Unit 5 - Introduction of Solid State Relays: Phase and Amplitude Comparators: Amplitude Comparators

UNIT 5 - INTRODUCTION OF SOLID STATE RELAYS
A relay comprises of an electromagnet and a contact unit. The definition is: Activating the
contact unit using electromagnetic attraction, which is produced when electric current exceeding the
specified value flows to the electromagnet; the voltage and current (input signal) applied to the coil
opens or shuts the contact.
Relays used for i. as interfaces between control circuits and load circuits, ii. for signal
multiplication, iii. for separation of direct current and al ternating current circuits, iv.linking information.
Functions Number of pins Description 1 2 Normally closed contact 3 4 Normally open contact 5 6 Normally
closed contact, time delay 7 8 Normally open contact, time delay 1 2 4 Changeover contact 5 6 8 Changeover contact,
time delay A1 A2 The coil terminals (common) relay contacts are either normally open (NO) or normally closed
(NC), The term “normally” refers to the state in which the coil is not energized. Relays can have many independent
contacts, some NO and others NC, and each contact can be used in a different circuit for a different task. When the
coil is energized, all NO contacts belonging to that relay close, whereas all NC contacts open.
PHASE AND AMPLITUDE COMPARATORS:

Amplitude Comparators:
An amplitude comparator compares the magnitude of two input quantities irrespective of the angle between
them. One of the inputs is the operating quantity and the other a restraining quantity.
When the amplitude of the operating quantity exceeds that of restraining quantity, the relay sends a tripping signal to
the circuit breaker.
- The Amplitude comparator compares two vector, |A| and |B|

- Gives an output: the algebraic difference between the magnitudes |A| and |B|
- Output is +ve, if |A| > |B|
- Output is –ve, if |A| < |B|
- Output is zero, if |A| = |B|
Comparison by ratio:
- Output is >1, if |A| > |B|
- Output <1, if |A| < |B|
- Output is Zero, if |A| is zero.
Phase Comparators:
Phase comparison technique is the most widely used one for all practical directional, distance, differential and
carrier relays.
If the two input signals are S1 and S2 the output occurs when the inputs have phase relationship lying within
the specified limits.
Both the input must exist for an output to occur. The operation is independent of their magnitudes and is
dependent only on their phase relationship. The figures below show that the phase comparator is simple form. The
function is defined by the boundary of marginal operation and represented by the straight lines from the origin of the
S-plane.
The condition of operation is β1 < θ < β2.

θ is the angle by which S2 lands S1. If β1 = β2 =90o, the comparator is called cosine comparator and if β1=0 and
β2=180o, it is a sine comparator.
In short, a phase comparator compares two input quantities in phase angle (vertically) irrespective of the
magnitude and operates if the phase angle between them is < 90o.
There are two types of phase comparators:
1. Vector product comparator
2. Coincidence type phase comparator.
Vector Product comparator:

This comparator recognizes the vector product or division between the two or more quantities. Thus, the
output is A, B or A/B
Coincidence Comparator:
Consider two signals S1 and S2. The period of Coincidence of S1 and S2 will depend on the phase difference
between S1 and S2. The fig below shows the coincidence of S1 and S2when S2 lags S1 by less than π/2 ie., θ.The period
of coincidence of S1 and S2 with a phase difference of θ is Ψ = 180o – θ. Different techniques are used to measure the
period of coincidence. Two of the important types are
1. Bloke Spike Method (Direct Phase Comparison) and
2. Coincidence type – Integrating phase comparator.
INTEGRATING COMPARATOR:
-Circulating Current Type
- Opposed Voltage Type
Circulating Current Type
It can also be used as impedance relay. Two rectifier bridges can be arranged in such a manner as shown in
the figure below, to function as amplitude comparator circulating type. The polarized relay operates when
S1>S2 where S1=K1i1 and S2 = K2i2. This arrangement gives a sensitive relay whose voltage may be represented in the
VI characteristic of the figure.
Opposed Voltage type

This type works with voltage input signals derived from PTs. The operation depends on the difference of the
average rectified voltage (V1-V2).Here the rectifiers are not protected against higher currents. The relay operates
when V1 >V2.
Instantaneous Comparator (Directing Amplitude Comparator) –
DIRECT COMPARATOR:
Here the restraining signal is rectified and smoothed completely in order to provide a level restraint.This is
then compared with the peak value of operating signal, which may or may not be rectified but is smoothened. The
tripping signal is provided if the operating signal exceeds the level of the restraint. The block diagram is shown in the
fig above. Since this method involves smoothening, the operation is slow. A faster method is phase splitting the wave
shapes of instantaneous amplitude comparator are shown in fig below before rectification and the averaging circuit
can be eliminated.
HYBRID COMPARATOR:
This kind of comparator compares both magnitude and phase of the input quantities. Hence this type is of
mixed version. In the hybrid comparator, both amplitude and phase comparators are used. Inputs are given to a phase
comparator. The output of the phase comparator is given to amplitude comparator.
Static impedance relays comparing V and I are generally of Hybrid Comparator.
HALL EFFECT TYPE AND MAGNETO RESISTIVITY TYPE:

HALL EFFECT:
The Hall effect is the production of a voltage difference (the Hall voltage) across an electrical conductor,
transverse to an electric current in the conductor and to an applied magnetic field perpendicular to the current. It was
discovered by Edwin Hall in 1879. For clarity, the original effect is sometimes called the ordinary Hall Effect to
distinguish it from other "Hall Effects" which have different physical mechanisms.
The Hall coefficient is defined as the ratio of the induced electric field to the product of the current density
and the applied magnetic field. It is a characteristic of the material from which the conductor is made, since its value
depends on the type, number, and properties of the charge carriers that constitute the current.
Hall effect in semiconductors
When a current-carrying semiconductor is kept in a magnetic field, the charge carriers of the semiconductor
experience a force in a direction perpendicular to both the magnetic field and the current. At equilibrium, a voltage
appears at the semiconductor edges.
The simple formula for the Hall coefficient given above becomes more complex in semiconductors where the
carriers are generally both electrons and holes which may be present in different concentrations and have
different mobilities. For moderate magnetic fields the Hall coefficient is

Unit 5 - Introduction of Solid State Relays: Phase and Amplitude Comparators: Amplitude Comparators

Uploaded by

Document Informationclick to expand document information

Copyright:

Available Formats

Unit 5 - Introduction of Solid State Relays: Phase and Amplitude Comparators: Amplitude Comparators

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Unit 5 - Introduction of Solid State Relays: Phase and Amplitude Comparators: Amplitude Comparators

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

UNIT 5 - INTRODUCTION OF SOLID STATE RELAYS

PHASE AND AMPLITUDE COMPARATORS:

- The Amplitude comparator compares two vector, |A| and |B|

The condition of operation is β1 < θ < β2.

Vector Product comparator:

Circulating Current Type

Opposed Voltage type

Static impedance relays comparing V and I are generally of Hybrid Comparator.

HALL EFFECT TYPE AND MAGNETO RESISTIVITY TYPE:

You might also like