic pollution. By offering reusable bags at subsidized prices and explaining their
environmental impact, the treatment aims to activate pro-environmental social norms and
encourage shop owners to participate in the initiative (Spranz et al., 2018). Green shopping
bags are the greatest option for replacing plastic carry bags and are in high demand in the
market. Eco-friendly bags are durable, completely composed of recycled materials, reusable,
and devoid of plastic. Because of their affordability, portability, and environmental friendliness,
they are also highly well-liked by customers and retailers. The study looks at the variables that
affect consumers' opinions of environmentally friendly shopping bags (Ashwini, V., & Aithal, P.
S.,2023).
According to Saraexim (2016) Reusable shopping bags are safer than plastic bags. Such
bags are used to avoid waste from the environment. Products used to make these bags don't
affect the nature of our community. Such bags are generally made of jute, cotton, and recycled
plastics. Bio cotton or canvas. These reusable bags are hygienic, and are easy to wash.
Plant Based Eco Bag

Although reusable bags have been around for a while, their popularity really took off
during the Industrial Revolution when people started buying more frequently at stores. In 1868,
Margaret Knight created the first paper bag with a flat bottom. Subsequently, retailers began
offering single-use paper and plastic bags to consumers for their purchases. However, starting
2000s, reusable bags have become more popular as alternatives in recent years due to worries
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about plastic waste and the environment. To encourage the use of reusable bags, some
retailers offer their customers discounts if they bring it. Reusable bags are also favored by many
brands as an environmentally responsible means of advertising their goods. Because they
reduce waste and some can be recycled or composted, reusable bags are better for the
environment than single-use plastic bags (The History of the Shopping Bag: Part One - Reusable
Bags | Factory Direct promos, 2022).
Using 100% biodegradable materials such as old newspapers, jute fibers and wheat-based
glue, Ecobag offers a sturdy alternative to plastic bags, solving pollution problems in
Uttarakhand, India Degree. This initiative has trained more than 200 women, produced more
than 200,000 bags, and was recognized as "best social enterprise project" in 2013. Eco bags
not only help the environment by recycling recycle materials and reduce plastic waste but also
empower disadvantaged communities, especially women, by creating a sustainable source of
income. The simplicity of the project allows for easy replication, potentially benefiting India's
large number of underemployed women in informal sectors (Ecobags – Innovative, Eco-Friendly
Paper Bags by Pahal, 2020)
Given that plant-based materials are renewable, they have a lower carbon footprint than
standard plastic bags. Plant-based bags are also non-toxic and safer for consumers because
they are free of dangerous chemicals. They are biodegradable and compostable, as compared
to plastic bags, which can remain in landfills for hundreds of years. Their production also
benefits local farming communities (Kaushal, 2023)

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Ashwini and Aithal (2022) discusses some key findings that eco-friendly bags have a
greater positive environmental impact due to their longer lifespan therefore it can be used
multiple times, can carry a variety of items for different purposes, are environmentally friendly
as they are not single-use and do not end up in landfills, and can be used as a marketing tool for
brands. Most plastic waste comes from retail businesses, so using eco-friendly bags is a good
strategy to reduce plastic.
Plastic bags are mentioned as being harmful to the environment despite their increasing
use. Reusable bags are a better alternative as they can use multiple times. Reusable bags have
many benefits including being affordable, adaptable, eco-friendly, and long-lasting. Reusable
bags benefit the environment and aid in the reduction of plastic waste (D, 2020).
The benefits and drawbacks of using eco-friendly shopping bags. Some key benefits
mentioned are that they save natural resources, reduce costs, are strong and durable, reusable,
and protect the environment. Some impediments discussed are that materials like paper are
non-waterproof therefore it will deform and will no longer be useful once it exposed to liquid,
bacterial contamination is possible, washing can cause shrinkage of a bag after several
washes, different materials have problems, and frequent cleaning is required especially if it is
used everyday (Ashwini & Aithal, 2022).
It states that plastic bags are used for an average of just 12 minutes and can take up to
1000 years to decompose. Some of the advantages are: reduced plastic waste in the
environment, as mentioned 500 billion of plastics is currently use annually and using an eco-
friendly bag would greatly lower this amount. Lessen the fossil fuels and natural resources
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used, savings for stores and governments in recycling costs, stronger and more comfortable
bags, ability to support environmental causes, and less plastic pollution risks (Evans, 2019).
The bag is transparent, free of pollution, strong in tensile strength, and ecologically
beneficial. Garbage bags, express bags, and more uses are possible for it. It burns without
leaving behind any residue or hazardous fumes to contaminate the surrounding air. It offers
greater advantages for environmental protection than traditional plastic and typical
biodegradable plastic (Chengyun, 2019). Various bioplastic materials had different chemical and
toxicological characteristics depending on the particular product rather than the substance
itself. It's interesting to see that raw materials had less and less toxicity than finished goods.
Additionally, it was found that the levels of toxicity in bioplastics and plant-based materials
were comparable to those in conventional plastics. This emphasizes how crucial it is to
concentrate on chemical safety while creating sustainable plastic substitutes (Zimmermann et
al., 2020).
The benefits of switching from plastic bags to eco-friendly bags are discussed in this
article. Among the main advantages highlighted are the eco-friendly bags' extreme durability
and longevity, such as those made of paper, cotton, jute, etc. They contribute to the decrease in
the usage of environmentally harmful single-use plastic bags because it is reusable. Also, eco-
bags reduce the need for storage space. Over time, using reusable bags will save more money.
Eco-bags can also be used as accessories for fashion and to promote businesses. Making the
switch to eco-friendly bags helps protect the environment because they don't harm wildlife like
plastic bags do (10+ Advantages of Eco-Friendly Bags - Enviro Green Papers, 2023).
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Arecanut Sheaths
Ethnopharmacological relevance: Areca catechu L. (Arecaceae), widely distributed in
South and Southeast Asia, is a popular traditional herbal medicine that can be chewed for the
purpose of dispersing accumulated fluid in the abdominal cavity and killing worms. The
extracts and compounds isolated from A. catechu have many pharmacological activities.
These include antiparasitic effects, anti-depressive effects, anti-fatigue effects, antioxidant
effects, antibacterial and antifungal effects, antihypertensive effects, anti-inflammatory and
analgesic effects, anti-allergic effects, the promotion of digestive functions, suppression of
platelet aggregation, regulatory effects on blood glucose and lipids, etc. Although arecoline is
the primary active constituent of A. catechu, it is also the primary toxic compound. The main
toxicities of arecoline are the promotion of oral submucosal fibrosis (OSF) and cytotoxic
effects on normal human cells, which involve inducing apoptosis.
According to (Sanjiv Phansalkar) ND.To sustain tribal women’s livelihoods during the
lockdown, the company continued to procure areca sheaths and produce eco-friendly
tableware during the lockdown. In the second model, 30 women trained well by them not
only organise collection of these sheaths in their surrounding area but also make high quality
dinnerware on machines individually arranged for them by the company. The paper boards
made with more arecanut sheath materials had more resistance to water absorption. The
addition of paper increased the substance weight of the paper boards. The 2:1 and 3:1
combinations of arecanut leaf sheath and waste paper had best tear strength, tensile
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strength, bursting strength and water resistance with minimum substance weight (R
Raghupathy et al. Bioresour Technol. 2002 Mar.).
Arecanut leaf sheath an unexplored agricultural biomass is used to recover long staple
lignocellulosic fibers. A long staple lignocellulosic fiber is extracted from ANLS biomass using
8% NaOH treatment. As reinforcing material ANLS fibre properties such as fibre length,
diameter, moisture content, single fibre strength and X-ray diffraction analysis were carried
out.Three types of composites, 15, 20 and 25 (w/w)% fibre loading composites have been
prepared in unsaturated polyester resin matrix. The tensile, flexural and interlaminar shear
strength (ILSS) properties and void content of these composites are studied. The tensile
fracture behaviors of fibre and composites are studied with the help of scanning electron
micrographs, (Sekhar Das, Atin Chaudhuri & Amiya Kumar Singha (2022).
Arecanut palm (Areca catechu Linn) is a tropical crop and it is grown under variety of
climatic conditions. Arecanut is an important commercial crop, considering its higher
economic profitability and relatively low investment many farmers have replaced paddy
cultivation with arecanut, resulting in shortage of paddy straw for its use as animal fodder.
The sheath attached to the leaf of arecanut tree is not only used for commercial plate making.
But recently the arecanut sheath was found to be need as a dry fodder for cattle, as an
alternative to paddy straw.Facile fabrication of arecanut palm sheath based robust
hydrophobic cellulose nanopapers via self-assembly of ZnO nanoflakes and its shelf-life
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prediction for sustainable packaging applications Shashikumar, Anantachar, M., Veerangouda,
M., Prakash, K., & Prahlad. (2021).
Arecanut leaf sheath fiber is composed of α-cellulose (about 66–75 %), hemicellulose
and lignin as major constituents while pectic and waxy materials as minor constituents.
Cellulose is the most abundant polysaccharide in nature and nanocellulose could be used as
an outstanding nano biomaterial due to its remarkable features like sustainability,
biodegradability, good mechanical strength and chemical stability.The different forms of
nanocellulose are cellulose nanocrystal (CNC), cellulose nanofibers (CNF) and bacterial
cellulose (BC. Among them cellulose nanofibers (CNF) can be obtained from plant sources
through defragmentation of fibers via mechanical treatments like high pressure
homogenization, ultra-sonication etc. a hydrophobic CNP was fabricated by combining the
synergistic effect of surface roughness and functionalization with low surface energy
materials. For inducing surface roughness on CNP, ZnO nanoflakes were employed which has
uniform particle size distribution, better adhesion properties due to the presence of hydroxyl
groups, ease of chemical reaction and better stability. (Aiswarya Poulose et al. Int J Biol
Macromol. 2023).
Areca nut is an important cash crop which is grown in India, China, Malaysia, Taiwan,
and other Asian countries mainly for their seeds-nuts. India is the highest producer of areca
nut in the world - accounts for more than 50 per cent of world production.It is demonstrated
that strength and initial modulus of lignocellulosic fibres depend on the crystallinity index and
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microfibril angle. Additionaly, Higher crystallinity index and lower microfibril angle increase
the mechanical properties of cellulosic fibres. Length and diameter of a fibre is an important
parameter to control the quality of fibre. Use area, processing performance and textile
properties etc are affected by the length and diameter of fibre. One of the most important
properties of fibre is the tensile property. Areca nut sheath is rich in cellulose, hemicellulose
and lignin, Das, S., Chaudhuri, A., & Singha, A. K. (2020). It has several industrial uses like
making cardboard, handmade paper etc. due to its fiber content.
Production of Eco Bag
In the recent study, the manufacturing of eco-bags involves drying mendong grass to
obtain woven ropes, which serve as the fundamental material for bag production. A dynamo
is utilized to twist the mendong rods into extended ropes. Subsequently, three of these long
ropes are intertwined to create a larger rope, and this process is repeated until a robust and
sturdy plaited rope is formed. This substantial mendong rope serves as the primary material
for crafting diverse creative products, including eco-bags made from mendong grass
(Demartoto, Ramdhon, & Naredia, 2023).
According to Parkin (2022), the recycling process of eco-bags is delineated in four
stages. First, the collection and sorting of recyclables take place, where used bags are
gathered from drop-off points or curbside bins and categorized based on their material—
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paper, jute, cotton, or recyclable plastic. Following this, the materials undergo cleaning and
processing, transforming into the raw material for the next stage. In the second stage, specific
chemicals are applied to create a freshly manufactured fabric, resulting in a foldable bulk
ready for further processing. Moving to the third stage, the plain fabric is infused with color or
prints to align with product orders or market trends. Finally, in the last stage, bags receive
aesthetic or functional enhancements, such as wooden handles, linings, zips, buckles, or
pockets, adding diversity to styles and designs. This comprehensive four-part process
rejuvenates old, worn-out eco-bags, restoring them to a renewed state.
In the study conducted by Tang, Rene, and Li (2019), eco-bags containing a blend of
activated zeolite and sand were employed to create an ‘eco-bag revetment’ in a countryside
lake, and the effectiveness was observed over 22 weeks. The study assessed microbial
diversity, composition, and lake water quality to gauge the water purification capabilities of
the eco-bags. Ryu, Jeong, and Lee, (2018), the eco-friendly fruit bag is produced by connecting
inner and outer sheets through a manufacturing process involving recycled pulps, twin wire
type paper machine, ink transfer amount-controlled offset printing, and coating/water
repelling operations. This eco-friendly fruit bag is costeffective, enhances fruit quality by
adjusting light transmittance and air permeability, preventing fruit falls due to its lightweight
design, and avoids environmental pollutants as it doesn’t use organic solvents in the printing
process.
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Zhang (2018), the disclosed production method for an environmentally-friendly woven
bag involves recycling waste polypropylene plastic products, crushing and cleaning them, then
converting them into plastic particles with added components like photosensitizer, starch,
nanometer calcium carbonate, polyolefin resin, tributyl citrate, and antioxidants. The resulting
mixture is extruded, cooled, and processed into green silks, which are woven into a bag with
eco-friendly properties. Utilizing recycled materials not only conserves resources but also
ensures the woven bag is easily degradable, causing no environmental pollution.
In the study conducted by Yu (2018), the invention introduces an environmentally-
friendly degradable jumbo bag and its preparation method. The bag incorporates raw
materials such as plant starch, moso bamboo fine powder, polylactic acid short fiber,
polypropylene, zeolite powder, and various additives. The preparation involves material
preparation, crushing, film formation, and bag production. By using polypropylene, plant
starch, moso bamboo fine powder, and polylactic acid short fiber as main ingredients, the
jumbo bag becomes environmentally degradable, providing a sustainable alternative to non-
degradable white garbage products, ensuring safety in use, and reducing environmental
pollution.
According to Gano-an (2018), it is important to highlight that green marketing
endeavors, such as the implementation of eco-friendly bags, must continue in progress in
order to achieve the ultimate objective of mitigating pollution.

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According to Widyayanti and Harsoyo (2023), the promotion of environmentally
friendly shopping bags should be actively advocated in order to minimize the utilization of
plastic bags. Commencing in the year 2009, numerous supermarkets, as well as hypermarkets,
in Indonesia have initiated campaigns aimed at fostering eco-friendly practices. These
initiatives specifically involve the utilization of eco-friendly textile shopping bags, commonly
referred to as “green bags,” to replace the usage of plastic bags, which are known for their
lack of environmental friendliness. Hence, it is imperative for consumers to contribute
towards the preservation of the environment by exhibiting pro-environmental behavior.
Aithal (2023), eco-friendly bags, constructed from recycled materials, are durable,
plastic-free, and designed for long-term use. Both retailers and customers favor these bags for
their affordability, lightweight nature, and environmentally conscious features.
Ashwini and Aithal (2022), the major threats to human survival, including climate
change, pollution, global warming, and ozone layer depletion, are of significant concern.
Green products, exhibiting lower environmental impacts than their traditional counterparts,
provide heightened environmental advantages. The predominant source of plastic waste lies
in retail businesses, traditional markets, and street stalls. The adoption of eco-friendly
shopping bags is recognized as a commendable strategy for minimizing plastic bag usage,
reflecting a responsible environmental initiative with minimal associated environmental
impacts.
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Pahal (2023), eco-bags presents a cleaner and eco-friendly option, crafted entirely
from biodegradable materials such as recycled newspaper bags, jute twine, and flour-based
adhesive. Unlike conventional bags, Eco-bags boasts a higher load-bearing capacity. Not only
do they repurpose materials that would otherwise go to waste, but they also address the
environmental issues linked to single-use plastic bags. Beyond their ecological benefits, the
production of Eco-bags provides a sustainable income source for predominantly
disadvantaged women, offering them a means to support both themselves and their families.
Parkin (2022), the production of eco-bags can diminish the volume of waste generated
by single-use plastic bags. On average, plastic bags outnumber their environmentally friendly
counterparts, and they have a higher likelihood of being deposited in landfills rather than
being reused like eco-bags. The eco-bag sector, encompassing both production and recycling
efforts, has the potential to generate new employment opportunities. In contrast to plastic
bags, eco-bags don’t release harmful or toxic substances when subjected to fire. By reducing
the necessity to incinerate plastic, eco-bags contribute to mitigating the impacts of global
warming.
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Shaowei, Degou, Song, and Jianping (2021), the tensile and tearing strengths of two
types of jute cloth was tested and found that they meet the requirements for ecological bags
according to standards. The authors analyzed the stability of the jute bags under natural
conditions and heavy rainfall. Under natural conditions, the stability coefficient was calculated
to be greater than 1.35, indicating stability. However, under heavy rainfall, the stability
coefficient dropped below 1.35, indicating instability. To improve stability under heavy rainfall,
the authors proposed reinforcing the jute bags with steel wire mesh fixed with anchor rods.
Calculations showed that this reinforcement method could provide sufficient uplift safety and
improve stability. In summary, jute cloth ecological bags show potential for slope protection but
may require reinforcement under extreme conditions to ensure stability.
Anggaan et al., (2021) the breaking strength of the produced fiber rope and sheets in a
laboratory using a Universal Testing Machine is tested. The results showed that the fiber rope
had the highest breaking strength compared to the fiber sheets. The produced eco-bag was
found to be durable, withstanding loads of 3.3 to 5 kilograms. The fiber sheets’ strength
increased with thickness. Though not as sturdy as commercially available eco-bags due to
lacking machinery, the researchers believe Mauritius Hemp fibers have the potential to make
high-quality eco-bags. They recommended officials support the propagation and cultivation of
the plant. With the right machinery and processes, eco-bags from the plant fibers can compete
with existing eco-bags in the market. The patented eco-bag product can then be made available
at affordable costs and exported.

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Related Studies
According to Subhakanta Nayak, Sunita Barik, Pradeep Kumar Jena Biopolymers and
Biocomposites from Agro-Waste for Packaging Applications, 127-139, (2021).Over the last few
decades, increase in ecological consciousness has led several professionals and researchers to
work in sustainable and environmental friendly materials that could partly or entirely substitute
the synthetic non-biodegradeable polymeric materials in all-around applications.
R Raghupathy, R Viswanathan, CT Devadas Bioresource technology 82 (1), 99-100,
(2002). A study was carried on utilizing arecanut leaf sheath for making paper boards. Paper
boards were made with various combinations of arecanut leaf sheath with waste paper, 1:1,
1:2, 1:3, 3:1, 2:1, control (100% areca leaf sheath) and the qualities of these paper boards were
tested as per the Bureau of Indian Standards (IS: 1060 (part-I)-1966). The paper boards made
with more arecanut sheath materials had more resistance to water absorption. The addition of
paper increased the substance weight of the paper boards. The 2:1 and 3:1 combinations of
arecanut leaf sheath and waste paper had best tear strength, tensile strength, bursting strength
and water resistance with minimum substance weight.
According to Debapriya Pinaki MohantyPurdue University Graduate School,( 2021).The
deleterious effects of plastics on the environment are well-known, and are the subject of
numerous scientific reviews and popular articles. Among industrial sectors that use plastics, the
foodware/packaging segment is by far the largest consumer 1. A disturbing aspect of plastics
consumption in this sector is use of products that are designed for short-term (single) use (Fig.
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1.1). Most of these products, post consumption, find their way either into landfills or are
dumped into the ocean, adversely impacting human and animal health, and affecting precious
groundwater resources 2, 3. Increasing awareness of these facts has spawned efforts to combat
the otherwise unopposed increase of single-use plastics.
Broadening Horizons N°29,( 2016) By N.K.S. Gowda, National Institute of Animal
Nutrition and Physiology, Bengaluru 560 030, India introduction late in many regions of India,
the cultivation of cereal crops such as paddy is decreasing and instead horticultural crops e.g.
areca nut, banana and spices are being grown due to higher economic returns. Besides India,
the areca nut cultivation is common in parts of tropical Pacific, Asia and east Africa. Over the
years, in Karnataka, Kerala and Assam states of India, the areca nut (Areca catechu) cultivation
(Photo 1) as a commercial crop has increased at the cost of paddy and other cereals.
Mizoram (2019) , conversion of abandoned jhum areas into settled areca nut (Areca
catechu L.; locally known as ‘Kauhva’) plantation have gained popularity and became the most
common agricultural practice in Mizoram (particularly, at Kolasib and Mamit district). The
average rise in net acreage under areca nut plantation increased by ~23.5% (per annum) over
past two decades due to high internal market demand, limited post-harvest processing
requirement and huge export potential to the neighboring state of Assam.
According to Kiran Kumar R. Patil, B. Chinnappa, G.R. Manjunatha (2019) Eco-friendly
Arecanut Leaf Sheath Products: An Economic AnalysisIndian Journal of Ecology(2019) 46(2):
431-436-1Abstract: The rising demand for biodegradable and eco-friendly areca leaf generated
net returns of Rs. 17800 ha to arecanut growers. The manufacturer invested Rs. 13.42 lakhs for
24
establishment of unit. Leaf products viz., 30 cm, 25 cm, 20 cm of plates and 15 cm and 11 cm of
bowls are manufactured in the unit. The per unit cost inclusive of variable and fixed costs came
to Rs. 2.21, Rs. 1.62, Rs. 1.15, Rs. 0.73 and Rs. 0.51 for30 cm, 25 cm, 20 cm plates, and 15 cm
and 11 cm bowls, respectively.
Banana fibre: a natural and sustainable bioresource for eco-friendly applications
According to Aarjo Sharma, Sanjeev Balda (2021) Natural fibres of plant and animal origin have
been explored vastly over the last two decades and are gaining importance over synthetic
counterparts owing to their biodegradability, renewability, lightweight and better biochemical
and strength properties. Plant-based natural fibres such as banana, coir, sisal, jute, kenaf and
many others have been studied for industrial applications. Among these, banana fibre is of
major interest as banana is one of the most consumed fruit worldwide with annual production
of 115.7 million tonnes in the year 2018 and is grown in 130 countries,
which makes banana waste available locally.
Biodegradable Plates Production from Areca Nuts Tree Leaf According to Ajay Kumar
Gupta (2019). Areca nuts tree leaf plate is made of completely organic material, which is a
fallen leaf collected from areca palm trees. Palm Leaf plates are made by Mother Nature from
the naturally fallen Areca Palm tree leaves found in India. The leaf or Sheath is collected for the
tableware. Areca Leaf plates are commonly
known as Areca Plate / Areca Palm Leaf Plates / Palm Leaf Plates / Bio Plate / Natural plates,
Disposable Plates / Eco friendly Bio-Degradable Dinner Plates / Kitchenware Dinnerware.

25
Areca leaf, coconut shells may soon replace plastic bags at nurseries in Bengaluru
According Iffath Fathima (2019).In an attempt to curb the usage of ‘plastic grow bags’, the
Karnataka forest department (KFD) has decided to take the eco-friendly path. Plastic grow bags
are used for rearing of plants from seeds. Different ingredients like soil, sand, farm yard manure
and seeds are used in the bag. For a long time now, the department has been using plastic bags
as they are cheap, easily available and keep the ingredients intact
26
CHAPTER 3
Methodology
This chapter presents the research design and methodology that will be used to analyze the
results of the study.
Research Design
This study is designed as an experimental quantitative research that aims to determine the
suitability of Arecanut Sheath produced as an eco-friendly bag. According to Shuttleworth (2008),
quantitative experiments all use a standard format, with a few minor inter-disciplinary differences, of
generating a hypothesis to be proved or disproved. This hypothesis must be provable by mathematical
and statistical means, and is the basis around which the whole experiment is designed. Randomization
of any study groups is essential, and a control group should be included, wherever possible.
Experimental research design was used to analyse the difference of the eco-bag with different
concentrations of NaOH as well as to test its validity in terms of the tear strength and its water
resistance. Tear strength was measured in the laboratory with the use of Elmendorf Tear Tester. Water
resistance will be measured by pouring 1000ml of water and increasing by hundreds in order to know if
it is suitable to use for wet products as well.
Procedural Design
Gathering of Preparing of Production of

Materials workplace Eco-bag
27
Testing and Evaluation

of Product
The materials that was used in the study are the following:
1.Arecanut Sheaths
2. Containers
3. Net with Frame
4. Steel Brush
5. Strainer
6. Sodium Hydroxide
7. Plastic Tub
8. Measuring cups
9. Leather Thread
The instruments of the study was the following:
1. Elmendorf Tear Tester was used to measure the tearing resistance of the Arecanut Sheet.
2. Measuring cups will be used to measure how much water has been put in the bag.
Data Gathering Procedure
Gathering of materials
The Arecanut Sheath was collected from Passi City one of the researches home. Sodium
hydroxide was bought at Patagonian. Remaining materials were gathered in the researchers
household. The wooden frame was made by the researchers.

28
Preparing of Workplace
The experiment was conducted at Brgy. Purok 1, Gumban Street, Pavia, Iloilo it is one of
the researchers house, where it was convenient for everyone.
Production of Eco bag
Firstly, the Arecanut Sheath was washed with clean water and was sun dried for a day.
Then, the sheath was soaked in the water for 3 days exactly 72 hours. After 72 hours of soaking
the sheath it was cutted into small pieces before boiling it. Afterwards, the cutted pieces will be
boiled for 1 hour under medium heat , while boiling different concentrations of 1000ml of
NaOH was added. After boiling it for 1 hour, it was strained to separate from the water. Then
the fibre was extracted with the use of a steel brush then adding it into a tub with water. The
fiber was then separated from the water with the use of the frame strainer and then letting it
dry for 24 hours to harden before sewing it. Afterwards, 2 layers of Arecanut fiber was attached
all together by sewing it with the use of a leather thread. After 24 hours of sundrying the sheet it
was then cutted into 8.5 inches wide and 13 inches long for the Arecanut Sheet on the other
hand for the bag it’s measurement are 8 inches wide, 10 inches long and 3 inches width.
Evaluation and Testing of product
The researchers tested the product in terms of the the products water resistance and
tear strength. Using 100ml of water increasing by hundreds in order to know if the product
29
could hold wet products. The test was conducted at one of the researchers home located at
Brgy. Purok 1, Pavia, Iloilo. During the tear strength test, each treatment of the Arecanut Fiber
sheet was cutted to a size of 3 inches by 2.5 inches in parallel and perpendicular orientation. It
was tested based on ASTM D689, or the Test Method of Internal Tearing Resistance of Paper
with the use of an Elmendorf Tear Tester under the test conditions of 26.1 degrees Celsius room
temperature and 45 percent RH or Relative Humidity. It was tested in a tear along machine
direction and tear along cross direction in order to determine the strong and weak sides as well
as the tearing force each treatment could handle. The test was held at the Central Philippine
University ( CPU ) Packaging Department Laboratory.
Statistical Treatment
The Arecanut sheet was used as a sample to determine the effectiveness of the Arecanut Sheath
Fiber in producing an eco-bag. Each of the treatments had a different amount of NaOH in order to
determine the efficacy of the Arecanut sheet. One-way ANOVA was used to determine wether there
is any statistically significant difference between the three treatments composing different amounts
of NaOH.
30
CHAPTER 4
Results and Discussions
Table 1. Tear strength along Machine Direction of Arecanut sheet using Arecanut Sheath Fiber
Tear Strength Along Machine Direction
Tear Strength N Mean Std. Deviation Interpretation
A 3 110.22 6.155 Lowest Tear Strength
C 3 113.78 6.155 Moderate Tear Strength
B 3 122.67 32.442 Highest Tear Strength
Table 1 presents data on the tear strength along machine direction of Arecanut Sheet using
Arecanut Sheath Fiber, with 3 different treatments labelled as A, B, and C. Each treatment has been
replicated three times, yielding a total of nine observations. Treatment A has the lowest tear
strength ( M = 110.22, SD = 6.155 ), followed by Treatment C ( M = 113.78, SD = 6.155 ). Finally,
Treatment B ( M = 122.67, SD = 32.442 ). Overall, the average tear strength across all treatments
was 115.56, with a total standard deviation or SD of 17.688.

31
Table 2. Measuring the significant difference within treatments in tear along Machine direction
of Arecanut sheet derived from different amounts of NaOH.
Tear Along Machine Direction: ANOVA
Tear Strength
Sum of squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups 246.495 2 123.247 .328 .733
Within Groups 2256.439 6 376.073
Total 2502.933 8
Table 2 presents One-way analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) confirmed that there is no significant
difference ( p-value = 0.733 ) in the tear strength of a Arecanut sheet using different amounts of
NaOH; the corresponding p-value is greater than the significance level of 0.05 ( p-value< 0.05 ).
32
Figure 1. Tear strength force along Machine Direction of Arecanut sheet using Arecanut Sheath
Fiber.
Figure 1 shows the tear force (g) along machine directions rates of treatments A, B, and C.
Treatment A had the lowest tearing force of 110.22 grams, followed by Treatment C with 113.78 grams
and Treatment B with 122.67 grams, which had the highest tearing force.
33
Table 3. Tear strength along Cross Direction of Arecanut sheet using Arecanut Sheath Fiber
Tear Strength Along Cross Direction
Tear Strength N Mean Std. Deviation Interpretation
C 3 138.67 42.332 Lowest Tear Strength
B 3 173.33 66.665 Moderate Tear Strength
A 3 192.00 9.238 Highest Tear Strength
Table 3 presents data on the tear strength along cross direction of Arecanut Sheet using
Arecanut Sheath Fiber, with 3 different treatments labelled as A, B, and C. Each treatment has been
replicated three times, yielding a total of nine observations. Treatment A has the highest tear
strength ( M = 192.00, SD = 9.238 ), followed by Treatment B ( M = 173.33, SD = 66.665 ) and
Treatment C ( M = 138.67, SD = 42.332 ). Finally,. Overall, the average tear strength across all
treatments was 168.00 with a total standard deviation or SD of 46.149.

34
Table 4. Measuring the significant difference within treatments in tear along Cross direction of
Arecanut sheet derived from different amounts of NaOH.
Tear Along Cross Direction: ANOVA
Tear Strength
Between Groups 4394.560 2 2197.280 1.043 .409
Within Groups 12643.111 6 2107.185
Total 17037.671 8
Table 4 present One-way analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) expressed that there is no significant
difference ( p-value = 0.409 ) in the tear strength of a Arecanut sheet using different amounts of
NaOH; the corresponding p-value is greater than the significance level of 0.05 ( p-value< 0.05 ).
35
Figure 2. Tear strength along Cross Direction of Arecanut sheet using Arecanut Sheath Fiber.
Figure 2 presents the tear strength (g) along cross direction of three treatments, namely A, B,
and C. Treatment A displayed the highest tear strength at 192.00 g, followed by Treatment B at 173.33
g, and Treatment C showed the lowest tear strength at 137.67 g.
36
Table 5. Average water resistance of the Arecanut Sheath Eco-Bag using Arecanut sheet
with different amounts of NaOH.
Water Resistance
Water Resistance N Mean Std. Deviation Interpretation
Treatment A with 25%
of 40g NaOH and 3 533.33 57.735 Lowest Water Resistant
1000mL water
Treatment B with 50%
of 40g NaOH and 3 600.00 .000 Moderate Water Resistant
1000mL water
Treatment C with 50%
of 40g NaOH and 3 683.33 28.860 Highest Water Resistant
1000mL water
Total 9 605.56 72.648
Table 5 shows the average water resistance for each treatment. Treatments A, B, and C had a
total of three replicates each. Additionally, Treatment C had the highest water resistance of ( M = 683.33
, SD = 28.860 ) followed by Treatment B with ( M = 600.00 , SD = .000 ) and Treatment A with ( M =
533.33 , SD = 57.735 ) With a total of 605.56 and 72.648 for the mean and standard deviation,
respectively.
37
Figure 3. Water Resitance of the Arecanut Sheath Eco-bag using Arecanut Sheets with different
amounts of NAOH
Table 6. Measuring the significant difference between the treatments of the Arecanut
Sheath Eco-Bag using Arecanut sheet with different amounts of NaOH.
ANOVA
Water Resistance
Between Groups 33888.889 2 16944.444 12.200 .008
Within Groups 8333.33 6 1388.889
Total 42222.222 8
38
Table 6 presents One-way analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) expressed that there is a significant
difference ( p-value = 0.008 ) in the water resistance of a Arecanut Sheath Eco-Bag using different
amounts of NaOH; the corresponding p-value is less than the significance level of 0.05 ( p-value<
0.05 ).
APPENDICES A
LETTERS
39

Utilizing Arecanut Sheaths Areca Catechu As An Eco Friendly Bag 5

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1

PAVIA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Utilizing Arecanut Sheet using Arecanut Sheaths ( Areca Catechu ) Fiber

Jastine Glenn Marie L. Billones

Kent Caroline B. Catchillar

Khim Clarinse S. Gabasa

Krishia Joy B. Larios

Frances Camille F. Torres

Jeriel Rose B. Solis

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment in the requirements for completion of Science, Technology ,

Engineering and Mathematics

Evangelista St. Pavia, Iloilo

Background of the Study

Statement of the Problem

Specifically, this study shall seek answers to the following questions:

a. Tear along machine direction

b. Tear along cross direction

2. What is the average water resistance of the Arecanut Eco-bag of different

Independent variable Dependent Variable

25% of 40g of NaOH and Texture or quality of the

50% of 40g of NaOH and

75% of 40g of NaOH and

Figure 1.) Relationship of Variables in this Study

alternative to commercial bought plastic.

of the eco-friendly sheet and bag using different amounts of NaOH.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

sheaths as a promising alternative for the production of eco-friendly bags in comparison to

those commonly found in the commercial market.

for eco-friendly bag production. It aims to contribute to environmental sustainability efforts by

investigating the feasibility of utilizing arecanut sheaths in this capacity.

Significance of the Study

outcome of this study will be beneficial to the following:

may aid soil fertility in terms of decomposing.

cleanly will result in a cleaner community.

material to generate additional income.

waste and environmental degradation.

available resources for eco-bag.

reducing plastic waste and advancing sustainability goals.

Arecanut Sheaths . It is a hard biodegradable fibrous material found in arecanut palm

making an environmental-friendly carrying bag.

developed in order to reduce and lessen plastic pollution.

to evaluate the Arecanut Paper sheet of the eco-bag.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

sustainability (Shogren et al., 2019).

holistically in evaluating bio-based products (Sijtsema et al., 2016).

intentions to use reusable bags.

The study in Indonesia aims to measure the effectiveness of non-monetary interventions

Plant Based Eco Bag

brands as an environmentally responsible means of advertising their goods. Because they

Bags | Factory Direct promos, 2022).

empower disadvantaged communities, especially women, by creating a sustainable source of

large number of underemployed women in informal sectors (Ecobags – Innovative, Eco-Friendly

Paper Bags by Pahal, 2020)

benefits local farming communities (Kaushal, 2023)

strategy to reduce plastic.

used everyday (Ashwini & Aithal, 2022).

were comparable to those in conventional plastics. This emphasizes how crucial it is to

concentrate on chemical safety while creating sustainable plastic substitutes (Zimmermann et