Dms Book 123

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đ しA T I O N / F U N C T I O N S A M ) M A T R I C E S
C h a Ħe r 7 R e la tio n
C h a p te r 8 Fu n c tio n s
207 Scanned by CamScanner

Ip te r 7
,
R e la tio n
・
O N
RO D U C T ı
1 INT
: '' " æ p r æ e
nß ' ' " ū'' " o f e le n ıe iıts o f o n e s e t to th e e le m e n ts o f a n o th e r .
i n s to m a n y d is c ip lin e s lik e b io lo g y c o m p u te r s c ie n c e s o c io lo g y a n d
e a p p lic a t o
,
n s ha v
,
l i
d iı lite lik e s ttıd e n ts a n d th e ir p e
a í o
: f l i
W e c a n s e e m a n y e x a m p le s o r e a t o n s n o u r a y
i
t b o lo gy
a
・
n u m be r o
f e n g in e e r s a n d th e ir s a la r ie s e tc
in
t i h l i
s , w e w ill d e a l w it r e a t o n s
h ip b e tw e e n n u m b e r s a n d s e ts Iııth is c h a p tie r w e w
In m a th e m a c
tie s a n d
th fi d o n s e ts d iffe r e n t ty p e s o f r e la tio n s th e ir p r o p e r
a tic s o f r e la tio n d e n e
,
Iscuss th e m a e m ,
o f r e p r e s e n tin g r e a
l ūon
n io u s w a y s
ON
2 R E LA T ı
B if R is s u b s e t o f Á × B d
a iı is a se t
th e n R is r e la tio n lr o m Å to
L Đ À a n d B b e 2 n o n e m p ty s e ts ,
d a s a is
-
r e la ıe d tD b by
d
B It is d e n o te d b y a R b a iı r e a
ifotde re d p a ir (a b) w h e re a Á an d b
,
b) : Á, b B a R b}
Sym b o lic a lly : R =
{(a ,
a ,
by R
"
d
"
is n o t r e la te d to
If (a b ) e R th e n
,
a ßR b an d re a as a
Fo r ex a m p le
b ev en n um ber
R b iff a X =
1 L et À 2 , 3 , 4 }, B {1 2} an d a
=
{1 ,
=
'
d b in a ıy ïeı
a t io n
ts is o fte n a ls o c a lle
Rem a rk d e fin e d b e tw e e n tw o s e
T he r e la tio n
2-
"
fro m Á to B are
o f r e la tio n
tb e n n u n ıb e r
1 If Á h a s B ha s e le m e n ts , '
e le m e n ts a rıd
n
m "
2
・
・ _2
fio m Á to Á a re
2 If Á h f r e la tio n s
th e n n u n ıb e r
o
as n e le m e n ts ,
Á
b se t o f Á
×
3 R is
r e la tio n o n Á if R is s u
3 DO
MAı
N O F R f o r d e r e d p a ir (a b) R t is
ı
teı e n ts o
,
o f a ll fir s
em
s is tin
den
, &X D (R ) O r D
o f r e la tio n R is th e
o m (R )
s e t c o ıı
g
b) R }
À an d (a E
{a
,
a
D ( )
o n ıR
-
2矽
2 10
Dıacrete
F o r exa m pı
e
3 (d 4 )} th e n D o m (R ) =
{a b c d}
{(a 1 ) (b 2 ) (c )
, , ,
L et R
,
2 =
, , , , , ,
7 4 RA NG E O F R
f a ll d e le n ıe n ts o f o rd e re d p a ir
s e t c o n s is tin g o se c o n
T he i n R is th e
g e o f r e la t o
(ą b )
ra n R ı
te d b y R (R ) o r R a n ( )
is d e n R
o
R an (R ) =
{b : b B an d (a b ),
R }
F o r ex a m p le
N o te
d R b e tw r e la tio n s w ith sam e do m a in ıX R ) a iıd r a iıg e R (R ) th e n R , u

1 La R
,
an
,
o ,
Ą and
R n R can b e d e fin e d on sam e do m a in D o m (R ) an d ra n ge R an (R )
, ,
2 A ls o D o m (R ) Å an d R an (R ) Ē B
3 4 1 R is n eı
a tio n d e lin e d Ä × A su c h th a t
E ıa ın w 7 l t A =
{ı 2 , , ,
a o n
R -
{{a b ) ,
a is d iv is ib le b y b }
F in d d o n u ıin a n d ra n ge o fR?
So ı
u d o n
D o m (R ) =
{1 ,
2 , 3 , 4 }, R an (R ) =
{1 ,
2, 3, 4 }
ía b ìand B ía b d} L e t R d S b e tw o re ı
a tio n s d e fin e d fro m A to B
E ıa m p T , ı t A =
. ,
c =
, ,
c ,
a n
łc
s ı h th a t .
F in d d o m a in a n d ra n ge o fR u s R
,
n S a n d R S
21ı
f4 an d 6 = 12
N o w lc m
o
a b = O (m o d 12 ) o r 4 m o d (12 ) o r 8 (m o d 12 )
[- B y d iv id in g Q b b y 12 w e w ill g e t r e m a in d «r e ith e r 0 , 4 , 8]
Fo r S
Now ,
do n 2 13
te ı
ı
r
pıem e n t o f a re ı a tı
on L e t r e la tio n R is d e fin d
fr o m Å to B , th e n c o m p le ın e n t o f R is s e t
5 C om e
i {(a b ) : (a b ) ￠ R } It i d o e d by R o r R
t c
e re d p
a rs , s e n It i8 a ls o c a lle d c o m p k m e n ıa ry ï e la tio n
o td
,
of
ıe (l ) L e t J 4 {1 2 3 }, =
B = {4 5 }
Fo r e x a p
m , ,
,
d e fin e d as
Let R be
Let
Á =
{a ,
b, c } th e n
Vn ı
ł
75 IF R a n d S be tw o r e la tio n s jho m se t A to se t B th e n p r o v e th a t
Ëĺ ım p \e
,
' ı
S th e n K Ē F
(iñ )IIR Ē
(i) L e t (a b) (R u S) l
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So ı ,
(b ,
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(b ,
a ) R u S
(b ,
a ) R or (b ,
a ) S
C o n v e rs e ł
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R u S
E (R u S) 1
C o n v e r s e ly ıet
,
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do
tdio
2 17
a eı
l .
3b B SU C H th a t (a b )
, R an d (b , c )E S
(b , a ) l an d (c b ) F l
,
(c ,
a ) F '
o F l
'
(R o s) Ç F
'
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o lr t
R O P E R T IE S
O F R E LATı O N
T7 p
exN e reı ad o n A b in a r y r e la tio n R Å is id to b e
l R e fı o n se t sa re fle x iv e if e v e r y e le m e n t o f se t
la te d to its e lf
À is re
ie V a Á, (a ,
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Fo r p le
ex a m L et R {(1 , 1 ), (l , 2 ), (2 , 2 ), =
(2 ,
3) , (3 3 )} b e
,
a r e la tio n d e fin e d on se t
a s (1 , 1) E R , (2 , 2 ) R a n d (3 , 3 )
À {1, 2 , 3 }
-
R
T n e r e fo re , R is r e fle x iv e r e la tio n
2 IiT e lle x iv a tio n

e re ı A b in a r y r e la tio n R d e fin e d on se t Å is sa id to ir r e fı
e x iv e if th e r e is n o
clement n Á w H c h is r e la te d to its e lf i e ,
V a E Å su c h th a t (a ,
a )e R
For ex a m p le L et R =
{(l ,
2 ), (2 , l ), (3 , 1 )} b e a r e la tio n d e fm e d on se tÁ =
11 ,
2, 3}
/ls (1, 1) ￠ R (2 ,
2) e Ą (3 ,
3) ￠ R ,
S o R is irr e fle x iv e r e la tio n
3 N o n イ e lle x iv e r e la tio n A r e la tio n R d e fin e d o n se tA is sa id to b e n on re fle x iv e if it is n e ith e r

i
re ū ex v e n o r irT e fle x iv e ie ,
s o m e e le m e n ts a r e r e la te d to its e lf b u t th e r e e x is t a tle a s t o n e e le m e n tnot
rela te d to its e lf
For ex a m p le L etR {(1 1) (1 2 ) (2
=
, ,
l), (2 , 2 )} b e a r e la tio n d e fin e d o n se t Á =
{l ,
2, 3} A s
, , ,
(1 1) E R (2 2 ) E R
,
, ,
b u t (3 3 ) ￠ R s o g iv e n
,
r e la tio n is n o n r e fle x iv e
4 S ym m e fn c r e la tio n A r e la tio n R d e fin e d o n s e t À s a id to s y m m e tr ic if w he n ev er a R b th e n

bRa e tr ic if R K l
Le (a b ) R (b ) R fo r b Á y th a t R is s y m n ı =
, ,
,
a a ı
E o r w e c a iıs a
Fo r 2 ), (1 , 3 ), (2 , 1), (2 , 2 ), (3 , l)} b e a r e la tio n d e fin e d Å {1 2, 3 }

e ıa m pı
e L etR =
{(1 ,
on =
,
lł
ow
, ļ . ıf
Ih ı
aef m e, R is a s y Jn m e tr ic r e la tio n
5 As
ym m e tr ic r e la tio n A b in a tio n o n a s e t
re 】 A is s a id to b e a s y m m e u ic if
u y
(a b ) e R (b a ) e R ,
Pm e ıa m
p le Let R =
1(4 3 ) (5 6 ) (6 4 )} b e a r e la tia n d e fin e d
, , , , ,
on À =
{4 ,
5, 6}
23 1
tı
od
m eM c
Le\ (a b ) E ,
R o r a Rb
m
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a ) }
m e tr ic
R is s y m
nsldve
u "
L et a Rb an d bR c
) b d b
a =
an =
c a ,
b, c E Z
a =
C
R is sitive
is an e q u iv a le n c e r e la tio n
H enc e R
Let N {ı 2 3 Ì a n d a r e la tio n is d e lin e d in N × N jo ı
lo w (u b ) is r e la te d
13 4
=
, , . as s ,
e
y if a d
ı b c th e n s ho w th a t w h e th e r R is a e q u iv a le n c e r e la tio n o r n o t
R mrF 刚t ifa n d
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on
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U pTU ,
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d e lin e d
W 73 5 N L e t R be a b in a ry r e ı
a tio n
as
b R la b 5 31
R =
la ,
M c an d tr a n s itiv e
tis y m m e
s y m m e tr ic
in e an
w he th e r R is re lı
e x iv e ,
,
l1ı
ow n za n y d is tin c t b in a ıy th e r e o n M e p
n ł￠e a c ı - .
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ic s in c e ,
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e n c e re ı
w ĦM t i q a tio n ?
\
u iv a le n c e cı
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e n c e re ı
m łis e q a tio n ?
(N
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R is tr a ııs itiv e
H R is an
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,
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E« ım p *e 7 4 3 t .
A {l 2 3 4 1 a n d ı =
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r e la tio n d Tï n d sm
c + d S h o w th a t R is a n e q u iv a ı
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e
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o n a ge ı e r a te s a lm iq u e p a r titio n
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T h eo re m e q u E v e ry ll e
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Let
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ous
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D e te r m in e p a r titio n o
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2}
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4 }]
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a tio n d a ls o Tın d fR
/
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a n e q u iv a ı
en ce c la s s e s o ' . į ţ}
￡
So ı
u tio n S in p a r titio n
ce co m p r is e o f e q u iv a le n c e c la s s e s o f g iv en se t o n ly
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,
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a ,
b) =
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d) V (a b ) (c d)
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,,
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,
,
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ıow in g r e la tio n a r e p a r tia l o r de r r e la tio n o n 1o ,
1 2 3}
, .
,
:9
(ı) R e lle d v e (a ,
a ) R V a E Á 7 J ı
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,
R an d (b ,
a )E R
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.
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þ
) R e n e x iv
e (a ,
a ) R V a E Á
R is r e fle x iv e -.
Iıt i J : ; Il X $ , ą

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207 Scanned by CamScanner

d R b e tw r e la tio n s w ith sam e do m a in ıX R ) a iıd r a iıg e R (R ) th e n R , u

2 IiT e lle x iv a tio n

3 N o n イ e lle x iv e r e la tio n A r e la tio n R d e fin e d o n se tA is sa id to b e n on re fle x iv e if it is n e ith e r

4 S ym m e fn c r e la tio n A r e la tio n R d e fin e d o n s e t À s a id to s y m m e tr ic if w he n ev er a R b th e n

Fo r 2 ), (1 , 3 ), (2 , 1), (2 , 2 ), (3 , l)} b e a r e la tio n d e fin e d Å {1 2, 3 }

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