638121602006383863session 3
638121602006383863session 3
638121602006383863session 3
As external work is done by the gas at the cost of its internal energy, there is fall in
temperature by dT du = cv dT
𝑃.𝑑𝑉
cv dT + = 0 -------- (2)
𝐽
for ideal gas of 1 gm we have
PV = RT ---------- (3) where, R = ordinary gas constant
Differentiate, we get
P.dV + V.dP = R.dT
𝑃.𝑑𝑉+𝑣.𝑑𝑃
dT = sub dT in eq. (2), we get C
𝑅 But Cp = γ
v
𝑃.𝑑𝑉+𝑣.𝑑𝑃 𝑃 𝑑𝑉
cv + =0 𝑑𝑃 𝑑𝑉
𝑅 𝐽 +γ = 0 , on integrating we get,
𝑃 𝑉
𝑅 𝑃 𝑑𝑉
cv P.dV + V.dP + =0 log 𝑃 + γ log 𝑉 = constant
𝐽
𝑅𝑇
𝑃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑃
1. Work done during an Isothermal Process:
When gas is allowed to expand isothermally, work is done by it.
When the volume changes from V1 to V2 work done is given by
V
W = V 2 𝑃 𝑑𝑉 = area ABCD
1
𝑅𝑇
For one gram molecule of the gas, PV = RT , P=
𝑉
V 𝑅𝑇 𝑉2
∴ W = V 2 𝑑𝑉 = RT x 2.303 log10 ------- (1)
1 𝑉 𝑉1
Also, P1V1 = P2V2
𝑉2 𝑃1
=
𝑉1 𝑃2
𝑃1
∴ W = RT x 2.303 log10 --------- (2)
𝑃2
Hence the change in the internal energy of the system is zero ( because
temp. constant). So the heat absorbed by the system is equal to the work
done by it.
2. Work done during an Adiabatic Process:
Work done when the gas expands from V1 to V2 is given by
V2
W= V 𝑃 𝑑𝑉 = area ABCD
1
𝑘
During adiabatic , PVγ =constant = k OR 𝑃=
𝑉𝛾
𝑉2
𝑉2
𝑘
𝑊 = න 𝛾 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑘 න 𝑉 𝑑𝑉
𝑉 𝑉2
𝑉1
𝑘 1 1
𝑊= 𝛾−1 − 𝛾−1 since A and B lie on the same adiabatic
1−𝛾 𝑉2 𝑉1
∴ P1V1γ = P2V2γ = k
1 𝑘 𝑘
𝑊= 𝛾−1 − 𝛾−1
1−𝛾 𝑉2 𝑉1
𝛾 𝛾
1 𝑃2 𝑉2 𝑃1 𝑉1
𝑊= 𝛾−1 − 𝛾−1
1−𝛾 𝑉2 𝑉1
1
𝑊= 𝑃2 𝑉2 − 𝑃1 𝑉1 ------- (1)
1−𝛾
1
𝑊= 𝑅𝑇2 − 𝑅𝑇1
1−𝛾
𝑅 𝑅
𝑊= 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇1 − 𝑇2
1−𝛾 𝛾−1
References:
1. Heat and thermodynamics – Brijlal , Subramanyam and P.S.Hemne.
2. Heat – D.S. Mathur
3. Berkely volume – 1: Halliday and Resnik.
4. Physics for II Semester, B.V.N. Rao.