TIMO 2023 Solution Manual 1
TIMO 2023 Solution Manual 1
TIMO 2023 Solution Manual 1
The questions here are mostly non-verbatim, and is just a recollection of the authors’
memory of the questions.
Contents
0 Problems 3
1 Solution to Problem 1 5
2 Solution to Problem 2 6
3 Solution to Problem 3 7
4 Solution to Problem 4 8
5 Solution to Problem 5 9
6 Solution to Problem 6 10
7 Solution to Problem 7 10
8 Solution to Problem 8 11
9 Solution to Problem 9 11
10 Solution to Problem 10 12
11 Solution to Problem 11 12
TIMO 2023 – Heat Round The RSHS Youth Mathematics Club
12 Solution to Problem 12 13
13 Solution to Problem 13 14
14 Solution to Problem 14 15
15 Solution to Problem 15 15
16 Solution to Problem 16 17
17 Solution to Problem 17 18
18 Solution to Problem 18 19
19 Solution to Problem 19 20
20 Solution to Problem 20 21
21 Solution to Problem 21 22
22 Solution to Problem 22 22
23 Solution to Problem 23 23
24 Solution to Problem 24 24
25 Solution to Problem 25 25
2
TIMO 2023 – Heat Round The RSHS Youth Mathematics Club
§0 Problems
1 1
1. If x + = 35, find x3 + 3 .
x x
2. Given that △ABC have side lengths 25, 29, and 36. Find its area.
3. A circle is inscribed in an equilateral triangle ABC. It is given that the centroid of the triangle is
at C(10, 15) and side AB is collinear with line l with an equation of 8x + 6y = 30. Find the area
of the circle.
1 1 1
4. Find the number of sets of integral solution(s) of + = .
x y 2023
5. Find the value of x in the equation log4 x + log8 x + log16 x = 13.
√
q
6. Simplify 57 + 1400.
7. How many 4-digit numbers are there in which the sum of digits is 9?
8. Find the minimum possible value of a in (5 + a)y + (35 + 4a)y + 4a such that it has 2 possible
distinct roots.
√
9. Find the smallest integer greater than (6 + 19)3 .
10. What is the next term in the sequence?
11. In how many ways can you arrange 7 identical straws, 3 identical forks, and 8 identical spoons in
a row?
12. Use hexadecimal number system to represent octal number 6432578 .
13. Find the minimum value of 4x2 + 9y 2 + 24x − 24y + 97.
54
14. Find the value of 25 +
54
25 +
54
25 +
25 + . . .
15. For acute angle θ, find the largest possible value of 18 cos θ tan θ + 27 cos2 θ.
4
16. If θ is an acute angle and tan θ = , find the value of tan θ cos θ − sin 2θ.
3
17. If abcde + badec + ceabd + dceab + edbca = 433329. Find the value of 7(a + b + c + d + e).
18. Given that x is a 5-digit positive integer. It leaves a remainder of 9, 7, and 2 when divided by 11,
9, and 4, repectively. Find smallest possible value of x.
19. Find the coefficient of x4 in the expansion of (5x2 + 3x + 8)4 .
20. Given A and B are three non-zero digits and the 3-digit numbers formed by these three digits
have the following properties:
3
TIMO 2023 – Heat Round The RSHS Youth Mathematics Club
21. It is known that a > b and 51246a64b is divisible by 48. Find the greatest value of a × b.
22. In a box, there are 9 red balls, 3 green balls, and 4 yellow balls. If 8 balls will be withdrawn, what
is the probability of having at least 3 red balls?
23. There are 45 problems in a mathematical olympiad. The scores of each problem are allocated in
the following ways: 3 marks will be given for a correct answer, 2 marks will be deducted from
a wrong answer and 0 marks will be given for a blank answer. Find the minimum number of
candidate(s) to ensure that 3 candidates will have the same scores in the competition.
24. Balls in a box were numbered from 1 − 70. Malee picked 2 balls without replacement. What is
the probability that he will get a multiple of 7 in his first draw and a prime number on his second
draw?
25. In triangle ABC, the area of CP T S△CP T = 54, the area of triangle BCP S△BCP = 45 and the
area of triangle BP S S△BP S = 10. Find the area of quadrilateral ASP T SASP T .
Bonus Question:
Let p = p1 p2 . . . p6 be a permutation of the integers from 1 to 6. For any such permutation p,
we count how many integers there are which have nothing bigger on its left. We let f (p) be the
number of these integers for the permutation p. For example, f (612345) = 1 because only 6 has
nothing to its left which is bigger. On the other hand f (135462) = 4 because only 1, 3, 5, and 6
satisfy the condition. Let S be the sum of f (p) over all the 6! different permutations. Find the
numerical value of S.
4
TIMO 2023 – Heat Round The RSHS Youth Mathematics Club
§1 Solution to Problem 1
Problem statement
1 1
If x + = 35, find x3 + 3 .
x x
Answer: 42770
1
We are tasked to find x3 + . By expansion and substitution of values, we obtain
x3
1 3
x+ = 353
x
2
1 1 1
x3 + 3(x)2 + 3(x) + 3 = 42875
x x x
3 1 1
x +3 x+ + 3 = 42875
x x
1
x3 + 3(35) + 3 = 42875
x
1
x3 + 3 = 42770
x
By substitution, we get
1
x3 + = n(n2 − 3)
x3
1
x3 + 3 = 35(352 − 3)
x
3 1
x + 3 = 42770
x
5
TIMO 2023 – Heat Round The RSHS Youth Mathematics Club
§2 Solution to Problem 2
Problem statement
Given that △ABC have side lengths 25, 29, and 36. Find its area.
Answer: 360
p
A△ = 45(45 − 25)(45 − 29)(45 − 36)
p
= 45(20)(16)(9)
p
= (32 · 5)(22 · 5)(24 )(32 )
√
= 26 · 52 · 34
= 360.
6
TIMO 2023 – Heat Round The RSHS Youth Mathematics Club
§3 Solution to Problem 3
Problem statement
A circle is inscribed in an equilateral triangle ABC. It is given that the centroid of the triangle is
at C(10, 15) and side AB is collinear with line l with an equation of 8x + 6y = 30. Find the area
of the circle.
Answer: 616
Solution by Ian Chris Semillano, Joross Lamarca, and Peter John Haboc.
For us to understand the solution of this problem, we recall the formula for finding the shortest
perpendicular distance between a point and a line, and the area of a circle.
|Ax + By + C|
r= √ .
A2 + B 2
Upon rearranging the equation of the line, we get 8x + 6y − 30 = 0. In this case, A, B, C, x, y are
8, 6, −30, 10, 15, respectively.
Hence, by substitution, we obtain
[A] = π(14)2
22
= (14)2
7
= 616.
7
TIMO 2023 – Heat Round The RSHS Youth Mathematics Club
§4 Solution to Problem 4
Problem statement
1 1 1
Find the number of sets of integral solution(s) of + = .
x y 2023
Answer: 29
1 1 1
+ =
x y 2023
xy − 2023x − 2023y = 0
xy − 2023x − 2023y + 20232 = 20232
(x − 2023)(y − 2023) = 20232
20232 = (7 · 172 )2
= (72 · 174 )
Number of Divisors = (2 + 1)(4 + 1) = 15.
= 2(15)
= 30 − 1
= 29.
8
TIMO 2023 – Heat Round The RSHS Youth Mathematics Club
§5 Solution to Problem 5
Problem statement
Answer: 4096
Solution by Joross Lamarca, Peter John Haboc, and Ian Chris Semillano.
For us to understand the solution of this problem, we recall the properties of logarithm.
am = x ⇒ loga x = m.
9
TIMO 2023 – Heat Round The RSHS Youth Mathematics Club
§6 Solution to Problem 6
Problem statement
√
q
Simplify 57 + 1400.
√ √
Answer: 5 2 + 7
Solution by Joross Lamarca and Ian Semillano. We recall the concept of Special Product.
(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
The expression above should be written in the form (a + b)2 in order to cancel the radical symbol.
Before that, it must be written as a2 + 2ab + b2 .
√
q
= 57 + 1400
√ √
q q
= 57 + 4 · 350 = 57 + 2 350
√ √
Factor of 350 which will add up to 57 (50,7) = 50 + 7
√ √
= 5 2 + 7.
§7 Solution to Problem 7
Problem statement
How many 4-digit numbers are there in which the sum of digits is 9?
Answer: 165
Solution by Ian Chris Semillano. We use the concept of Stars and Bars.
We could represent the digits of the number as a, b, c, and d. The thousands digit ̸= 0, so change it to
a = a′ + 1 to ensure it being greater than 0.
a′ + 1 + b + c + d = 9 ⇒ a′ + b + c + d = 8.
10
TIMO 2023 – Heat Round The RSHS Youth Mathematics Club
§8 Solution to Problem 8
Problem statement
Find the minimum possible value of a in (5 + a)y 2 + (35 + 4a)y + 4a such that it has 2 possible
distinct roots.
Answer: −6
Observing the expression, it has the values of a, b, and c which we could substitute. Furthermore, the
condition states that it must have 2 real roots so discriminant is greater than 0.
§9 Solution to Problem 9
Problem statement
√ 3
Find the smallest integer greater than (6 + 19) .
Answer: 1112
11
TIMO 2023 – Heat Round The RSHS Youth Mathematics Club
Problem statement
Answer: 3753
an = 4ap + 5.
a6 = 4a5 + 5
a6 = 4(937) + 5
a6 = 3753.
Problem statement
In how many ways can you arrange 7 identical straws, 3 identical forks, and 8 identical spoons in a
row?
Answer: 5250960
12
TIMO 2023 – Heat Round The RSHS Youth Mathematics Club
Problem statement
Answer: 346AF
= (6 · 85 ) + (4 · 84 ) + (3 · 83 ) + (2 · 82 ) + (5 · 8) + (7 · 80 )
= 196608 + 16384 + 1536 + 128 + 40 + 7
= 21470310 .
ab...yz ÷ 16 = a1 r. l
a1 ÷ 16 = a2 r. m
..
.
ak ÷ 16 = 0 r. ak
Write the remainders starting from the bottom going upward. ak ...ml16
Note the following:
10 11 12 13 14 15
A B C D E F
214703 ÷ 16 = 13418 r. 15
13418 ÷ 16 = 838 r. 10
838 ÷ 16 = 52 r. 6
52 ÷ 16 = 3 r. 4
3 ÷ 16 = 0 r. 3.
13
TIMO 2023 – Heat Round The RSHS Youth Mathematics Club
Problem statement
Answer: 45
In order to express this into the format stated above, factor out the coefficient of x2 and y 2 .
14
TIMO 2023 – Heat Round The RSHS Youth Mathematics Club
Problem statement
54
Find the value of 25 + .
54
25 +
54
25 +
25 + . . .
Answer: 27
Take only the positive solution because the numbers are positive and the operation is all addition.
Therefore, x = 27.
Problem statement
For acute angle θ, find the largest possible value of 18 cos θ tan θ + 27 cos2 θ.
Answer: 30
sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1,
cos2 θ = 1 − sin2 θ,
sin2 θ = 1 − cos2 θ.
15
TIMO 2023 – Heat Round The RSHS Youth Mathematics Club
sin θ
Observe that we can rewrite 18 cos θ tan θ + 27 cos2 θ as 18 cos θ + 27(1 − sin2 θ). Hence,
cos θ
18 sin θ + 27 − 27 sin2 θ. Note that we can set x = sin θ. Thus, by equating everything to zero and
treating it as a quadratic, we get −27x2 + 18x + 27 = 0. Notice that the leading coefficient −27 is
negative, which means it is a parabola opening downward and its vertex is at a maximum.
We are tasked to find the maximum value of the expression which simply means looking for h in the
vertex form. Hence,
−b −18 1
h= = = .
2a 2(−27) 3
We then substitute this to the original expression to obtain a maximum value. Thus,
2
1 1
−27 + 18 + 27 = 30.
3 3
1
We see that h = , as expected. Following the same step earlier, the maximum value still evaluates to
3
be 30.
16
TIMO 2023 – Heat Round The RSHS Youth Mathematics Club
Problem statement
4
If θ is an acute angle and tan θ = , find the value of tan θ cos θ − sin 2θ.
3
4
Answer: −
25
Solution by Joross Lamarca. In order to understand this problem, we recall the sine double angle
formula.
4
Observe that we can rewrite tan θ cos θ − sin 2θ as sin θ − 2 sin θ cos θ. Since tan θ = , we see that the
3
sides opposite and adjacent to θ are 4 and 3, respectively. Subsequently, we see that this is a famous
Pythagorean triple (3 − 4 − 5); hence, the hypotenuse is 5, as shown in the figure below.
4 3
It is easy to see from the figure that sin θ and cos θ are and , respectively. We then substitute it to
5 5
sin θ − 2 sin θ cos θ. We get
4 4 3
sin θ − 2 sin θ cos θ = − 2
5 5 5
4 24 4
= − =⇒ − .
5 25 25
17
TIMO 2023 – Heat Round The RSHS Youth Mathematics Club
Problem statement
If abcde + badec + ceabd + dceab + edbca = 433329. Find the value of 7(a + b + c + d + e).
Answer: 273
By rewriting the 5-digit numbers taking into consideration their place values and simplifying it, the
equation yields
18
TIMO 2023 – Heat Round The RSHS Youth Mathematics Club
Problem statement
Given that x is a 5-digit positive integer. It leaves a remainder of 9, 7, and 2 when divided by 11,
9, and 4, repectively. Find smallest possible value of x.
Answer: 10294
Solution by Joross Lamarca and Ian Chris Semillano. We must recall the concept of Chinese
Remainder Theorem.
x ≡ a1 (mod n1 )
x ≡ a2 (mod n2 )
..
.
x ≡ ak (mod nk )
x ≡ 9 (mod 11)
x ≡ 7 (mod 9)
x ≡ 2 (mod 4)
36x ≡ 9 (mod 11)
44x ≡ 7 (mod 9)
99x ≡ 2 (mod 4)
19
TIMO 2023 – Heat Round The RSHS Youth Mathematics Club
Problem statement
Answer: 14001
4 4!
where a + b + c = 4 and = . Since a + b + c = 4, the only possible triples are (2,0,2),
a, b, c a!b!c!
(0,4,0), and (1,2,1). Therefore, the coefficient of x4 is given by
4 2 0 2 4 0 4 0 4
· (5) · (3) · (8) + · (5) · (3) · (8) + · (5)1 · (3)2 · (8)1
2, 0, 2 0, 4, 0 1, 2, 1
4! 2 0 2 4! 0 4 0 4!
· (5) · (3) · (8) + · (5) · (3) · (8) + · (5)1 · (3)2 · (8)1
2!0!2! 0!4!0! 1!2!1!
= (6)(25)(1)(64) + (1)(1)(81)(1) + (8)(5)(9)(8)
= 9600 + 81 + 4320
= 14001.
20
TIMO 2023 – Heat Round The RSHS Youth Mathematics Club
Solution II by Joross Lamarca. In this problem, we could use the concept of binomial expansion.
Observe that we can rewrite (5x2 + 3x + 8)4 as (5x2 + (3x + 8))4 in order to make it a “binomial.”
Hence, we can now directly apply the Binomial Theorem, and we get
4 2 4 4 2 3 1 2 2 2 4 2 3 4
(5x ) + (5x ) (3x + 8) + 42(5x ) (3x + 8) + (5x )(3x + 8) + (3x + 8)4
0 1 3 4
= 625x8 + 1500x7 + 5350x6 + 7740x5 + 14001x4 + 12384x3 + 13696x2 + 6144x + 4096.
Since we need an extra power of 2, we square this entire expression, and we get
Problem statement
Given A and B are three non-zero digits and the 3-digit numbers formed by these three digits have
the following properties:
Answer: 418
21
TIMO 2023 – Heat Round The RSHS Youth Mathematics Club
Problem statement
It is known that a > b and 51246a64b is divisible by 48. Find the greatest value of a × b.
Answer: 72
The last three digits of the number is 64b, and this could only be 640 or 648 in order to satisfy its
divisibility to 8.
If b = 0, the possible values of a to become divisible by 6 is 2, 5, and 8. Considering the elements (a, b)
such that a > b, these are the possible outcomes: (2, 0), (5, 0), and (8, 0).
If b = 8, the possible values of a to become divisible by 6 is 0, 3, 6, 9. Considering the elements (a, b)
such that a > b, this is the only possible outcome: (9, 8).
Checking their products, it was found out that 9 × 8 which is equal to 72 is the greatest value of a × b.
Problem statement
In a box, there are 9 red balls, 3 green balls, and 4 yellow balls. If 8 balls will be withdrawn, what
is the probability of having at least 3 red balls?
1401
Answer:
1430
Solution by Joross Lamarca and Ian Chris Semillano.
In order to solve this problem, we must recall the concept of combinations and probability of comple-
mentary events.
22
TIMO 2023 – Heat Round The RSHS Youth Mathematics Club
All in all, there are 16 objects, and we want to draw 8 balls. In 9 red balls, we want to get at least
3 to fill the total 8 balls to be withdrawn. This means the other 7 balls have to adjust so that at
least three of the red, green, and yellow balls are red. By complementary counting, or subtracting the
combinations of red balls appearing less than 3 times when withdrawn, we get
16 9 7 9 7
8 − 2 6 + 1 7
16
8
1401
= .
1430
Problem statement
There are 45 problems in a mathematical olympiad. The scores of each problem are allocated in
the following ways: 3 marks will be given for a correct answer, 2 marks will be deducted from
a wrong answer and 0 marks will be given for a blank answer. Find the minimum number of
candidate(s) to ensure that 3 candidates will have the same scores in the competition.
Answer: 441
Solution by Ian Chris Semillano.
In the problem stated, we are going to utilize the concept of pigeonhole principle.
Take note that not all scores are possible. By doing some combinations, it can be seen that you cannot
get a score of 134, 133, 131, 128, -89, and -87. Therefore, we only get
= 2(226 − 6) + 1
= 2(220) + 1
= 441.
23
TIMO 2023 – Heat Round The RSHS Youth Mathematics Club
Problem statement
Balls in a box were numbered from 1 − 70. Malee picks 2 balls without replacement. What is the
probability that he will get a multiple of 7 in his first draw and a prime number on his second
draw?
37
Answer:
690
Solution by Ian Chris Semillano.
To solve this, we must recall the concept of dependent events and the “or” rule in probability.
To begin with, let us identify the multiples of 7 from 1 − 70, as well as the prime numbers.
Multiples of 7: 7, 14. 21, 28, 35, 42, 48, 49, 56, 63, 70
Prime Numbers: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67
Sample Space: 70
As the enumeration above shows, there 7 numbers divisible by seven and 19 prime numbers from 1-70.
7 19 133
Probability when the prime on 2nd draw is not 7 : × =
70 69 4830
7 18 126
Probability when the prime on 2nd draw is 7 : × =
70 69 4830
Let A be the probability when the prime on 2nd draw is not 7, and let B be the probability when the
prime on 2nd draw is 7. Therefore, we could add the probability P of the two into
133 126
P(A + B) = P(A) + P(B) = +
4830 4830
259
=
4830
37
= .
690
24
TIMO 2023 – Heat Round The RSHS Youth Mathematics Club
Problem statement
In triangle ABC, the area of CP T S△CP T = 54, the area of triangle BCP S△BCP = 45 and the
area of triangle BP S S△BP S = 10. Find the area of quadrilateral ASP T SASP T .
Answer: 56
Theorem 25.1
Areas of triangles with equal altitudes are proportional to the bases of the triangles. In the figure,
we have
Knowing that the areas of triangles with equal altitudes are proportional to the bases of the triangles
A△BT A A△P T A
⇒ =
A△BT C A△P T C
x + y + 10 x
⇒ =
54 + 45 54
⇒ 54(x + y + 10) = 99x
⇒ 6x + 6y + 60 = 11x
⇒ 6y + 60 = 5x. (1st Equation)
We also have
A△CSA A△P SA
⇒ =
A△CSB A△P SB
x + y + 54 y
⇒ =
45 + 10 10
⇒ 10(x + y + 54) = 55y
⇒ 2x + 2y + 108 = 11y
⇒ 2x + 108 = 9y. (2nd Equation)
25
TIMO 2023 – Heat Round The RSHS Youth Mathematics Club
By algebraic manipulation, we can get the value of y in terms of x using either the first or second
equation. In this case, we could utilize the 1st Equation by
⇒ 6y + 60 = 5x
⇒ 6y = 5x − 60
5x − 60
⇒y= .
6
Substitute the value of y in the 2nd Equation
5x − 60
⇒ 2x + 108 = 9
6
⇒ 4x + 216 = 15x − 180
⇒ x = 36.
Now that we already got the numerical value of x, we substitute it to any of the two equation in order
to get the value of y
⇒ 6y + 60 = 5x
⇒ 6y = 5(36) − 60
⇒ y = 20.
⇒ x + y = 36 + 20
⇒ x + y = 56
⇒ AASP T = 56.
26
TIMO 2023 – Heat Round The RSHS Youth Mathematics Club
Problem statement
Answer: 1764
27