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    EAH 221-Aug 10th2009

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    imani
    This document discusses fluid mechanics concepts related to buoyancy, flotation, and gases. It covers Archimedes' principle of buoyancy, how floating objects displace their own weight in fluid, and gas laws such as Boyle's law relating the inverse relationship between pressure and volume of a gas.

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    EAH 221-Aug 10th2009

    Uploaded by

    imani
    13 views14 pages
    This document discusses fluid mechanics concepts related to buoyancy, flotation, and gases. It covers Archimedes' principle of buoyancy, how floating objects displace their own weight in fluid, and gas laws such as Boyle's law relating the inverse relationship between pressure and volume of a gas.

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    This document discusses fluid mechanics concepts related to buoyancy, flotation, and gases. It covers Archimedes' principle of buoyancy, how floating objects displace their own weight in fluid, and gas laws such as Boyle's law relating the inverse relationship between pressure and volume of a gas.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    13 views14 pages

    EAH 221-Aug 10th2009

    Uploaded by

    imani
    This document discusses fluid mechanics concepts related to buoyancy, flotation, and gases. It covers Archimedes' principle of buoyancy, how floating objects displace their own weight in fluid, and gas laws such as Boyle's law relating the inverse relationship between pressure and volume of a gas.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 14

    EAH 221

    Aug

    FLUID MECHANICS
    for
    CIVIL Engineers

    Dr H Md Azamathulla
    Lecturer, REDAC, USM
    Flotation
    Flotation
    • Buoyancy forces
    • Although civil engineers not boat designers,
    they do have to deal with cases of buoyancy
    from time to time.
    • Some typical examples are:
    1. Buried gas pipelines in waterlogged ground
    2. Exploration rigs used by oil or gas corporations
    3. Towing large steel dock/lock gates by sea or
    river (Assuming that structure can float, of
    course)
    Buoyancy
    Net upward
    force is
    called the
    buoyant
    force!!!
    Easier to
    lift a rock
    in water!!
    Displacement of Water

    The amount of
    water displaced is
    equal to the
    volume of the
    rock.
    Archimedes’ Principle
    • An immersed body is buoyed up
    by a force equal to the weight of
    the fluid it displaces.
    y
    • If the buoyant force on an object
    is greater than the force of gravity p1
    acting on the object, the object
    will float
    • The apparent weight of an object cylinder L
    in a liquid is gravitational force
    (weight) minus the buoyant force
    The force acting downwards is due p2
    From figure Vertical forces acting on an immersed
    to pressure on the top i.e p1 A=ρgyA cylinder of horizontal c/s area A with its axis vertical

    The force acting upwards is due to pressure on bottom surface, and is given by
    p2 A= ρg(y+L)A
    So, total upthrust =FB= ρg(y+L)A- ρgyA= ρgLA
    This leads to Archimedes’ principle that upthrust Where LA is volume of cylinder
    on a body is equal to the weight of fluid displaced
    The upthrust acts through the centre of buoyancy B, which is the CG of displaced fluid
    Flotation
    • A floating object displaces a weight of fluid
    equal to its own weight.
    Gases
    • The primary difference between a liquid
    and a gas is the distance between the
    molecules
    • In a gas, the molecules are so widely
    separated, that there is little interaction
    between the individual molecules
    • IDEAL GAS
    • Independent of what the molecules are
    Boyle’s Law
    Boyle’s Law
    • Pressure depends on density of the gas
    • Pressure is just the force per unit area
    exerted by the molecules as they collide
    with the walls of the container
    • Double the density, double the number of
    collisions with the wall and this doubles
    the pressure
    Boyle’s Law

    Density is mass
    divided by
    volume.
    Halve the
    volume and you
    double the
    density and thus
    the pressure.
    Boyle’s Law
    • At a given temperature for a given quantity
    of gas, the product of the pressure and the
    volume is a constant

    P1V1 = P2 V2
    Buoyancy in a Gas
    • An object surrounded by air is buoyed up
    by a force equal to the weight of the air
    displace.
    • Exactly the same concept as buoyancy in
    water. Just substitute air for water in the
    statement
    • If the buoyant force is greater than the
    weight of the object, it will rise in the air
    Buoyancy in a Gas

    Since air gets less


    dense with altitude,
    the buoyant force
    decreases with
    altitude. So helium
    balloons don’t rise
    forever!!!

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