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    Chapter 4 - Buoyancy

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    zul hilmi
    The document discusses buoyancy and stability. It explains that when a body is submerged in a fluid, hydrostatic pressure increases with depth and causes unequal forces on the upper and lower parts of the body, resulting in an upward buoyant force. It also states that for a floating body to be stable, its center of gravity must be below the center of buoyancy or the metacenter must be above the center of gravity. The document provides examples and problems to illustrate these concepts.

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    Chapter 4 - Buoyancy

    Uploaded by

    zul hilmi
    76 views27 pages
    The document discusses buoyancy and stability. It explains that when a body is submerged in a fluid, hydrostatic pressure increases with depth and causes unequal forces on the upper and lower parts of the body, resulting in an upward buoyant force. It also states that for a floating body to be stable, its center of gravity must be below the center of buoyancy or the metacenter must be above the center of gravity. The document provides examples and problems to illustrate these concepts.

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    Chapter 4- Buoyancy

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    The document discusses buoyancy and stability. It explains that when a body is submerged in a fluid, hydrostatic pressure increases with depth and causes unequal forces on the upper and lower parts of the body, resulting in an upward buoyant force. It also states that for a floating body to be stable, its center of gravity must be below the center of buoyancy or the metacenter must be above the center of gravity. The document provides examples and problems to illustrate these concepts.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    76 views27 pages

    Chapter 4 - Buoyancy

    Uploaded by

    zul hilmi
    The document discusses buoyancy and stability. It explains that when a body is submerged in a fluid, hydrostatic pressure increases with depth and causes unequal forces on the upper and lower parts of the body, resulting in an upward buoyant force. It also states that for a floating body to be stable, its center of gravity must be below the center of buoyancy or the metacenter must be above the center of gravity. The document provides examples and problems to illustrate these concepts.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 27

    CHAPTER 4

    BUOYANCY & STABILITY


    Nur Izyan Zulkafli
    [email protected]
    Buoyancy and Stability
    • A body totally
    submerged into a fluid
    • It will be exerted by
    hydrostatic pressure in all
    direction
    • Fluid pressure increase
    with depth
    • Causes unbalanced
    forces on the upper and
    lower part of the
    submerged body
    Buoyancy and Stability
    • The horizontal
    components of the
    hydrostatic forces acting
    on the body will be
    equal and opposite
    • Therefore, no
    horizontal resultant
    force on the body due to
    the pressure of the
    surrounding fluid
    Buoyancy and Stability
    • But there will be
    difference between the
    vertical components Rdownward
    acting on the upper and
    lower part of the
    submersed body
    • As the upward force is
    larger than then
    downward force,
    • Causes upward
    resultant force acting Rupward
    vertically on the bottom
    of the submersed body
    Upward force by fluid (buoyant force)
    Pressure increases
    Buoyant force
    Buoyancy and Stability

    Therefore,
    • The only force exerted
    by the fluid on an
    immersed body is
    vertical and is called the
    buoyancy or upthrust
    Upthrust, R
    Rdownward

    Horizontal
    Ξ plane

    Upthrust, R
    Rupward

    Upthrust = upward force – downward force


    on body on lower surface on upper surface
    10

    Buoyancy and Stability


    Buoyant force: The upward force a fluid exerts on a body immersed in it.
    The buoyant force is caused by the increase of pressure with depth in a fluid.

    The buoyant force acting on


    the plate is equal to the weight
    of the liquid displaced by the
    plate.
    For a fluid with constant
    density, the buoyant force is
    independent of the distance of
    the body from the free surface.
    It is also independent of the
    density of the solid body.

    A flat plate of uniform thickness h submerged


    in a liquid parallel to the free surface.
    FB

    W
    12

    The buoyant forces acting on a


    solid body submerged in a fluid and
    on a fluid body of the same shape
    at the same depth are identical.
    The buoyant force FB acts upward
    through the centroid C of the
    displaced volume and is equal in
    magnitude to the weight W of the
    displaced fluid, but is opposite in
    direction. For a solid of uniform
    density, its weight Ws also acts
    through the centroid, but its
    magnitude is not necessarily equal
    to that of the fluid it displaces.
    (Here Ws > W and thus Ws > FB;
    this solid body would sink.)

    Archimedes’ principle: The buoyant force acting on a


    body immersed in a fluid is equal to the weight of the FB = W
    fluid displaced by the body, and it acts upward
    through the centroid of the displaced volume.
    13

    For floating bodies, the weight of the entire body must be equal to the
    buoyant force, which is the weight of the fluid whose volume is equal to the
    volume of the submerged portion of the floating body:

    Archimedes
    principle

    A solid body dropped


    into a fluid will sink,
    float, or remain at rest
    at any point in the
    fluid, depending on its
    average density
    relative to the density
    of the fluid.
    Problem 8
    • A large cubic ice block is floating in seawater with density of seawater is 1025
    kg/m3. The volume of submerged portion of the ice block is estimated to be 90
    percent of the total volume. If the height of the ice block extends above the
    surface of the seawater is 0.15 m, determine
    • The density of ice block.
    • The height of the ice block below the surface of seawater.
    • The total volume of cubic ice block.
    Solution
    • 𝐹𝐵 = 𝑊 → 𝜌𝑠𝑒𝑎 𝑔𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑏 = 𝜌𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑔𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
    𝑘𝑔
    • 1025 0.9 = 𝜌𝑖𝑐𝑒 1 → 𝜌𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 922.5 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
    𝑚3

    • 𝜌𝑠𝑒𝑎 𝑔𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑏 = 𝜌𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑔𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙


    𝜌𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑏 ℎ𝐴
    • = =
    𝜌𝑠𝑒𝑎 𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ℎ+0.15 𝐴
    922.5 ℎ
    • = → ℎ = 1.35 𝑚
    1025 ℎ+0.15

    • 𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = (ℎ + 0.15)3 = (1.5)3 = 3.375 𝑚3


    Problem 9
    • A piece of irregularly shaped metal weighs 300 N in air (ρ = 1.293 kg/m3).
    When the metal is completely submerged in water, it weighs 232.5 N.
    Determine the volume of the metal.

    232.5 N 300 N
    Solution
    The buoyancy force in water,
    • 𝐹𝐵 = 𝑊𝑎𝑖𝑟 − 𝑊𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 300 − 232.5 = 67.5 𝑁

    Volume of body, 𝐹𝐵 = 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑉𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦


    67.5 𝑁 1 𝑘𝑔.𝑚/𝑠 2
    • 𝑉𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 = 𝑘𝑔 𝑚 = 0.00688 𝑚3
    (1000 3 )(9.81 2 ) 1𝑁
    𝑚 𝑠
    18
    Test Your Knowledge
    buoyancy force
    • According to Archimedes Law, __________acting on a body immersed in a
    weight
    fluid is equal to the_____of the fluid displaced by the body.
    • sink
    The body will _______ if its buoyancy force is less than its weight.
    • The body will ________float if its buoyancy force is equal to its weight.
    • Do you think there is a buoyancy force exert on a body in air? YES
    • floating
    For________ body, the weight of the entire body must be equal to the buoyant
    force.
    • The weight of a body in the air is _________ less than its weight in the water.
    • The buoyancy force on a body in______can air be neglected.
    • The differences between the weight of a body in air and its weight in water
    is___________
    buoyancy force
    20

    Stability of an Immersed and Floating


    Bodies

    Stability is easily
    understood by
    analyzing a ball
    For floating bodies such as on the floor.
    ships, stability is an important
    consideration for safety.
    21

    A floating body possesses vertical stability, while an immersed


    neutrally buoyant body is neutrally stable since it does not
    return to its original position after a disturbance.

    An immersed neutrally buoyant body is (a) stable if the


    center of gravity G is directly below the center of buoyancy
    B of the body, (b) neutrally stable if G and B are
    coincident, and (c) unstable if G is directly above B.
    22

    When the center of gravity G of an immersed


    neutrally buoyant body is not vertically aligned
    with the center of buoyancy B of the body, it is not
    in an equilibrium state and would rotate to its
    stable state, even without any disturbance.
    23

    A floating body is stable if the body is bottom-heavy and thus the center of
    gravity G is below the centroid B of the body, or if the metacenter M is above
    point G. However, the body is unstable if point M is below point G.
    Metacentric height GM: The distance between the center of gravity G
    and the metacenter M—the intersection point of the lines of action of
    the buoyant force through the body before and after rotation.
    The length of the metacentric height GM above G is a measure of the
    stability: the larger it is, the more stable is the floating body.
    Problem 10
    The hull of a boat has a volume of 180 m3, and the total mass of the boat when
    empty is 8560 kg. Determine how much load this boat can carry without sinking.
    • in the lake.
    • In the seawater with a specific gravity of 1.03.
    Solution
    • The weight of unloaded boat is:
    𝑚 1 𝑘𝑁
    𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔 = 8560 𝑘𝑔 9.81 2 𝑚 = 84 𝑘𝑁
    𝑠
    1000 𝑘𝑔. 2
    𝑠
    • The buoyancy force becomes maximum when the entire hull of the boat is
    submerged in water,
    𝑘𝑔 𝑚 3
    1 𝑘𝑁
    𝐹𝐵,𝑙𝑎𝑘𝑒 = 𝜌𝑔𝑉 = 1000 3 9.81 2 180 𝑚 𝑚 = 1766 𝑘𝑁
    𝑚 𝑠 1000 𝑘𝑔. 2
    𝑠
    𝑘𝑔 𝑚 3
    1 𝑘𝑁
    𝐹𝐵,𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝜌𝑔𝑉 = 1030 3 9.81 2 180 𝑚 𝑚 = 1819 𝑘𝑁
    𝑚 𝑠 1000 𝑘𝑔. 2
    𝑠
    Solution
    • The total weight of floating boat (load+boat) is equal to buoyancy force,
    • 𝑊𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑,𝑙𝑎𝑘𝑒 = 𝐹𝐵,𝑙𝑎𝑘𝑒 − 𝑊𝑏𝑜𝑎𝑡 = 1766 − 84 = 1682 𝑘𝑁
    • 𝑊𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑,𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝐹𝐵,𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 − 𝑊𝑏𝑜𝑎𝑡 = 1819 − 84 = 1735 𝑘𝑁
    • The masses of load are,
    𝑤𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑,𝑙𝑎𝑘𝑒 1682 𝑘𝑁 1000 𝑘𝑔.𝑚/𝑠 2
    • 𝑚𝑙𝑎𝑘𝑒 = = = 171500 𝑘𝑔
    𝑔 9.81 𝑚/𝑠 2 1 𝑘𝑁
    𝑤𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑,𝑙𝑎𝑘𝑒 1735 𝑘𝑁 1000 𝑘𝑔.𝑚/𝑠 2
    • 𝑚𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = = = 176900 𝑘𝑔
    𝑔 9.81 𝑚/𝑠 2 1 𝑘𝑁
    Test Your Knowledge
    weight and the
    • For an immersed or floating body in static equilibrium, the ______
    buoyant force acting on the body balance each other.
    • If____________body
    naturally buoyant is raised or lowered to a different depth in fluid, the body
    will remain in equilibrium at that location.
    • If a__________is
    floating body raised or lowered somewhat by a vertical force, the body will
    return to its original position as soon as the external effect is removed.
    • The rotational stability of an immersed body depends on the relative locations
    of___________
    center of gravity G of the body and the_____________B.
    center of buoyancy

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