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Your present filter is only doing MCrS long
lights
oe

half the job, because it doesn't y i

have Tareyton’s activated Laneylon ® ear
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_Taxreyton
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8mg.tar 9mg.tar
 we

=ona

the public. This card also includes a more than ever, journalists must be
reminder of the people’s First Amend- prepared to move quickly and effec-
ment rights to a free and unfettered tively to defend the public's right to
press. know—the cornerstone of our rights
The next morning WXIA-TV sent as a free people in a free society.
its legal counsel from Atlanta to Rome At Gannett, we have a commitment
by helicopter to back up Craig's pro- to freedom in every business we are
test. But before this attorney arrived, in, whether it’s newspapers, television,
the judge reversed his decision and radio, outdoor advertising or public
reopened the courtroom doors. opinion research.
The quick use of The Gannett And so from Chicago to Shreve-
ATLANTA, Georgia— During the Card by reporters, coupled with the port, from Nashville to Niagara Falls,
trial of apornography king in Rome, Ga., capable support of local counsel, has every Gannett newspaper, every televi-
the judge suddenly ordered the doors kept courtroom doors open to Gannett sion and radio station is free to express
of justice shut on the public and their reporters in 11 of 15 cases in the five its own opinions. Each is free to serve
free press while he heard the testimony months following the U.S. Supreme the best interests of its own commu-
of a key witness. Court decision in Gannett v. DePas- nity in its own way.
Reporter Neil Craig of WXIA-TV, quale. (This decision allowed court-
the Gannett television station in Atlanta, room doors to be closed in certain
objected. He read into the record a cases.) In the same five-month period,

Gannett
statement of protest from The Gannett the national scoreboard on courtroom
Card, a wallet-size card which equips closings has been more frightening—
all Gannett newsstaffers with a pre- only 42 of 107 were decided in favor of
pared plea for a hearing on any move the people and their free press. A World Of Different Voices
to close a courtroom to the press or At Gannett we believe that today, Where Freedom Speaks
JANUARY 28,1980 Vol. 115 No.4 |IME THE WEEKLY NEWSMAGAZINE

TIME in 1977. “Disaster and late-breaking cover stories have a

ALetter from the Publisher way of striking whenever Walter is away,” he says. “First, the
New York City blackout in 1977; next, the election of Pope John
T hough TIME tries to plan its cover art in advance, breaking Paul I; then, the Jonestown massacre. Last March wejoked that
news and shifting deadlines can mean that our cover art- nuclear disaster would arrive during his next vacation, and, sure
ists have barely a day to do their work. Fortunately, they are as- enough, that’s when Three Mile Island happened.”
sisted in that task by Deputy Art Direc- In calmer times, when both are
tor Rudy Hoglund, whose deft hand around, Bernard and Hoglund plan
with a preliminary sketch can some- TIME’s covers together, preparing sep-
times make all the difference. Late last arate sketches and then modifying each
week the magazine's editors were meet- other's concepts. “We design different-
ing to change the cover story to this ly,” says Bernard. “Rudy never gives
week’s report on growing opposition to me a mirror image of what I am think-
the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. Ho- ing.” Once a cover idea is approved by
glund, who was sitting in for vacation- the editors, an artist is commissioned
ing Art Director Walter Bernard, began to turn out the finished product.
sketching on his pad even as the editors “Choosing the artist is easy,” says Ho-
talked. Within minutes, he had drawn glund, “the problem is: Is he available,
a cover image to accompany the story. especially on an overnight assign-
His inspiration was the Russian bear ment?” Hoglund found that “Crescent
that had loomed pictorially over Iran, of Crisis” Artist Doug Johnson was
Pakistan and Afghanistan in a pre- Hoglund, Johnson and the artist's muse committed to another project last week.
scient cover he had designed last Janu- But Johnson, who had been anticipat-
ary for the “Crescent of Crisis.” Says Hoglund: “Back then we ing the return of his Soviet bear, found the prospect irresist-
were careful to make the bear look interested but not too threat- ible. “I postponed the other job,” says the artist, “by telling
ening, no bared teeth. This time, I saw the bear reaching into Af- them that ‘a matter of national security had come up.’ ”
ghanistan, and there was no doubt about it—his paw had claws.”
Hoglund, an art director for More, the now defunct journal-
ism review, has done plenty of fast cover drafting since he joined
Ce Megan
Index Cover: Illustration by Doug Johnson.

8 34 62
Cover: Soviet moves World: Moscow's pup- Gold’s Psychology:
in Afghanistan draw pet government in Af- The rush to precious
anger in the U.N. and ghanistan bids for metals becomes a
force new priorities in legitimacy. » Paki- global stampede as
US. policy. The na- stan’s Zia holds out political tensions in-
tion and Congress are for more than “pea- crease, speculators go
in a get-tough mood nuts.” » Threats ofa for broke and ordi-
more defense, aid to US. boycott heat up nary people by the
Pakistan and, per- the hostage crisis in thousands catch gold-
haps,an Olympic boy- Iran. » Nkomo gets a bug fever. See ECONO-
cott. See NATION. hero's welcome. MY & BUSINESS.

54 61 64 68 70 7s
Education Religion Economy & Business Medicine
A school aboard a Seven bishops from A scrappy Japanese A thousand journal- The sad ballad of El- On John Hancock’s
schooner gives stu- the troubled and carmaker decides to ists meet 3,000 stuffed vis Presley.» Trouble birthday, penmakers
dents sea legs and col- balky Dutch Catholic build in the US, chicken thighs atSu- for women smokers. press a point about
lege credits. » Clark Church are sum- > Atlantic Richfield per Bowl XIV > Monitoring drug the problem of poor
Kerr retires from the moned to Rome to bets a bundle on a so- > Confessions of a use at the Winter handwriting. » The
Carnegie Council face the Pope. lar maverick. football “assassin.” Olympics. “Bo” look catches on.

82 83 84 90 4Letters
Television Law Press Essay 52 People
Charles Darwin, William O. Douglas, Three days after Iran As the decade begins, 69 Science
King Edward VIII passionate civil liber- expels its U.S. jour- the U:S. faces yet an- 79 Art
and a liberated wom- tarian who served nalists, the Soviet-in- other shortage: our 85 Books
an factory worker are longer than any other stalled government in vocabulary is shrink- 89 Theater
the subjects of a trio Supreme Court Jus- Afghanistan follows ing, and many new 89 Milestones
of new dramas. tice, dies at 81 Tehran's example. words just won't do.

TIME (ISSN 0040-78 1X) is published weekly at the subscription price of $31 per year, by Time Inc., 541 N. Fairbanks Court, Chica; , Ill, 6061 1, Principal office: Rockefeller Center, New York,
N.Y. 10020, James R. Shepley, President; J. Winston Fowlkes, Treasurer; Charles 8. Bear, Secretary. Second class postage paid at Chicago, Iil., and at additional mailing offices. Vol. 115 No. 4
© 1980 Time inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction in whole or in part without written permission is prohibited. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to TIME, Time/Life Building, 541 N. Fairbanks
Court, Chicago, !l!,60611

TIME, JANUARY 28, 1980

 You havent yet tasted
all the world has to offer.

Suntory Royal: The Great Whisky of Japan.

8 PROOF. IMPORTED BY SUNTORY INTERNATIONAL, 612 SOUTH FLOWER. LOS ANGELES. CALIFORNIA 90017
Beyond
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Swimming, diving, sailing. Fishing, golfing, playing tennis. Sporting the
day away. Then taking on the town at night.
Being part of the U.S. means no passports, no visas. The language is
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John- St.Thomas
©1980 United States Virgin Islands Division of Tourism, 10 Rockefeller Plaza, New York, New York 10020.
In Tokyo...
|
|
}
Letters
|
|

Bear Hug
To the Editors:
TIME’s cover of Jan. 15, 1979 (below),
is just as timely for this year. The only
change, distressingly enough, is that the
contemplative Russian bear depicted
there is now on the move: Afghanistan
[Jan. 7) is caught between its jaws, and
paw prints are discernible in Iran and
elsewhere around the Persian Gulf. I
dread to think what updating will be nec-
essary for your cover a year from now
Edward E. Plowman
Washington, D.C.

It looks as though we've just witnessed

the birth of the Afghanistan S.S.R. And
as in Budapest in 1956 and Prague in 1968,
there is damn little that anyone can do
about it.
git Joseph W. Mosser
Rehoboth Beach, Del. |

A rare blend of tradition. The Soviet Union is in Afghanistan

And service. because the U.S. is not in Iran.

Morris Kessler
Plantation, Fla.
The Okura mood.
Soviets in Afghanistan. Soviets in
A rare blend of tradition, and service. Cuba. Hostages in Iran. I’m tired of Car-
ter’s patience and idle threats. It’s time
Executive service unmatched we quit talking and kicked somebody.
by any other hotel in Japan. The reason why Mike Stroud
St. Louis
executive travelers return to the Okura,
whenever they return to Tokyo. The invasion of Afghanistan lays bare
the basic untruths upon which the Soviet

oho
state is founded. It did not commit an act
of war in the name of Communism. Nay,
it did it for the lust of empire.
Michael Gold
OC ELC toky6, Japan Eugene, Ore.
In a class by itself
Iwajiro Noda, Chairman What a pity you did not wait just a lit-
tle longer to make your Man of the Year
Host to chiefs of state, financial leaders and executive travelers from around the world.
Hotel Okura is conveniently located adjacent to the American Embassy.
award. You could easily have chosen that
friendly, honest and trustworthy Soviet
See your travel agent or our hotel representatives: >] fellow who ordered the invasion of Af-
Hotel Representative Inc. Tel: 212-838-3110 Collect, 800-223-6800 Toll Free. 2
ghanistan, Leonid Brezhnev.
Robert F. Warner,Inc. Tel: 212-687-5750, 800-223-6625 Toll Free.
William R. Gregory
John A. Tetley Co. Tel: 213-388-1151, 800-252-0211 Toll Free. a
Rensselaer, N.Y.
ae
TIME, JANUARY 28, 1980
 PONTIAC TAKES ON
THE IMPORTS FIREBIRD vs. MAZDA RX 7 "S”
Some car enthusiasts think of Mazda LPONTIAC fe) annual fuel costs on each car's
RX 7 "S" as an economical, sporty estimated mpg’ for 15,000 miles at
import. If you're one of them, here's 90¢ per gallon. However, the annual
surprising news from Pontiac fuel costs quoted here are based on
FIREBIRD OFFERS BETTER a more realistic fuel price of $1.10
MILEAGE AND RANGE. per gallon
Pontiac Firebird rates 20 EPA EST. FIREBIRD HAS A LOWER
MPG while Mazda RX 7 "'S" offers INITIAL PRICE.
only 16 EPA EST. MPG. Multiply At $6132, Firebird is priced at $1748
Firebird's 20 EPA EST. MPG by its 21 less than Mazda RX 7 "'S:’ This base
gallon fuel tank, and you'll see Firebird car comparison of manufacturer
has an estimated range of 420 miles suggested retail prices includes
Mazda RX 7 "S" has a fuel capacity automatic transmission and dealer
|
of 14.5 gallons, giving it an estimated prep. Taxes, license and available
range of only 232 miles. Remember aot ee | equipment additional. Destination
Compare the "estimated mpg” to the |_
SEINE
ESPEN Heer SEES charges vary by location and affect
estimated mpg” of other cars. You divisions. See your dealer for details comparison, Level of standard
may get different mileage and range FIREBIRD HAS LOWER equipment varies
depending on how fast you drive ANNUAL FUEL COSTS. Add up what you save on annual
weather conditions and trip length According to the fuel economy sticker fuel costs and base
Firebird mileage and range lower in the government requires on every price, and Firebird
California — Mazda's are the same new car sold in America, Firebird wins by $1954. See
Firebirds are equipped with GM-

AND WINS BY $195

costs $206 less per year for gas your Pontiac dealer
built engines. produced by various than Mazda RX 7 "S:' The EPA bases now.
 Performance
in the Pulpit

After a long decline, there does seem

to be a renewal of interest in developing
preaching skills [Dec. 31]. Many ofuswho
came out of the seminaries in the 1950s
thought there must be a better way to
communicate the message, because
preaching seemed to encourage passive
congregations and ego-inflated ministers.
Preparation and delivery of sermons got
less effort than they deserved. Perhaps
there is now a trend the other way.
I myself employed a speech instructor
to work with me on my preaching after
noticing that I was bored halfway through
the sermon.
(The Rev.) C. Fred Jenkins, Stated Clerk
Presbytery of the Western Reserve
Cleveland

In spite of the admiration I have for

the preachers you covered, I still feel the
most important things happening in the
Body of Christ today probably involve less
well-known men and women of God,
working in groups of fewer than 100.
Doug Norquist
St. Paul

As a member of an “unprogrammed”
meeting of the Religious Society of
Friends (Quakers), I wish your article on
preaching had mentioned that many find
God without the debatable aid of a hired
vocal ministry.
William Cooper
Martinez, Calif.

Some believe that preaching is dead,

others think it is dormant, many of us
still believe that preaching can be deci-
TAN ASer’
sive. Thanks for the lift!

New Wkwouliitbe
(The Rev.) James M. Logan
Catalina Baptist Church
Tucson

without WOXR. APaucity of Beauty

After reading your articles on art and
New York's number one classical music stations. art investing [Dec. 31], I find myself over-
As dynamic as the city they serve. whelmed with rage. Michael Demarest
finished his article lamenting “the scar-
city of beautiful things.”
More than just ma oo music. Literate A paucity of beauty can be blamed
personalities. Exclusive roadcasts of major musical on nobody but ourselves. We are mem-
bers of an age in which every item in a
events. News. Cultural features. Interviews. Reviews. household is machine-made. There are
many gifted artists among us today who
And the special WQXR atmosphere that need to be supported physically and emo-
just can't be duplicated. tionally. If the American public cannot
support its artists, all it can expect is in-
creasingly inflated prices for all artwork.
WOXR FM and AM. New York is more fun Ann Rodenkirk
with number one. Tucson

I would call what is going on in the

96.3
FM STEREO art mart today “cultural exploitation”
rather than a trend of collecting. Did you
know that the U.S. ranks as the No. I ex-
ploiter of primitive art? Primitive art is
the hottest thing on the market right now,
1560 AM
THE RADIO STATIONS OF THE NEW YORK TIVES
and your article barely mentions it. The

E2 TIME, JANUARY 28, 1980

 EDWARD iS3oNiees non
&SIMPSON
NIRS sisi Sean

PREMIERES JANUARY 23 7:30PM

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Mobil AT 8:OOPM CHANNEL 5:
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 THE Letters
Americans rob the Third World of their

WIZARD OF
very rich cultural identity under the ti-
tles of art collector and art protector
However, like any other natural resource,
there is a finite supply
Gail Kosloff
Framingham, Mass
HS.
Since the IRS makes it worthwhile for
Enter the world of Benihana 4 Then the main course
the rich to benefit from purchasing art,
Feel rhe warmth of rhe Your choice of entrees. Like
graceful oriental decor, the soft, the IRS also has a moral obligation to
tender boneless breasts of
relaxing samisen music. And chicken. Specially selected make it easier for artists to survive. The
get ready for an orienral steaks. Plump lobster. Plus fact is that without the contribution ofart-
masterpiece. Ahhh fresh bean sprouts ists’ creations, our lives would be very dull.
Suddenly your chef Mushrooms. Zucchini Ken S. Huang
appeors and rhe feasr And onions. Sliced and Memphis
begins. Prepared on a diced into slender mouth-
hibachi grill right before @ watering slivers. And rice The whole world is so rotten with rev-
your eyes ‘ And piping hot green erence for pelf, one is not surprised to see
For openers, there's tea. Ahhh. a work of art esteemed only for its cash
onion soup, Japanese Irs a complete dinner— value. In today’s world economy, which |
style. Next, crisp, green all included in a mag- resembles nothing so much as Goya's pic-
salad. Sizzling, succulent ical experience you ll ture of Saturn eating his children, art is
shrimp. Ahhh never forger. Ahhh just one more object of sacrifice
James Sullivan
Barre, Mass.

HIBACHI STEAK HOUSE

NYC: W. 44th St. 682-7120 / E. 56th St. 593-1627 / W. 56th St. 561-0930 Theologians like Hans Kiing [Dec. 31]
Manhasset, L.1.: (516) 627-3400/ Short Hills, N.J.: (201) 467-9550 should have the candor to represent their
For group information coll: (212) 354-7477. In New Jersey call: (201) 467-9550 20th century rationalism as the discrete
religion it is and not gratuitously attrib-
ute it to Jesus and the New Testament
writers as their “real intent.” Kiing’s hu-
man rights entitle him to freely expound
his ideas as his own opinions. They do
not allow him (or any ofthe rest of us) to
falsely represent them as Roman Cath-
olic doctrine.
Harry A. Hoffner Jr
Chicago
lreland...friendly, un-
spoiled, inviting, exciting. King has been walking a Ughtrope
for years—attempting to remain a Cath-
From sightseeing to shop olic theologian while denying basic Cath-
ping, from castles to olic doctrine (i.e., the divinity of Christ,
cottages, to the Abbey papal infallibility, the sacrificial nature of
the Mass, the efficacy of the priesthood)
Theatre. And it’s described King himself gave the Congregation for
to perfection in this beau- the Doctrine of the Faith no choice
tiful 532-page full color Robert L. Casteel II
book. Take the first step Springfield, Mo
towarda perfect vacation As a serious scholar, Kiing has never
by writing, then see your “denied outright” any doctrines “central
travel agent. | to the Catholic faith,” but has rather |
sought to critically examine and clarify
IRISH TOURIST BOARD them for his contemporaries. The real
590 Fifth Avenue, Dept. D
struggle is that between those in the hi-
N.Y., N.Y. 10036
erarchy who seek to maintain rigid, male,
celibate control over the “People of God”
and those who seek genuine dialogue, rec-
IRISH TOURIST BOARD, 590 FIFTH AVE., DEPT. D, N.Y., N.Y. 100356 onciliation and a Christian ministry truly
Please send me your free, 32-page color book, “From Ireland With Love shared
1 Edward C. Sellner
St. Paul
1 NAME

! ADDRESS As Father Hans Kiing and Father Ed-

ward Schillebeeckx have learned, the
: CITY STATE ZIP more the Catholic Church changes, the
1 MY TRAVEL AGENCY IS
more it remains the same. Vatican II was

4 supposed to give scope to intellectual free-

TIME, JANUARY 28, 1980
E4
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 = Letters bi
dom, ecumenism and concern for human
rights. Nevertheless, the marching or- Founders: = BRITONHADOEN 838.1529
TIME —
ders for Catholics remain: Pray, pay, HenityR.Luce 1898-1967
obey. Editor-in-Chief: Henry Anatole Grunwald
Chairman of the Board: Andrew Heiskell
Maurice V. Moriarty President: James R. Shepley
Inglewood, Calif. Editorial Director: Ralph Graves
Group Vice President, Magazines: Arthur W Keylor
Vice Chairman: Arthur Temple
MANAGING EDITOR: Ray Cave
Is Jane to Blame? EXECUTIVE EDITORS: Edward | Jameson, Jason McManus
You condemn Mayor Byrne in your ASSISTANT MANAGING EDITORS: Richard |. Duncar, Ronald P. Kress
article on Chicago’s woes [Dec. 31] and ECONOMICS EDITOR: Marshall Loeb
SENIOR EDITORS: James D. Atwater, Martha M. Duffy, John T_ Elson, Timothy
bemoan Mayor Daley’s absence by stat- Foote, Otto Fnedrich, Timothy M. James, Leon Jaroff, Stefan Kanter, Donaid Morrison,
ing that if he were there, the city wouldn't Karsten Prager
international Editor: Jesse Birnbaum
have all these problems. The truth is that Chief of Research: Lean Shanks Gordon
ART DIRECTOR: Waiter Bernard
these problems are exploding because
ANSWER: Mayor Daley was there and he gave away
OPERATIONS DIRECTOR: Gérard C. Leitwe
SENIOR WRITERS: George J.Church, Michael Demarest, Robert Hughes, TE. Ke
Jem, Ed Magnuson, Lance Morrow, 8.2. Sheppard, Frank Trippett
Made of all Natural Leaf the store with lucrative settlements to ASSOCIATE EDITORS: Jordan Bontante, Christopher Byron, Gerald Clarke, Spen-
tobacco keep his machine running smoothly. cer Davidson, Frederic Golden, Pau!Gray, Dorothy Haystead, Narguerite Johnson, John
Leo, FrankB.Merrick, Mayo Mohs, N. Osting, Frederck Painton, B.J. Philips,
®@Made of selected imported Lee E. Livermore Burton Pines, William£Seth,Wilam Stewart, George M. Tater, Marylots Purdy Vega,
long leat filler. Danville, Ind. Edwin G. Warner
STAFF WRITERS: Dovid Akan, Patricia Blake, E.Graydon Carter, Jule Connelly,
Rolled with aged rare John S. DeMott, Janes , Elke McGrath, JayD. Palmer, Kenneth M. Pierce, Frank
Rich, Michael Shnayerson, Stephen Smvth, Anastasia Toufexis
Cameroon English Market TIME’s fervent admiration for Daley's CONTRIBUTORS: AT. Baker, Jay Cocks, Thomas Griffith, Melvin Maddocks, Jane
Selection Wrapper (ACW")* “knack of finessing problems that sooner O'Reilly, Christopher Porterfield, Richard Schickel, John Skow
eSkillfully crafted in Tampa REPORTER-RESEARCHERS: \rsuly Naciasdy de Gallo, Sue Raffety, Betty Sat-
or later went away” is either cynical or terwhite Sutter ‘tment Heads) jpucreyBall, Amanda Macintosh Berman, Peasy!
by cigar makers in the same naive. His legacy of more than two dec-
Berman, NancyMcD. Chase, Eileen Chiu,Georgia Harbison, Asne Hoplons, Sara
dina, Nancy Newman, Susan M. Reed, Victoria Sales, Raissa Siverman, Zona Sparks, F
tradition of quality since Sydnor Vanderschmidt, Susanne Washburn, Geneneve A. Wilbon-Smith, Rosemane T
1884,
ades includes the usual sweetheart deals, Zadikov (Senior Staff)
payoffs, public loafing and school finan- Peter Ainsiie, CharlesP,Alexander, Janice Castro, Si Chavez, Oscar Chiang, Barbara
@Hand packed with aged 8. Dolan, RosamondDraper, Elaine Dutka, Cassee 1.Furgurscn, Tam Martinides Gray,
cedar in natural wood cial mismanagement bordering on crim- Robert T. Grieves, Carol lobmare, Adrianne Jucius, John Koran, Laurie Upson Mamo,
inal, besides a panoply of extravagant, un- Ehzabeth D. et, Jamie Murphy, Jeanne-Manie North, Brigid O'Hara-Forster, Barry
cabinets. Rehfeld, Elizabeth Ruduiph, AlanL.Sanders, Marion H.Sande’s, Jane Van Tassel, Joan
@ Also hand packed in gold buildable public works and a sorry record D. Walsh, Linda Young
of getting the federal share. Mayor Byrne CORRESPONDENTS: Richard L.Duncan (Chief); Wilham R. Doerner, Rudolph S.
and black packets of 3 cigars Rauch Ill (Deputes); Donald Nell (News Services Editor)
with exclusive polyethylene was not elected to repeat the past and is Washington
Diplomatic
Editor: ap Sidey
Strobe T
liners to assure long lasting not afraid to face the future. National Political John F.Stacks
Set cerepentoms ence |. Barrett, James Bell, Ruth Mehrtens Galvin,
factory freshness. Harry Weese it!
®@Choice of smokers who are Chicago Washington: Robert Ajemian, 8. Edward Jackson, Joelle Al
Richard Bernsten,
r, Jonathan Beaty,
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accustomed to the taste and Walter Isaacson, Neil i, Johanna WicGeary, La ah Jeanne Sadcler,
aroma of fine imported leaf. Eileen Shields, Don Sider, Roberto Suro, Evan Wames.¢Gr Werzynsh: Chica-
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ry Halle Steven Holmes, David S.
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today so you too can soon Byrne they worry about hot air. New York: Peter Stoler, Gisela Bolte, Dean Brelis, Mary Cronin, Dorot fewtte
Robert Geline, JamceC.Simpson, Ley aome, James Wide’At Joseph
enjoy the fine quality Todd Fedoruk ‘¢, Anne Constable Boston: Hays Gorey, Marlin Levin, Je* Metron Detroit: Bar-
rett Searnan, Christopher Redman Francisco: Gavn Scot!, Paul A. Witteman
CUESTA-REY #95 cigar. Glover, Mo. Houston: Robert C. Wurmstedt Miami: Richard Woodbury
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70° each, Natural wood Textbook Censors Wynn, Roland Flamin) Serusatem: Dean Frecher, David Halevy Cairo: Witham Dror-
GoketrutsBrucevonVoorst Moscow: Brice W.Nelan = MarshClark,
cabinet of 50 ~$32.00}
Cabinet of25 — $16.25 Apparently the Texas textbook crit- Dror u iy ange JaGerTohyos
urter EdunMRengons'S,
‘ca Cur
ics, Norma and Mel Gabler, and their fol- Frank Iwama Metbourne: John Dunn Canada: Joho M sett 60
(Ottgma).g ra
(Vancouver) Buenos Aires: George Russell Mexico City: Bernan
Offered only by lowers [Dec. 31] believe that by censor- News Desk: Minne azine, Margaret G. Boeth, Al Buist, eae taeA
selected tobacconists ing certain words out of dictionaries, the Davis, Blanche Holley, Jean . White, Arturo Yanez Administration: Lely Friedrich,
Linda D. Vartoogian
Actual size
6%"
+ Pricesoreppronmeste aml mabject
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6 TIME, JANUARY 28, 1980

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TIME/JAN. 28, 1980
COVER STORIES

Squeezing the Soviets

An angry Carter struggles to put new pressure on the Kremlin
wv Crossroads. Watershed. Turn- No one has been more intensely in- sponse to what the White House has in-
hes ing point.
These are all terms being
volved in the urgent task of analyzing
and evaluating the new crisis and plan-
creasingly come to regard as a major So-
viet challenge.
used by U.S. experts as they ning a counteroffensive than Carter. In- This new formulation of U.S. for-
grope for some way to define and stead of stumping through Iowa in a eign policy, which may become known
| explain the momentous events that last-minute effort to woo supporters for to history as the “Carter doctrine,” was
have suddenly engulfed the international this week’s important Democratic Party to be unveiled Jan. 23 in a televised pres-
arena. What is clear is that the Sovi- caucuses, the President barely got out of idential address to a joint session of Con-
et Union’s invasion of Afghanistan the White House last week (34 members gress, Carter's foreign policy speech would
has heightened world tensions to their of his staff and family, however, cam- ordinarily be part of the State of the
most serious level since the Viet Nam paigned extensively for him in Iowa). Be- Union message. However, the domestic
War, and perhaps even before that. lieving that the world may be at a junc- sections of the constitutionally required
Soviet forces continued to sub- annual assessment were sched-
jugate Afghanistan last week, and uled to be sent, in typescript, up
some crack units took up stations to Capitol Hill two days before
perilously close to the Iran and the speech. By thus splitting the
Pakistan borders. At the same State of the Union address, Car-
time, a flotilla of five Soviet ter left no doubt that his new
warships was spotted steaming top priorities are foreign policy
through the Sea of Japan, appar- and defense. This amounts to an
ently on its way to reinforce the almost total reversal of the stress
Soviet fleet contingent in the In- on domestic issues that charac-
dian Ocean. No less worrisome BOs terized
CIAO
BBLNS last year’s State of the
NOLLYHLSNTT!
BWIL
AG
were the medical bulletins from Union speech.
Belgrade, reporting on the rapidly Congress is expected to ap-
deteriorating health of Yugoslav plaud nearly unanimously the
President Josip Broz Tito, 87. President's shift in emphasis. As
Without Tito, who broke with the the legislators return to Washing-
Kremlin in 1948, Yugoslavia ton from their month-long recess
might fall prey to internal con- and the chance to meet with their
flicts that could inspire another constituents, they will be bringing
Soviet intervention. This very with them some of the fire and re-
specter seemed to rise last week sentment Americans feel over the
with reports of troop movements Soviet aggression in Afghanistan
inside the U.S.S.R. and Eastern and over Iran’s abuse of the 50
Europe. U.S. hostages. Indeed, last week’s
But another possibility was New York Times-CBS News poll
also rising: that the aggression by revealed that 67% of the respon-
the men of the Kremlin is caus- dents thought the U.S. should “get
ing a global reaction of such force tougher in its dealings with the
that it may halt or at least squeeze Russians”; only 53% felt this
the voracious Soviet bear. Outrage way in June 1978. Even more
mounted in the U.S., while at the significant, a solid plurality be-
United Nations the U.S.S.R. suf- lieved, for the first time in two dec-
fered a humiliating defeat in ades, that the US. is not spend-
which it was abandoned by dozens of its ture from which a new global balance ing enough money on defense needs.
Third World friends. By week’s end it had of power could emerge, Carter is de- This new mood, according to Senate
become clear that, though the invasion termined that America must take the Majority Leader Robert Byrd of West Vir-
of Afghanistan had stunned the world, the lead and chart a course into the sud- ginia, will affect the whole new session of
world’s reaction had startled the Krem- denly uncertain and perilous future. Congress. For example, according to
lin. A drive to boycott the Moscow Olym- Throughout the week, he telephoned Byrd, the concern about the Soviet
pics was gathering momentum, and that foreign leaders, conferred with his top ad- Union’s expansionism could help to pass
would badly tarnish the sports spectacle visers and with some ofthe nation’s most Carter’s major energy bills and the wind-
on which Soviet leaders have been count- experienced experts on international re- fall-profits tax on oil companies. It will
ing to gain a measure of international re- lations. Drawing on this counsel, the Pres- also eliminate just about all opposition to
spectability. On Sunday Jimmy Carter an- ident drafted a major foreign policy a 5% increase in the Pentagon budget.
nounced that he had sent a message to speech that will, according to White “The Soviets took care of that—in Ka-
the U.S. Olympic Committee proposing House Press Secretary Jody Powell, ex- bul,” said Byrd. A senior Defense Depart-
that the Games be moved, postponed or amine “the implication of these crises for ment offcial agreed. Said he, beaming:
cancelled unless the Soviets withdrew American policy at home and abroad.” “We're going to get all the money we now
”
from Afghanistan “within a month It will call for a sustained, long-term re- need. The Congress will throw it at us. Our |
8
 At breakfast meeting, Carter discusses crisis with aides (clockwise): Brzezinski, Cutler, Donovan, Jordan, Brown, Vance

problem will be to see that we spend it cow its most serious U.N. setback since tary of State Cyrus Vance, whose pen-
for the right things.” the 1956 condemnation of the Soviet in- chant for using delicate diplomatic
Round the globe, other nations were vasion of Hungary. Dozens of Third language is legendary, sounded stern. Said
also anxiously reassessing the interna- World states that have long followed the he: “The Soviet Union clearly crossed a
tional situation in the wake of the Soviet Moscow line almost automatically on in- threshold in its action.” He warned that
move into Afghanistan. One nearly uni- ternational affairs last week went on rec- “they are going to have to pay a cost as
versal conclusion: the U.S.S.R. is an ag- ord against the U.S.S.R. Commented a long as their troops stay in Afghanistan
gressor and must be so branded. All senior West German official in Bonn In addition, they are going to have to re-
Washington's allies, though hesitant “That's the advantage of Afghanistan.” alize that this kind of action is going to
about joining the U.S. in retaliatory mea- Despite all the talk in recent years be met by a firm and protracted response
sures, sharply denounced the Soviet ac- about the world’s having changed into a so that such adventures will not happen
tion. British Prime Minister Margaret place with several centers of power, the in the future
Thatcher said: “We cannot just stand dominant relationship still is that between But it was Carter who used almost
back and see Russia do what they have the US. and the Soviet Union. Thus it every opportunity to blast the Kremlin
done in Afghanistan West German was to Washington that other nations To a White House Conference on Small
Chancellor Helmut Schmidt, in an ad- were looking for leadership. The Admin- Business, for instance, he said that “we
dress to the Bundestag, used some of his istration was clearly angry. Even Secre- are Outraged that armed forces of the
strongest language so far to condemn the
Soviet aggression He warned that it not
only “directly affects the interests of the
Third World and adjoining countries” but
also “has an unavoidable effect on Eu-
rope and us in Germany.” In Melbourne
Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Fra
ser asserted that the Soviet action “poses
dangers to world peace greater than any
in the past 35 years.” He called on the na
tions of the world “to show that a line
can and wil! be drawn against Soviet ex-
pa sion Even Indira Gandhi, India’s
ne y re-elected Prime Minister, who at
first seemed to back the Soviet move, told
a New Delhi press conference last week
that no “country is justified in entering an
other country

ul the most startling manifestation

of global outrage was last week's
United Nations General Assem
bly vote on a resolution denounc
ing the Soviet invasion and calling for “the
immediate, unconditional and total with
drawal of the foreign troops from Afghan
istan.” By the overwhelming ratio of 104
to 18 (with 30 either abstaining or ab- Leonid Brezhnev (front right) with Politburo members at Supreme Soviet session
sent), the resolution passed, handing Mos- Blasting Washington as ‘outright hypocritical” and for telling “mountains of lies.”

TIME, JANUARY 238, 1980

 Nation
Soviet Union have launched a massive in- icy experts from outside the Administra-
vasion of the small, nonaligned country tion, like Clark Clifford, the former
of Afghanistan.” Later, alt a ceremony in Secretary of Defense, who has counseled
which he gave 20 scientists the National every Democratic President since Harry
Medal of Science, he lashed out at the So- Truman
viet Union for its lack of freedom. De- Alternating with Carter's planning
clared Carter: “Even with its efforts to sessions came a series of actions designed
identify scientific talent early and to de- to start mobilizing the nation and its
velop it, [the U.S.S.R.’s] repressive polit- friends in the face of the Soviet threat
ical system still stunts scientific progress Early in the week Carter played host to
Moscow responded with even more Spanish Premier Adolfo Suarez at a 90
vitriol. In a statement to Pravda, Soviet minute working lunch in the Cabinet
Communist Party Leader Leonid Brezh- Room. The Spanish leader had flown to
nev accused Washington of launching “a Washington specifically to demonstrate
shameless anti-Soviet campaign,” being support of the U.S. during the Lranian and
“outright hypocritical’ and telling Afghan crises. On Wednesday, Carter
“mountains of lies’ about the Soviet ac- huddled for half an hour with Egyptian
tion in Afghanistan. Said the Kremlin’s Vice President Hosni Mubarak and ex-
aging chief: “The impression is increas- amined the possibilities of regional coop-
ingly forming in the world of the U.S. as eration to restrain possible Soviet advanc-
an absolutely unreliable partner in inter- es in the Middle East. The two men also
state ties, as a state whose leadership, discussed Egyptian President Anwar Sa
prompted by some whim, caprice or emo- dat’s offer to provide U.S. military forces
tional outbursts is capable at any Voting board at U.N. General Assembly with facilities in Egypt
moment of violating its international To East Africa and the Middle East
obligations.” niew Brzezinski was in and out of Car- Carter dispatched a new team of military
As Carter worked on the speech that ter’s private office as many as a dozen experts, as a follow-up for an earlier
would provide his answers, he immersed times daily, while Secretary Vance, ac- group, to take a detailed second look at
himself in history, reading up especially cording to an aide, just about “moved over airfields and ports that might be used by
on how previous Presidents and other to the White House.” Other top aides U.S. troops during an emergency. Mean-
world leaders had responded to similar served as sounding boards for the Pres- while, the President's special envoy for
crises. National Security Adviser Zbig- ident’s ideas, as did veteran foreign pol- the Middle East, Sol Linowitz, prepared
to depart for that troubled region this
week to meet with the area’s leaders
The US. also dusted off a 1959 treaty
with Pakistan, which declares that in the
event of “aggression against Pakistan,
the U.S. “will take such appropriate ac-
tion, including the use of armed forces
as may be mutually agreed upon.” In ad-
dition to reaffirming the U.S. commitment
to Pakistan’s security, Carter will soon ask
Congress for $400 million in economic
and military aid to Pakistan over the next
two years

n other fronts related to the new

effort to squeeze the Soviets
White House staffers were about
to begin talks with the Senate Se-
lect Committee on Intelligence on the
CIA’s new charter. Carter now wants the
charter to relax some of the restrictions
that impede covert operations. The CIA
will be needed to play a key role in many
potential anti-Soviet moves, such as sup-
plying the Afghan rebels with arms. For
this reason, the White House is also seek-
ing repeal of a 1974 statute, passed near
the height of the anli-ClA campaign on
Capitol Hill, that requires the President
to consult with cight separate congres-
sional committees before ordering the
agency to engage in secret operations
overseas
The success of the Administration's
moves against the Soviets will depend in
part on how much cooperation Washing-
ton gets from its allies. So far, however
their talk has been matched by very little
action. After a hastily arranged four-day
swing through Western Europe, Deputy
Throughout the week, the White House was the scene of high-level consultations Secretary of State Warren Christopher re-

10 TIME, JANUARY 28, 1980

 <
=
such commodities as poultry, pork and
2
>
= butter is only going to be “reviewed” by a
TET

z
the allies, as is the possibility of more
=| strictly limiting the sale of high-technol- e
3
© ogy items to the Soviets. On the parallel | z
i=
matter of possible economic moves
against Iran, each ofthe allies merely of-
fered “to do what was possible to carry
out the spirit of the sanctions.”

hus with the exception of the Brit- |

ish, who have already declared
themselves ready to take econom-
ic measures against both the
U.S.S.R. and Iran, little other immediate
help seems likely. West German Chan-
cellor Schmidt even confirmed that he |
had no intention of delaying his long
scheduled state visit to Moscow this
March. Tokyo, too, seems ready to back
the U.S. with little more than rhetoric,
and even that is now being couched with
traditional Japanese delicacy. Said Jap-
anese Foreign Minister Saburo Okita last
week about moves against Iran and Mos-
cow: “All Japan can do is to express dis-
pleasure by taking appropriate measures.
Chicago's Gene Sage pouring out vodka But such Japanese action would not, in Aeroflot officeinManhattan after bombing _
Frustration leads to symbolic actions. any sense, be tantamount to rigid sanc- But the effect on Soviets is infinitesimal.
tions or retaliation.” In fact, Japanese of-
turned to Washington last week with just ficials indicated that they would do little difference in perception.” He noted that
| a few concrete promises. The nine-mem- to impair their lucrative economic rela- “the U.S. is a world power and looks at
ber European Economic Community tions with either Iran or the U.S.S.R. the issue globally, while Western Euro-
pledged not to undermine the U‘S. grain To explain Western Europe’s exces- peans inherently are more concerned with
embargo against the Soviet Union, for ex- sive caution, Karl Kaiser, director of the the European situation.” In Bonn’s case,
ample, but did not agree to reduce any of West German Association of Foreign Af- there is a legitimate fear that a drastic de-
its own grain sales. Moreover, action on fairs, stressed “a natural and inevitable terioration of East-West relations could

Who Needs Their Vodka? he: “If Ihave to lose myjob to show the Soviets that we won’t
be pushed around, it’s worth it.” At Kennedy baggage han-
dlers, who belong to the Teamsters, refused to unload Aero-
A New York airports, traffic controllers and baggage han- flot airliners, forcing Soviet management personnel to do the
dlers harass incoming flights of Aeroflot, the Soviet air- job. The Teamsters asserted that members would also with-
line. In California, restaurants stop serving Russian or Ira- hold ground service for Aeroflot planes landing at Dulles In-
nian caviar, and in Chicago, Restaurateur Gene Sage pub- ternational Airport near Washington.
licly pours Russian vodka onto Lake Shore Drive. Other citizens took out their rage on vodka and caviar.
These are a few indications of the national mood in the In San Francisco, Victor Bergeron, owner of the 20-restau-
wake ofthe Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. That mood, com- rant Trader Vic’s chain, sent a cable to all members forbid-
pounding the anger caused by the seizure ofhostages in Iran, ding them to buy or sell either product. Then he personally
is unmistakably indignant, but it is also puzzled and frustrat- smashed his last six bottles of Stolichnaya vodka. The five
ed. People feel injured in their national pride and yearn for Fairmont hotels throughout the country also announced that
tougher action. But they are not ready for war, and are un- they will not stock Russian vodka, or caviar from the Soviet
able to figure out what nonmilitary actions might impel the Union or Iran. Though no figures are available, the boycott
Soviets to pull out of Afghanistan or the Iranians to free the will have little effect. Most vodka consumed in the U’S. is do-
hostages. Kenneth Stein, an assistant professor of Middle mestically distilled; the liquor from the Soviet Union sells in
Eastern history at Emory University, describes the feeling as limited quantity at high prices.
“a sense of impotence and frustration.” In some cases citizens went beyond the Government in
Accordingly, citizens are venting their emotions in sym- their expressions of anti-Soviet fury. Two weeks ago, the In-
bolic actions. Some are meant simply to express renewed pa- ternational Longshoremen’s Association announced that its
triotism. The American Savings & Loan Association of Flor- members would not load cargo aboard ships bound for the
ida has given out 80,000 free American flag lapel pins since it Soviet Union. Last week President Carter called I.L.A. Pres-
began running newspaper ads offering “to give you some- ident Thomas Gleason to the Oval Office and told him, “as
thing that money can’t buy: pride.” your President and Commander in Chief,” to “unclog the dis-
But the anger that Americans originally focused on Iran, tribution system.” Gleason promised no more than to discuss
while hardly forgotten, is mainly being directed against a the request with his membership. But the Government itself
new target: the Soviet Union. In New York, a man in a ski is moving to cut down cultural exchanges; last week it made
mask left a bomb at Aeroflot’s Manhattan office Sunday it known that it would cancel a Washington exhibition of art-
night, Jan. 13; the explosion stunned three French passers- works from the Hermitage Museum in Leningrad.
by. At Long Island-MacArthur Airport, which handles radar These outbursts of indignation may make the Americans
controls for the area’s three major airports, Controller Tony displaying them feel better. But their probable effect on So-
Maimone refused to guide an Aeroflot jet into Kennedy. Said viet foreign policy is too infinitesimal to calculate.

TIME, JANUARY 28, 1980

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 create new pressures on West Berlin,
make it more difficult for West Germans
AnOVIaK
to visit relatives in East Germany, and
*
lead to a cutoff of the steady repatriation °
x
from Poland and the U.S.S.R. of tens of >

thousands of ethnic Germans. There is

also a compelling economic consider-
ation: last year’s West German-Soviet
trade totaled $7.6 billion. As for Paris, it
insists as usual that it will pursue its own
policy toward Moscow rather than follow
the US. lead. Declared French Foreign |
Minister Jean Frangois-Poncet: “France
is not America’s farmyard.”
There is an irony to this lack of al-
lied support. For some time, the West Eu-
ropeans, and particularly Germany’s
Schmidt, have sharply criticized Carter
for being soft and indecisive. But now that
the President has begun acting like the
leader of the West, key allies are balking.
Said Schmidt to an aide: “Carter is run-
ning around, tightening here, tightening
there, without knowing what the results
will be, without stopping to think what Deputy Secretary of State Warren Christopher answering reporters’ questions in Pa ris
the effects could be on Western Europe.” Advises one expert: “We need to get tough on our allies in addition to the Soviets.”

his allied passivity, some argue, bassador in Moscow for three years. Says est and would move in with all their
may be an early form of “Finland- he: “We have tended to shove aside our power to protect that interest.’ The State
ization.” But whether it genuinely real perception of the Soviet threat. We Department, however, asserts that Toon’s
reflects popular attitudes is open have underestimated the competitive as- cables called a Soviet invasion “very
to question. In fact, there were mounting pects of the relationship and overestimat- unlikely.”
signs last week that the West German and ed the cooperative ones.” He urges the The Administration also might be
French public sided with the U.S. Said Po- US. to have no “illusions that the Soviets faulted for sending unclear signals to Mos-
litical Scientist Pierre Hassner: “Public are, like us, interested in world peace and cow and frequently changing direction
opinion is ahead here. The people are reducing tensions.” For example, Carter, in a major foreign
really taking these events seriously, and Apparently Toon was nudged out of policy speech at the U.S. Naval Acad-
the governments of France and West Ger- his Moscow post last October because emy in June 1978, simultaneously warned
many look as though they are clinging to Washington was annoyed by his repeat- the Soviets of U.S. strength and appealed
old notions. They are out of touch with ed warnings of potential Soviet aggres- for compromise, leaving observers won-
their people on this issue.” Across the bor- sion. He told TIME: “It seemed obvious dering whether he was waving a saber
der, Frankfurt’s respected Frankfurter | to us in Moscow that the Soviets re- or an olive branch. The dovish stance
Allgemeine Zeitung editorialized that “the garded Afghanistan in their vital inter- he seemed to be taking when he can-
: ;
question now is whether the friends and f celed the B-I supersonic bomber and
allies of the U.S, will show the required de- indefinitely postponed production of the
gree of solidarity, even if it is at their ex- neutron warhead appeared to be con-
pense. At least an attempt must be made
to contain Soviet arrogance.”
Implicit in the process of forging a
Good Old Days | tradicted by his approval of the MX mo-
bile missile and his frequent denunciation
of Soviet human rights violations. Part
new approach to America’s foreign rela- here once was a simpler way to deal of the problem has been that Carter has
tions is a scrutiny of the policies that have with the Soviets, Senator Henry been receiving almost diametrically con-
guided the Administration up to now. One Jackson recalled last week—and it in- flicting advice from his two top foreign
unavoidable question: To what extent did volved another Iran crisis. In 1946 the affairs aides, the generally conciliatory
Washington itself bring on the current cri- Soviets and British agreed to end their Vance and the relatively hard-line
sis? Some experts charge that the Admin- World War II occupation of Iran, but Brzezinski
istration underestimated the Kremlin the Soviets reneged. They increased Many experts believe that Carter's
They argue that Secretary of State Vance their forces and set up autonomous re- zigzagging policy has confused, irritated
and his Soviet affairs specialist, Marshall gimes in the northwestern provinces of and at times infuriated the Soviets. But it
Shulman, dismissed Soviet interference Azerbaijan and Kurdistan. is also possible (and the two points are
(either direct or with Cuban proxies) in In a little-known episode of nucle- not contradictory) that the fumbling U.S
Angola and Ethiopia as simply opportu- ar diplomacy that Jackson said he had policy led Moscow to conclude that it
nities that were too tempting for Moscow heard from Harry Truman, the Presi- might be able to take advantage of a Pres-
to ignore. The long-range consequences dent summoned Soviet Ambassador ident who appeared so unsure of himself.
of such moves would not necessarily be se- Andrei Gromyko to the White House. Another element that may have con-
rious, the State Department often said, be- Truman told Gromyko that Soviet tributed to the current crisis is the Ad-
cause the Soviets had on several occasions troops should evacuate Iran within 48 ministration’s declining ability to use
been expelled from countries they had hours—or the U.S. would use the new force. The steady drop in defense spend-
seemed to be dominating. Chiefexamples: | superbomb that it alone possessed. ing for almost the entire decade after 1966 |
Egypt, Sudan and Somalia ““We're going to drop it on you,’ ” has limited the President’s capacity to de-
|
|
|
One of the most forceful critiques of Jackson quoted Truman as saying. ter or respond to Soviet adventurism. Sim-
such assessments of the Kremlin comes | “They moved in 24 hours.” ilarly, the President has been deprived of
from Malcolm Toon, a recently retired ca- considerable flexibility in pursuing pol-
reer diplomat who served as U.S. Am- icy because ofthe statutes, enacted in the
TIME, JANUARY 238, 1980
a 13
 Nation |
mid-1970s, that restrict his deployment of | an especially useful foreign policy instru- anti-Soviet diplomatic offensive. To sus-
| USS. troops overseas and his covert use of ment. Said a State Department official last | tain this, the U.S. would have to court
intelligence agents. Indeed, the erosion of week at Foggy Bottom: “There are no much of the Third World assiduously,
American strength is a fact that is now | doves left in this building.” playing on its fears of Soviet aggression
openly trumpeted by Moscow. A commu- In confronting potential Soviet ag- and stressing the advantages of friendship
niqué issued two weeks ago by the Krem- gression, the key military consideration with the U.S. A major obstacle to forging
lin at the conclusion of a visit by French for the US. is the President’s ability to dis- such an anti-Soviet front in the Third
Communist Party Boss Georges Marchais patch well-equipped troops to endangered World, however, is the still volatile Arab-
proclaimed: “The principal fact of the cur- areas quickly. Carter would have great Israeli situation. Especially troublesome
rent world situation is the change in the difficulty doing this today. Although the has been the inability, so far, of Egypt
balance of forces. That is a powerful en- US. has a very powerful Army, Navy and | and Israel to agree on a formula that
couragement for the development of the Air Force, it actually is short of the ships | would grant Palestinians in the West
class struggles in the world.” and planes needed to transport large num- Bank and the Gaza Strip the autonomy
Administration aides do not deny that bers of troops rapidly overseas. It also mandated by the Camp David accords.
mistakes have been made. But they stress lacks sufficient quantities of ammunition, Says former Under Secretary of State
the gains achieved by Carter, especially weapons, fuel and other battlefield sup- George Ball: “As long as that West Bank
in the Middle East. Says White House plies. It is to end these shortages that the thing continues to fester, there isn’t a
Chief of Staff Hamilton Jordan: “Imagine Administration, after several years of de- chance ofour having decent relations with
>
| the states in the Middle East.”
z
rd> > Washington could mount economic
*
° pressure on the Soviet bloc. Says Harvard
3]
Soviet Expert Adam Ulam: “We might
stop helping the East European clients of
Russia and thereby put more pressure on
the Soviet economy.” In his memoirs, Kis-
singer noted that the West has never se-
riously tested whether the Soviets would
prefer economic development to foreign
adventures. For such a policy to have im-
pact, however, the NATO allies would have
to cooperate on economic measures to an
unprecedented extent.
> Washington could further cement its
ties to Peking in order to create new un-
certainties on the U.S.S.R.’s eastern bor- |
der. During his visit to China earlier
this month, Defense Secretary Harold
Brown pointedly stated that Moscow’s
new aggression could prompt the U.S.
and China to coordinate their military
as well as their diplomatic response to
Massing before the Soviet embassy in Rome, protesters denounce the invasion of Afghanistan the Soviet threat. Indeed, Washington is
already buzzing privately with some talk
The condemnation by an outraged world has been more than Moscow bargained for.
of a U.S.-Chinese military tie. Congress
the position that our country would be in lay, has asked Congress to move quickly seems ready, moreover, to grant Peking
today in responding to the situation in to appropriate some $10 billion over the most-favored-nation trade privileges.
Iran and Afghanistan if Egypt and Israel | next five years for a Rapid Deployment The Soviets may have invaded Af-
were headed toward another war. Or if Force. If Congress approves the new pro- ghanistan because they thought the risks
we lacked a solid relationship with the gram, the first new forward-deployed sup- were small, and they may have been star-
Saudi Arabians. Or if we had not yet nor- ply vessels could be ready in 1983. tled and dismayed by the world’s strong
malized our relations with the People’s reaction. In light of the past week’s events,
Republic of China.” Still, the Soviet efore then the U.S. could attain the however, it is just about impossible to
march into Afghanistan jolted Carter so ability to fight at short notice in imagine the Kremlin misreading the
badly that he seems to have recognized troubled areas by establishing new mood of the Administration and the
the inadequacy—even the inherent con- military bases overseas. Henry nation.
tradictions—of some of his previous pol- Kissinger has suggested that “in addition Jimmy Carter not only is angry but in-
icies. Tempting as it might have been last to whatever arms we give Pakistan, we tends to stay that way, according to his
week, he indulged in no recriminations ought to discuss with Pakistan the possi- White House aides. Says one: “Even if
against those whose advice he had fol- bility of establishing some American air the Soviets get out of Afghanistan quick-
lowed. There was too much work to be and maybe naval bases in that country.” | ly, he wants to keep many of these pu-
done on formulating a new policy toward He feels that the presence of U.S. troops nitive measures in place for a long time.”
the Soviet Union. will reassure New Delhi that the military Indeed, even a withdrawal of the Soviet
This new US. policy, like every oth- | supplies that would be shipped to Pakistan invading force, which would presumably
er foreign policy, will be composed of a | would not be “suitable for a war of aggres- occur only after the imposition of total So-
mixture of those instruments that influ- sion against India.” viet authority, would neither erase the
ence the behavior of nations. The precise The use of military force is almost al- original aggression nor make the
mix—running from reward to punish- ways a last resort. Indeed, the main ef- USS.R.’s jittery neighbors rest any eas-
ment, moral suasion to force—is what forts of the nation’s diplomats almost cer- ier. A re-establishment of stability in
gives a policy its distinctive character. In tainly would be to check Soviet expansion Southwest Asia can only come from a sus-
international relations, the toughest in- without having to order Americans into tained effort by the US., its allies and
strument is, of course, armed might. With battle. There are a number of methods other concerned states. For this, Jimmy
| abatensions now running very high, the available. Among them: Carter must take the lead—something he
ability to apply force would appear to be > Washington could orchestrate a broad now seems ready to do. a
ue |
TIME, JANUARY 28, 1980
14
 Olympics: To Go or Not to Go the Games. More than 100 members of
Parliament signed motions urging the
L.0.C. to move the Olympiad.
The U.S. weighs hitting Moscow where it would reall ly hurt For its part, the 1.0.C. is adamantly
opposed to moving the Games. “It’s Mos-
» In Moscow last week, truck af-
cow or nowhere,” said Lord Killanin, an |
i d ter truck rolled to a stop out-
Irish peer who has served as president of
side the new press building
the I.0.C. since 1972. Killanin argued thay
near the Foreign Ministry, and
it would be “virtually physically impossi-
fur-hatted workers unloaded crates of
ble” to shift the Games to another site, and
telephone and telex equipment. A mile
that in any case the I.O.C. is obligated to
north of the Kremlin, electricians toiled
fulfill its 1974 contract with the Soviet
in the Olimpiisky Sports Center, which
Union for the Moscow Games. US. offi-
will be the largest covered stadium in Eu-
cials nonetheless plan to ask the I.0.C. to
rope. Near by, other workers rushed to
take up the question of moving the Sum-
finish a huge swimming arena. In class-
mer Games at its next scheduled meeting,
rooms and auditoriums all over Moscow,
at Lake Placid, N.Y., early next month.
some 200,000 prospective tour guides, But the request will almost certainly be
waiters and other staffers continued learn- International Olympic President Lord Killanin turned down. Said a top I.0.C. official: |
ing foreign languages and the foibles of
“Those who believe that there will be no
——s the 300,000 tourists who are expected at Moscow Games are the victims of wishful
this summer's Olympic Games.
thinking. So far, all our national commit-
Thus, as far as Soviet officials were tees are against [any change].”
concerned, the Games were still on. But
around the world there was a growing de-
S an alternative, Christopher talked
bate among diplomats, Olympic officials,
with NATO members about boycotting
champion athletes, politicians and sports
the Moscow Games. To muster support
fans over the Carter Administration’s pro-
for a boycott, U.S. officials have suggest-
posal that the Games be moved to an-
ed holding an alternate set of games, a
other country, postponed or boycotted to
sort of “Free World Olympics” in which
protest the Soviet invasion of Afghani-
nations boycotting the Moscow Games
stan. The Soviets reacted with anger. Said
would compete. This would enable ath-
one editor about Carter: “He is going too
letes from the U.S. and other nations who
far. This has nothing to do with Afghan-
have been training for years to take part
istan. It is America’s pure anti-Sovietism
in an international contest, though obvi-
| coming out again.” U.S. Olympic President Robert Kane ously not one carrying the historic pres-
The fact is that there is probably no “It’s Moscow or nowhere.” tige ofan Olympiad.
single action short of war that would pun-
The boycott idea proved unpopular
| ish Moscow more than to have the Olym- Sports Jean-Pierre Soisson: “The Olym- with most governments. The Nether-
EE
Oo
0 pics taken away or spoiled. As the first pics are a sporting event, nota political af- lands, however, has stopped funding its
Communist country to play host to the fair.” That, of course, is not true. The Olympic teams, and Canada has ex-
modern Games in their 84-year history, Olympics long ago became politicized, pressed strong interest in a boycott.
the U.S.S.R. is determined to turn them with authoritarian societies like Nazi Ger- On Sunday Carter said that he op- |
into a model show. Over the past three many and the Soviet Union sparing no ef- posed U.S. participation in the Games
years, the Soviets have spent, by their of- fort to train their athletes—all in the “regardless of what other nations do,” In
ficial figures, $375 million in preparation hopes of piling up gold medals as proof of theory, an American boycott decision
for the Olympics, including the construc- the superiority of their political systems. would rest with the U.S. Olympic Com-
tion of 99 arenas, dormitories and other The only exception in Europe was mittee. But the President’s call for a with-
buildings. The Moscow Olympics are Great Britain, where Prime Minister Mar- drawal. which will probably be backed
meant to be a monument to the Soviets’ garet Thatcher, appearing before the by Congress, will be difficult for the
self-esteem, an extravaganza of self-con- | House of Commons, endorsed a shift of U.S.0.C. to reject. Its leaders are naturally
gratulation that in a way betrays their pro-
found insecurities. With so tempting a tar-
get, the Carter Administration last week
was doing some purposeful sighting. Sec-
retary of State Cyrus Vance announced a
mid-February deadline for a Soviet pull- Kammer
out from Afghanistan if the Games are to (and sickLe)
go on as scheduled. Appearing on NBC’s 3DND0(AO¥d
indie
Inl—
Meet the Press, the President said that he
had asked the U.S. Olympic Committee to
boycott the summer Games or move the
Olympics to another city unless the Sovi-
ets withdrew from Afghanistan by the MiLTING
Tenenor
February deadline. Said Carter: “Neither SCULLING
I nor the American people will support |
sending the American team to Moscow __—Track
while Soviet troops are in Afghanistan.” | (AND FIELD
Only the International Olympic Com- aFTiLbery)
| mittee can make the decision to move the
Games. Deputy Secretary of State Warren
OLYMPIC
Christopher, who at the President’s behest
SYMBOL
sounded out NATO members about shift-
ing the Games, found them cool to the
idea. Said French Minister of Youth and
TIME, JANUARY 28, 1980
 Nation |
| at such a prospect. Said Robert tantly boycott Moscow if asked to do so by well as its best chance of getting out
Kane, 67, president of the U.S.O.C. since the President. Said Craig Masback, 24, of of last place in the network ratings.
1977: “I do not favor the concept of a boy- White Plains, N.Y., one of the world’s Merchandising mghts for the 1980
cott at all. The Games do not belong to fastest milers: “As an athlete, I am very Olympics in the Western Hemisphere are
the Soviet Union. They belong to the In- frustrated and disappointed. But I am also owned by Stanford Blum, president of Im-
ternational Olympic Committee. To boy- well aware of what an important political age Factory Sports, Inc., in Los Angeles.
cott the Games would be to show disloy- tool the Olympic Games represent, not He has sold licenses to 58 companies to
alty to the organization to which we only to the Soviet Union but to the entire market Olympic trinkets, ranging from
belong and to the Olympics.” Moreover, Eastern bloc. Our boycotting the Games stuffed Misha bears (the official symbol
said Kane, “a unilateral boycott would not would be both valid and effective.” of the Games) to pajamas and key chains.
be very effective.” Not, perhaps, in halt- Dwight Stones, 26, a high jumper from Because ofthe possible U.S. boycott, many
ing the Games, but certainly in robbing Long Beach, Calif., who won bronze med- retail stores have stopped ordering the
the medals of much of their validity and | als at both the 1972 and 1976 Games, souvenirs, and production has halted on
prestige in sports where the U.S. would thinks the U.S. should take more immedi- some items. For example, US Americans,
have been strong. ate action. Said he: “Why not bar the So- a firm based in Los Angeles, is stuck with
Last week Kane met with Vance and viet Union from coming here for the Win- an order of 15.5 million plain drinking
White House aides in Washington and re- ter Games?” Said Bill Toomey, 41, who glasses; until the boycott issue is resolved,
peated the U.S.O.C.’s strong opposition to won a gold medal in the decathlon in the the company does not dare follow through
a boycott. If the President did request one, 1968 Games; “We would be naive to place on plans to imprint the Moscow Games
Kane announced later, the U.S.0.C. would track and field ahead of world events. insignia on them. Groused Blum: “The
sales being blown away are between $50
million and $100 million, Premium pro-
motions are hurting because companies
don't want to be identified with things
NHOF
that have ‘Moscow’ written on them.”
NYNWINKIZ
Whatever happens, Blum will not look to
Moscow for a refund. Said he, with a
shrug: “The Soviets will simply say, ‘It
isn’t our fault.’

bout 11,000 Americans who have paid

deposits for trips to the Moscow
Games are no doubt worrying about re-
funds in the event of a U.S. boycott. All
travel arrangements are being handled by |
the Russian Travel Bureau—Olympic
Travel, a U.S.-owned firm based in New
York City. According to its president,
E. Wallace Lawrence, some of the depos-
it money has already been sent on to the
Soviet Union. If the U.S. withdraws from
the Games and tourists cancel their res-
ervations, Lawrence will attempt to ne-
gotiate reimbursements with Moscow; in
any case, he promises to refund any funds

ba
Inside Moscow's Druzhba Hall, the volleyball arena built for the 1980 Games
still in the U.S.
The Kremlin is counting on the LO.C.
to hold firm and keep the Games in Mos-
Few acts would punish the Soviet Union so much as spoiling its Olympiad. cow. Soviet officials argue that, since the
U.S.S.R. has fulfilled its agreement with
poll prospective team members before | Sports cannot live outside reality.” Last the L.O.C., there is no reason for moving
making a decision. Many champion ath- week the Muhammad Ali Amateur Sports the Games elsewhere. The Kremlin ex-
letes in the U.S. oppose a boycott. Said Club in Santa Monica, Calif., decided not pects some athletes to withdraw, but as in-
Al Feuerbach, 32, of San Jose, Calif., a to wait for the White House and an- dividuals and not as entire national teams.
shot putter who finished fourth in the 1976 nounced its own boycott. The group, con- If nations do boycott the Games, Mos-
Olympics: “I am 100% opposed to any sisting of 32 athletes, agreed to the move cow is determined to go on with the Olym-
pullout, for any reason. We make the sac- after listening to an emotional speech by piad. Four years later, however, it might
rifice, we pay our own way, we're not con- .Ali. At least half a dozen club members pay back the U.S. by boycotting the Sum-
nected to the Government. It’s not their | —including Sprinter Houston McTear mer Games scheduled for Los Angeles.
life dream that’s being tampered with.” and Hurdler Greg Foster—were consid- If so, the Olympic movement might
Added Mark Belger, 23, who specializes ered top Olympic contenders. be mortally wounded. Said Kane: “There
in the 800-meter run: “We are being ex- An American boycott of the Mos- would no longer be Olympic Games. They
ploited to the fullest extent. Exploitation cow Games would mean millions of dol- would not be a global enterprise any
is taking away the right to run in the lars in losses for dozens of U.S. com- more.” On the other hand, the threat of
Olympics after working with that objec- panies. NBC, for example, has paid the boycott revived an old suggestion: that
tive in mind for years.” Agreed a former Soviets $87 million for the television rights the Games be permanently located in a
Olympic star, Bob Mathias, 49, of Col- and plans to broadcast more than 150 small country, thus making them less
orado Springs, Colo., who won gold med- hours of the Games this summer. If the vulnerable to the pressures of high-pow-
als in the decathlon in 1948 and 1952: US. withdraws, NBC has decided not to ered international politics. President
“Our people want to go to Moscow to beat cover the Games at all. Though the net- Carter favors this step. He believes that
the hell out of those guys and tell them work would recover almost all of the fee the most logical site would be Greece,
face to face what’s wrong with them.” from its insurance company, it would where the Olympic torch first flickered
But many other athletes would reluc- lose expected advertising revenues, as in 776 B.C. a

16 TIME, JANUARY 238, 1980

 The 1980 Mazda GLC Custom

Just one look is all it takes to see

the great value of the Mazda GLC
versus Rabbit, Chevette or Civic.
The Mazda GLC. One look at prise, really, because the GLC is rear-window defroster + White-
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is enough to change how you look The whole idea of the GLC, door + 1.4 litre overhead cam 4-
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 Believe it—or not?
Incredible as it may seem, library closings thors of current issue books.
have already begunto happen. California. . . Think of the jobs created because of re-
New York. . . Illinois. . . West Virginia. . . search in public libraries. Jobs produced by
Libraries all across the country are shutting research in xerography .. . electronics ...
down. Some for good. Others are luckier. photography . . . space technology - to name
They are just closing on particular days, cut- just a few of the big ones.
ting staff, ordering fewer books and periodi- And how about America’s underprivi-
cals, leged? The immigrants who become Ameri-
The reason? Money. Like the rest of us, canized through the public library. The illit-
libraries don’t have enough of it. They can erate, the poor, the victims of prejudice to
starve and eventually die without adequate whom public libraries extend helping hands
funding. And civilization will die right along in many communities.
—__——__—__—
-—~---
——-
with them. Think about today’s information explosion
Stop for a minute and think what public and what it all means in terms of storage and
libraries mean to our country: retrieval costs for the general public, not only
They open up whole new worlds for young now but also for next year and future gen-
children. erations.
Sharpen the research and analytic ability of Close the nation’s libraries?
college students. Unthinkable.
Serve as the **People’s University’’ for But we are - because we have been too
adults who seek learning and self-education. complacent. Because we have taken libraries
Enrich the lives of senior citizens - and the for granted.
blind, the handicapped, the shut-ins. Now is the time to do something about it.
They provide the fodder for making democ- Before it’s too late. Join other citizens in the
racy. work: political ideas, political history, fight for more Federal and State funding. If
dissent. Information about government, its you're willing to roll up your sleeves, write
strengths and weaknesses. Background ma- to: LIBRARIES, Box 366, Bowling Green
terials for investigative journalists and au- Station, New York, New York 10004.

KEEP LIBRARY DOORS OPEN

—FOR EVERYONE
A joint public service announcement by the Urban Libraries Council and the National Citizens Emergency Committee to Save
Our Public Libraries -Honvrary Co-Chairmen: Isaac Asimov, Terence Cardinal Cooke. Margaret Truman Daniel, Ralph
Ellison, George Meany.
 Nation
tries opposing the resolution, only one

“Wrongheaded and Unjustified”

tiny Grenada, with a population of 100,-
000—was not ruled by a Communist
regime. (Among Communist states, Chi-
At the U.N. the Third World rises up against a false friend na, Cambodia, Yugoslavia and Albania
voted against Moscow.) Fully 57 mem-
Y The climax was almost preor- | Koh: “The fight over Afghanistan was led bers of the Nonaligned Movement, over
“i dained, and yet it came with by small countries from the Third World which Cuba currently presides, supported
surprising speed. After four who had the courage to get together and the resolution, and only nine followed the
days of debate had passed and | take risks. We were able to convince our Soviet line. Among Muslim countries, the
74 delegates had followed each other to colleagues not to accept the Soviet ver- swing was even more drastic. Eighteen
the speaker's podium of the United Na- sion of history.” condemned the Soviet action and only
tions General Assembly, it was now time That work of persuasion was spar- two, Afghanistan and South Yemen, op-
to vote. The Assembly’s Tanzanian pres- | klingly successful. Though Afghanistan’s posed the majority.
ident, Salim Ahmed Salim, invited the 152 new Foreign Minister, Shah Mohammed Some 18 cautious states, including In-
delegations to record their votes on two Dost, flew in to declare that the Soviets dia, Algeria and Syria, abstained, and an
electronic boards behind the rostrum. The were welcome in his land, dozens of del- eclectic group of twelve states did not vote
boards suddenly lit up as the delegates egates from small and fledgling countries at all. Noting that these included Bhu-
pushed the buttons at their desks—green rose to ridicule the Soviet line. Asked Pap- tan, Rumania and South Africa, the New
for yes, red for no, amber for abstention. ua—New Guinea’s ambassador, Paulias N York Times caustically dubbed the non-
After just three minutes, Salim coolly re-
vealed the outcome: 104 votes in favor,
18 against, 18 abstentions. “The draft res-
olution is therefore adopted,” he declared.
In the crowded chamber that had wit-
nessed such historic events as Soviet shoe
banging and papal appeals for peace,
there was no perceptible change in the
low buzz of conversation. But everyone
there knew that the Soviet Union had just
been publicly rebuked by those nations
of the world that it had professed to cham-
pion. It was Moscow’s most spectacular
| diplomatic humiliation since the U.N.
condemnation of the invasion of Hunga-
ry in 1956.
Though the Soviet Union was not
mentioned by name, the resolution just
passed by a lopsided vote of more than 5
| to 1 was an outright condemnation of
Moscow's invasion of Afghanistan. The
“armed intervention,” it said, was “incon-
sistent” with the U.N. principle of the
“sovereignty, territorial integrity and po-
litical independence of every state.” It
thus demanded “the immediate, uncon-
ditional and total withdrawal of the for-
eign troops from Afghanistan” and called
colttOtsPaePubtics
on U.N. members and international re- Soviet Ambassador Oleg Troyanovsky listens to U.S. Ambassador Donald McHenry at the U.N.
lief organizations to help all Afghan ref- | “Small countries from the Third World with the courage to get together and take risks.”
ugees. The last of the resolution’s eight
points required the Security Council to Matane: “Should we accept the argument, voters as “The Confused, the Brave and
“consider ways and means” to help en- then, that President Amin [of Afghani- the Outcast.” (One of these last was the |
force the resolution stan] invited the Soviet troops to over- | Sudan, which was $65,000 behind in its
For Oleg Troyanovsky, 60, Moscow’s throw his own government and eventually U.N. dues and could raise only $40,000
representative at the U.N. since 1976 and kill him? I find that hard to believe.” Pak- before the count began, thus failing to |
only the seventh Soviet ambassador there istan’s Agha Shahi, who flew in to co- qualify to vote.)
in 35 years, the vote was a galling blow. sponsor the anti-Soviet resolution, was The U.N. condemnation will have no
It followed by a bare week his own ap- more blunt: “A nonexistent threat of an immediate effect upon the Soviet involve-
plication of the Soviet veto to an almost invasion [is] obviously being advanced to ment in Afghanistan, as almost all sup-
identically worded resolution during a 13 justify the large-scale dispatch of Soviet porters of the resolution were willing to
to 2 vote in the Security Council. Only a troops into Afghanistan.” concede. More important, however, was
day before the Afghan resolution, in fact, the message to Moscow about its image
Troyanovsky had used another veto—the n overwhelming majority of Third in the world. Said a U.N. official: “The vi-
Soviet Union's 114th—to stave off an oth- World nations agreed: “No argu- sion of the Soviet Union as a defender of
erwise successful U.S. drive to impose ments can be used to justify that inter- the nonaligned peoples in the world has
U.N. sanctions on Iran. vention,” said Nigeria. “It is a wrong- been shattered. The Russians care about
For Americans, it was refreshing to headed and unjustified act,” said Iraq. the votes here because they are very im-
hear Third World countries denounce “We refuse to be a pawn in the hands of age-conscious.” For one Western ambas-
Moscow with the vehemence they usu- any power bloc,” said Zaire. sador, this had a measurable political
ally reserve for attacks on the “imperi- Nowhere was the U.N. revolt against significance. Said he: “In thinking of
alism” of the West. Said Singapore's high- Moscow more apparent than in the break- their next possible adventure, I believe
ly respected U.N. ambassador, T.T.B. down of the voting itself. Of the 18 coun- | what happened in Afghanistan will pro-

TIME, JANUARY 238, 1980 21

 “would have meant leaving Afghanistan
a prey to imperialism.” Furthermore, said
Brezhnev, Afghanistan was not even the
cause of the current crisis. Said he: “If
there were no Afghanistan, certain cir-
cles in the U.S. and in NATO would have
found another pretext to aggravate the
situation.”
Pravda elaborated on Brezhnev’s
theme: “American policy is acquiring a
trend that is ever more hostile to the in-
terests of peace, détente and equitable co-
operation among states. At present, this
policy of interference in domestic affairs
and encroachment on people’s rights is
shown in relation to Iran, but tomorrow
in relation to other sovereign states.” Al-
exander Bovin, a senior writer for /zves-

i
tia, warned, “It is time for the U.S. to
learn to behave with greater modesty.
That will be better for both America it-
self and the whole world.” The man in
Pakistani
7 Representative Agha
\gha Shah
hal ___ Afghan Foreign Minister Mohammed Dost the Moscow street often echoed his lead-
“We refuse to be a pawn in the hands of any power bloc.” ers’ sentiments. “Why are you pushing us
around?” asked an economics teacher.
vide another ingredient in the Soviets’ some value. For one thing, the U.N. pro- “Afghanistan is a Marxist country.”
decision-making process.” vides the only arena where diplomats of While assailing the U.S., Moscow
Still more important, in the eyes of all persuasions can meet and deal in pri- sought to soothe other countries. Literary
most observers, was the profound shift in vate. For another, it can provide a mech- Gazette assured the Muslim world that al-
allegiances in the U.N. membership as a anism, in areas of limited agreement, for though the U.SS.R. is atheist, it is not at
whole. The Soviets had lost votes before, such peace-keeping forces as those that war with any religion. Brezhnev asserted
often in the Security Council, but they had guard Cyprus and southern Lebanon. For that the Soviets want continued détente
almost always been able to limit the dam- yet another, it is the only forum in which with Western Europe.
age by casting a veto against resolutions the world can state a collective view. And
of substance. Last week’s debacle, how- finally, it provides a wide variety of tech- f there was any dissent about the in-
ever, was the first occasion when a more nical assistance—shelter for refugees, rice vasion inside the Kremlin, it was well
than two-thirds majority of the U.N.’s 152 and malaria pills for the sick and des- concealed. Despite persistent rumors that
members had challenged and overridden titute. Says U.S. Ambassador Donald Mc- the ailing Brezhnev was not fully in com-
the veto specifically to condemn Mos- Henry: “You can use the U.N. to blow mand, there was no evidence that he
cow’s actions. For some 24 decades, Mos- off steam, to express moral outrage, to ex- | did not make, or at least concur in, the
cow had been virtually assured of U.N. ert political pressure.”” Adds U.N. Under decision to invade. Soviet Ambassador
support every time a debate was directed Secretary-General Brian Urquhart, a 35- Anatoli Dobrynin, who has maintained
at “imperialism,” “colonialism” or “Zi- year veteran: “In emergencies, the U.N. an affable relationship with Washington
onism,” simply by the preponderance of is extremely useful. The U.N. can alter at- policymakers for some 20 years, was in
former Western colonial territories titudes, and that’s a beginning, a mighty Moscow when the decision was reached,
among the nearly 100 new nations that important one, these days.” but it is not known what he advised. Am-
joined the U.N. in that period. That alteration is not expected to pro- ericanologist Georgi Arbatov suffered a
This very influx of Asian and Afri- vide the U.S. with any permanent new al- heart attack in November and probably
can countries, many of them small and lies. Delegate after delegate insisted last did not contribute to the invasion plan
most of them poor, contributed to wide- week that the nonaligned want to remain or an assessment of an American
spread disillusionment with the U.N. nonaligned. For once, however, they reaction.
among many Americans, who for years could express the world’s conscience, and Among Communists elsewhere, there
| had paid more than 25% of U.N. expens- the clumsy, unwieldy, hypocritical and in- was far less unanimity. Although the
es. The organization that had once sym- efficient U.N. provided the only way in Eastern European satellite regimes gen-
bolized the world’s hope for peace had which they could do so. a erally acquiesced as supinely as ever, both
come to seem little more than an anti- Yugoslavia and Albania protested the in-
Western debating society. In 1974 Pres-
ident Ford warned against the “tyranny In Moscow: vasion. French Communist
Georges Marchais, who once pretended
Leader

of the majority” at the U.N. Even more

scornful was the eloquent and combative
US. delegate during 1975 and ‘76, Dan-
Defiant Defense to independence from Moscow, echoed
Brezhnev in saying that the Soviets had
acted only to resist an imperialist threat,
iel Patrick Moynihan, When a U.N. spe- Brezhnev blames it all on U.S. but Spain’s more wayward Communists
cial committee insisted that U.S. military criticized the Soviet move. The Italian
forces on the Virgin Islands (consisting y Moscow may have been taken Communists were more rebellious. In a
of 14 Coastguardsmen, a shotgun, a pis- qd aback by the worldwide con- resolution introduced before the Europe-
tol and a boat) were a military threat to t demnation of its invasion of an Parliament in Strasbourg, Italian Com-
the region, Moynihan mocked the Gen- Afghanistan, but all its trum- munist deputies declared the invasion “an
eral Assembly as a “theater of the pets of propaganda blared denial and de- open violation of the principles of nation-
absurd.” fiance. The Afghanistan rebellion had to al independence and sovereignty.” The
But although Cold War conflicts and be suppressed, went the Kremlin line, and Italians’ goal, in the view of expert ob-
|
repeated Soviet use of the veto had long so the Soviet army had to suppress it. “To servers, is to win enough credibility to en-
ago deprived the U.N. of power to en- have acted otherwise,” said Soviet Com- able them to join in a coalition govern-
force its views, it has retained a role of munist Party Chief Leonid Brezhnev, ment in Rome. B
oy TIME, JANVARY 28, 1980
 ey
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but the rewards get better
ad . ry a
.

Johnnie Walker
Black Label Scotch
YEARS i12 % OLD
~s,
12 YEAR OLD BLENDED SCOTCH WHISKY, 86.8PROOF BOTTLED IN SCOTLAND. IMPORTED BY SOMERSET |MPORTERS, LTD.,N.Y.
BEST DESCRIB
Some of the words people use to de-
scribe their new cars these days arentfitto
But ina time when people are more
— than mildly disappointed in the quality of
print. Much less display on their bumpers. — new cars, Volvo ts one car that’s still well-
made. Which is one reason it’s so well-loved.
In fact, statistics show that 9 out of 10
CAR? So why buy a car people swear at?
When you can buy a car VOLVO
people who buy new Volvos are happy. people swear by. A car you can believe it
 ee om

“Can some Gulf people

Tace ght up New York?oe
with
: liquidcoal?”
“lt happened last October,” says
yr * Gulf Plant Manager ].K. Ward

aperee @ “During a week of tests, the solvent-

refined coal that we made in Tacoma,
oe Washington, helped light up
Manhattan

ae
j
Mepuaied xu
solid , hempy ry Kina

“Ot course, scores

of Gulf people
helped create and develop SRCII
a & ot sree * 8 (that means solvent-retined coal) and
geome
& 708 the processes We Usc to make it

“We're all enthusiastic about the

a coma’ e " test. SRCI did all we expected. It
poms ia @ looks like oil. It pumps like oil.
of all, ic burns as clean as high-grade
Best

reeee 0" tuel oil: emissions were well under

comes RNAI HD the new EPA standards. But it’s coal,
, ee an liquefied and with almost all the
pollut ints lett out
menue t “SRCIL is still experimental. Gulf
a * and the U.S. Department of Energy
are working on it together to deve lop
1 practical alternative to imported
crude oil
“Bur we know how to make it on
ismall scale; we know it will b
well he ne xt step is to find our u
SRCII can be produced in large
quantities, and produced economi
cally. If this can be done, then liquid
coal could be used insteadof precious
petroleum by utilities, industry and
consumers, reducing America’s
reliance on imported crude oil
“We've gor afew centuries’ supply
of coal here in the | >. SOME day,
insteadof helping light up New York
we may be lighting up many of the
cities on the East Coast
Responsible energy mat livement
is a big challenge Clean-burning
liquid coal is oneot the ways Gulf is
developing energy for tomorrow.”

Gulf people:
energy for tomorrow.
Gull Oi po
 “Who Lost Afghanistan?”
A sad chronicle of surprises and miscalculations
wy The virtual annexation of Af- advisers in all the important ministries
4 ghanistan by the Soviet Union and down to the company level in the
t represents not only a strategic armed forces

Na
setback for the U.S. but a po- The Carter Administration under-
tential political liability for Jimmy Carter reacted. Soviet aggressiveness in Afghan-
as well. TIME Diplomatic Correspondent istan would be bad news for détente and
Strobe Talbott examines the historical for U.S. peace initiatives in the Middle Former Presidents Daoud and Teraid
background of the crisis: East. Also, in its eagerness to make friends
in the Third World, the Administration was disbanded.) Insofar as U.S. diplomats
The question “Who lost Afghani- tended to give the benefit of the doubt to and intelligence experts focused on Af-
stan?” is probably inevitable in the pres- leftists who also seemed to be nationalists. ghanistan at all, they made two miscal-
idential campaign, if only because it Pakistan’s strongman, Mohammed Zia culations. First, they believed that the So-
echoes last year’s refrains of “Who lost ul-Haq, warned that a Marxist govern- viets’ desire to preserve détente would
Iran?” and “Who lost Nicaragua?” The ment in Kabul, supported by the Soviets, restrain them in Afghanistan. Second,
temptation to blame Jimmy Carter is un- had gravely upset the balance of power they had long since written off Babrak
derstandable—and, for his critics, irresist- in the region. “The Russians are now at Karmal and his comrades in the pro-So-
ible. After all, even though his predeces- the Khyber Pass,” Zia told TIME in Sep- viet faction, whom the more independent
sors had unwittingly contributed to the tember 1978—but that was simply not a Marxists ruling in Kabul had purged or
leftward drift of the Kabul government, message Washington wanted to hear. driven into East European exile. Even in
it was during Carter’s watch—and partly In 1979 the Soviets escalated their in- the early fall of last year, when an in-
because of his misjudgments—that Af- tervention against Afghanistan’s Muslim teragency intelligence report seriously
ghanistan finally slipped from its tradi- militants and recalcitrant tribesmen who raised the possibility that the Soviets
tional neutrality into the Soviet orbit. had been waging a long simmering and might launch a full-scale “pacification”
But Afghanistan, unlike Iran and Nic- spreading rebellion. The insurgents, in campaign in order to prevent Afghanistan
aragua, was never really “ours” to lose. turn, received more covert assistance from from becoming a hostile Islamic repub-
The British raj stopped at the Afghan bor- China, Pakistan and other countries. But lic, many U.S. experts were betting that
der, and so did the post-World War II by now the U.S. was distracted by a new the Soviets would put that campaign in
Pax Americana. In 1955 John Foster Dul- preoccupation, right next door in Iran. the hands of a nationalistic general, Mo-
les helped set up what became known as (One immediate consequence of the col- hammed Aslam Watanjar. The notion of
the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO) lapse of the Shah: CENTO, long moribund, the Soviets flying Karmal home from
as part ofa global network of anti- srvorv—syewa Eastern Europe seemed too ham-
Soviet alliances. In effect, Dulles handed and provocative, given the |
was drawing a line in the dust that Communists’ obvious need to
the Soviets dared not step across broaden the political base of the
lest they incur the thermonuclear Kabul regime. An armed Soviet
wrath of the West. That line ran takeover of the country was dis-
along the northern frontiers of counted for the same reason. More
| Turkey, Iran and Pakistan, which prescient intelligence would have
were all members of CENTO. In enabled the U.S. to mount a dip-
keeping with Afghanistan’s policy lomatic offensive to deter the So-
of nonalignment, it remained be- viets, or at least to prepare coun-
yond the American “security pe- termeasures in advance
rimeter” and was therefore vul-
nerable to its giant neighbor. ow Karmal is President. (Wa- |
U.S policymakers left Af- tanjar is Minister of Commu-
ghanistan largely out of their geo- nications and No. 6 in the lead-
political calculations, implicitly ership.) Afghanistan has a made-
conceding it to the Soviet sphere * in-Moscow presidium and the
of influence. When Henry Kissin- ruble is the coin ofthe realm. Hav-
ger stopped off in Kabul to show ing become a de facto Soviet sat-
the flag for a few hours in 1974, ellite two years ago, the benighted
he spent almost as much time nation is now in danger of be-
watching buzkashi, a primitive coming the de facto 16th repub- |
and violent form of polo, as he did | lic of the U.S.S.R. That sorry pros-
talking business with President pect leaves the U.S. to polish its
Mohammed Daoud. Says a veter- intelligence community's crystal
an of the Nixon and Ford Admin- ball and to rebuild the original
istrations: “We had no illusions “security perimeter” south of
that the Afghans would or could Afghanistan with new alliances,
defy Moscow. They were more fresh diplomatic offensives, and
Finlandized than the Finns.” © reinforced military deployments.
The Marxist coup in which _ Of course, the U.S. can also hope
Noor Mohammed Taraki over- = that the Afghan guerrillas will
threw Daoud in April 1978 sur- 3 eventually wear out the superior
prised the Soviets as much as it Soviet force in a war of attrition.
did the Americans. Western in- s The odds are against that, but
telligence has not been able to find then, the odds were against a So-
Russian fingerprints on the scene viet occupation in the first place.
of “the April revolution,” but the Afghanarmy tanks in Kabul during Marxist coup of 1978 ___ Now Afghanistan is the Soviets’ |
Soviets wasted no time in placing An armed Soviet takeover was discounted. to lose. ©
TIME, JANUARY 28, 1980 ; 33
 Nation
The Presidency/ Hugh Sidey
AES ee
In the Dock
The trial of the President's pal
Portrait of aMan Grown Larger and in hand, smiling and seemingly |
without a care in the world, Bert and
resident Carter now has the LaBelle Lance last week strode into the
body and face of a far young- Richard Russell Federal Building in At-
er man. His running has boiled off lanta. They headed for the gold-uphol-
even the traces of fat, made his stered ceremonial courtroom on the 23rd
stomach almost concave. His floor, site of the most unpleasant event in
muscles and bones have adjusted Lance’s go-go career. His long awaited tri-
to the new physical challenge. The FHL
SLIM
BSNOM
ASBANNOD al for violating U.S. banking laws was
corners show. His face seems about to begin, and he professed to be ea-
square from his jaw to his haircut, ger to get started. Said Lance: “We're
which has exposed his ears more ready to move ahead.”
and flattened the top. More an- One of President Carter's closest
gles. The stringiness so apparent friends, Lance served as Director of the
when he first began jogging has Office of Management and Budget until
disappeared. He is coiled phys- he was forced to resign in September 1977.
ical vitality behind the desk in Three of his associates are on trial with
the Oval Office or sitting in an him: Thomas M. Mitchell, a member of
overstuffed chair in the family the Georgia state transportation board; H.
quarters. Jackson Mullins, a former pharmacist;
Carter is a rather small man. and Richard T. Carr, a onetime Georgia
He weighs 151 Ibs., stands 5 ft. 94 bank president. The four defendants are
in. Plain, muted suits and ties en- charged with a variety ofillegal acts in ob-
hance his slenderness. Yet when taining more than $20 million in loans
he talks these days he seems big- Cincinnati Enquirer by William Michael Harnett from 41 banks in Georgia, Tennessee,
ger. His principal concern is world New York, Hong Kong and Luxembourg.
peace. His thoughts must embrace the entire globe. For three years he used to According to the indictment, they made
rush back from every excursion into Big Power and drop out with town meetings false entries in bank records, misapplied
and backyard picnics. He cannot do that today. Events are on the march, and ei- funds, willfully overvalued property and
ther he plays the central role or no one does. Soviet intentions must be redefined, conspired to gain unwarranted extensions
free-world interests stated, and American power positioned to provide political of credit.
unity and hold territory. It is not the sort of thing most Presidents like to do. It is The first week of the trial was devoted
dangerous work. Harry Truman, it is said, would just assoon have ducked US. in- to selecting a panel of 56 jurors and alter-
volvement in the Greek-Turkish crisis of 1947. He concluded he could not, and nates, a painstakingly slow process. By
the Truman Doctrine was born. It was perhaps his finest hour. week’s end 53 had been chosen. All had
The question: Is this new Carter big enough inside to understand the enor- been required to answer 70 written inqui-
mousness of the challenge the U.S. faces and reach beyond anything he has imag- ries about their education, employment,
ined before to establish a principle for free-world survival? health—even their hobbies and reading
There are some good signs. Carter reads the hot-line messages from Leonid habits. In court, Edwin J. Tomko, a mem-
Brezhnev with knitted brows. Question marks. He handles the few pages as if they ber of the Justice Department's fraud sec-
were radioactive. They could be. He says each critical word as if destiny were bur- tion, asked each potential juror in a high-
ied in its syllables. That could be too. He talks about power and the possibility of pitched voice whether he or she had seen
war as he used to talk Government reorganization and revenue sharing. His mind or heard any accounts ofthe case, formed
probes beyond the merely visible. If the Soviet moves in Afghanistan are unop- an opinion or read LaBelle’s book This
posed, that confirms to the men in the Politburo that they can invade the soft Too Shall Pass. In a silky Southern voice,
spots of the free world with impunity. If that attitude survives these months, then Defense Attorney Nickolas P. Chilivis
cataclysm lies ahead. Carter must move on instinct, something he has avoided for asked jury candidates if they had had sat-
three years. isfactory or unsatisfactory experiences
He reads the old documents, like the account of the Soviet invasion of Czecho- with banks, if they had ever applied for a
slovakia in 1968. He worries on the phone with France’s President Giscard d’Es- loan, if they had ever had an overdraft.
taing, and he probes cautiously on a call to India’s newly elected and infuriating Asked whether she had heard anything
Indira Gandhi. The President’s international phoning is now done with the same about the case, Bookkeeper Rebekah M.
casualness he uses for lowa’s caucus votes. His list includes Pakistan's Zia, Ger- Bartlett, 61, replied, “I’m sure we all have
many’s Schmidt, Egypt’s Sadat, Britain’s Thatcher. He still writes Brezhnev reg- unless we've been out of the country.”
ular personal letters, Jury selection was so prolonged that
Carter’s mind has never had to embrace so much. One second it is on China Tomko joked, “At this rate, my new-
and the next on the U.N., then on the Third World and again on the oil supplies born daughter will be | |.
of the Persian Gulf, from there to the Islamic conference in Pakistan and back to in first grade by the ‘3
US. military capability. The breadth and difficulty of these unsolved equations of time we begin.” And
power are Churchillian. in graduate school be-
Upstairs in the mansion, in the west sitting hall, he can occasionally be fore they end. Together
glimpsed in the morning light beneath his favorite painting, a still life by William the two sides may call |
Michael Harnett in 1888. It shows a table with books, a copy of the Cincinnati En- between 150 and 200
quirer, a pipe and spilled ashes, a brass candlestick. It is a scene that is left by a witnesses before the
man in thought. One senses some resonance between Carter and the painting. case goes to the jury
The time of Carter’s contemplation of this strained world is about over. What has and the fate of Jimmy
been read and thought must now be brought to life. Carter’s old friend is
decided. a Lance in Atlanta
4
24 TIME, JANUARY 28, 1980
 CLIPPER CLASS.
' TFSALLBUSINESS AND
| IT’S ALL YOURS.

When you're extra attention

thousands of miles from they deserve.
J home trying to solve a Maybe that’s ‘
business problem, it’s why thousands mI
usually no of people take
vacation. Pan Am to work. i\\ »
Things could be Shouldn't you?
toughenough § } Clipper Class.
while youre there. It's strictly busi
So getting there ness. And it's
shouldn't be : only on Pan Am.
tough, too. check-in service, drinks
That’s why on the house and your
Pan Am has choice of
Clipper Class—a e
special section of the
airplane just for busi-g »
entrees. And
ness travelers. that’s just for
When you fly openers.
Because Clipper Class is
also an attitude.
We treat the
4 ;
business
traveler as
somebody special,
somebody goinga
long way to doa
good job.
So we've trained
our people and organized
our system to give business
travelers the recognition and

We fly the world

the way the world wants to fly.
 Nation
or reveal the candidate. Says Senator

Toward Reform of the Reforms

George McGovern, one of the chief au- |
thors of the nominating reforms: “The
candidate isn’t under the close personal |
Road to nomination is too complex, too costly, too long scrutiny that a handful of bosses used to
give him. I have to admit that the more
Who could have predicted the outcome getting too bored to bother to vote at all. primaries there are, the more difficult is
of the 1980 race for the G.O.P. nomination? The primary turnout dropped from 39% the process.” The winner of the 1976 mar-
On the eve of the Oregon primary, George of those of voting age in 1968 to 28% eight athon, Jimmy Carter, was not really much
Bush stopped in the middle of his 2,735th years later, and there is no reason to think better known at the end of the campaign
campaign speech and, with a faraway look it will not continue to decline. than he was at the beginning, and his
in his eyes, wandered outside. He said he If the outcome of this ever lengthen- stands on the issues remained murky—
wanted to enjoy the scenery. Earlier, How- ing process were highly satisfactory, then calculatedly so.
ard Baker returned to the Senate, claiming it might be worth the effort. But there is Theoretically, a candidate acquires an
he would rather push a dozen energy bills growing unease over the kind of candi- understanding of local issues and region-
through Congress than endure another pri- date who ultimately emerges. That he has al viewpoints as he zigzags around the
mary. Ronald Reagan went back to mak- been rigorously tested in some respects country, but this may be exaggerated.
ing movies because there were fewer chang- can hardly be denied. “The energy of the Typically, he darts from one town to the
es of scene; John Connally found it more long distance runner is essential to the next, checking in at interchangeable mo-
restful to teach Middle East relations at conduct of the presidency,” says Leonard tels, giving much the same speech in front
New York City College. At the convention, Garment, a New York attorney who used of audiences that are to a considerable ex-
party leaders were panicked: there were no to be an aide to President Nixon. “It’s a
candidates. Then they hit on an astounding job that calls for that kind of stamina.”
idea, Why not meet in a smoke-filled back Yet other qualities may be slighted by the
room and, pooling their experience and in- primary process: experience, acumen, po-
fluence, pick the best candidate? This they litical leadership, an ability to organize co-
did, producing a man who was acceptable alitions and to work out compromises.
to all elements of the party, a man who was Says Mike Thompson, a Republican state
fresh from having avoided the primaries, a committeeman in Florida: “Franklin
man who... The rest is history. Roosevelt couldn’t be nominated today.
A Bruce Jenner could beat him.”
hat much maligned figure, the party The system favors the unencumbered
boss, is looking better and better these outsider with lots of time and money. Nat-
days. A growing number of politicians and
political scientists would like to bring him L ays 7
back, smoke-filled room and all, to restore
some order and rationality to the now cha-
otic presidential nominating process.
The McGovern-Fraser reforms of

tent made up of the traveling press corps,

which anticipates his every word. The
candidate does not learn from the people
he addresses nor they from him. Increas-
ingly, his private pollsters tell him what
is supposed to be on peoples’ minds; then
he tells the people what he thinks they
want to hear. A new idea is rare indeed.
1972, initiated by the Democrats and cop- urally, those who benefit most want to
ied by the Republicans, were intended to change it least. Bill Roberts, John Connal- s they trudge through the primaries,
open the process to a greater number of ly’s western campaign manager, needs all the candidates aim for the votes of a
people, especially women, minorities and the time he can get to expose his candi- rather narrow slice of the electorate.
the young. But the new rules have made date. “Overa 16- to 18-month period, the Because a greater degree of understanding
the selection by caucus so complicated truth will out,” he says. But the candidate of candidates and issues is needed to
that more and more states have substi- who is holding down a full-time job is at a cast a primary ballot, those who vote
tuted primaries. This year 37 are holding serious disadvantage. That has been the tend to be articulate, highly motivated,
primaries, an expensive and enervating problem for Howard Baker, who was late upper middle income citizens, who are
ordeal for candidates that isalmost as bur- in starting his campaign because of his du- usually more ideologically committed,
densome as the presidency itself. ties as Senate minority leader. Significant- whether to the right or to the left. Writes
The process that has been evolving ly, all his chief rivals are currently unem- Chicago Lawyer Newton Minow, former
over the past ten years is just as weari- ployed. “We've really turned the world chairman of the FCC: “The current ver-
some for a jaded public. Thanks to in- upside down,” says Barney Frank, a Dem- sion of primaries turns the decision over
creasing television exposure, the candi- ocratic state representative in Massachu- to what, in a sense, is a new kind of po-
dates become as familiar and predictable, setts. “It used to be that you needed a po- litical boss. A small handful of party ac-
if not as entertaining, as Mork and Ar- sition to run from. Now you need not to tivists dominate the primaries. The re-
chie. And how many canned speeches, have one. The out-of-office guy is the one sult is a process that tends to fragment
straws in the wind, shifts in the polls, who's way ahead. That’s a little wacky.” rather than unify and to confuse rather
who's-up-who’s-down, can an audience All the additional campaigning does than enlighten.”
take before it tunes out? Many people are not necessarily clarify the complex issues As the primaries have proliferated,
iitustration
forTIME by Eugene Mihaesco TIME, JANUARY 28, 1980

4
 A report on the great American forest.

Look whath
when Mother Nature gets
alittle help.

These log
industry—
slices dramat-
that is
ically show
capable
the value of
of, and
modern, scien-
poten-
tific forest
tially
management.
available
Both (shown
for, growing
36% of actual
repeated
size) are from trees
crops of trees
of about the same
for harvest. It in-
age. The smaller one grew
cludes land in Na-
in an unmanaged, overcrowded stand where it had to tional Forests but not
compete for sunlight and moisture. The other is from in National Parks or Wilderness areas.)
a grove that was thinned to give the best trees room But trees aren’t grown equally fast by all com-
to thrive. mercial forest owners. Though industry has made
This is just one of many ways forest management striking advances on its lands, productivity is lower
can help meet a predicted doubling of domestic demand on privately owned lands and seriously lagging in
for wood and paper products in the next 50 years. National Forests.
The forest industry has learned how to help
Mother Nature grow more trees, faster, by applying Productivity
not uptopotential.
scientific forest management techniques: encourag-
ing natural regrowth, planting superior seeds and Overall, the U.S. Forest Service estimates aver-
seedlings, fertilizing, protecting against disease and age productivity of all commercial forestland is only
insects, thinning, watching carefully until time to 61 percent of potential. And at the same time, actual
harvest — then starting the cycle again. acreage in commercial forests keeps shrinking, as
land is withdrawn for homes, highways and other
needs of an expanding population.
So we as a nation still havea long way to go if
Forest management like this is vital because our wood and paper products are not to become scarce
every year Americans need more homes, more paper and expensive.
products, more packaging and containers, more fuel- If you'd like to be better informed on how impor-
wood, more of the thousands of other essential prod- tant it is to keep America’s forests productive, write
ucts that only the forest can provide. American Forest Institute, P.O. Box 873, Springfield,
So far, the country’s commercial forest has been VA 22150 for a free booklet, “The Great American
able to keep up with demand. (Commercial forest, as Forest.”
defined by the U.S. Forest Service, is all forestland— The great American forest. Trees for tomorrow.
whether owned by individuals, government or the And tomorrow. And all the tomorrows after that.

Trees. America’s renewable resource.

 8061 POSTERIOR
(ORIGINAL >

Raytheon gives the art of healing a new look.

Early and accurate diagnosis... more often than than any other gamma camera now available.
not it’s the key to successful medical treatment. Already the new camera is in use at such major
Today, doctors make use of a broad array of medical centers as Baptist Memorial Hospital in
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effective “tools” are the sensitive fingers and in Chicago, and, most recently. Boston's
discerning eyes of the trained physician. At Lahey Clinic.
other times, only sophisticated electronic equip- X-rays, of course, have long been a main-
ment can give doctors the information they need. stay of medical diagnosis. Raytheon’s involve-
This new Raytheon gamma camera, for ment in X-ray technology goes back to the turn
example, allows doctors to examine internal of the century. Machlett Laboratories, a
organs in great detail, reveals characteristics Raytheon company, was one of the pioneer
that are not available through X-raysor other manufacturersof X-ray tubes and devices and
means. It offers a clearer image, is faster to continues today as a leading supplier. Recently,
operate, and provides greater patient comfort Raytheon expanded its capabilities to include
complete X-ray systems marketed under both the part of our large and diversified electronics busi-
Amrad and Raytheon Medical Imaging names. ness. one of five basic business areas at Raytheon.
At the leading edge of X-ray technology, The others are major appliances, energy ser-
Raytheon has just completed design and con- vices. heavy construction equipment, and educa-
struction of a highly sophisticated X-ray scanner tional publishing. For copies of our latest
for the Mayo Clinic. Called a Dynamic Spatial financial reports, please write Raytheon
Reconstructor. this huge. 25-foot X-ray machine Company, Public Relations, 141 Spring Street,
provides three-dimensional picturesof moving Lexington, Massachusetts 02173.
organs. It will be used to conduct advanced
research in heart disease.
The art of healing...asold as civilization
itself, yet as changeable as tomorrow. At
Raytheon, our electronics technology is helping
it change for the better. Medical electronics is a
 The Volkswagen Dasher | Dasher wagon holds 40 cubic feet of
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 the role of the parties has diminished. The mere three weeks. In the U.S., caucuses To give seasoned political leaders
candidate builds his personal campaign and primaries now stretch from January more say in the nomination, a number of
structure. This tightly knit, often amateur to June of election year and could be com- delegate seats could be automatically al-
group, its fortunes wedded to one man, is pressed. Democratic Congressman Morris lotted to them. Tim Hagan, Democratic
inevitably antagonistic to the party, a sit- Udall, who ran unsuccessfully in 1976, Party chairman of Ohio’s Cuyahoga
uation that carries over to the White suggests limiting the contests to four dates: County, recommends letting state parties
House when the winner arrives there. the first Tuesday of each month from add at least 25 delegates from their own
Alan Baron, who was a chief instigator of March to June. “This would provide a ranks who would be uncommitted to any
party reforms and now publishes a news- smorgasbord of elections around the particular candidate. That would leave
letter, the Baron Report, in Washington, country instead of these overblown sin- them free to bargain with other delega-
feels that Carter won “on the basis of be- gle primaries,” he explains. tions at the convention. Says Hagan: “I
ing able to appeal successfully to individ- Another alternative, not necessarily see nothing wrong with 100 county chair-
an improvement, is to consolidate the pri- men from across the country having some
maries on a regional basis, though that say about what direction they want to go
might give an unfair advantage to one in. At least they would be a check on the
candidate over another. In 1976, for ex- possibility that someone runs through
ample, Carter would probably have lost these primaries without great scrutiny.”
the nomination if the first regional pri-
mary had been held in the West, where inow proposes a more elaborate
he did poorly. An even more extreme so- scheme to give political leaders ad-
lution would be a national primary, which ditional influence. No delegate would be
would reduce the whole election process bound to any candidate if the primary
to two nationwide votes. Such a plan vote is less than two-thirds of the par-
would eliminate local issues, however, and ty’s registered voters. In practice, that
would put more emphasis than ever on would mean that almost all delegates
the oversimplified approaches that work would go to the convention uncommitted.
best on television. Political Consultant Furthermore, independents would not be
David Garth believes that a national pri- allowed to cast their ballots in the party
primaries. Instead, they would have a
vote of their own. The independent vote
would have no official standing, but it
would be taken into consideration by
the party delegates when they attend
the convention. They would have a good
indication of which candidates have the
broadest appeal, but they would still
be free to exercise their independent
judgment.
A larger role for regulars would rein-
force the weakened two-party system. The
ual voters, not on the basis of building co- influence of television advisers and single-
alitions and forging ties among various
groups that are necessary for governing
the country. We have divided the presi-
dential election process from the govern-
ing process.” Adds Chris Arterton, profes-
sor of political science at Yale and author
of a forthcoming book on the nominating
process: “It is somewhat troublesome to
find a President coming to office who
needs three or four years to figure out what
his coalition is. Carter said he was the
least encumbered President in American
history. He’s right, and we've paid for it.”

et the growing number of observers mary would lead to what “Nelson Rocke-
who are unhappy with the current sys- feller used to call BOMFOG—the brother-
tem take a pragmatic view of changing hood of man and the fatherhood of God issue zealots would be reduced. The par-
it. They do not want to repeat the mis- —and never get into issues.” ties could be strengthened if federal funds
take of the reformers who drastically cur- Without abolishing the primaries, as were given to them instead of to the can-
tailed the power of party leaders and Gov- Barry Goldwater has proposed, the role didates. The current law, requiring a can-
ernment officials without adequately of party leaders and officeholders can be didate to qualify for matching funds by
considering the consequences. There are increased. Minneapolis Attorney David raising in 20 states at least $5,000 in in-
distinct advantages to a more open sys- Lebedoff, a longtime activist in Minne- dividual contributions of no more than
tem, however few people take advantage sota’s Democratic Farmer-Labor Party, $250, encourages separatism. The parties
of it. Says Jonathan Moore, director of asks: “If we have representative govern- could also be given free time on televi-
the John F. Kennedy School of Govern- ment, why can’t we have representative sion to develop issues and present their
ment’s Institute of Politics at Harvard: politics? No one says that there should candidates. However imperfectly, the par-
“We have a very flexible, very pluralistic be a town meeting of 100 million people ties have traditionally mediated among
system with a lot of freedom of choice through two-way TV for a vote on the the contending groups of the electorate,
and diversity within it.” SALT treaty.” Everett C. Ladd of the So- producing a candidate who is at least ac-
Still, there is room for improvement cial Science Data Center at the Univer- ceptable to all factions, and at best high-
without junking the present setup. For one sity of Connecticut argues that the alleged ly qualified. After all, the point of the
thing, the process is too long. Great Brit- glories “of participatory democracy have nominating process is to find someone
ain’s national election is disposed of in a neutralized representative democracy.” who can run the country.
1
TIME, JANUARY 238, 1980
 Nation

—_—_
a
A

ts
| Disputed channel in 1969: open inMay (see lower right in first photo, left), still open in July, closed in November

‘The Tide in Ted’s Life

pechne. Then they drove to the opposite
end of Chappaquiddick, where, Kennedy
said, he jumped into the water and battled
New challenges to his account of Chappaquiddick | a ferocious northward-flowing current to
reach Edgartown, on the other side of a
hen Senator Edward Kennedy be- on Chappaquiddick, where he had thrown 500-ft. channel from Chappaquiddick (see
gan his presidential campaign, he a party for eleven aides—five men and six map). For different reasons, the Star and
was encouraged by polls to believe that women. Kennedy later claimed that he Reader's Digest concluded that the tide
his conduct a decade ago at Chappaquid- | and Kopechne were driving back to their had actually been flowing in the opposite
dick Island would not be an important separate hotels in Edgartown, the main direction and would have helped rather
issue. He knew that a significant number town on Martha’s Vineyard, when he than endangered the Senator during his
of voters would never fully trust his ac- made a wrong turn and headed east down swim. The Digest flatly said that Kenne-
count of what happened on the night of a dirt road to Dike Bridge. After the ac- dy’s story “is false.”
July 18-19, 1969, when his car careered cident, Kennedy said, he managed to The direction and strength of the tide |
off narrow Dike Bridge and Mary Jo Ko- struggle out of the submerged car. As his during the swim are central to one of the |
pechne drowned. But he thought that vot- story goes, after several dives in an at- | most important questions about Chappa-
ers would at least believe his assertion that tempt to save Kopechne, he walked back quiddick: Why did Kennedy wait until al-
there was nothing more to be said about to the cottage to summon two close aides, | most ten hours after the accident before
the accident and finally turn their atten- Joseph Gargan and Paul Markham. They reporting it to the police? At a January
tion to more topical questions. returned with him to the bridge and dived 1970 inquest, he gave a vivid account of
But Chappaquiddick has turned out repeatedly but were unable to save Ko- how he had plunged into the water and
to be the Campaign Issue That then “felt an extraordinary shove
Will Not Go Away. The Senator .,. the tide began to draw me out,
himself revived interest in the and for the second time that eve-
tragedy with his hesitant answers NANTUCKET SOUND ning I knew I was going to drown
to questions about it posed by ... [remembered being swept down
Roger Mudd during the now cel- toward the direction of the Edgar-
ebrated CBS interview in Novem- town Light and well out into the
ber. Last week separate stories in darkness.” He eventually reached
the Washington Star, Reader's Di- Edgartown but, he said, was so ex-
gest and New York Post fanned hausted by the struggle that he
a new controversy at a critical could do nothing but stagger the few
time: just before the Jan. 21 Dem- blocks to his hotel and fall into bed.
ocratic caucuses in Iowa that Government tide tables for the
began the process of selecting del- area seemed to back up the Sena-
egates to the presidential nomi- tor’s story, but both the Digest and
Cottage 4 Star raised serious questions. Ber-
naling convention in August.
The Post story did not bear di- nard Le Méhauté, an oceanograph-
MARTHA’S )CHAPPAQUIDDICK ic engineer commissioned by the
rectly on the tragedy; it was an ac- VINEYARD
count of previous parties that ISLAND Site of Digest, studied the tides on Nov. 9-
Kennedy had allegedly thrown for accident 10, 1979, which he determined were
his aides and various young wom- nearly identical, after some minor
KATAMA
en on Martha's Vineyard. The Di- adjustments, to those on the night of
BAY the accident. He concluded that a
gest and Star articles, however,
challenged the truthfulness of the northward current could have been
Senator's description of his behav- flowing that night, just as Kennedy
ior following Kopechne’s death. i) 1 mi. said. But Méhauté found that by
She died soon after she and TIME Map by P. J, Pugliese ATLANTIC OCEAN 1:30 a.m., when the Senator said he
Kennedy had left a rented cottage had jumped into the channel, the

28 aa TIME, JANUARY 238, 1980

 tide would have been “weak to zero.” "
terpreter of photographs for the National AF serted, he would have seen the bridge in
Moreover, Méhauté said, just about then Oceanic and Atmospheric Administra- time to brake safely to a stop. The point
the tide turned and the current through tion in Washington, was quoted by the seems secondary; whatever Kennedy’s
the channel started flowing south. The im- Star as saying that the May picture in- speed that fateful night, it obviously was
plication was that the current would have dicated that the sand-bar opening was too fast for the washboard-like road lead-
carried Kennedy toward Edgartown’s “shallow, possibly one to four feet.” But ing up to the bridge.
narrow inner harbor and the shore, not he told Kennedy's staff that he had been In any case, the Senator's actions
north toward Nantucket Sound. In rebut- misquoted. Actually, he said, “there is that night are so odd, by his own de-
tal, Kennedy Brother-in-Law Stephen no way to tell if the depth is one foot,
Smith produced oceanographic studies,
scription, that Kennedy himself has called
four feet or some other depth.” A third them “irrational and indefensible and
commissioned by the Senator, showing expert, Jerome Milgram. a professor of inexcusable and inexplicable.” Thus they
that the tide had been running north until | Ocean engineering at Massachusetts In-
offer a fertile field for investigative re-
1:36 a.m., a few minutes after Kennedy stitute of Technology, who was hired by
said he began the swim. porters, and more attempted exposés may
Kennedy's staff to study the currents, be on the way. Nicholas Horrock and a
The Washington Star relied on en- concluded that the opening was “more team of fellow New York Timesmen are
tirely different evidence. It produced aer- than twelve feet deep.” The depth of reported to be poking anew into the
ial photos, dated May and November the opening is important because only a
1969, of the sand-bar opening through tragedy. Ladislas Farago, a writer on
large volume of water pouring through military and espionage subjects, is
which ocean tides swept northward into it could produce the northward current said to be preparing a long book about
Katama Bay, through the channel be- that Kennedy described at the inquest. Chappaquiddick.
tween Edgartown and Chappaquiddick
and out into the sound. According to the j
pictures, the opening into Katama Bay
was still clear in May but had been
blocked by sand by November. The Star
indicated that the opening had gradually
silted up during the intervening months.
The newspaper concluded that by July 18
the gap would have been too narrow and
shallow to let in a northward current of
any strength. That interpretation concurs
with what Ralph Martin, racing secretary
of the local yacht club for 40 years, told
TIME a few weeks after the accident. He
said that winter storms in 1968-69 had so
narrowed the opening in the sand bar as
to reduce drastically the strength of the
tide flowing into the bay and inner har-
bor. Said he: “It’s not anywhere like what
it used to be. The tide used to run like
the devil through here.”

K ennedy accused the Star of “irrespon-

sible, shoddy and incomplete” report-
ing. His aides produced aerial photos
showing the sand bar still open to the
south on July 2—and indeed, on Oct. 24, A «
1969. The Star did not have the July 2 pic- Joan and Ted Kennedy speaking at press conference in lowa last
week just before caucuses
ture, which was obtained by the Kenne- “Yes, I believe m y husband's story’ —but the voters have Sresh reason
dy staff two weeks ago from J. Gordon to doubt it.
Ogden, a longtime summer resident of Kennedy is unlikely to set to rest
Martha’s Vineyard who has compiled a What more may be published, and
doubts about his story. Both the Digest when, is uncertain. But the issue has
book on the area’s tides. But the Star did and Star pointed out that his account of
have the Oct. 24 photo. The newspaper's not left voters’ minds. A New York
nearly drowning during the swim conflict- Times-CBS News poll two months ago
editors decided not to publish it because ed with the testimony of Gargan and
it was taken from an oblique angle and | Markham at the January 1970 inquest. found that 69% of the Democrats que-
did not show the channel clearly enough ried had a favorable opinion of Kennedy
They said that they had watched the start vs, only 19% unfavorable. A new poll pub-
—though it demonstrates that the chan- of the Senator’s swim, observed no strug-
nel had not narrowed since May, despite lished last week disclosed that the favor-
gle, concluded that he could reach Ed- able figure had shrunk to 51%, while the
the Star's assertion to the contrary, gartown with no trouble and returned to
Kennedy's aides also released state- unfavorable number had doubled to 38%
the cottage. Kennedy told reporters last —and those questioned who disliked the
ments from two experts disputing quotes week that he might not have shown any
attributed to them by the Star. One was Senator repeatedly cited doubts about
signs ofdifficulty that were visible to Gar- Chappaquiddick. |
Ogden, who was said by the Star to have gan and Markham, but that he nonethe-
waded through “chest-deep” water across less had battled against a fierce tide.
the sand-bar opening in the summer of = week Kennedy’s wife Joan, cam-
The Digest, in addition, produced a paigning with her husband in Iowa,
1969. But he told Kennedy’s staff that “no second allegation: when Kennedy’s rent-
one in his right mind [would do so] be- insisted: “Yes, I believe my husband’s sto-
ed 1967 Oldsmobile approached the ry.” She expressed a belief that “these sto-
cause of the depth and rapidly flowing bridge, he had been driving at 30 to 38
tidal currents.” His wading, he said, had ries Coming out now at this crucial time.
m.p.h., rather than 20 m.p.h., as he tes- | just before the Iowa caucuses, should not
been at a different spot, where the bay tified at the inquest. It based this con-
was wider and shallower. Replied Star be given any attention at all when we real-
clusion on computer studies conducted by ly should be discussing the important is-
Reporter Duncan Spencer: “I’ve got it in an auto-safety expert. Had “a reasonably
my notes. That’s all I can say.” sues that my husband has been raising in
attentive driver” actually approached the his campaign.” Her wish seems unlikely
The other expert, Ed Rolle, an in- | bridge at 20 m.p.h. or so, the Digest as-
to be fulfilled. =
TIME, JANUARY 238, 1980
29
 Nation —
| Reaching Out
quired to pay for an abortion that a doctor
deemed medically necessary. The list of
plaintiffs expanded to include McRae,
T3INYO
3NIYOS
Planned Parenthood of New York City, The VA helps Vietvets
and other poor women unable to get
abortions. i: Birmingham, Don Reed and three
The plaintiffs called 40 witnesses, and aides got six phone calls in two weeks
the trial produced thousands of pages of about Viet Nam War veterans who threat-
testimony. For 13 months Judge Dooling, ened to kill themselves. Each time Reed
71, a Roman Catholic and father of five, | and his team raced to answer the cries
pondered the legal, religious and medical for help. One vet waved a knife and swore
issues. Last week he issued a 642-page that he would slice up his dog and then
document in which he stopped short of himself. “Cut up the damn dog,” said
ruling that the Hyde Amendment violat- Reed with a calm that he did not feel. “I
ed the constitutional separation of church don’t care.” Suddenly, when the vet was
and state. But he reasoned that by ex- distracted, Reed kicked him in the shins
empting medically necessary abortions and disarmed him. Reed & Co. saved five
from the comprehensive Medicaid pro- of the vets, but they were too late on one
gram, the Government violated at least call. Depressed, the man had already cut
two constitutional guarantees: the Fifth veins in his arms and died.
Amendment rights of religious freedom Reed and his team are part of the Vet-
and individual liberty. Dooling called a erans Administration’s new Operation
woman’s freedom to terminate her preg- Outreach. Started on Oct. 1, the program
nancy for health reasons, “nearly allied to now has teams working out of about 40
her right to be,” a matter “of moral judg- storefronts and operating on a first-year
ment and ultimately religious in origin.” budget of $9.9 million. By next year the
Dooling adopted the language of a Su- service is scheduled to expand to 86 teams
Federal Judge John Dooling preme Court ruling to define what con- capable of reaching some 100,000 Viet
stitutes a “medically necessary” abortion: Nam vets at an annual cost of $13.9 mil-

Abortion Ruling “ _. a professional judgment for the phy-

sician that may be exercised in the light
of all factors—physical, emotional, psy-
lion. The VA got the idea from a similar
counseling service provided through 65
centers by the private Disabled American
An order to pay the poor chological, familial and the woman’s age Veterans Organization.
—relevant to the well-being of the pa- Top VA officials candidly admit that
ora McRae, 24, a Brooklyn mother, tient.” Abortion opponents nonetheless Operation Outreach is needed because the
was pregnant again in 1976 and want- criticized the definition as too broad. Said VA's normal facilities have failed to help
ed an abortion. She was poor and went Robert Destro, general counsel for the enough of the roughly 500,000 veterans
to Planned Parenthood for advice, but Catholic League for Religious and Civil who suffer from what Government psy-
was told that the Government could not Rights: “Judge Dooling’s definition of chologists call “P.V.S."—Post-Viet Nam
pay for her operation. In October the health means anything. He leaves no Syndrome. “We find a lot of the guys have
Hyde Amendment, which cut off federal meaningful distinction between elective turned off society and turned off the VA,”
| funds for all abortions except for preg- and nonelective abortions.” concedes VA Administrator Max Cle-
nancies that endangered a woman's life, Rhonda Copelon, an attorney for the land, who lost two legs and an arm in
would go into effect. But Cora McRae’s plaintiffs, called the ruling “a landmark Viet Nam. He recalls his own struggle
plight aroused the sympathies of civil for women, the poor, liberty and the Con- with P.V\S. all too well: “It was like a se-
rights lawyers, who started a legal battle stitution.” If upheld, the decision would ries of secondary explosions going off in
| in her behalf. Last week that battle cul- strike down the Hyde Amendment, and my head. I was on an emotional roller-
minated in a sweeping decision by Brook- any comparable state restrictions. But coaster, and I didn’t know where I was
lyn Federal District Court Judge John F. Dooling delayed putting his decision into going.’ Added Don Crawford, a VA psy-
Dooling Jr. He ruled that the Hyde effect for 30 days to allow right-to-life sup- chologist who directs Operation Out-
Amendment is unconstitutional, and he porters to appeal it to the Supreme Court. reach: “A lot of these veterans don’t trust
ordered the Government to provide Med- | Even if the Supreme Court does agree the Government. They feel it screwed
icaid funds for any abortion that a poor with him, the abortion battle is far from them over. They won't even go into a Gov-
woman’s doctor decides is necessary. over. Anti-abortionists have a last resort: ernment building.”
The lawyers first won an amendment to the Con- But Crawford has discovered that de-
a preliminary injunction stitution. Although an pressed or distraught vets can be coaxed
against the Hyde Amend- amendment outlawing all into visiting the informal storefront of- |
ment from Judge Dooling in abortions has received little fices of Operation Outreach. The offices,
1976, and McRae got her support so far, Dooling’s de- moreover, are generally manned by Viet
abortion. Ten months later, cision could have the unin- Nam vets who have suffered similar emo- |
however, the Supreme tended result of fueling the tional maladies. These counselors go
Court ruled that its 1973 de- movement. Said North Car- through a weeklong training session de-
cision guaranteeing a wom- olina Republican Jesse signed to rid them of their own postwar
an’s right to abortion did Helms, the Senate's leading hang-ups. They also learn how to tell
not require the Government right-to-life proponent: when a vet needs professional psychiatric
to pay for poor women’s “His decision has the effect help rather than some friendly counseling.
abortions if they were of saying ‘no compromise.’ The chance to bend a responsive
“nontherapeutic,” meaning It is sure to result in an in- ear has helped to ease the lingering post-
the woman's health or life crease in the efforts of pro- combat trauma of many veterans. Said
was not endangered by life supporters to elect Cleland: “Some guys are absolutely para-
pregnancy. But the high members of Congress who lyzed by P.V.S. They have to have a
court did not rule on wheth- will pass the human life compassionate environment to let them-
er the state could be re- Lawyer Rhonda Copelon amendment.” = selves go.” Z

30 TIME, JANUARY 238, 1980

 Narninn
WdTNing

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 Americana
| sion of all transport seized in drug busts.
For the Birds The officers may, in many cases, keep the
Every morning for seven years, two vehicles for their own official use, or sell
workmen have had to scrub the front them to help pay their expenses. All to-
steps of Oklahoma’s state capitol, clean- gether, sheriffs’ departments have seized
ing up after the hundreds of starlings at least $6 million in property since 1976.
and pigeons that roost on the ledges over- U.S. customs officials alone last year
head. To end the problem, the state in- claimed 81 airplanes, 191 boats and 211
stalled spikes, but the birds merely used land vehicles.
them to anchor their nests more secure- But even as the lawmen upgrade their
ly. Next the state spread a sticky goo equipment, courtesy of the smugglers, Passing the Buck?
that was supposed to give the birds hot they find themselves losing out in the war Equality continues to elude poor Su-
feet. This did not work either. Then the of technology. Drug runners are using ever san B. Anthony. The Government hon-
State set out corn kernels that had been faster ships and planes; four-engine Con- ored the suffragist leader with a $1 coin
stellations, for example, are replacing last summer, and critics have not stopped
some twin-engine planes. And some law sneering. “The Edsel of coins,” said some.
enforcement officials in Florida frankly Of the 758 million coins that were mint-
admit that they probably stop only one- ed, only about 270 million have been
tenth of the drug traffic, which means that put into circulation. The rest are piled
shipments worth upwards of $3 billion a up in banks and the U.S. Mint.
year are getting through. What to do? A University of Mich-
i a ert es SE
igan graduate business school study sug-
gested phasing out the dollar bill, which
would save taxpayers $50 million a year
Marathon Man in production costs because coins are
Not one to coast on his past achieve- more durable than paper currency, but
ments, Richard Rodriguez, 22, was rid- Congressmen balked. More than 60 have
ing high last week on the Florida Hur- co-sponsored legislation to make sure that
ricane near Orlando. He already held four dollar bills are not taken out of circu-
Guinness world records for roller-coaster lation without congressional consent. The
riding, his first at age 18 with 104 hours Susan B. is still a wallflower, and the
aboard Coney Island’s celebrated Cy- time may come when this buck will no
clone. Now he was out for his fifth, this longer be passed.
time on the Hurricane, which climbs and
ES SE oe Ft EE ee ee ee
plunges along a 3,500-ft. course for two
minutes at speeds of up to 60 m.p.h.
treated with a birth-control chemical. Rodriguez had trained for weeks, Dial-An-Atheist
The birds still multiplied. carefully strengthening his stomach mus- Thousands of Americans each day
Finally citizens offered some ideas for cles with daily sit-ups and push-ups. Good call Dial-A-Prayer in cities across the
frightening the birds away. One Oklaho- thing, since he subsisted on pizza, tacos, country for messages of spiritual uplift. |
man proposed setting up bright red or hot dogs and vanilla milkshakes that were Now, in Chicago, the other side is hav-
| amber lights. Another recommended pin- donated by well-wishers. Except for a ing its say. By dialing (312) 597-2433, hun-
wheels and bells. The state accepted five-minute break every hour, Rodriguez | dreds of people every day last week heard
a third suggestion, from Ornithologist rode the whirlwind, passing the time by this statement: “Atheism is a life philos-
George Sutton of the University of Okla- reading newspapers and catching naps. ophy which accepts the fact that there
homa: it set out 48 plastic snakes, coiled After 173 hours and 3,958 laps, he had are no supernatural forces or entities.
and with fangs bared, just below the ledg- set another record. Why does he do it? There are no gods, devils, angels, souls,
es. This scared away the starlings, but the Said he: “It’s like climbing mountains heavens or hells.”
pigeons got the joke and stayed put. a —because they are there. The first 15 The words were recorded and made
hours are the toughest. After that, time available as public service and propagan-
and space come together.” da by Troy Soos, 22, who heads a group
of aggressive unbelievers affiliated with
Pot’s Big Payoff Atheist Madalyn Murray O'Hair. Like so
They go aloft in spiffy Cessna 310s many missionaries, Soos is not into soft
and cruise the highways in Cadillacs and sell or subtlety. He informs callers that
Lincolns. In bays and harbors, they make the Bible is the “Christians’ fictitious nov-
waves with rakish speedboats and cabin el,” But many of the people who accept
cruisers. They are Florida’s modestly paid his offer to reply, on a recording device,
drug agents; yet their planes, cars and are equally blunt. Several have expressed
boats are among the best that money can regrets that atheists are no longer burned
buy—certainly better than the usual Gov- at the stake. One shouted: “Kill! Kill! |
| ernment issue. For good reason. The ex- Kill!”
pensive equipment once belonged to the B3¥¥S4NH
BWIA
AG
AGNYS But
SNOLLYHISNTT
MOds in the first six weeks of Dial-An-
smugglers themselves. Atheist, Soos claims that his 25-member
By law in Florida, which is the big- chapter has added 70 supporters’ names
gest entry point for illegal narcotics from to its mailing list. God willing, he hopes
South America, agents must take posses- to add many more.

|
L
TIME, JANUARY 238, 1980
33
 ae a |
THOMAS STEERS
Soviet daiton dagiesr a sei of daph-ahealed BIR cand cavisaned ates alongahighway sear Rad

—World
AFGHANISTAN

Props for Moscow’s Puppet

Karmal tries for political legitimacy as
as the rebels fight on
or
ore than five Soviet armored di- Ghazni, they were forced to disarm an en- bekistan cheerily assured TIME Corre-
visions were deployed around tire Afghan rifle battalion. spondent David DeVoss, outside his bil-
his country to help suppress the Rebel bands continued to mount raids let. His men were all delighted to be in
Muslim rebels. Fortified by against the Soviets’ lines of communica- Afghanistan, he said, mostly because of
what might be called Russian courage, tion. One ambush in the northern Salang the perks. “This is a poor country so the
Moscow’s puppet President Babrak Kar- | Pass, for example, successfully blocked a only thing we purchase locally is fruit,”
mal tried to improve his image last week, Soviet convoy of more than 200 vehicles he said with a smile. “We've brought ev-
both inside and outside Afghanistan. In at a 7,000-ft. altitude for almost 24 hours. erything else from the Soviet Union—in
an attempt to broaden his shaky political Yet for all their hit-and-run bravado, it our cook tents it’s just like eating at
base at home, he announced the forma- was clear that the rebels were on the de- home.” Best of all, he said, was the spe-
tion of a “national unity” Cabinet, giving fensive, and sooner or later the Soviets cial combat pay: 180 rubles on top of his
unprecedented prominence to non-Com- would have the insurgency under control. regular 200-ruble monthly salary. “Do
munist and military leaders. And in an ef- “A besieged government on the verge of you know what 380 rubles is worth? Back
fort to mend regional ties he made flam- collapse has been saved,” an Asian mil- home I can live on that for ten months.”
boyant overtures of friendship to Iran's itary attaché grudgingly allowed. “Shor-
Ayatullah Ruhollah Khomeini. ing up a doomed regime obviously was ast week a sixth full division of
Karmal’s political ventures were the Soviets’ first priority.” “motorized rifles,” as the Soviet
transparent bids for some popular accep- Subdued by the first blizzard of win- | army denotes its armored infantry
tance to complement the Soviets’ military ter, Kabul was regaining a semblance of columns, rolled south across the
support. According to most accounts, normality. Soviet convoys no longer border at Torghondi. It reinforced five
Moscow's occupation force effectively growled through the narrow streets at other divisions already rooted around ev-
controlled all of Afghanistan’s major cit- dawn. Curio shops on Chicken Street re- ery major city in sprawling tent camps
ies and highways, but still faced consid- opened for business. The capital’s tele- that are ringed by 130-mm artillery em-
erable resistance in rural areas; perhaps phones were functioning once more, and placements, The troops were arrayed
80% of the barren countryside remained cross-country buses were running again. around the country in a kind of wheel for-
in rebel hands. After a four-day lull, at- But the city was not the same. Soviet of- mation. At its center was an elite airborne
tacks by Muslim insurgents flared again ficers and political cadres were virtually division with a main base just outside Ka-
in the northeast provinces of Badakhshan in charge of the Defense and Interior min- | bul, and two mobile units, one stationed
and Takhar. Civil unrest, according to istries. Most large police stations now had due east at Jalalabad and one due west
US. intelligence reports, erupted repeat- live-in Soviet advisers. Just outside the at Shindand. One of the four armored di-
edly inside Kandahar, an ancient trad- city limits more than 16,000 Soviet sol- visions, equipped with heavy T-72 tanks
ing center on the edge of the Desert of diers continued to dig in. and BMP and BMD armored personnel car-
Death. Soviet forces also found themselves Among Soviet garrison troops, morale riers, was also dug in near Kabul; the three
in confrontation with mutinous units of appeared to be high. “We have everything others were fanned out at Kandahar in
the crumbling Afghan army; on at least here we could possibly need,” a swarthy, the south, Herat in the northwest and
one occasion, at the southern town of French-speaking 2nd lieutenant from Uz- Kunduz in the northeast. American in- |
4

34 : TIME, JANUARY 28, 1980

telligence experts were puzzled by one cratic Party, as well as five senior mil-
facet of the Soviet deployment: each di- itary officers. Four of the officers were also
vision had a full complement of chemical- named to the seven-member Praesidium,
biological-radiological warfare decon- the main executive body. The government
tamination units. The most plausible grandly announced the disbanding of the
13¥.802—INODUOS
explanation seemed to be that the decon- dread KAM secret police, which it said
tamination units were regularly assigned Hafizullah Amin had used for “his own
to the divisions and, in the methodical So- criminal ends.” The gesture was not like-
viet way, had to go with the troops even ly to fool many Afghans, however, be-
if there was little or no chance they would cause the same announcement made it
see action clear that the new intelligence service
Soviet air superiority in the fighting would be modeled on the Soviet KGB
was complete. The airfields at Kabul, In an effort to ingratiate himself with
Bagram and Shindand bristled with MiG- the Muslim majority, Karmal also tried
21s as well as ultrasophisticated MiG-23s; to give his government an Islamic col-
high altitude MiG-25 reconnaissance oration. Official broadcasts over the gov-
planes were also spotted overflying com- | ernment-controlled radio were preceded
bat zones, though they were believed to by the traditional invocation to “God, the
be based at fields in the U.S.S.R. The So- compassionate, the merciful.” The ruling
viet airfields and some base headquarters party called for religious ceremonies to
were guarded by surface-to-air missiles mark a national day of mourning for vic-
an obvious precaution in case of for- tims of the Amin regime
eign attack, but hardly a necessary de-
fense against the insurgents ip service to Islam became a main
Outgunned and outnumbered, the theme in Karmal’s diplomatic
motley, disjointed forces of mujahidin overtures toward Lran. He fired off
the “holy warriors” as they call them- President Karmal in a defiant mood a telegram to “Gracious Brother,
selves—were relying mostly on light ma- Lip service to Islam was a main theme. Most Reverend Imam,” the Ayatullah
chine guns captured from Soviet caches, Khomeini. Karmal’s message almost rev-
and automatic rifles or other light arms moral and spiritual one. The vast major- | erently appealed for an Afghan-Iranian
provided by their Chinese backers. Some ity of Aghanistan’s 14 million to 18 mil- | revolutionary entente based on “Islamic
carried old Enfield rifles from border vil- lion people are devout Muslims. The So- brotherhood” and a shared hostility to-
lages that have long specialized in hand- viet invaders are widely resented, even ward “American world imperialism—the
crafted weapons. Last week, as they had despised, as godless interlopers, and con- | No. | irreconcilable enemy of all the peo-
pledged to U.S. Defense Secretary Har- sequently so is their principal Afghan ple of the world.” Karmal promised that
old Brown during his recent visit to Pe- stand-in, Karmal. The President probably his government “will never allow anybody
king, the Chinese stepped up deliveries has the support of no more than 10% of | to use our soil as a base against Islamic
of arms supplies across the Karakoram the population. “The people question his revolution in Iran” —adding that “we ex-
Pass into Pakistan; even so, the rebels re- legitimacy and view him as an atheist who | pect our Iranian brethren to resume a re-
ceived nothing heavier than mortars or has sold himself completely to the Soviet ciprocal stance.”
light artillery pieces Union,” said a senior Western diplomat The Iranian leadership was clearly
The guerrillas suffer from other se- in Kabul. “Karmal’s No. | problem is to not impressed. At week’s end Foreign
vere disadvantages. There is little or no get some political support from the peo- Minister Sadegh Ghotbzadeh instead
coordination between different, some- ple, by whatever means.” complained about persistent reports that
times rival groups. Their mobility is ham- The “national unity” government that Soviet troops were massing behind the
pered by the ten-inch snow that covers Karmal unveiled last week was obviously Iranian border. If that proved to be true,
the mountain passes. In some of the crag- designed to extend his narrow base. For he said, Iran would “protest fiercely.”
gy heights of Kunar province, for exam- the first time since Noor Mohammed Ta- Ghotbzadeh was not the only one to
ple, the insurgents are said to be near star- raki’s Marxist coup in 1978, the 20-mem- wonder. Nearly a month after the inva-
vation because food can be carried to ber Cabinet includes three politicians sion, Western intelligence officials were
them only on foot. from outside the card-carrying ranks of still perplexed about the Soviets’ strate-
The insurgents’ main advantage is a the ruling Communist People’s Demo- | gic intentions. One school speculated pes-
Paktia province along the Pakis tan frontier
PK UNS x
 }
simistically that the number of Soviet |
troops and the size and sophistication of
their weapons were far in excess of what
| was needed to quell an internal insurgen-
YADAS—nvarac
cy. Afghanistan, according to these sus-
picions, could be only a steppingstone on
the way to further military aggression, ei-
ther west into Iran or possibly south into
Baluchistan. Straddling both Iran and
Pakistan, this area is inhabited by fierce-
ly independent Baluch tribesmen who
have long sought autonomy from both
countries. The other school maintained
that the Soviet move was basically a de-
fensive, self-contained operation aimed at
rescuing a crumbling client regime. The
military overkill, one Western European
envoy argued, simply represented “typical
Russian thoroughness—using more force |
than necessary in order to make sure.”
In any case, no one disagreed with the ar- |
gument that the introduction of brute So-
viet power into the region had raised a
fearsome set of further options—most of
‘ileal velit Dianidinas deity ol cieaiglaed Gaia bedi alioaptes them Moscow’s.
| .

sonal enmities.” Obviously the formlessness of the rebel or-

“Our Weapon Is Our Faith” ganization also makes it difficult for potential backers to
know where to channel their assistance.
FF” centuries Pakistan’s North-West Frontier province Still, a few leaders have maintained power. By far the
capital of Peshawar has served as a trading and hitch- most visible of Peshawar’s refugees is Sayad Ahmed Gai-
ing post between the rising Himalayas to the north and the lani. The 45-year-old Islamic scholar fled Afghanistan with
flat Asian subcontinent to the south. Camel caravans, Scyth- his large family in 1978 and now claims 70,000 soldiers in
ians, Alexander the Great’s Macedonian legions, Mogul his National Liberation Front, with another 300,000 Af-
hordes, Britain’s empire builders and even high-flying U.S. ghans ready to pledge support. Gailani, apast rector of the Is-
espionage planes have all, at one time or another, made use lamic Center in Copenhagen who has also taught in Saudi
of Peshawar’s strategic semidesert location at the base of Arabia and Libya, is regarded by his followers asapir (saint),
the Khyber Pass. Today Peshawar, which is only 34 miles and he claims that his family lineage traces directly to Mu-
from the Afghan border, has become the principal bivouac hammad. He could become a focus for Western support, al-
and nerve center for Afghan rebels who have crossed the bor- though his urbanity offends some ultraorthodox Muslims.
der to escape the invading Soviet troops. Last week, after a Too many of his nephews and cousins—like relatives of
visit to the city—whose population of 300,000 has been swol- Iran’s Shah—appear to be dressed by Gucci.
len by thousands of refugees—TIME Correspondent David A power grab by Gailani for leadership of the insur-
DeVoss filed this report: gents would be challenged—probably without much success
—by at least two other rebel leaders. Gulbuddin Hekmat-
There are at least 60 different rebel factions fighting in yar, 32, an engineer who studied at Kabul University, is
Afghanistan. Nearly a dozen of them have headquarters in highly regarded for his administrative skills. But his base of
a reeking slum on the edge of Peshawar’s old Afghan col- support, an organization called Hezb-i-Islami, may be too
ony in the shadow of the old Mogul fortress that still dom- rigidly Muslim in outlook for some rebels. Another Muslim
inates the skyline. On any given night, many of the in- group, Jamiat-i-Islami, is led by Burhanuddin Rabbani, 40,
surgents traverse the rocky goat paths back into Afghanistan a former professor of religion at Kabul University. Although
to join 50,000 of their countrymen in trying to gun down So- Jamiat is considered more tolerant than Hekmatyar’s group,
viet soldiers. Janeb Gul, for example, a 45-year-old wheat Rabbani has no personal following outside of his native Ba-
farmer, stayed in Peshawar just long enough to buy a rifle dakhshan province, and his proposed alternative to Com-
and a pocketful of bullets. Carrying a string of prayer beads munism in Kabul seems woefully quaint: bring deposed King
and joined by three fellow Afghans, he returned to avenge Mohammed Zahir back from exile in Italy.
the death of his village mullah at the hands of government All three of these groups have had trouble supplying
cadres from Kabul. When the bullets run out, he will return the rebels in the field, who send back tortuously written
to Peshawar to scrape up some more. pleas for help signed with dozens of thumbprints. One of
Men like Janeb Gul are driven by a profound spirit of the saddest realities about the battle is the insurgents’ in-
tribal vengeance that isalmost as old as the Hindu Kush. Un- ability to cope with equipment. Although rebel groups have
fortunately, that same spirit has also kept the rebels from captured Soviet-built tanks, howitzers and even some heli-
working well together. Liberation fronts and organizations copters, the machinery goes unused because most of the
for Afghan unity dissolve as quickly as they are formed. In- tribesmen do not have the training to operate anything more
tertribal conflicts are equally intense. One rebel leader is no- sophisticated than a bolt-action rifle. Nonetheless, the right-
torious for eliminating rivals by sending them on deadly eous tenacity of a thousand blood feuds persists. “I am just
undercover missions to Kabul. Complains the Pakistani di- a mountain man who acts according to circumstances,” says
rector of the Commission for Afghan Refugees: “Everyone Janeb Gul. “Allah will help us because ours is a just fight.
claims to be in control but there is no authority—only per- Our weapon is our faith.”

36 TIME, JANUARY 28, 1980

 PAKISTAN army, many of whose recruits are illit-

An Army That Needs Some Help erate 16- and 17-year-old boys from rural
backgrounds. Other observers note that
the quality of noncommissioned officers
Old trucks, new m issiles, tough soldiers and plenty of bravado is below par because of the inordinate
time needed to educate them. In addi-
4é his is peanuts,” scoffed Pakistan's tion, the regular officer corps is below
President, General Mohammed strength because the military regime in-
Zia ul-Haq. That was his ungracious com- stalled by Zia in 1977 has drawn many
ment on the report that the U.S. was set top-ranking officers into the civil admin-
to give him $400 million over the next istration of the country
two years to shore up Pakistan’s defenses On a one-day visit to Washington two
against the potential threat posed by weeks ago, Pakistan's senior foreign af-
80,000 Soviet troops in neighboring Af- fairs adviser, Agha Shahi, asked the US. |
ghanistan. Zia’s outburst of piqued sur- for antitank missiles, air defense missiles,
prise was a bit unfair since the offer had combat tanks, field artillery for its ground
already been discussed with his chief for- forces and transport aircraft for its air
eign affairs adviser. In fact, the U.S. was force. This new equipment is intended to
far from being stingy; it was acting out of supplement the 60 French Mirage III and
vital concern for the fate of Pakistan Mirage 5 fighters, the 700 Chinese T-59
Seeking to reassure Zia that more sup- tanks and the assorted British, Soviet,
port would be forthcoming, Washington Swedish and Argentine weapons. Islam-
pressed forward with quiet negotiations abad purchased them—in large part with
with its Western allies, some friendly Saudi Arabian money—afler Washington
OPEC nations and China to establish an in- began limiting arms aid to Pakistan in
formal “consortium” that would supply 1965 because American weapons had
the Islamabad government with addition- been used by both sides in the India-
al military and economic assistance. Pakistan war that year
How good would Pakistan’s forces be The US. is likely to meet many of Is-
against a Soviet incursion? Zia’s answer lamabad's specific requests. It will not,
was bold and unqualified. “As far as the however, provide Pakistan with attack
Pakistan army is concerned,” he told re- aircraft and other offensive weapons that
porters last week, “it is capable of defend- are likely to cause alarm in New Delhi.
ing our borders against any aggression.” President Mohammed Zia ul-Haq The new government of Prime Minister
That bravado is not necessarily shared by Indira Gandhi has been extremely wary
Pakistani military commanders stationed lieve that Pakistan’s 430,000 troops are of American arms sales to Islamabad be-
along the country’s 800-mile frontier with highly professional, tough, disciplined cause of fear that once again Pakistan’s
Afghanistan. An entirely different assess- fighters. Says one top Washington ana- weapons might be turned on India.
ment was given visiting British Foreign lyst: “On an individual basis, the Paki- Pakistan will also need aid to cope
Secretary Lord Carrington last week by stani soldiers are as good as any in the with the unending tide of refugees cross-
Lieut. General Fazal e-Haq, commander world. In terms of resisting small units of ing the mountain passes from Afghani-
of Pakistan's Northwest Frontier. Point- Soviets coming across a rough border with stan. There are now about 450,000 refu-
ing across the legendary Khyber Pass to- which the Pakistanis are entirely famil- gees in the Northwest Frontier province
ward Kabul, Fazal said that the occupy- iar, I think they'd give an extremely good alone, many of whom are being sheltered
ing Soviet armies would be able to strike account of themselves.” by their tribal cousins in the area, but the
across the border “with impunity.” Analysts concede, however, that mo- countrywide total is expected to reach
Fazal showed Carrington and accom- rale is sagging in Pakistan’s volunteer 1 million by April. This huge population
panying foreign correspondents a British- of uprooted peoples represents a threat
built defense network of underground both to the Soviets and to Zia. The bitter-
bunkers, bridges and tank traps that are ly anti-Communist refugees have no love
sorely in need of repair. Reason: Paki- for the new regime in Kabul; the Pushtun
stan has concentrated four-fifths of its tribesmen in the province have long
armed forces along the eastern border | chafed under Islamabad's callous rule.
shared with its historic enemy, India. Fa-
| zal currently commands only two infan- f the Soviets were to launch a military
try divisions, plus the famed Khyber Ri- attack, chances are that it would be not
fles formed by the British a century ago. in the Northwest Frontier but along the
Of the 40,000 men under Fazal’s com- 300-mile stretch of border that cuts
mand, 18,000 are paramilitary troops through lands occupied by the rebellious
equipped only with rifles. Baluch peoples, who live astride Iran, Af-
Fazal's divisions are armed with such ghanistan and Pakistan. The Baluchis,
obsolete equipment as 24-ton American who have long yearned for autonomy,
trucks, reconditioned after the Korean might welcome a Soviet-inspired Afghan
War. Roads in the area are not wide invading force that would promise to hon-
enough for modern tanks, and radar is vir- or the Baluchis’ “legitimate aspirations”
tually nonexistent along the western fron- —as Afghanistan’s new President, Ba-
tier. Nonetheless, Fazal estimated that the brak Karmal, has vowed to do. A friendly
border could be made defensible within regime in a breakaway Baluchistan would
ten months by widening roads, upgrading give the Soviets an outlet to the Arabian
communications and improving local rail- Sea at the port of Gwadar and, from there,
roads. The cost: $1 billion. access to the Persian Gulf. “If I were a
An additional $1 billion, however, Russian,” General Fazal told Carrington,
might be needed for new weapons and “T would take the soft underbelly of Pak-
equipment to upgrade the Pakistani Pakistani soldiers on guard at Peshawar istan in Baluchistan and head straight for
armed forces. U.S. military experts be- Most of the army is on the Wrong |border. i the warm waters of the Persian Gulf.” S

TIME, JANUARY 28, 1980 37

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 World
IRAN lamic constitution approved overwhelm-

‘Political Games and a Presidency

| ingly in last month’s referendum. The
campaign started out with 106 candidates
seeking the presidency. Among them
Isolation for the hostages, attention for the candidates were several colorful eccentrics that Kho-
meini described as “brainless or perverts.”
he winter's first heavy snow fell on | Last week, however, letters from at Ashgar Khoeiny, who is organizing the
Tehran last week, blocking the streets | least five of the hostages arrived in the election on behalf of the Ayatullah,
and prompting one frustrated U.S. news- US. The oldest of the captives, retired charged that the packed field was “an-
man to remark: “The angry gods are Foreign Service Officer Robert C. Ode, other CIA intrigue meant to confuse pub-
speaking.” Officials in Tehran and Wash- 64, had written several of them. In a mes- lic opinion.” He thereupon pared the list
ington were undeniably angry, whatever sage addressed to the President, Ode down to ten acceptable candidates.
the disposition of the gods. On charges begged Carter to “free us from this ter- The leading candidates are longtime
that their reporting has been “unfair to rible situation.” An almost identical let- Khomeini supporters: Foreign Minister
Iran and its revolution,” the 86 remain- ter to the Washington Post painted a mov- Ghotbzadeh, Health Minister Kazem
ing American media representatives in ing portrait of the hostages’ mental and Sani, Admiral Ahmad Madani and Eco-
the country were expelled; British and physical suffering. Wrote Ode: “We are nomics Minister Abolhassan Banisadr
Western European correspondents were being kept in semidarkened rooms; our The lone voice of dissent among the fina!-
put on notice that they might be next (see hands are tied day and night; bright lights ists is Radical Leader Massoud Rajavi,
| PRESS). The Carter Administration, faced are kept burning all night and because of whose anticlerical platform is strongly
with mounting domestic pressure over the the constant noise it is almost impossible supported by the autonomist Kurds and
hostages, continued its efforts to organize to sleep.” some leftists. The official candidate of
an international economic boycott of Iran, There were signs that the militants the Islamic Republican Party, the coun-
despite the Soviet veto of a United Na-
tions Security Council resolution calling
for sanctions.
YAYUONYS
Most of America’s allies had doubts
| that the proposed embargo would end the
eleven-week-old hostage crisis. They also
wondered if the U.S. was wise to go ahead
with it in the face of the Soviet invasion of
Afghanistan. Iranian Foreign Minister
Sadegh Ghotbzadeh boasted that “these
kinds of pressures don’t deter us at all,”
and sternly advised other nations to stay
~
out of Washington’s “political games.” Oil
Minister Ali Akbar Moinfar announced
that Iran would immediately cut off oil
shipments “to any country that joins the
U.S. economic boycott against Iran.” That
threat was particularly alarming to Japan,
which is almost entirely dependent on for-
eign oil, 11% of which comes from Iran.
As the government of Ayatullah Ru-
hollah Khomeini moved to challenge its
foreign critics, it also cracked down on
its internal dissidents. Following a week-
long series of antigovernment riots by Az-
erbaijani militants, Revolutionary Guards
in Tabriz raided and ransacked the head-
quarters of the Muslim People’s Republic Tehran demonstrators holding effigy of the Shah on the first anniversary of his departure
Party, which professes loyalty to Ayatul- The chants continued, but there were signs of dwindling enthusiasm.
lah Seyed Kazem Sharietmadari. Four
people were killed in the predawn assault; at the embassy and the Tehran mobs were try’s largest political organization, was
eleven dissidents were captured and ex- also tiring of the drama. The first anni- Jalaleddin Farsi, 47. Last week he had
ecuted by a firing squad after a summary versary of the Shah’s departure passed to withdraw when it was discovered that
trial. According to reports from Kuwait, with little fanfare on Wednesday. Despite he was not a pure Iranian (his father
several Iranian army officers were secret- the government's call for widespread was Afghan), as the new constitution
ly executed for plotting a military coup demonstrations, only a few scattered requires
against Khomeini’s theocratic regime. groups gathered to burn effigies of the de- With Farsi out of the race, Banisadr
posed monarch. The following day, how- was the apparent front runner. A rela-
he 50 hostages held by militants at ever, half a million Iranians jammed the tive moderate, Banisadr was ousted from
the U.S. embassy in Tehran sank into streets of Tehran to commemorate the the Foreign Ministry for appearing too
increasing isolation following the depar- death of the Prophet Muhammad. March- “soft” on the hostage issue, but retains a
ture of the American newsmen. John ing past the U.S. embassy, they paused to seat on the 15-member Revolutionary
Thomas, a publicity-hungry American chant the familiar anti-American litanies. Council. Though he is no friend of the
Indian militant from South Dakota, But the hysterical ardor of the past was | US.’s, he has repeatedly called for a swift
claimed to have met with one of the hos- visibly lacking resolution of the crisis—by either releas-
| tages during his visit to Tehran, but gave Public attention, meanwhile, has ing or punishing the captives—and a re-
few helpful details of the encounter. No turned increasingly to the Iranian pres- turn to some sort of normality. Some
other outsider has seen them since a group idential election, scheduled for Jan. 25 Western observers thus see in a Banisadr
of U.S. clergymen visited the embassy at Whatever the outcome, Khomeini will re- victory one glimmer of hope on an oth-
Christmas main the ultimate authority under the Is- erwise bleak horizon. a

TIME, JANUARY 238, 1980 oS 39

 ~ World
fered to help pay for arms purchased for
YUGOSLAVIA
their units from Western Europe. There
Tito’s Health: ANew Worry are now more than a million of these new
“Partisans,” who can be mobilized to fight
Will Moscow intervene after the dictator's death? alongside the country’s 259,000-strong
armed forces against any invader. Says
F° 35 years, Yugoslavs have known revived quiescent fears about what might one American military expert: “Clearly.
no other leader. Last week they were befall Yugoslavia afterward. Would the this would be a much tougher nut to crack
resigning themselves to the possibility polyglot Balkan nationalities that Tito than Afghanistan.”
that the end was nearing for Josip Broz had united into a nation resume their old, Taking no chances, the Yugoslav gov-
Tito, the country’s Communist Party antagonistic ways and Year the country ernment ordered a low-level military
Chief and President-for-Life. A medical apart? If so, would the Soviet Union jump alert. Reservists and doctors were told to
team at a hospital in Ljubljana reported into the disorder to reassert its hegemony stay near home and be ready for a quick
that Tito’s overall condition was good. But over the maverick Communist state? call-up. The League of Communists—the
then the doctors admitted that an oper- Moscow was quick to deny any such official name of Yugoslavia’s Communist
ation to remove or bypass a blood clot in ambitions. Stories of Soviet intervention Party—held a special Central Committee
his left leg “did not achieve the desired ef- in Yugoslavia, complained TASS last week, session early in the week, and then be-
fect” and “the condition of the leg was were “crude and provocative.” But with gan a series of local meetings to brief cit-
gradually deteriorating.” On Sunday the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan fresh in izens on Tito’s health and to emphasize |
morning doctors amputated Tito’s left leg | everybody's mind, the disclaimers initial- the state’s readiness to deal with “any
below the knee, because gangrene had set ly rang a bit hollow. Mysterious troop emergency.” All government vacations
in. The aging dictator had consented to movements in Eastern Europe gave rise to were canceled, and foreign embassies in
the operation, after opposing it initially. rumors that the Soviets were mobilizing in Belgrade were informed that Yugoslav of-
ficials would not be attending diplomatic
receptions. Said one government official:
“It’s not the time for fun, but to be ready.”
Tito’s illness focused renewed atten-
tion on Yugoslavia’s succession problem.
In 1974, hoping to prevent any one of
T/YKnYo—
v his country’s major ethnic groups from
Nos dominating the others, Tito set up a cum-
bersome body known as the party pres-
idency. It consists of a representative
from each of the country’s six Republics
and two Autonomous Provinces, plus Tito
himself. During his life, he remains par-
ty chairman. After his death, the eight
regional representatives will serve one-
year terms as leader of the party. A sim-
ilar rotation system was set up for the
less important state presidency

f Tito were to die in the near future, or

prove unable to carry out his duties be-
cause of ill health, his successor as titular
party boss would be Stevan Doronjski,
60, a Serb, whose term in the rotation
R Fi ae expires in May. The state presidency
would be headed by Lazar Kolisevski,
wo. Li — ‘ &
65, a Macedonian. Since Tito over the
Tito at New Year's dinner with Internal Security Chief Viadimir Bakaric years has systematically purged the lead-
ership whenever he detected opposition
Amid rumors of mobilization, the party was ready to deal with “any emergency e
to his policies, Western experts assume
The main risk was that additional sur- preparation for Tito’s death. The U.S.S.R that Doronjski, Kolisevski and the rest
gery might prove more than Tito’s 87- has 31 divisions in Eastern Europe: four of the party leadership are Tito loyalists
year-old body could take, since he has ap- are stationed in Hungary, with which Yu- who would resist any Soviet blandish-
parently been suffering from arterioscle- goslavia shares a common border. At ments. This does not preclude the pres-
week’s end, however, Washington officials ence of a Soviet “mole,” lurking within
rosis and diabetes for several years. After
the operation he was reported to be in sat- were satisfied that the troop movements the party and waiting to stir up trouble
isfactory condition involved routine Warsaw Pact maneuvers when Tito dies.
The crisis began on Jan. 3, when Tito and were related to events in Afghanistan Experts believe there is a high prob-
was rushed to the Ljubljana clinic, where rather than Yugoslavia. Conscript units ability of a power struggle that could
were apparently being rotated from East- lead to one individual replacing the col-
he stayed two days for tests and diagnosis.
ern Europe to replace the reserve forces lective leadership. Given the deterioration
Then he returned to his nearby residence
at Brdo, a popular skiing area in northern that had spearheaded the invasions of East-West détente and Yugoslavia’s
Yugoslavia. Two famous cardiovascular If an invasion came, observers expect precarious position between the two
surgeons were flown in for consultation: that the Yugoslavs could and would put up camps, it is doubtful that many of its cit-
Dr. Michael DeBakey of Houston's Texas a bitter fight. When the Soviets led the izens are in a hurry to learn who Tito’s
Medical Center and Dr. Marat Knyazev, Warsaw Pact forces into Czechoslovakia successor will be. Last week President
a Soviet specialist. The unsuccessful oper- in 1968, the Yugoslav government as a Carter cabled Tito: “My thoughts and
ation, however, was performed by a team precaution began training civilians in my prayers are with you at this mo-
guerrilla tactics. Some civilian groups in ment.” It was undoubtedly a sentiment
of eight Yugoslavs.
| The prospect of Tito’s imminent death their zeal to protect their country even of- |that most Yugoslavs shared cy

40 - TIME, JANUARY 28, 1980

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 World
ZIMBABWE RHODESIA the guerrillas’ economically ailing front-

Triumphant Return of an Exile line allies are determined to avoid any re-
sumption of civil war. Mozambique’s
President Samora Machel, for example,
But anger and accusations mar the election campaign supports Mugabe, but he is also commit-
ted to peaceful relations with the new
ay a tragedy that we had to fight | Mozambican capital of Maputo, Mugabe Zimbabwe regime regardless of the elec-
But, having fought, let us now say: bitterly accused Soames of trying to sab- tion’s outcome. Machel underscored that
‘It is all over.’ * Those conciliatory words otage his election chances. Said he: “I commitment last week by reopening his
were spoken by Joshua Nkomo after he | never knew they [the British] were ca- border to Rhodesia for the first time since
emerged from a green and white Zambia pable of this dishonesty. It's really 1976. Within days, Rhodesians were eat-
Airways jet onto the tarmac of Salisbury shocking.” ing prawns and butterfish in the port of
airport. The bulky, silver-haired black na- Mugabe was not alone in his anger Beira, while Mozambican railway and
tionalist leader had returned to Rhodesia, Soames has recently received a barrage trade officials were flying to Salisbury to
after more than three years of exile, to of criticism from both Patriotic Front begin re-establishing commercial ties.
begin campaigning for next month’s in- wings, as well as their allies in the front- The long-range economic and polit-
dependence elections. Because of a flurry line and Commonwealth states. Critics of ical future of Zimbabwe Rhodesia ulti-
of death threats, security at the airport the British viceroy accuse him of blatant mately hinges on the outcome of the elec-
was extremely heavy: grim reminders of bias for authorizing the Rhodesian secu- tions. Voting separately, whites will fill
lingering white bitterness over Nkomo’s rity forces to track down and shoot guer- 20 seats and blacks 80 seats in the new
role in Rhodesia’s bloody seven-year guer- rillas who “unlawfully” remain outside 100-member House of Assembly. Though
rilla war. At nearby Highfield Stadium, the cease-fire camps. Claiming that 17 of no fewer than ten black parties are in the
however, some 150,000 shouting, ululating his men were killed by the Rhodesians running, the real contest boils down to
African supporters gave a tumultuous last week while trying to get to a camp, three men: Nkomo, Mugabe and former
welcome to the man they call “Zim- Nkomo demanded that the 1,200-man Prime Minister Bishop Abel Muzorewa.
babwe’s Savior.” Commonwealth observer force be rein-
Nkomo’s dramatic return came at a forced by 5,000 or 10,000 additional ince no one appears strong enough
time of mounting concern over the sta- troops. to win an outright majority, some sort
bility of the month-old cease-fire. Though The governor has also been attacked of coalition government seems inevitable.
more than 21,000 guerrilla troops have for violating the peace settlement by al- Muzorewa, whose party polled 67% of
gathered peacefully at 16 remote assem- lowing a 250-man South African army the vote last April (without Patriotic
bly camps, several thousand others re- unit to remain just inside the border at Front participation), should retain a sub-
main at large in the bush. There have Beitbridge to protect the vital rail bridge stantial bloc. His party is by far the
been at least 38 confirmed cease-fire vi- linking the two countries. Tanzanian best organized, and he will surely ben-
olations and 158 deaths since the agree- President Julius Nyerere made blustering efit from the rift within the Patriotic
ment took effect on Dec. 21. British of- threats to break off relations with Britain Front. Some observers feel that Nkomo’s
ficials say Nkomo’s ZIPRA forces appear unless Soames ousts Pretoria’s troops and recently adopted conciliatory tone sug-
to be honoring the truce far more scru- stops deploying the Rhodesian security gests a pragmatic attempt to forge links
pulously than the more numerous ZANLA forces. with whites as well as other black fac-
troops loyal to Robert Mugabe, Nkomo’s Perhaps the most embarrassing re- tions, including members of the Bishop's
co-leader in the now divided Patriotic buke came from the London-based Am- own party. Mugabe, who has yet to re-
Front alliance nesty International, which charged the turn to Rhodesia and begin campaigning,
A spokesman for Lord Soames, Rho- British administrators with violating hu- apparently hopes to win an outright ma-
desia’s British caretaker governor, last man rights in Rhodesia. This charge jority and is wary of any political pacts
week charged Mugabe’s Mozambique- stems mainly from Soames’ continued de- Thus internal divisions within the black
based forces with flagrant cease-fire vi- tention of political offenders under the parties could well leave the balance of
olations. Soames extended the state of state of emergency regulations power in the hands of the 20 white M.P.s
emergency, which was due to expire this British officials remain confident that and their presumed leader, former Prime
week, for another six months. From the the cease-fire will hold, largely because Minister Ian Smith ie

XM
Jubilant Patriotic Front supporters celebrate Nkomo’s homecoming in Salisbury “Zimbabwe's Savior” addresses the faithful

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 tures of individuals and a re-
newed interest in, of all things,
outdoor scenes, mottoes and
geometrics

Henny Youngman had plenty

of quips in his quiver for a bar
mitzvah in Atlantic City, espe-
cially since the coming-of-age
ceremony was his own. The co-
median, now 73, somehow
missed being confirmed 60
years ago. Rabbi Seymour Ro-
sen was delighted to go to the
gambling casino where Young-
man was appearing to correct
the oversight, and Tenor Jan
Peerce was cantor. “Today,”
cracked Youngman, after
reading his prescribed prayers
in phonetic Hebrew, “I am a
boy.” Years ago, he insisted,

Kingdoms have been lost cause her dignity was hurting, |

for want of nails, shoes and not her feet. “I hope people un-
horses, but it was not, as leg- derstand I did what I did not
end now has it, a pair of sore to make trouble or attract at-
feet that spurred the U‘S. civil tention. But I would do the
rights movement 24 years ago. same thing again.”
Who should know better than
Rosa Parks, 64. In December
1955 Parks was a tired Mont- What had a Niagara of cas-
gomery, Ala., domestic who re- cading hair, a smile like sun-
fused to surrender her seat on rays, some discreet thigh and
a bus to a white man. Her ar- a revolutionary effect on the
rest spurred black civil disobe- poster business? A picture of
7 *
dience that helped wipe out Farrah Fawcett, that’s what. The
segregation laws. Honored last Farrah poster, still the alltime htt
week with a Martin Luther bestseller in a crowded field, New Boy Youngman with Rabbi Rosen (right) and Old Friend Jan Peerce
King Jr. Nonviolent Peace pushed aside peace symbols
Prize, Parks joined hands with and cartoon characters. Top well, including young Rock “you got a fountain pen when
Coretta Scott King and former draws today include such en- Stars Andy Gibb and Leif Gar- you were bar mitzvahed. Now
| United Nations Ambassador tries as Farrah’s replacement rett, John Travolta looking you get a computer.” But the
Andrew Young for an emotional | Angel, Cheryl Ladd, and WKRP disco-feverish and NBC’s heart- punch lines were watered with
prayer service. Then to set the | in Cincinnati's Loni Anderson, throb Highway Cop Erik Es- tears when the new kid in town
record straight, she explained | but Muppetdonna Miss Piggy trada posing with his CHiPs tried to be serious before 300
that she was already active in is way up on the charts too, down. Alas, such posters may friends. “Today,” he concluded
civil rights when she boarded as a kind of ham amid the soon be passé. Manufacturers tearfully, “I am the proudest
that bus. She kept her seat be- cheese. Beefcake has sold as report a swing away from pic- Jew in the world.”

91619
ee

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MUBIS

48095)

Farrah Fawcett Singer Leif Garrett

$2
 It was no surprise that
Beautiful-People Photogra- |
| pher Francesco Scavullo cele-
brated his Sist birthday at
Manhattan’s Studio 54, the
tacky ex-TV studio that has
been built into the Big Ap-
ple’s most celebrated disco
| with the help of hype-hungry
celebs. But why was his party
so subdued? Why did Co-Own-
er Steven Rubell, 36, cross his
| wrists as though he were wear-
ing handcuffs? Premonition, |
| possibly. Two days later a fed- |
eral judge, considering guilty
pleas from Rubell and Partner
lan Schrager to charges of fail-
ing to pay $400,000 in taxes
on income skimmed from dis-
co receipts, hit them with 42-
month jail terms and fines to-
taling $40,000.

Considering the credits, it

could almost be called Alli in San Francisco Mayor Dianne Feinstein and Fiancé Richard Blum sharing a toast in her city hall office

tired of seeing her as a librar-

ian or schoolteacher. I want to
show them she’s a knockout.”
HYDSO
Via¥108¥
VE3mM¥D—BBMLNND
§
When your bride is mayor
| of San Francisco, must you
| promise to love her honor and
obey? Maybe so, when it’s Di- |
anme Feinstein’s administration
Bridegroom Richard Blum, 44,

et
an investment banker who met
Widow Feinstein, 46, when
they were brought together to
discuss finances, joined the
Harper, Newman and Woodward together on The Shadow Box set | lady in her mayoral chambers
last week to share a prenuptial |
the Family. Paul Newman, direc- ny Ms. Nutzy of the Rhoda se- toast. After the wedding and a
tor; Wife Joanne Woodward, ries, plays the deadly serious reception to which four San
star; Daughter Susan Newman, Francisco was invited, Blum
wife ofa fast-fading truck driv-
co-producer. Actually, it’s The er. Woodward is a boozing will discover what it means to
Shadow Box, an ABC-TV mov- broad who sleeps with anyone take on city hall. The honey-
ie adaptation of the prizewin- That was the director’s idea moon includes four days in
ning play about three terminal- | Says Newman, who last direct- Washington, where the mayor
ly ill patients and their ed his wife twelve years ago in | plans a series of conferences
families. Valerie Harper, the fun- Rachel, Rachel: “Y'm sick and with federal officials.

6261
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|Miss Piggy

TIME, JANUARY 28, 1980 53

 board the Westward. They gradually take
charge of the schooner’s scientific activ-
ities, which include round-the-clock net
tows to analyze ocean life and water sam-
ples daily at depths up to two miles. They
hone their seamanship on the six-week
voyage, navigating by sun and stars across
the open ocean, guiding the vessel through
changing weather under the watchful eyes
1VU
He
BIL
AS of the ship’s mates and captain. Says Cap-
ISHOW
SHAVESO.
BOd
tain Sidney Miller, 52: “At first the stu- |
dents can’t believe we'll let them make
mistakes. But we do, as long as they don’t
threaten the safety of the vessel.”
Voyaging through the Caribbean (and |
off Nova Scotia, where Westward cruises |
in summer) sounds glamorous indeed, but
aboard ship the glamour blurs. Students
average only four hours of sleep a night
and whirl through a torrent of classes, ex-
periments and deck duties
“There’s more academic stress than I
anticipated,” concedes Lori Ragosa, 20,
who is majoring in international relations
at Georgetown University. “At most
schools students don’t get up at 3 a.m. to
Chief Scientist Donald Drost holds marine-science class aboard the Westward work on their projects.”
Each student also spends at least one

Going to School at Sea 14-hour stretch chained to Westward’s

diesel stove as “galley slave,” cooking for
34 people. Meals are justly referred to as
The subjects are science and sailing—for college credit “feeding frenzies.” Sample fare: pizza,
noodles and beef, fresh-
he only sounds are the creak of rig- tive director, Corwith Cra- caught dolphin fish. For the
ging and the occasional click of ball- mer Jr., puts it, “America most part, the young mar-
point pens. Twenty-four students are qui- used to be a maritime na- iners are too tired for ship-
etly writing answers on their final exam tion. Today there are few board romance, which is
Suddenly a cry bursts out: “Everybody on places where you can learn discouraged anyway in SEA
deck!” Off tiny Guinchos Cay in the At- about the sea. We're trying literature as “tiresome and
lantic, 20 miles north of Cuba, the 100-ft to reduce what I call mar- destructive” in such close
schooner R/V (for research vessel) West- itime illiteracy.” quarters. A student-lettered
ward is heading for water only three fath- The 16-credit program sign high above deck an-
oms deep. Exams or not, the students are is listed in the catalogues of nounces: NO FRIGGING IN
needed on the double to lower some 7,000 Boston University, Cornell THE RIGGING
sq. ft. of sail so Westward will be moving University, the College of Leaning against the
slowly as it leaves the safety of deep wa- Charleston, Colgate, Amer- bright white aft cabin, |
ter. The sophomores and juniors, drawn ican University and the Sophomore Paul McDow- |
from two dozen US. colleges, drop their University of Pennsylvania ell, 19, of Tulane Universi-
pens and scramble to their stations, some At $3,700, the tuition is Running before the wind ty, recalls his typical sched-
grabbing halyards on deck, others swing- roughly equivalent to a se- ule for 24 hours aboard
ing into the ratlines 20 ft. above mester’s tuition at many private colleges. | the ship this month
It is a familiar scene Some 250 students apply annually for | “Wednesday, 7 p.m.—11 .
aboard the teak-decked, the 144 berths on Westward. SEA’s usual | p.m.: ate dinner, read
250-ton Westward, an admission requirements: a B average, ca- texts on radar for term
oceanographic ship that pacity for independent study, tolerance paper, slept 24 hours. 11
for the past eight years for the rigors of shipboard life. Before p.m.—3 a.m.: deck watch
has plowed the oceans shipping out, they spend six weeks of Sea Assigned as lookout for
for some 280 days each Semester at Woods Hole studying marine any approaching sea
year as a school afloat science (ocean life, geology, currents) and
vessels. Raised and low-
The schooner is used for nautical science (piloting, navigation, ship
ered topsail. Thursday, 3
college credit courses in design). In a specially salty course called
a.m.-7 a.m.: slept. 7
nautical and marine sci- Man and the Sea, readings range from a.m.-1l p.m.: breakfast
ence offered by the non- the romance of the Odyssey (Why can’t Met with ship scientist to
profit Sea Education Ulysses work that boat back to Ithaca?) plan graphs for research
Association, Inc., of to such down-to-sea realism as Food from project on the reliability
Woods Hole, Mass., a
|
the Sea: The Economics and Politics of of navigational aids. Pre-
one-semester minicol- Fisheries. Aided by guest lecturers from pared graphs. Lunch. |
lege for liberal arts ma- the renowned Marine Biological Labora- p.m.—7 p.m.: directed

ne
jors and others interest- tory at Woods Hole, students pick a re- winch operator in lower-
ed in learning about the
| search topic to pursue at sea. ing net for ocean tow.
Shooting
54
the sun oceans. As SEA’s execu-
| The excitement builds as students | Put bottles on wire in Reviewing notes |

TIME, JANUARY 28, 1980

 —

preparation for taking water samples.

Tied weight to wire. Entered sample data Clark Kerr’s institutions. Observes the report: “Excel-
lence was the theme. Now it is survival.”

Valedictory —
on report form. Attended science lecture. If schools yield to economic pressures,
Climbed rigging 40 ft. above deck to the council predicts, the considerable es-
change light bulbs in the foremast teem in which the public still holds high-
shroud.” Excellence vs. survival er education will decline—especially ifthe
The pragmatic learning by doing 3,000 American colleges begin competing
aboard Westward comes as a shock to hen a railroad worker retires, the noisily for students and funds. To make
many students. “When you get science in company traditionally gives him a matters worse, the council confirms,
school, it’s so pure,” says Debbie Merrill, gold watch. When Educational Statesman “fraud, error and abuse” are on the in-
20, a sophomore majoring in environmen- Clark Kerr retires later this month at 68, crease among both students and schools.
tal studies at the University of Vermont. his nonprofit firm, the 15-member Car- Defaults on low-interest federally insured
“You never hear about how the research- negie Council on Policy Studies in High- student loans have totaled $668 million
ers lost some of the sampling bottles in er Education, will mark the occasion in since 1967. And a report by HEW’s in-
the ocean, or how sick they were at the its own special style, by issuing a 155- spector general says the incidence of fraud
rail.” Arndt Braaten, 19, a junior at Lu- page report on a weighty and favorite and abuse in the $3.6 billion spent on five
ther College, discovered during spectro- theme: the equivocal prospects of U.S. major student-financial-aid programs
photometric analysis in Westward’s lab higher education. may run as highas 10%.
that tiny particles of iron peel away from Entitled “Three Thousand Futures There are some bright spots. The re-
the ship’s hull and form measurable con- —the Next Twenty Years in Higher Ed- port rejects the standard view that the
centrations in water samples taken with- ucation,” the report warns that U.S. col- 1970s was a “decade of disaster” for high-
in a few feet of the ship, a possible source leges are entering an era of “consumer er education. In fact, it claims that peda-
of error in chemical analyses of sea wa- sovereignty.” Laws of the marketplace gogically the decade was among the best
ter. Braaten hopes to publish his findings hold that it is good when the buyer is treat- ever. College presidents surveyed by the
in a scientific journal. Says he: “The sea ed like a king. But the council, like most council report that the quality of their fac-
isn’t something you can easily generalize ulties improved during the 1970s. Average
about. It changes so much.” full-time enrollment rose 16% at private
Though the rough and tumble of the colleges, to an unprecedented 2.5 million
sea leads some students to reject careers —though tuition is generally costlier at
in marine science, approximately half private colleges and universities than at
SYNOHL
BOLIIA

of the program’s 1,100 alumni say they public ones. Also, state support of higher
are pursuing related careers—including education hit a record $16.5 billion. De-
maritime law, environmental planning, spite its dire warnings of trouble ahead,
oceanography. A few have even gone to the council characteristically remains “on
work as yachting and fishing-boat crew. the optimistic side of pessimism.”

aptain Miller ran away to sea al age Tx penchant for the big picture and
16. He thinks of the semester as a the balanced upbeat view reflects the
“total immersion,” with an impact great- style of Council Chairman Kerr, who
er than the academic work load. “My taught industrial relations before becom-
theory is that people are split apart more ing president of the University of Califor-
and more, alone at home watching tele- nia in 1958. It became the country’s most
vision,” he says. “At sea they are thrown prominent model of what Kerr called a
together as a group. That fills a basic “multiversity,” a far-flung, state-support-
human need. How else can you explain ed educational emporium that served so-
the intensity of feeling the students ciety in all sorts of ways. While some stu-
develop?” dents were majoring in winemaking or
Though it is not billed as an ad- arts and crafts, others were pursuing ad-
venture or endurance test, Sea Semester vanced degrees in psychotherapy or plas-
tends to attract students who are tinged ma physics. During Kerr’s reign, the Uni- |
with wanderlust. Says Greg Montgomery, versity of California grew from two to
20. a University of Virginia junior: “At eight main campuses, with 87,000 en-
school I have a 3.5 average, and I take RetiringClark Kerr with final rolled students. The mulliversity provec
academics very seriously, but I was get- “On the optimistic side of pessimism.” all but unmanageable, though for years
ting stale.” “Most kids this age are dying Kerr succeeded in mediating the diver-
for a way to prove themselves,” says Cra- educators, resists the idea that tuition gent demands of students, faculty and
mer. “The Peace Corps appealed to that. money should talk too loudly in academia. California’s conservative Regents. But as
How many other ways are there today Schools are already hard-pressed to California schools were hit by the unrest
for a 20-year-old to exercise real re- finance quality instruction in fields like that was soon to turn many a college cam-
sponsibility and show that he’s good?” classics and philosophy, which may edu- pus into a shambles, Kerr was attacked by
Frequently students tell him that the cate but rarely lead to a paying job. Governor-elect Ronald Reagan. Berke-
program has changed them deeply. Paul Besides, budgets are growing tighter. ley, Reagan claimed, was a “hotbed of
McDowell, who raced small sailboats be- Total enrollment is expected to shrink Communism and homosexuality.” In
fore his Westward voyage, says the semes- dramatically from the present record 11.5 1967 Kerr was fired. The same year he
ter has changed his view of the oceans: million as the last of the baby-boom gen- joined Carnegie. ;
“As a racer, I've always tried to get from eration graduate by 1983. Pinched by the | Last year Kerr let it be known that
one place to another across the sea as fast loss of all that tuition and by rising costs, he planned to retire from the council and
as I could. But aboard Westward we've schools will be under pressure to hawk devote his time to consulting, lecturing
learned how to work with the sea. I have their wares in the student marketplace. and writing a book on industrial relations.
learned about what lives in the sea, how As the council sees it, the result will be a He will also pursue his hobby, growing ap-
we affect the sea. Sailing isn’t just compet- shift away from traditional academic dis- ples in his Alta, Calif., orchard. The coun-
itive now.” Explains Chief Scientist Don- ciplines and toward instruction in voca- cil decided that Kerr was an indispensable
ald Drost, 36: “We're all interested in this tional skills like nursing and accounting. man: after five years and 35 comprehen-
because we love the sea. That's why we The change is already visible in commu- sive reports, it has announced it will close
want to show it to others.” a nity colleges and lesser-ranked four-year | its doors at the end of this month. 5

TIME, JANUARY 238, 1980

55
We won itone island at a time.
Guadalcanal... Tarawa...Peleliu—places nobody had
ever heard of until they became bloody steppingstones
on the road to Japan. Island Fighting recaptures it all
as your introduction to the WoRLD War II series by the
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Examine it with no obligation to buy.
You'll see front line photographs of the assault on
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from parafrags to skip bombs...the lonely heroism of
the coastwatchers far behind enemy lines
Fast-paced yet authoritatively detailed, sland Fight-
ing takes you into high military councils and planning
sessions. You'll read about MacArthur's strategy battle
with the Navy and watch Japan shift from offense to
defense as the fortunes of war changed with the fall of *
An officer scrambles onto a flaming Hellcat to ard the
Saipan. pilot after a crash-landing on the U.S.S. Enterprise
The complete story of the War.
Whether you fought in World War II, lived through it or
simply want to know more about it, this is the account
you'll want to read. The action unfolds vol-
ume by volume from the first Axis attacks
and our harrowing early days of confusion
and defeat to the final days of victory. The
complete story told as only Time-Lire
Books could tell it.

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Chicago, Ill. 60611 Hitler launches his onslaught east, then west... The War in the Des-
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Sicily, Salerno, Anzio, Cassino—the long fight up the peninsula...
The Battle of the Bulge, The German surprise attack nearly suc-
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 In the Vatican's Hall of Broken Heads, the Pope ieaular;in
pm opens thepo cso on the state of the Dutch church

Religion.
sen set about creating a church within a

Washing Dirty Linen in Rome

church. He boycotted the Dutch church’s
official catechetical institute and its coun-
seling center for troubled priests and nuns.
Pope John Paul II confronts squabbling Dutch bishops When the Dutch Council of Churches
took what he considered too tolerant a
Oo utside the Vatican’s Apostolic Palace, World War II rigid lines between Cath- line on abortion and homosexuality, he
radical Italian protesters last week olics and Protestants began to break unilaterally pulled out of it, while The
waved placards declaring SYNOD EQUALS down, when the two rival faiths were Netherland’s six other bishops remained
REPRESSION, WOJTYLA GO HOME and thrown together in resisting the occupying in. Rejecting the curriculum of the Dutch
WOJTYLA EQUALS KHOMEINI. The gibes Nazis. In the mid-1960s and early '70s, en- church’s five official theological schools,
at John Paul II were signs of the tension couraged by the mood of innovation that he established a now thriving tradition-
surrounding a meeting beginning inside followed the Second Vatican Council, the alist seminary ofhis own. |
the palace. In official Vaticanese, it was attitudes of many Dutch Catholics Holland’s Catholics are confused, di-
a “Particular Synod.” In reality, it was changed radically. vided and deeply troubled. Polls show a
an unprecedented personal intervention Dutch bishops began publishing a new majority of the membership has strayed
by a Pope to deal with the sorry plight of adult catechism, suspect in Rome because from traditional doctrine and has little
the Catholic Church in Holland, where it sidestepped such teachings as the Vir- confidence in the bishops. At the same
the 5.6 million Catholics make up 40% gin birth. Ecumenically minded parishes time, 84% said they were grateful for John
of the population. The bishops are squab- countenanced intercommunion with Paul’s personal intervention in summon-
bling, attacks on Vatican policy are en- Protestants. Priests who quit to get mar- ing the bishops to Rome. Laments a
demic, and church vitality is ebbing. ried were retained on seminary faculties schoolteacher in The Hague who joined
The synod met in a frescoed room or continued, without episcopal approval, 150 conservatives in a protest to the Pope:
known as the Hall of Broken Heads (be- to function as parish ministers. Laymen “Parents see that their children no long-
cause it was once a storeroom for broken and -women began to carry out almost er understand what this church means.”
statues). Around the U-shaped table, dis- all tasks formerly reserved for priests. At
putes among bishops quickly surfaced. a national meeting, Catholic delegates he synod is scheduled to end Jan. 26.
The key personalities were Johannes Gij- openly derided Vatican policy on priestly No swift or easy solution is in
sen, 47, militantly conservative bishop of celibacy and birth control. Private con- sight. The eventual outcome has import
Roermond, and the Primate of The Neth- fession virtually disappeared. There was far beyond The Netherlands; for the |
erlands, Johannes Cardinal Willebrands, even talk of breaking away from Rome, Dutch church is often regarded by lib-
70, who since 1975 has struggled unsuc- as England did under Henry VIII. erals elsewhere as a “pluriform” pattern
cessfully to stabilize things. In 1970, trying to correct the situa- of the future. If so, it may be a future
The Dutch troubles are fairly recent. tion, Pope Paul VI chose conservative minus a priesthood. Opposition to celi-
After the restoration of the Catholic hi- Adrianus Simonis as bishop of Rotter- bacy and the Vatican runs so deep that
erarchy in 1853, the Dutch church was dam, stirring up a furor. Even so, two only 15 seminarians sought ordination in
fervently traditionalist. As of 1939, the years later Paul added the more hard-line Holland in 1978. There are only 2,900 ac-
tiny country produced fully 11% of Ca- Gijsen to the hierarchy. With encourage- tive parish priests left, compared with
tholicism’s missionary priests. But during ment from the Vatican, the abrasive Gij- | 4,175 at the close ofVatican II. a
as

TIME, JANUARY 28, 1980 61

 Crowds in a Pittsburgh coin shop seek cash for their baubles 7.
Displaying the take ata ee.
pc wr fn People line up at Manhattan

| Economy & Business

Stampede for Precious Metal

Bullion goes berserk as investors chase it to wild highs
pectacular and ever increasing
Jumps in the price of man’s
most treasured metal have be-
GOLD’S SHINE
Price per oz. in London
Psychologist Edward Taub of Mary-
land's Institute for Behavioral Re-
come almost routine: from $400 per search: “What we are seeing in ac-
monthly f hs
oz. in October to $500 in late De- tion here is the law of positive
“as of Jan. 18 reinforcement. Translated into lay
cember, to $600 in early January
Last week gold left even its most fren- language, that means greed.”
zied boosters gawking in astonish- Even in normal times gold has
ment. In five wild and erratic trad- held a special attraction. As Jacob
ing days it leaped by an incredible Bronowski wrote in The Ascent of
34%, closing the week at $808 in New Man: “Gold is the universal prize of
York, at $823 in Hong Kong, $835 all countries, in all cultures, all ages.”
in London and Zurich Charles de Gaulle spoke almost lov-
It was one of the most dazzling ingly of “gold, which never changes,
run-ups in history, and it underscored can be shaped into ingots, bars, coins,
the enduring psychological lure ofthe which has no nationality, and which
yellow metal as the most consistently is eternally and universally accepted
sought-after possession in times of as the unalterable fiduciary value.”
strife and uncertainty. Concludes So- From the biblical references to the
ciologist Neil Smelser, author of The- gift of the Magi, to the modern-day
ory of Collective Behavior: “The gold totem of triumph in Olympic com-
rush is a classic case of panic. The petition, gold holds a mystic prom-
people who are dealing in gold are ise. Says Smelser: “Gold resides in the
operating under the fantasy that the subconscious of man as a tangible
world economic structure is going to symbol for all the fantasies that are
collapse. They are living by the myth
completely positive.”
that the only thing that will survive Last week other precious metals
is gold.” Harvard Social Psychologist continued to share that positive at-
Roger Brown compares the panic to traction. Silver, which has been
the rush on the gates of the Who con- climbing along with gold, rose during
cert in Cincinnati that left eleven the week from $39 per oz. to $47
dead. Says he: “The fear that they Platinum, the costliest precious met-
are going to be too late and left out al of all, and one with many high-
causes people to stampede.” Adds technology uses as well, climbed to
L e yet another record of $918 per oz
62
TIME, JANUARY 28, 1980
 a panic of the past month or so shows inching forward by a 1.4% annual rate in-
2
) that people have escalated their appre- stead of falling, as many economists had
>
a
= hensions. There is a whole new level of earlier predicted. Says Economist Otto
apocalyptic worry about the intentions Eckstein: “There is a real chance that pri-
of the Soviets, the stability of Saudi Ara- vate demand will simply refuse to weak-
bia, the destinies of a dozen or more na- en. Fear ofinflation could easily keep con-
tions that are vital to Western security sumers borrowing more and more money,
because of their strategic positions or and that would keep both spending and
natural resources. inflation high.”
In times of such grave concern peo- More inflationary stimulus could
ple are moved to switch out of paper cur- come from big new jolts of defense spend-
rencies and into objects that seem immune ing, as well as from perhaps $3 billion in
to political travail. Observes Alan Green- unanticipated federal outlays to pay for
span, former US. presidential economic the embargoed Soviet grain exports. Says
adviser: “There is a real possibility that Economist Walter Heller: “The military
what we are witnessing is a flight from in- buildup alone could shorten and moder-
vestments that require an intermediary, ate the recession. It could hold interest
be it government, a bank or any other rates up higher for a longer period of time,
financial enterprise. In recent months a cause inflation to come down more slow-
special premium has surfaced for protec- ly, and finally, force the Administration
tion and anonymity. Gold is a store of to postpone a tax cut.”
value that governments cannot seize, de-
value or easily confiscate.” actically, there is little that the U.S.,
Gold fever is especially acute in the or any government, can do to damp
Persian Gulf, where petroleum profits down the inflation-fanning gold
store to sell their coins and jewelry are pouring into Arab bank accounts at rush. In its ill-starred effort to slow the
a rate of $50 million a day. Says Henry rise in prices through monthly gold auc-
| Wallich, a governor of the Federal Re- tions during most of 1979, the Admin-
Shares of gold- and silver-mining compa- serve System: “The gold market now is istration simply chipped away at its bul-
nies leaped on Wall Street, as did the running in good part on the disorganized lion reserves, thus reducing the stockpile
stocks of many so-called asset companies. state of the world. If I were living in at hand to rush to the dollar’s defense in
Unlike financial, service or processing the Middle East I might wonder where a time of monetary crisis. This merely en-
firms, the corporations that possess coal, I'd be living a year from now, and I couraged gold’s price to rise more rap-
oil, timber, copper or other resources have might want to have something to take idly. Says a top official of the European
assets that retain value no matter what with me.” Adds New York Bullion Trad- Economic Community: “Frankly, we
happens to inflation, the dollar or the er James Sinclair, long a fervent backer have all been a little aghast at the fool-
economy. of gold and silver: “Under the present ishness of the U.S.’s unilateral gold sales.”
Yet it remained the swelling demand circumstances, gold has become an out- Yet last week, when Treasury Secre-
for precious metals, and the almost total right escape mechanism.” tary William Miller declared that no more
absence of sellers, that kept markets in a The immediate beneficiaries of the auctions would be undertaken while the
weeklong state of 24-karat chaos. In the gold surge are some governments, partic- market remained so unsettled, gold trad-
burgundy-carpeted, octagonal trading ularly the U.S., which holds about 8,600 ers instantly concluded that the Admin-
ring of the New York Commodity Ex- tons of the metal, by far the largest hoard istration was now willing to see bullion
change, where each day’s worldwide price on earth. Last week it was worth some prices rise freely to higher levels; so trad-
surge climaxed, there was unrestrained $220 billion, or more than enough to cov- ers bought still more gold. The Soviet
pandemonium. Brokers and dealers er the estimated $160 billion in total U.S. Union, a leading seller of gold to pay for
screamed buy orders in a deafening din dollars held as official reserves by foreign imports of everything from American
that continued practically without inter- central banks. Technically the U.S. could grain to Western European high technol-
ruption from 9:25 a.m. until the closing offer to buy back all those dollars in ex- ogy, last year cut its gold sales from 500
bell at 2:30 p.m. change for gold. Observes a top Zurich tons to less than 250, enjoying the glit-
banker: “The U.S. Treasury is once again tering rise in the value of its reserves in
n cities throughout the U.S. and Eu- solvent, thanks to the high price of gold.” the process. Like oil exporters, the So-
rope, people by the thousands lined up Still, the U.S. eventually may pay a viets have discovered that leaving a pre-
at jewelry and coin shops, lured by high price if bullion keeps leaping. The cious commodity in the ground rather
newspaper headlines of eye-popping new daily jumps add to the inflationary psy- than exporting it simply helps drive up
prices for gold and silver, and even by chology in the nation. If a dollar is worth the price. Remarked one cynical Frank-
hourly news broadcasts on the radio. Most only one eight-hundredth of an ounce of furt banker in a bitter jest: “Maybe the So-
sought to cash in on the price explosion gold, then it seems to be worth almost viets have held back from selling because
by selling their sterling silver table set- nothing. Thinking that, many people are they knew they would get a better price
tings, candlesticks, gold bracelets, rings, moved to spend their dollars instead of after attacking Afghanistan.”
watch fobs, even cavity fillings. saving them, thereby forcing prices up Anything that rockets in price as
Have the gold and silver markets lost even higher. breathtakingly as gold has done could
touch with reality? The answer seems to There are indications that the men- as easily, and abruptly, plunge through
be yes. At present prices, an ounce of gold tality of spend and spend could turn the the floor. Even a single bit of encour-
is worth more than a quarter ton of ham- most widely anticipated recession in U.S. aging news about the Iranian or Afghan
burger. Seven pounds of the metal would history into nothing more noteworthy crises could start a decline that could
pay for a typical American single-family than a soggy, sideways shuffle. Last week bloody the speculators. At week’s end
home. A suitcase of bullion would buy an the Commerce Department reported that there were tentative signs that a sell-off
oil tanker of crude. housing starts, while still down some 26% might be in the making. On Wall Street,
| Of course, the rise reflects intensifying from 1978 levels, rose in December by a canny investors were already short-sell-
anxiety over the world situation, par- modest .3% from the month earlier. Per- ing shares of stock in gold- and silver-
ticularly the crises in Afghanistan and sonal income nudged ahead 1.1% last mining companies. Those investors are
Iran. Unlike the gold rush of 1979, when month to an annual rate of about $2 tril- betting that metals prices will melt. There
fears over the U.S.’s soaring inflation lion. Figures for the final three months of are, after all, two kinds of panic: to acquire
| sent investors scrambling for bullion, the 1979 showed the gross national product —and to escape. ni
L J
TIME, JANUARY 28, 1980 63
 Economy & Business
fear that their country’s auto ex-
ports to the U.S. (up 30.5% last
7 year, to a total of $7.8 billion)
} may lead to protectionist counter-
measures. Earlier this month, the
Japanese government warned exec-
utives of the nation’s car companies
of just such rising protectionist senti-
ments in the U.S. Since Japanese com-
panies depend so heavily on exports to
America, they are troubled
For some time, Honda's chiefs
have been considering a U.S. plant. Un-
like Toyota and Nissan, Honda has
stretched its existing production capacity
Auto sales in the U.S. to the limit. Hence expansion makes
Domestic imports sense, whether in Japan or overseas. Also,
Honda sends 42.9% of its output to the
Total
US.; Toyota sends 44.6% and Nissan
Japanese 43.9%. Honda has much to lose if the ULS.,
TIME Chart by Nigel Holmes which imposes a rather modest 3% tariff
on imported cars, raises higher barriers or
otherwise seeks to restrain imports, as

A Made-in-America Japanese Car

Britain, France and Italy have done over
the past several years. Admits Kawashi-
ma: “I would be less than candid if I said I
Honda Motor decides to open an Ohio assembly plant had felt no pressure from the U.S.” That
observation is in keeping with the princi-
W ith sales falling, plants closing and Yet U.S. automakers and auto work- ples of the company’s founder and “su-
layoffs spreading in the crucial U.S. ers also noted that Honda's decision is preme adviser,” Soichiro Honda, 73, who
auto industry, manufacturers and union only a small, first step by the auto division was fond of expounding: “When we do
leaders have been complaining about the of Japan, Inc. For now, two bigger produc- business around the world, we have no
surge of imported cars, particularly from ers, Toyota and Nissan (which makes the choice but to stick to the philosophy of
Japan. At last the Japanese themselves Datsun), report that they are studying the give and take.” Until now, the U.S. has
are becoming concerned that the US. possibility of opening U.S. plants. They been doing the giving, but Honda’s move |
may erect trade barriers. To head off have said that often before. Complained could signal a change. a
growing calls for protection, as well as Douglas Fraser, president of the United
cash in on the U.S. demand for its cars,
Honda, a scrappy company that was start-
Auto Workers: “Promises, promises,
promises, but no action. Our efforts at di- Arco’s Big Bet
ed in 1948 and has become an aggressive | plomacy are over. Now is the time to take
exporter to many countries, has decided to off our gloves. They must limit exports or A $25 million solar gamble
assemble cars in the U.S. and compete on build over here.” Echoed Henry Ford II,
even terms with domestic manufacturers. chairman of Ford Motor Co.: “I'm tired of 44§f you are in research and develop-
Some time this year, Honda will start this lip service about ‘investigating the ment, it’s like playing poker. When |
to build a $200 million auto plant next to possibility.’ You can study something to you have a good hand, you have to up
the motorcycle factory that it has been op- death. At some point, they must make up the ante.” So says Atlantic Richfield Vice
erating since last September outside Co- their minds.” President Robert Chambers, who feels
lumbus. Stressing that “the quality of U.S. Impatience is rising because imports that the oil company holds some winning
labor has proved on par or even better have surged from 12.9% of U.S. auto sales cards and that the pot must be hiked. The
than that of ours,” Kiyoshi Kawashima, in 1972 to 16.2% in 1978 and a record 22% bet: a $25 million futuristic long shot on
president of Honda, said that the compa- | last year. They will capture 27% of the Inventor Stanford Ovshinsky, 57, the
ny at first will employ some 2,000 Amer- market this year and 30% in 1981, pre-
ican workers and import engines and dicts the Los Angeles-based market re-
other components from Japan. Beginning search firm of J.D. Power and Associates.
in 1983, the firm will turn out 10,000 Ohio- Almost all the increase in the past five
built cars a month, roughly a third of its years has been due to the success of the
1979 US. sales. The models: probably the Japanese. They have become even more
two-door, hatchbacked Civic, a compact competitive because the decline of the yen
that lists for $4,049, or the fancier Accord, against the dollar since mid-1979 has held
which costs $5,799 down the prices of Japanese goods in
Detroit's leaders hailed Honda’s move America. Yet Japanese automakers argue
in the belief that, once weaned from the that the major reason for their success is
protection of their government, Japanese that the U.S. car companies failed to an-
firms will have to compete on fairer terms ticipate and exploit the swing to gas-sav-
They will have to pay American taxes, ing small models. That failure certainly
Wages and benefits, and incur the same contributed to the U.S. success of Volks-
regulatory costs as do American manufac- wagen, which started producing Rabbits
turers. And when Hondas finally start at a Pennsylvania plant in 1978, and has
rolling off the U.S. production line, they experienced such high demand that
will face strong competition from new would-be buyers sometimes have had to
small models, now being designed by De- wait months for delivery. The company
now plans to expand its U.S. operations. Inventor-Entrepreneur Stanford Ovshinsky —
troit: Chrysler's K car, Ford's Erika and
GM's S car. High Japanese government officials So who needs a college degree?

64 TIME, JANUARY 28, 1980

ren
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On July 31, 1946, a silver And now, Asia’ earliest Aisles become brilliant ] pedically-designed seats that
skinned DC-4 taxied out onto a airline is the first to fly the color shadings, changing hu automatically adjust to caress
runway at Manila Airport, world’s latest 747, Our neu row by row. Fabric weaves and vour lower back. There's even a
opened its engines full throttle 747's usher ina whole neu designs are specially selected new style of sculptured head
and lifted off smoothly spirit of airline passenger care, from different Philippine rest to let you sit back and
The night was clear a whole new level of service regions. On side walls, the relax more comfortably than
The course was 8,000 miles international travelers will finest Philippine artists have ever
across the Pacific to San come to expect of an airline in captured the spirit of some of On our upper deck lounge
Francisco the SOs the country’s most spectacular we offer First Class passengers
And the letters marching Philippine \irlines offers scenery) 14 sleeper berths. No airline
proudly down the fuselage it first. Nou Philippine Airlines has in the world offers this many
spelled out Philippine Air Lines From th moment you mastered the fine art of long Nobody but PAL has beds
It wasn't merely the begin step inside the cabin, it’s a range air travel comfort All certified for occupancy during
ning of Philippine Airlines brighter, more gracious environ seats have special, new ortho takeoffs and landings, either
Trans-Pacific Flight #25. It ment than you've experienced
was the beginning of a whole before. on any
new era for Asian airlines other 747
Philippine Airlines was
the first Asian airline to fly
internationally, the first across
the Pacific, first to Europe
first and only airline to fly daily
between Manila and America

hilippin
 planes across the Pacific.

our new La Nouvelle Cuisine, Francisco or Honolulu, PAL

winner of a French gourmet offers daily service to Manila,
societys award as the best gateway to the Orient. From
airline food in the world. there it’s on to Hong Kong,
For the business
traveler we offer %
a choice of 48
wider, deeper easy
chairs in our
Plus we'll entertain you special Executive
like you've never been enter- Class section. Fine
tained. With an advanced new French champagne
entertainment system. Wider and cocktails are
screens than ever. Truer stereo- complimentary Singapore, Bangkok,
phonic sound through custom and the in-flight Canton, Peking, Jakarta
earphones. A video tape pre- attention is more like and a host of other exotic
sentation of the day's menu. First Class than Coach. | destinations in the nearby
Even local TV programming The first airline in the Orient.
and world news summaries will Orient is the last word in This is what flying should
be projected on your cabin Orient tours too. You'll find be like in the ‘80's. The very
screen! : Philippine Airlines offers the widest variety of tours to last word in air travel. ;
' Along with a show, how the finest Philippine and choose from on Philippine : ; From the very first airline
about dinner? Continental entrées plus Airlines. Departing from San in Asia.

e Airlines The last word in 747%. From the first airline

in Asia.
 THAT’S WHY WE LISTE!
When Paul Hooper talks about Today, Public Safety Enginé
highway safety, 3M listens. Paul is like Paul reach to contemporary
County Road Engineer of King yor ome. Like the 3M
County, Washington. He's dedicated Opticom® System that automatically
the last nineteen years of his life to changes traffic lights from red to
finding new and better ways to keep green to help emergency vehicles get
People alive. to the scene sooner and safer. And
when new technology is needed,
Paul will be among the first to know

?
 The Workers Know Best
president, founder and principal stock-
holder of Energy Conversion Devices of
Troy, Mich. Arco, which initially gave
ECD $3.3 million in funding last May, Boosting productivity and morale with IMPS and VIPS
now believes the company’s research in
new ways of converting sunlight into elec- > the jowls of an aging Hollywood tened their circles with such acronyms as |
tricity has bright potential. Says Cham- star, U.S. productivity is sagging, and VIPS (Volunteers Interested in Perfection),
bers: “The funding is our way of express- the blame has been placed on everything IMPS (Improved Methods and Products
ing confidence.” from Government regulation to declines Seekers) and TOPS (Turned Onto Produc-
Arco’s smart managers seem to be in business investment. But experts in- tivity and Savings). By any name, they
making quite a gamble. Ovshinsky is a creasingly believe a primary reason is that have already generated savings of at least
self-taught physicist without a college de- remote corporate bureaucracies have iso- $800,000. Examples:
gree. ECD, which he founded in 1960, has lated workers from all decision making, > A group of people who use wire-bond-
never had a commercial success, has had turning many of them into uncaring ing machines suggested that if a single
only one profitable year (1964) and last automatons. worker came in 15 minutes early each
year lost $3.4 million (on revenues of $1.6 To change that, more and more U.S. morning to warm up all the machines, ev-
million, largely from Arco funding for the companies are returning the responsibil- eryone could start work as soon as he ar-
solar project). The company’s over-the- ity for solving factory floor problems to rived. The saving: about $22,000 a year.
counter stock price has fluctuated sharp- the factory floor itself. On the premise that > Another circle, of people who use color-
ly. One high came in 1968, after Ovshin- the workers often know best, the firms coded tapes to assemble transformers for
sky said in a highly publicized news are forming “quality circles.” These are radar systems, recommended that each
conference that his research would “trans- groups of five to 13 employees who vol- worker be given his own tape machine
form” the electronics industry.
Last week’s pact calls for Atlantic
Richfield to help finance joint ventures
with ECD to develop alternative energy
sources. Using Ovshinsky’s theories, the EY!)
th
2 mee
Le
two companies are looking for a much
cheaper way to make photovoltaic cells
that can convert sunlight directly into
electricity.

vshinsky also has been working on

new materials that could replace,
among other things, the silicon cells used
to generate solar power, the electronic
chips in computer and calculator mem-
ories and the light-sensitive chemicals in
camera film. If looked at under a pow-
erful microscope, a silicon crystal shows
perfectly arranged patterns of atoms.
Ovshinsky is working with “ovonic” ma-
terials that have disordered or amorphous
atoms. He claims that if perfected, these
substitute materials could serve just as
well and would be much cheaper to make.
Though none of the potential uses of Ina Westinghouse qualitycircle,a production coordinator presents a machine-shop problem
this technology has yet been proved com- Motivated employees who save the company money and take their jobs home with them.
mercially, Ovshinsky has patented 102
possible applications. Several large com- unteer to gather for perhaps an hour each rather than sharing on a three-for-one ba-
panies have shown interest and have put week,on company time, in brainstorming sis. The twelve extra machines cost $174,
up cash to spur development and to buy li- sessions that focus on what can be done but the company saves some $11,000 a
censing rights to any end results. IBM and to improve output per hour worked. Su- year in production time.
Burroughs bought into new ways of stor- pervisors lead the discussions and help put > A purchasing-department circle noted
ing information on ovonic memory chips. the recommendations into practice. The that when supplies were ordered, many
Eastman Kodak, West Germany’s Agfa result: bonuses and more job satisfaction vendors routinely sent more than request-
and Japan’s Asahi paid to participate in for workers plus higher profits and pro- ed. The company either paid the bill or
ECD’s work toward a film that might be ductivity for firms. shipped the parts back at its own expense.
made without silver. The idea is hardly new. The Japanese The group tallied all the overcharge costs
Though some of the deals are long developed circles after World War II, bor- and found them startling. The solution
dormant and none has yet paid off, Arco rowing ideas from U.S. business theorists, was to inform suppliers that the compa-
seems enthusiastic. Claims Ovshinsky: and such groups are considered to be an ny would either keep the extra material
“Since May, all the essential steps for important contribution to Japan's produc- or charge for returning it. The saving:
ovonic solar cells have been production- tivity. Among the U.S. corporations now $636,000 a year.
proven, and they have shown themselves using quality circles are General Motors, For a cost-saving idea, the top award
to be far superior to anything else.” Ford, American Airlines, 3M and Mar- that members of a Westinghouse circle
Arco sees two big potential markets tin Marietta. One of the most enthusiastic, split up is $25,000. Says Earl Crehan, a |
for solar power if ECD’s new cells sub- Westinghouse, is expanding the use of cir- vice president at the Baltimore plant:
stantially cut the cost. The two: rural areas cles after experimenting with the idea for “The circles motivated our people. Un-
in the Third World that lack electricity, 16 months at its Defense and Electronic less management provides an environ-
and big power utilities that need cheap Systems Center near Baltimore. Notes ment of participation, we will not sur-
fuel. Says Chambers: “If it all works, we Executive Vice President George Beck: vive.” Adds Georgette Schaefer, the
will have an industry in place by the end “This is one of those rare programs that supervisor of one circle: “They have all be-
of this decade.” But, he admits, “there are benefit everyone.” come minimanagers. They now take "a
still some cards we haven't seen yet.” a The Baltimore workers have chris- job home with them.” t

TIME, JANUARY 238, 1980 65

 °
zx
=
s|
=|

Fund-raising hoopla at a United Way luncheon in Kansas City’s Radisson Muehlebach Hotel kicks off a drive that nets $13.1 million

Bearing Alms
it on Florida real estate. Nebraska's Boys
Town eagerly solicited funds after it built Use for Gunk
up a net worth of well over $200 mil-
Calls for truth in giving lion and an income from investments Throwaway oil makes good
that was easily enough to cover oper-
n American tradition that goes back aling expenses. E very year Americans throw away
to community barn raisings three Charities, Bakal argues, should be enough oil to fill 15 supertankers. The
centuries ago, philanthropy is now big | subject to some truth-in-giving regulation. waste, which runs to 1.1 billion gallons,
business, but is it always a truthful busi- He charges that, in its fund-raising ap- is the glop that is drained from industrial
ness? Cheerful givers usually know pre- peals, the Red Cross often avoids men- machinery, buses, trucks and the crank-
cious little about a sector of the econ- tioning that it helps servicemen with cases of cars at every oil change. The gunk
omy that in 1978 claimed a record $39.6 financial aid and counseling. Instead, the is so grimy that it is usually just sold for
billion—an average of $180 for every organization promotes its more popular pennies per gallon to waste oil dealers
man, woman and child in the nation activities, notably disaster relief. In Europe, many gas station owners
for donations to the Red Cross, Unit- Bakal also takes aim at the United sensibly save the used oil and burn it to
ed Way, CARE, the March of Dimes Way, the nation’s largest fund raiser; it heat their workrooms. Now a growing
and some 800,000 lesser organizations collects more than $1 billion annually and number of U.S. gas stations and auto sal-
raising money in the name of charity. aims to triple the total by 1985. Most of vagers are doing the same. They are in-
To help donors learn more, Carl Bak- the money comes from payroll deductions stalling so-called junk oil furnaces that
al, a public relations executive and some- Bakal cites evidence that some companies utilize an idea pioneered 17 years ago by
time social critic, has written Charity strongly pressured their employees to do- a West German garage owner, Walter
U.S.A., a $16.95 investigation into how nate their “fair share.” A Pacific Tele- Kroll, who developed a waste oil burner
the money is raised and where it goes phone & Telegraph executive, he says, to save on heating costs for his shop
Says Bakal, explaining why he wrote the threatened to deny raises to those who At least half a dozen U.S. manufac-
book: “Where the cause is noble, how the would not contribute; Ohio Bell Tele- turers are now rushing to bring out com-
money is spent is never questioned. I don’t phone recorded the names of those who peting products. Tri-State Products of
want people to stop giving. I just thought | canceled or reduced their pledges; North- Fombell, Pa., has sold 1,800 of its $1,200
questions should be answered because western Bell Telephone workers were told “Hooter” furnaces. Bigger waste oil fur-
they were giving so blindly.” by supervisors and union stewards how naces, capable of heating entire factories,
Bakal writes mostly of the $21.2 bil- much to give. are being marketed by Pittsburgh’s
lion that pours into educational, cultur- Dravo/ Hastings Corp
al, health, social welfare, environmental I: riposte, William Aramony, the head The devices basically resemble the oil
and other nonreligious causes. Corpo- of the United Way, accuses Charity burners in any homeowner's basement
rations give about 10% of the total. More U.S.A. of being superficial and doing “a But to remove the sludge, the furnaces
than 80% of the donations come from disservice to all philanthropy.” Other crit- use either filters or vaporizers, which heat
individuals, who, Bakal concludes, are ics charge that Bakal is out of date the fuel so that the dirt and grime drop
usually unaware, for instance, that an Two of his main conclusions are shaky. to the bottom
average of 21¢ of each charity dollar He suggests that a new federal agency Savings on heating bills can be con-
they give to health causes is spent on fund- should regulate charity much the way siderable. Aaron Zuckerman, owner of a
raising costs and overhead. He notes that that the Securities and Exchange Com- car wrecking yard in Winchester, Va., in-
over the eleven-year period that ended mission regulates securities transactions stalled a junk oil furnace in his warehouse
in 1974, the Asthmatic Children’s Foun- He also believes that most functions of last December and has cut his heating
dation, according to Bakal, collected $9.9 philanthropy should be taken over by fuel bill from $600 a month to nothing.
million, but only about $1.4 million of the Government. Few taxpayers will Junk oil furnaces are economical only
that ever went to research and the treat- agree that the U.S. needs another bu- in service stations, factories or other in- |
ment of sick children. The rest was swal- reaucracy or more federal spending. For dustrial enterprises that generate waste
lowed by overhead all the book’s flaws, anyone who has oil. Homeowners would not want to use
Bakal chronicles some of the well- the stamina and sharp eyesight to get the devices because buying, transporting
known charity deceptions that gulled the through 459 pages closely set in tiny and storing the fuel would be a problem
generous. Baltimore’s Pallottine Fathers, type will rightly demand to know more For all that, the heaters make an impor-
a missionary order, collected about $56 about what his favorite charity is doing tant point: even so lowly a product as junk
| million between 1970 and 1975 to feed with his hard-earned dollars before he oil from a jalopy can help the nation con-
and clothe the poor but spent much of writes another check a serve energy. a |
—
66 TIME, JANUARY 28, 1980
 _ Abillion dollars
just doesn’t go as far
as it used to.
Over the next5 year's, Texaco will be spending
more than $10 billion to bring you the energy you need.
When you've got a big job to do, a job Millions of barrels locked inshale.
as big as finding and developing new sources Right now we're working on an experimental project in
of energy, you've got to be prepared to Utah that may prove to be the key to extracting oil locked in
take big risks and make bigcommitments rock-like formations called oil shale. Until now, conven
And that's exactly what Texaco will tional methods of recovery have been uneconomical
be doing over the next 5 years, by But the use of new high-frequency radio wave technology
investing over $10 billion in capital and could open the door, and the
exploratory expenditures. These benefit could be enormous
are just a few examples ‘Bigger better more
SM
ieee
Ae : dine
$7 Os efficient refineries.
A lotof our
For example, we've spent “On $10 billion invest-
the last 3 years exploring ment will go
off the coast of New Jersey in toward
meorechernew sources of energy. But not all of it
the Baltimore Canyon. And recently found the first Texaco is also committed to improving and expanding
confirmation of natural gas its refining facilities. This expansion will allow us to
That could help reduce our dependence make better use of some of the more available
on imported oil and be good news crudes to bring you gasoline, heating oil, and other
to all Americans necessary petroleum products
\ Coal agg ion
Clean-burning i Our investment should pay off
gas from coal. {aw
wtion 21 in more energy.
Texaco's developed a At Texaco, we're working on a lot of projects that
process to turn coal, America’s most plentiful energy are extremely capita intensive, vet
t is, they'll require a
resource, into a clean-burning gas. That gas could be used lot of money. Money that must be put to work
by utility companies instead of oil to generate electricity |: now, and in the future, to get you more energy. Most
Several years ago we constructed a pilot plant of the money we'll be investing will come
in Montebello, California, and now, with other from our earnings. Finding energy may not be
organizations, we have announced plans to cheap, but it is critical
build a major coal gasification demonstration That's why Texaco is
plant committed to putting more
When used commercially, this process than $10 billion to work ove
could save millions of barrels of fuel oil the next 5 years in an effort to
each year bring you the energy you neec

We're working tokeep your trust.

 Sport.
of the New York Daily News. Leigh Mont-

The Selling of the Super Bowl ville of the Boston Globe described it as
“the great American theme contest
There’s no story so everyone sits down
One thousand reporters meet 3,000 stuffed chicken thighs and tries to manufacture one.”
One partially redeeming circum-
urrounded by 20 reporters one day Herman while wolfing down 3,000 stuffed stance was the presence of the Rams, in-
last week, Fred Dryer of the Los An- chicken thighs, 5,000 barbecued beef ribs stead of the exhaustively covered Dallas
geles Rams recounted how he and for- and a ton of linguine. On Sunday two Cowboys. “At least we had a new act,”
mer Teammate Lance Rentzel attended brunches and a postgame buffet were said Dave Anderson of the New York
the 1975 Super Bowl as accredited cor- booked. Said John Schulian of the Chi- Times. The star was Rams Owner Geor-
respondents for Sport magazine. “We cago Sun-Times: “These people don’t miss gia Rosenbloom, a former showgirl who
acted just like regular beat-reporters a trick.” writes poetry on the side. Her temper-
would,” he said. “We ate and drank free The N.F.L. provided 110 typewriters amental players, who felt the fans and
all week, but we were unbelievable tip- and 40 video display terminals at the Los the writers were belittling their talents,
pers. We slept in our suits. We blurted Angeles Marriott Hotel, where most of made headlines by threatening to boycott
questions. We weren't interested in an- | the journalists were staying. Each day the press. Cracked Frank Dolson of the
swers, and we didn’t wait for them.” | league publicists churned out highlights Philadelphia /nquirer: “My greatest dis-
His listeners laughed heartily, if a of the coaches’ press conferences and appointment of the whole Super Bow! was
that they didn’t.”
Many writers tried gamely to avoid
Superclichés. No one did it as well as Mil-
ton Richman of U.P.I. and Dave Brady
of the Washington Post two years ago
YN2AS—ACOuON
—they visited a leper colony 50 miles from
New Orleans and came across a high
school teacher of Viking Coach Bud
Grant—but some entertaining yarns were
spun nevertheless. Ram Linebacker Jack
Reynolds got plenty of ink with succes-
sive versions of how he once sawed a car
in half (“13 blades and eight hours”), and
Teammate Jack Youngblood was, er, cast
as a pregame hero because of his deci-
sion to play with a hairline fracture in
his left shinbone.

pone unavoidably, a pack formed

at the first whiff of a fresh angle. One
morning a half dozen writers discovered
Cliff Stoudt, the third-string Steeler quar-
terback who has yet to get into a game in
his three-year career. (“Just once I'd like
to wake up sore on Monday morning.)
For the Super Bowl press, it was the equiv-
alent of spotting Lana Turner at Currie’s
Steelers Linebacker Jack Lambert confronts a hungry press over breakfast Ice Cream Parlor on Sunset Boulevard
“You could cover this thing without ever leaving the hotel.” The next day Stoudt had almost as many
interlocutors as Terry Bradshaw, the
mite uneasily. Dryer’s caricature bore quotes from leading players. During the team’s all-pro quarterback.
more than a passing resemblance to the game, the league p.r. staff was geared to To relieve their ennui, some reporters
750 reporters and 300 photographers who provide play-by-play summaries and a played cards—one year their traditional
descended on Los Angeles last week to blizzard of statistics, and planned to pro- game was busted by hotel detectives—or
| watch the Rams and Pittsburgh Steelers duce 15 legal-sized pages of player quotes hung out at the Ginger Man in Beverly
collide in Super Bowl XIV. For seven within hours of the final gun. Newcomers Hills, ogling California womanhood. The
days, the National Football League vir- were left slack-jawed. Says Mike Tierney annual Super Bow! hooker invasion left
tually immobilized the journalists in a of the St. Petersburg (Fla.) Times. “You them unscathed for the XIVth consecu-
thick public relations syrup. Upon arriv- could cover this thing without ever leav- tive year. “The only guys with any money
ing they were given a designer carryall, a ing the hotel.” are giving it to each other in poker
briefcase and enough press handouts to re- All that flackery once again left the games,” explained George Kimball of the
construct a tree. They were bused to mind- N.F.L. open to charges that it was trying Boston Herald American. In any case, the |
numbing press conferences and interview to manage the news. But Jim Heffernan, scribes can be kinky customers, as one |
sessions, and courtesy cars were available director of public relations, strongly dis- working woman learned not long ago |
if they wanted to take a drive. Coffee, juice agreed: “It’s tightly scheduled rather than when she approached Woody Paige of
and pastry were served gratis every morn- | tightly managed. It’s the only way the Denver's Rocky Mountain News. Said she:
ing al press headquarters, and its free bar | teams could possibly satisfy 1,000 mem- “For $100, I'll go back to your hotel room
was open from 2 p.m. to midnight. |bers of the media. We're not selling the and do anything.” Said he: “How "bout a
On Friday night most of the press Super Bowl. The game sells itself.” column and a sidebar.”
corps turned out for the Super Bowl Hop The sale was not, however, accom- The writers also relaxed by playing
at the Pasadena Center, where 3,000 peo- | panied by much hard news. “You don’t in N.F.L.-sanctioned golf and tennis tour-
ple listened to Tex Beneke and Woody |score scoops out here,” said Dick Young naments and taking N.F.L.-provided
68 TIME, JANUARY 28, 1980
 We are proud of the birthdates of our children,
the grapes of Almadén.
Yes, we are very proud. And joyment of our classic varietal Also, while all our wines are
we show our pride by putting a wines. Because each vintage has a ready to drink when purchased,
vintage date on our classic vari- different personality. Subtle dif- you may sometimes wish to set a
etal wines ferences you may taste and enjoy. few bottles aside. Here you will
Because each vintage—each find the vintage date helpful in
year’s harvest —is like a new child giving the wine the additional
A child we lovingly care for as it aging you desire
develops and matures. And we We invite you to enjoy the
give each its just recognition by incomparable quality of our vin-
giving it a vintage date tage-dated wines. An incompara-
For you, the vintage
date adds ble quality you will find in our
yet another dimension to the en- entire family of Almadén wines
Singapore, the Airline Even Other Airlines Talk About
Some people choose us because we fly over 400 services each week to 36 cities
in 29 countries. But on top of this, there are the little things, like gracious service
on the way from gentle hostesses in their sarong kebayas. We'll care for you
across the Pacific, to Hong Kong, Singapore and beyond in our new fleet of 747
Super-Bs. With inflight service you'll be talking about too. For reservations
or information call your travel agent or transportation manager.

A great way to fly

SINGAPORE A/RLINES r
 — Science
buses out to the races at Santa Anita. | in everybody's face.” Says he: “The bot-
i
Their attachment to such warm-weather tom line is I feel sorry for the guy.” Not
pursuits has already dampened enthusi- so Stingley’s attorney Jack Sands, who has
asm for the Super Bowl two years hence asked Football Commissioner Pete Ro-
in Pontiac, Mich. Joked Dave Anderson: zelle to ban Tatum from the game. Pre-

Genetic Coup
“We'll all arrive the morning of the occupied with the Super Bowl, Rozelle has
game.” But golf or no golf, there prob- yet to take any action. He was, however,
ably will be few no-shows. “You've got to heard to mutter a few words about Ta-
be where the action is,” said Morris Sie- tum's cheek: “That's asking for it. Un- E. coli makes interferon
gel of the Washington Star. “If they believable.” A number of players have
played this game in the holy city of Qum, joined the chorus. “Mean” Joe Greene of Imost from the time of its accidental!
all the writers would still be there.” a the Pittsburgh Steelers says flatly, “We're discovery by scientists in England in
sportsmen, we're athletes. We shouldn't 1957, interferon has been the stuff of re-

The Assassin be anything else.” Adds Dave Elmendorf |

of the Los Angeles Rams: “I think [Ta-
tum] is in a minority of one.”
searchers’ dreams. A complex bodily
protein, it possesses both antiviral and
antitumor properties, which means it
A bone-jarring autobiography Perhaps. But even if Tatum is the only could become an important new weap-
| savage-minded safety in professional foot- | on against a wide range of diseases, from
is team failed to reach Super Bowl ball—and that seems dubious—his case the common cold to certain cancers. But
XIV, but Oakland Raiders Safety is complex enough to merit consideration. it takes 65,000 pints of blood to get jus:
Jack Tatum is making his presence For while his “confessions” may be taste- 100 mg (.0035 oz.) of the protein, so test-
known off the field with about as much less and disturbing, he tempers them with ing of the possible miracle drug has been
| impact as the bruising tackles that have a sort of pathetic self-pity (“I am not an severely limited. Now, as a result of an-
made him one of football’s worst-feared « other application of gene-splicing, or
>
defensive players. Tatum, who left New 5
= recombinant DNA, techniques, all that
ae
England Patriots Receiver Darryl Sting- °
= may change. In Boston last week mo-
ley paralyzed from the neck down after a lecular biologists announced that they
°
1978 encounter, has set down a chilling °2 had induced tiny bacterial “factories” to
account of his violent career. The book, a
copy human interferon.
written with Pro-turned-Journalist Bill * Ordinarily, interferon is produced by
Kushner, was published last week (Ev- 2 virtually all cells in the human body,
erest House; $9.95). Its grisly title: They o which get their instructions for making it
Call Me Assassin. from a specific gene in their DNA; these
Tatum takes pride in his work. “I like are passed on to the cells’ protein-man-
to believe that my best hits border on fe- ufacturing sites by a genetic molecule
lonious assault,” he writes, “but at the known as messenger RNA. But for Hun-
same time everything I do is by the rule garian-born Charles Weissmann of the
book ... My style of play is mean and University of Zurich, and his Swiss, Finn-
nasty, and I am going to beat people phys- ish and Japanese colleagues, the natural
ically and mentally, but in no way am I process was only a starting point. After
going down in the record book as a cheap- extracting messenger RNAs from human
shot artist.” He explains the now-out- white blood cells, which were producing
lawed “Hook” tackle taught to him by interferon, they used these molecules to
fellow Safety George Atkinson as “sim- generate sections of DNA that they hoped
ply flexing your biceps and trying to catch would include the required gene. They
the receiver’s head in the joint between | then spliced these fragments into the
the forearm and the upper arm. The pur- genes of a laboratory strain of E. coli bac-
pose of the Hook was to strip the receiv- | teria. The bacteria began to make copies,
er of the ball, his helmet, his head and or clones, oftheir altered selves.
his courage.” The best hit of his career,
Tatum recalls, was a Hook to Riley ventually, the team produced some
Odoms of the Denver Broncos; “I heard “Theard Riley scream on impact...” 20,000 clones. But which ones carried
Riley scream on impact and felt his body the crucial interferon DNA? Analyzing
go limp.” (He was not seriously injured.) assassin, but rather a human being with them in successively smaller groups—first
That kind of fun soon had Tatum vying a deep compassion for little children”). 500 at a time, then 64, then eight—the sci-
with Atkinson in a gruesome covert race He also tells of aghetto boyhood in Pas- entists isolated their genetic needle in the
for the most “knockouts,” or players left saic, N.J., and football as his only way haystack: the bacteria that carried the
unconscious (two points), and “limp-offs” out. At every stage of his career, Tatum DNA for interferon. After they found one
(one point). Crows Tatum: “Guess who says, he has been judged mostly by how such bug, they could easily identify oth-
won?” hard he hits, first by a shrewd high school ers and extract the DNA fragments. The
About his injury to Stingley, Tatum coach, later by Ohio State's notorious team spliced them into different places
says, “It was one of those pass plays where Woody Hayes, and finally by the Raid- in E. coli, and, presto, the bacteria began
I could have attempted to intercept, but ers. If he has done his job too well, the cranking out a close facsimile of the hu-
because of what the owners expect of me rules of the game are partly at fault, Ta- man protein.
when they give me my paycheck, I au- tum insists, and he proposes reforms: ban- The amount of interferon made by
tomatically reacted to the situation by ning quick slant-in passes that leave re- these bacterial minifactories was ex-
going for an intimidating hit.” He adds ceivers little running room, zone defenses tremely small and impure. But the re-
in passing regret: “When the reality of that give a Tatum too much time to zero searchers, who did their work on behalf
Stingley’s injury hit me with its full im- in on his target, and linebacker blitzes that of Biogen S.A., a Swiss-based firm set up
| pact, I was shattered. To think that my take a heavy toll on quarterbacks. As for to exploit recombinant DNA technology,
tackle broke another man’s neck and the spirit of the game that he so crassly vi- hope to produce larger quantities of pur-
| killed his future ... well, I know it hurts olates, he can hardly be excused. But there er material, The ultimate goal: to bring
Darryl, but it hurts me, too.” are others to share the blame: the Raid- down the cost of an injection of interfer-
That admission has done little to ers’ owners, coaches and fans who pay on from today’s price of $75 a shot to as li!-
soothe Stingley, who calls the book “a slap Jack Tatum to be their “assassin.” = leas $1. 5
TIME, JANUARY 238. 1980 69
 Medicine
Junkie King Smoke Signs |
| But Nichopoulos is unsure who was get-
ting what: “I have no records at all.”
> Prescriptions meant for others were
Presley as a popper usually written in Presley's name because New alert for women
he felt compelled to pick up the tab. Once,
fter Elvis Presley was found dead on | though, before a 1977 Hawaii tour, Ni- F or years women had the consolation
his bathroom floor in Memphis on chopoulos wrote ten prescriptions (550 that cigarette smoking was somehow
Aug. 16, 1977, the county medical exam- tablets) for himself, then gave the drugs more hazardous to men. No longer. In a
iner ruled that the king of rock ‘n’ roll to Presley. Said Dr. Nick: “I felt if I 400-page report to Congress last week,
had died of natural causes. The verdict: charged him for the medication, his fa- Surgeon General Julius Richmond said
cardiac arrhythmia, perhaps brought on ther would blow a gasket.” that women face the same dangers in
by longstanding hypertension and athero- | » Nichopoulos, who said he acted like a smoking as men. Indeed, lung cancer
sclerosis. But rumors, fed by a toxicology brother, father and counselor to his pa- deaths among women are rising so rap-
study showing traces of at least ten pre- tient, occasionally tried to placate Pres- idly that by 1983 the smoking-related dis-
scription drugs in his body, soon circu- ley with placebos. But the singer, who kept ease should overtake breast cancer as the
lated depicting Presley as a medication his own medical reference books, was ap- leading cancer killer of U.S. women. The
junkie who had fallen victim to his habit. parently too shrewd for these ploys. After reason, says Richmond, is that so many
There was even talk of a “drug trailer” women picked up the habit during and
with a live-in nurse on the lush grounds after World War II, a full 25 years after
of his Graceland mansion. men did; and lung cancer often takes that
During all this speculation, Presley's long to develop.
personal physician, George Nichopoulos, The report also emphasized that
$2—or “Dr. Nick,” as the affable, white- pregnant women who smoke risk spon-
haired Memphis practitioner was known taneous abortion and neonatal death,
in the Presley household—steadfastly and that their babies weigh an average
maintained that any drug abuse by the | 200 gm (7 oz.) less than those of non-
singer was “accidental.” But last fall the smoking mothers. And though smoking
Tennessee board of medical examiners among both men and women overall
filed a 59-page complaint against Nicho- has declined, young women between 17
poulos, charging him with indiscriminate- and 24 are now outsmoking their male
ly prescribing uppers, downers, tranquil- peers. a
izers and narcotics for Presley and 19

Drug Patrol
other people, including Singer Jerry Lee
Lewis. (The state pharmacy board filed
its own charges against Memphis Drug-
gist Irving Jack Kirsch, who had filled Olympic watchdogs are ready
many of Presley's prescriptions.) Accord-
ing to the complaint against Nichopoulos, t has been the talk of the locker rooms
he wrote orders for 12,000 pills and vials for years. East Germany’s muscular
| of potent drugs for Presley in the final 20 women swimmers are suspected of train-
months of the singer's life, including ing on body-building anabolic steroids. So
Quaalude, Dilaudid, Amytal, Dexedrine, are weight lifters, shotputters and javelin
Valium, Demerol, Carbrital, Placidyl and and discus throwers of many countries.
Percodan. Soviet female gymnasts have been ac-
Last week, under the glare of TV cused of taking pituitary blockers to slow
lights, the board of medical examiners down growth. Swimmers, runners, cyclists
opened a hearing into its charges, Dr Dr. Nick listens to testimony and hockey players are widely believed to
Nick was among the first to testify. Re- Three suitcases full of “supplies.” compete while “hopped up” on stimu-
calling an association that began in 1967 lants, especially amphetamines. Though
when he treated the star for saddle sores, he confided what he had done, Dr. Nick practically all drug use is forbidden under
he painted a fascinating, depressing pic- said, Presley replied that he knew it and Olympic rules, competitors, coaches and
ture of life with the king: that he was just playing along. | sports physicians alike say flatly that the
> Presley was probably addicted to the Though Dr. Nick’s testimony por- taking of drugs is widespread
painkiller Demerol and barbiturates as trayed Presley as heavily dependent on Now, on the eve of the 1980 Winter |
well. Twice, in October 1973 and again drugs, there was still a question whether Games in Lake Placid, N.Y., next month,
in March 1975, he was hospitalized, and they killed him. The drugs found in Pres- | the International Olympic Committee’s
attempts were made to wean him off ley’s body, some medical observers noted, medical commission is determined to
drugs, one time using methadone. But were not at lethal levels and his longtime keep competition “clean” this time
Presley was so distrustful of his doctors abuse of medication probably made Pres- around. Says William Shuler, a former Ca-
after learning they were psychiatrists that ley tolerant of high amounts. Still, sev- nadian armed forces officer who will be
he refused any further treatment. eral of the drugs, taken in conjunction, director of medical services at Lake Plac-
> On tour, Presley routinely popped pills could have interacted with each other and id: “Anyone who might be considering
to go to sleep, before and after shows, and produced a fatal synergistic effect. And using drugs should be warned. He's more
to wake up. Nichopoulos always took there is no doubt that, whatever his other than likely to get caught.”
along three suitcases full of medical “sup- problems, there was no medical justifica- Entrusted with the policing effort are
plies,” including a large assortment of tion for the voracious way Presley took Pharmacologist Robert Dugal and Chem-
Stimulants, depressants and painkillers drugs. At week’s end, the Tennessee board | ist Michel Bertrand of Montreal's Nation-
(“So we wouldn't have to rely on an emer- voted unanimously to suspend Dr. Nick’s al Institute for Scientific Research. The
gency room before a show’). The 70- to license for three months—but only after two men, who performed similar duties
100-member entourage also drew freely praising him as a valuable member ofthe at the 1976 Montreal Olympics, are armed |
from this pharmacy—"‘if the need arose.” | medical profession. a with millions of dollars worth of sophis-

70 TIME, JANUARY 28, 1980

 ticated laboratory equipment, including
16 gas chromatographs, four of them
linked to mass spectrometers. The devices
are sensitive enough to pick up one tril-
lionth of a gram of amphetamine in a
urine sample. They can also detect other
stimulants and painkilling narcotics tak-
en 72 to 96 hours before the test and ste-
roids used as long as six or seven weeks
in advance of the competition
The tests will be administered to two
athletes selected at random from each
team in every game played and to any
athlete whose performance seems unusu-
ally good. In individual events, the first
four finishers will be tested, as will two
or three competitors chosen at random
Within an hour after the event, the ath-
lete will be sent to a testing site where
at least 50 milliliters (less than 2 02.) of
urine will be collected. The sample will
be sent to the laboratory in two bottles:
one will be stored in a sealed box in a re-
frigerator; the other specimen will be
analyzed immediately. The urine will be
placed in the gas chromatograph, which
separates oul constituent elements one
by one. For example, amphetamines
come out in three minutes, narcotics and
steroids in about 20 minutes. Their pres-
ence is signaled by a “spike” in a pen-
graph tracing made by the machine. No
spike, no drugs.

f the test is positive, though, the drug

will be identified by the mass spectrom- |
eter. This device, by bombarding the drug
molecules with ions (charged particles),
produces a pattern, or “fingerprint,” of
the unknown chemical. Since each drug's
fingerprint is unique to it, the chemical For color reproduction of Wild Turkey painting by Ken Davies, 19" by 21!" send $2to Box 929-1, WallSt.Sta., N.Y. 10005
can be readily identified. If a forbidden
drug is detected, the Olympic medical
commission will inform the chief of the
athlete’s delegation of the incriminating
results, and a test on the refrigerated sam- Wild Turkey Lore:
ple is done. If the first results are con-
firmed, the game is forfeited and the ath-
lete may face losing a medal and being In 1776 Benjamin Franklin
proposed that the Wild
disqualified from the Olympics
Dugal and Bertrand plan to analyze
the urine of 175 athletes every day. And
lest any think that they are home free
after a clean test, there is the cautionary
Turkey be adopted as the
tale of the East bloc Weight Lifter Val-
entin Christov. After an early test at the
symbol of our country.
Montreal Games showed that he was
clean, he apparently began stoking ste- The eagle was chosen
roids. A gold medalist, he was automat-
ically selected for a second test. This instead.
The Wild Turkey
time the drugs were detected in his urine
and he lost his medal and went home in
disgrace
Dugal and Bertrand expect such in-
cidents to be the exception, however, even
later went on to
though they will be using vastly more sen-
sitive equipment than in Montreal. Dur-
become the symbol of
ing the 1976 Games, 2,049 tests produced
only eleven positives, eight of which were our country’s finest
Bourbon.
for anabolic steroids. A similarly small
= te any
tally at Lake Placid would please Dugal Mia & Ricci
Says he: “We're not there so much to catch Ween a

people using drugs as to discourage them

from doing so. I'd be happy if we didn't
geta single positive reading.” a WILD TURKEY7101 PROOF
1979 Austin, Nichots DistillingCo.,Lawrenceburg, Kentucky.
TIME, JANUARY 28, 1980
* 1873 A. v Neymeida Topagee Oo.
“wr , g a a

ae

ti RP

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<
==
~Yy
| ‘ A rd
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iy

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 Living
ard Nixon’s script was barely legible,

Nowadays, Writing Is off the Wall while John Kennedy’s was so erratic that
he seldom signed his own name the same
way twice. Though Jimmy Carter's hand
So say the nation’s penmakers, and they have a point is clear, it seems almost juvenile when
compared with the elegant, flowing scripts |
early everyone has had the frustration lection, while indecipherable addresses of early Chief Executives like George
of receiving a phone message, restau- account for much of the 38 million pieces Washington and Thomas Jefferson.
rant bill, mechanic's receipt or note from of mail that wind up in dead-letter of- Among professionals, doctors contin-
the boss that turns out to be about as easy fices at a cost of nearly $4 million a year ue to live up to their reputation as the
to decipher as Egyptian hieroglyphics. for extra handling. worst scribblers. A study published in the
Weaned as they are on telephones, type- American Medical Association’s Journal

Mf Fy
| writers, computer print-outs and other reports that at one hospital 33% of all the
communications gadgetry, Americans physicians’ notes were essentially illegible
have simply forgotten how to write clearly (general surgeons and urologists were the
—when they write at all. So bad is the sit- worst offenders; gynecologists and cardiac
uation that the Writing Instrument Man- surgeons did somewhat better). Pharmacy
ufacturers Association, which annually Times magazine regularly reproduces par-
celebrates John Hancock’s birthday, Jan. Rotten writing is scarcely a new prob- ticularly hopeless prescriptions.
23, as National Handwriting Day, has de- lem. Napoleon’s script was so miserable Beyond the fact that much less com-
cided that it is “hopeless” to go on using that one of his generals once mistook a let- munication is handwritten now than it
ter of his for battle orders. Charles Ham-

A haw
ilton, a Manhattan dealer in autographs
and manuscripts, contends that Writer
Gertrude Stein’s oblique prose style may
be explained by the fact that compositors
often misread her cryptic script. Poet Wil-
liam Butler Yeats often could not read his
The standard-setting signature own work. Horace Greeley, the editor of
the old New York Tribune, had a notori- Kennedy’s scribble
the occasion to promote legibility in sig- ously illegible scrawl. He once scribbled a
natures. But the retreat is only partial. note to a reporter telling him he was fired was in the days of the quill pen, experts
Says Frank L. King, W.1.M.A.’s executive for incompetence; so indecipherable was | point to several causes of scriptural slop-
vice president: “We may have weakened the missive that for years afterward the piness. Some blame a spreading weakness
on signatures, but not on anything else. man was able to pass it off as a letter of of will. Says Sam Toombs, a Houston psy-
We will continue to vigorously provoke recommendation. chologist: “Bad handwriting is a way of
people’s awareness of bad handwriting.” What dismays pen- and pencil- saying something and taking it back at the
By W.1.M.A.’s reckoning, business los- makers today is that woeful writing seems same time. People scrawl signatures on
es as much as $200 million yearly as a re- to be spreading. Particularly upsetting is material for which they don’t want to be
sult of illegible records and messages. the poor example being set by the White held responsible.” Others cite the hurried
Sloppily filled-out returns hamper tax col- House. Among recent Presidents, Rich- nature of modern society, in which speed
is given a higher priority than clarity. Pen-
makers decry poor instruction: while
courses in calligraphy are gaining in popu-
larity among adults, schools have de-em-
Hanging “10” phasized instruction in penmanship. Pro-
moters of good script point out that at

oan Cle.
Bx women began adopting it in the
early 1970s: the venerable African
custom of ing hair woven into
small, tight braids fastened at the ends
with cowries, beads and sometimes
feathers. But since blond Starlet Bo
Derek turned up sporting the style in Carter's copybook clarity
this season’s hit film comedy “/0,” wom-
en of all hues have been badgering hair- schools in Oregon, where italic handwrit-
dressers for what they call “the Bo look.” ing is taught as a way to instill clarity, stu-
It does not come cheap: a braiding job dents not only develop superior penman-
costs anywhere from $80 to $300, and ship but get higher-than-average grades
it takes four to eight hours to finish. all round.
But once done, the hair can be sham- No purist on penmanship, W.LM.A.'s
pooed daily and will stay intact for a King admits to a feeling that script that is
month. Devotees praise the fashion as just a little sloppy may indicate “a more
being “goddess-like,” and “very Egyp- complex and exciting person.” Nonethe-
tian,” but hairdressers warn that not less, W.I.M.A. recommends 17 steps towarc
every girl should get a Bo. Says Jim more legible handwriting, including
Thompson, a Florida stylist: “It might “Slow down. Sit properly. Watch out fo
make a 9 into a 10, but it won’t make tricky letters. . .a,e, tand r cause the mos.
a3intoa 4.” difficulty.” And at the end of the list
“Think of the person receiving what you
write, and be merciful.” |

TIME, JANUARY 28, 1980 75

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 , Art : |
the garden fountains, the rivers and wa-

The Gardens
of the Princes terfalls to soot.
A combination of utter vividness, pre-
cision of detail and fantasticated, rhythm-
In Washington, a landmark show of Persian miniatures ical design breathes from nearly all the
miniatures, but especially from the work |
n hindsight, the glories of kings are apt of the Safavid court artist Sultan-Muham-
to depend on the available talent. All mad, for whom this show is in effect a re-
the last Shah of Iran could rake up by DHL trospective. In one image of a legendary
HSILIWE
way of a court artist was Andy Warhol. Persian hero, Rustam Sleeping While
Four hundred years before, his predeces- auveaRakhsh Fights the Lion, there is a dazzling
sors were more fortunate. The first three- play between abstraction and observation
quarters of the 16th century in the courts A dozen kinds of flower and plant are
of Persia formed one of the supreme pe- faithfully recorded, petal by petal, while
riods in the history of art: a Middle East- the rocks themselves take on the surging,
ern equivalent, perhaps, of Florence be- crinkled look of brain coral, providing a
tween 1450 and 1500, or 16th century dream landscape, almost subaqueous, in
Venice, or Paris between 1880 and 1930. malachite green, pink and blue, woven to-
It was mainly in Tabriz, the capital of gether by the twisting trees. A tense sprin-
the Safavid dynasty, under the patronage giness seems to run through every shape,
ofa succession of highly civilized Muslim visible in the arabesques of a bush no less
shahs and princes, that the art of min- than in the lashing tail of the lion or the
iature painting was brought to a pitch of trampling feet of the horse Rakhsh.
aesthetic and technical perfection that Pattern rules; it is extended every-
had not been imagined before, and has where. But unlike the more abstract coil-
not been approached since. ings and loopings of Carolingian or Ro-
Last month an exhibition of this work manesque manuscript painting, it keeps
opened at the National Gallery in Wash- returning the eye to the real world, if |
ington (it moves to the Fogg Museum in “real” is the correct term for this jeweled |
Cambridge, Mass., in late March). There and infinitely elaborated ideal of nature.
seems to be no reason to doubt the or- In fact, there is practically no differ-
ganizers’ claim that it is “probably the ence between culture and nature in these
greatest assemblage of 16th century Ira- ; ; miniatures. Both are equally possessed,
nian painting seen together in 400 years.” | peta from Khusraw Listening to Barbad equally dominated. Witness the figures in
Under the curatorial hand of Art Histo- | pjaying the Lute; below, Rustam Sleeping Mirza-'Ali’s miniature from the Quintet of
rian Stuart Cary Welch, several .Nizami, Khusraw Listening to
works have been brought togeth- =Barbad Playing the Lute; the
er. The centerpiece is the Hough- Syoung prince and his lackeys
ton Shahnama, or Book of Kings, have the same absolute and
in itself a miniature museum of Ma) «charmed formality as the room
the work of the greatest court art- mn) =they sit in, with its green and blue
ists of Tabriz, those who were as- } and pink tiles, its delicate mural
sembled under the rule of Shah tracery and the mythical good-
Tahmasp. There are other ma- luck birds over the framing arch
jor manuscripts too, including The basic principle of these min-
Nizami's Quintet (a cycle of five Lia Ga
Aen iatures is always clear: it is that
illustrated poems), along with a 7
Vb arieven
time in making commands time
group of separate miniatures. in looking. The idea that “major”
Few exhibitions have offered art must be big art is utterly refut-
such extreme pleasures to the eye. ed: what counts is the amount of
Though the pleasures are taxing, concentrated imagination and
because ofa scale of detail so tiny craft the pages contain. Each im-
that the museum supplies mag- age is a trap, a condenser—time
nifying glasses, Christopher Mar- made visible.
lowe’s phrase, “Infinite riches in Turned out by whole work-
a little room,” takes on a special shops of craftsmen working along
meaning with these miniatures. with the master painter (each leaf
They are the condensed products could take months of labor), these
of an immense appetite for the miniatures may be the most self-
world and its fruits, compressed ish works of art ever created for a
into a few square inches of sur- patron. They are mines of infor-
face. They are also fresher than mation about dress, manners and
most European Renaissance social ranking. But their point of
paintings because they have been view is so dauntingly one of abso-
protected between the covers of lute ownership that in studying
books, so that the pigment has them, one seems to be examining
not faded through exposure to their world down the wrong end
light. The one exception to this of a telescope. It is tiny, clear and
is the silver leaf that Safavid art- unattainably remote—a_ place
ists customarily used to represent that no human ruler will ever en-
water: it has tarnished, turning teragain. — Robert Hughes
TIME, JANUARY 28, 1980 79
FIGHT BACK AGAINST SO-CALLED PLANNED OBSOLESCENCE.

SCOUT INTRODUCES THE

It seems like ym Mercedes-Benz 300SD.
clockwork. Just when | It’s unfair to compare
the repair bills start ' our engine to theirs how-
rolling in, you discover / ever. Remember, the more
your Car's warranty has affordable Scout Turbo-D
run out. Call it planned / hasa100,000-mile warranty
obsolescence. Call it / vs.a warranty of only 20,000
anything you want. At / miles for the Mercedes.
International Harvester, ] Our new rust warranty. Pro-
we call it disgraceful.
/ tection for the long haul. Drive
That's why for 1980 we
an ordinary car a few years and
proudly and confidently
you may discover that your rust
announce the longest \
warranty (if you have one at all)
engine and rust-through pro- \ \ is no more solid than the fast-
tection package in automo- \ \%
corroding body of your car.
tive history: 100,000 miles.
What do you do? You fight back
Or 5 years. Clean and simple. tougher on our engines
with Scout. And our new 5-year
than you'll ever be.
How to builda International Harvester
rust-through protection plan.
Our new warranty gives you
100,000-mile engine Heritage. We've been building this honest promise: During a
our own engines since 1908. In
warranty. fact, one of our optional Scout
the first 100,000 miles, or 5
years (whichever comes
We build every one of our engines is a first cousin to the first), International Scout
engines to last well beyond power plant that goes in our will repair or replace any
100,000 miles. That’s why we 2%2-ton trucks. vehicle body component
can make this promise: During And every Scout engine es which suffers “perfora-
the first 100,000 miles, or 5 years is a 100,000-mile engine. tion” due to corrosion
(whichever comes first), Inter- From our gutsy, but eco- Bill Roseberry
without charge
is a steady hand behind
national® Scout® will repair or nomical, 196-cubic-inch four- our hot wax anti-rust for parts or labor?
replace without charge for parts cylinder to our hardworking, treatment.
We treat every
or labor any part of the engine hard-playing 304-cubic-inch 1980 Scout with an extensive
block and all internally- and 345-cubic-inch V-8’s. 4-step anti-rust process.
lubricated engine components We galvanize critical
which are defective* Our new turbo-diesel welding points. Dip
But it takes more thana engine. Only one other Scout bodies to
good engine to back upa electrostatically
100,000-mile warranty. in America.
coat all major
Testing. Unlike most car The new Scout Turbo-D gives body parts. Apply
companies, we test every Scout you all the economy and depend- zinc-rich primer to
engine both before and after ability of a diesel with startling hood, fender and
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we're very picky about the Power to get through trouble. Finally, we call on
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Stoddard waiting to sail Fox and Harris escaping from the world at the King’s country residence Lavin fighting for survival

Television
This production comes alive only

Affairs of Hearts and Minds

when the title characters are offstage,
when everyone around them is arguing
about what to do. Through his arro-
A superb Darwin, a mediocre Edward, a fine Dream gance, Edward threw his country into a
constitutional crisis equivalent in mag-
THE VOYAGE OF CHARLES DARWIN way man looks at himself and his world nitude to Watergate. How the British
(PBS, Sundays, beginning Jan. 27.) Per- For PBS Darwin is a good start to the establishment covered it up, and then
haps the hardest thing to capture on film new year. Not the least of its virtues is finally resolved it, is far more interesting
is a mind at work, and scriptwriters usu- that il gives viewers the innocent eyes of than the tedious romance that caused it
ally resort to obvious devices: a composer children—or explorers. It enables them in the first place GC.
tinkling tunes on the piano, a novelist to see the world as Darwin did, a place
tearing paper out of his typewriter or a sci- of delights and horrors, wonders and THE $5.20 AN HOUR DREAM (CBS, Jan
entist pouring foul-looking glop from one excitements Gerald Clarke 26, 9 p.m. E.S.T.) Discrimination can be
test tube into another. But revealing spelled many ways, but it usually mea-
thought in action is exactly what the cre- EDWARD & MRS. SIMPSON (syndicated sures out at only five letters: money. Those
ators of this new BBC series have done, and stations, Wednesdays, beginning Jan. 23.) who suffer its effects almost always make
the size of their achievement is indicated Kings of England have been deposed, less than those who do not, and the fight
in the title. The mind they are portraying murdered and executed. One, poor against bias will inevitably be won on the
is that of Charles Darwin; the idea they George III, was even confined for mad- economic battlefield. That is what the
are presenting is the evolution of life itself. ness. But until 1936 none had voluntarily women’s movement has discovered, and
The series centers on Darwin's ser- renounced his throne. That dubious dis that is what this tough and uncompro-
vice as naturalist aboard the H.M.S. Bea- tinction was left to Edward VIII, who mising TV movie is about
gle, which spent five years in the early reigned for exactly 325 days and then Ellen Lissik (Linda Lavin) works in
1830s charting and surveying the waters gave up his crown for “the woman I an engine factory. She is divorced, with a
off the coasts of South America. It was love,” a Baltimore divorcee by the name ne’er-do-well ex-husband who runs at the
the chief event of his life. Though he of Wallis Warfield Simpson mention of child support for their twelve-
had little formal scientific training, the Theirs has often been called the ro year-old daughter. Like the women she
young man, played with athletic gusto mance of the century, but they held the works with, she does not look much be
by Malcolm Stoddard, had an “enlarged title only for want of contenders. In fact yond a good time Saturday night. But she
curiosity,” as his uncle phrased it. Dar according to this new British recounting, does know one thing: she cannot make do
win’s native skepticism turned the voy they were both dull and not a little dense on the $4.30 an hour she is now being paid
age into a fresh, vigorous inquiry into The plot they followed was perfect soap Ellen needs only 90¢ an hour more, the
the nature of things, and the Beagle car opera, but history should have asked for wages of an assembly-line worker at the
ried not only him but mankind into a better actors to play the protagonists factory. The trouble is that the line is for
new era of understanding The producers of this six-part series men only
The camera follows that inquiry, from should have done that at the very least Everyone is against her. The men on
his discovery of the fossils of extinct rep- Rarely have two actors, Edward Fox and the line are afraid that if she succeeds
tiles in Patagonia to his speculations on Cynthia Harris, looked so right and yet other women will follow her and take
the origins of the ancient, giant turtles of been so wrong for their parts. King Ed- their jobs. A supervisor hints delicately
the Galapagos Islands. Slowly, step by ward’s charm was famous; Fox seems to at the problem women have with “cer
careful step, his theory of natural selec- think that that elusive quality can be con- tain tensions at certain times.” Other
tion takes shape. As laid out with elegant veyed by flashing his teeth, which he does women attack her, and even her own
Precision by Writer Robert Reid, Dar- with alarming regularity. Simpson was daughter, embarrassed by taunts from the
win’s thought process steadily builds sus- enormously attractive to many men; as other kids, asks her to give up. Ellen per-
pense, even though the outcome has been Harris portrays her, even a dullard like sists, however, and Lavin makes the strug-
known for 120 years. Nothing is as dra- this Edward would have had enough sense gle of a simple woman more persuasive
matic as the unfolding of an idea so im- to pack her off to the Tower—or head in its dramatic impact than a whole li-
Portant that it fundamentally alters the for the door at first sight of her brary of ideological tracts Gc.
4
8< TIME, JANUARY 28, 1980
 climbed mountains to rebuild legs weak-

The Evergreen Liberal

ened by polio. It was on these hikes that
Douglas developed a love for the wilder-
ness that he would later celebrate with
William O. Douglas: 1898-1980 dozens of books on travel and wildlife.
Throughout his career, he would flee the |
illiam Orville Douglas liked to say | preme Court in 1939 by President Frank- U.S. capital to return to the Western
that he could easily do his job as a lin Roosevelt, Douglas brought with him mountains or explore remote areas of the
Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court in four a thorough knowledge of corporate world from the high Himalayas to the
days a week. That sounds arrogant, and finance that he later used to shape many Dead Sea.
Douglas was, but he was also brilliant, little-known but far-reaching decisions af- But as a young man, his ambition to
and he did not waste time making up his fecting the Government's power to reg- become a lawyer led him to New York
mind. The purpose of the U.S. Constitu- ulate the economy. City. In 1922, at 24, Douglas boarded a
tion, he stated with characteristic blunt- Douglas had a way of cutting straight freight train to shepherd 2,000 sheep East.
ness, “is to keep the Government off the through legalisms to tackle practical prob- He graduated three years later from Co-
backs ofthe people.” Widely criticized for lems. In decisions like those in the de- lumbia Law School and migrated down-
trying to impose his own liberal political segregation and one-man, one-vote cases, town toa Wall Street law firm.
views on the law, he often found himself Douglas and other liberal activists on the When Douglas was nominated to the |
in dissent during his nearly 37 years on Warren court discarded limiting prece- Supreme Court after teaching at Colum-
the court, the longest term ever served KbaSTAN bia and Yale and running the SEC, his
by a Justice. Some saw him as a rad- only opposition came from Senators
ical who threatened to wreck the sys- who, astonishingly, thought he might
tem. He was in fact an evergreen lib- be too conservative. Congress soon
eral devoted to preserving the system learned otherwise. Three times Con-
by making it more humane. When he ~ gressmen wanted to impeach him: in
died last week at 81, he left a bold leg- _ 1953, when he temporarily stayed the
acy of uncompromising devotion to the executions of Julius and Ethel Rosen-
rights ofindividuals. berg for giving the U.S.S.R. atom bomb
Pornographic movies, political secrets; in 1966, when the thrice-
protest, the Pentagon papers—in his _ divorced Douglas, then 67, married
view, they were all protected by the Cathleen Heffernan, then 23, and was
First Amendment. Dissenting in 1951 accused by Kansas Republican Robert
from the conviction of Communist Dole of using “bad judgment from a
Party leaders for advocating the over- d matrimonial standpoint”; and in
throw of the Government, Douglas 1970, when House Minority Leader
wrote: “Free speech—the glory of our Gerald Ford accused Douglas of ac-
system of Government—should not be cepting a salary from the Parvin Foun-
sacrificed on anything less than plain dation, which was set up by a man
and objective proof of danger that the with links to Las Vegas gambling.
evil advocated is imminent.” None of the impeachment efforts
Douglas was suspicious of the co- got very far, or deserved to. But in
ercive power of Government. He an- the ‘70s Douglas grew increasingly
ticipated the Miranda decision of 1966 isolated from his own colleagues on
by arguing, usually in dissent, that the the court. “Bill Douglas is positively
criminally accused should have imme- embarrassed if anyone on the court
diate access to a lawyer and the right agrees with him,” said one. Douglas
to remain silent after arrest. He voted was proud of his lonely stands. Said
against letting the state use evidence Justice Douglas in a pensive mood in 1967 he: “I haven't been much of a pros-
obtained by “unreasonable search and A legacy of devotion to the rights of individuals. elytizer on the court. I've got the the-
seizure.” Privacy was almost an obses- ory that the only soul I had to save
sion with him; in 1973 he said he was dents and gave real meaning to the equal was my own.” In late 1974 a stroke con-
“morally certain” that the court’s confer- protection and due process clauses of the fined him to a wheelchair. His colleagues
ence room had been bugged. In a famous 14th Amendment. “He did not write for delayed any case that Douglas could de-
1965 decision striking down a Connect- the law school professors,” remarked one cide with a tie-breaking vote, but Doug-
icut law that banned the use of contra- of his admiring clerks; law professors, in las refused to leave the bench. He was
| ceptives, Douglas stated that whether or fact, scolded him for sloppiness and some- determined, he told a friend, to stay on
nol one uses contraceptives is a private times for indifference to law in drafting the court until a Democratic President
matter and that a right to privacy is im- his opinions. Douglas was also criticized was elected who could appoint his suc-
plicit in the Constitution. No friend of the by his own colleague Justice Felix Frank- cessor. But his pain became so unbear-
IRS, he consistently used the Bill of Rights furter for disregarding the procedural able that he could no longer sit through
to curtail the reach of the taxman by pro- boundaries on the court’s power. In ad- oral arguments, and in November 1975
tecting private financial records from dition, Frankfurter was furious with he reluctantly retired.
Government scrutiny. Douglas, a potential vice-presidential That did not mean he stopped work-
By keeping the Government off the candidate in 1944 and 1948, for contin- ing. Remaining in Washington, D.C., he
backs of the people, Douglas did not mean uing to hold political ambitions while he wrote his as yet unpublished memoirs,
the people who run Big Business. He was was serving on the court. which may reveal some of the still untold
a classic New Deal liberal. As chairman Douglas’ fierce individuality and his workings of the high court. They may also
of the SEC from 1937 to 1939, he respond- support of the little man grew out of a boy- expose his acerbic views of other Justices
ed with a resounding “Hooey!” to stock- hood of poverty in Yakima, Wash. To over the years. But then, a book that
market leaders who insisted they could help support his family, he labored as a speaks freely and frankly would be a fit-
regulate themselves. Appointed to the Su- field hand alongside migrant workers; he ting Douglas legacy. a
peace
TIME, JANUARY 28, 1980 83
 1 = _ =

lowed in. Almost immediately there was

tension. Photographers snapping pictures
of Soviet troops found themselves de-
tained, their film confiscated. One ABC
news team tried to avoid interference by
entering Afghanistan from Pakistan to
film a guerrilla maneuver, only to find that
the skirmishes occurred by night. So the
newsmen turned on their battery-powered
floodlights in the dark. That move attract-
ed the Pakistan army, which rapidly es-
corted them back over the border.

fter a Jan. 10 news conference in

which President Karmal castigated
the Western press, the Afghan welcome
wore thinner. Two Italian TV newsmen
were treated to a burst of semiautomatic
rifle fire at their feet when they tried to
film Soviet soldiers near the Salang Pass.
A Kabul-based stringer for Germany’s
Der Spiegel had her car tires shot flat.
TIME’s David DeVoss, traveling with
Dutch Photographer Hubert Van Es, was
stopped by Soviets northwest of Kabul
when Van Es tried to photograph some
U.S. newsmen turn back an Afghan demand for passports by turning on their cameras newly widened artillery pits. The pair was
held in a snow-filled ditch and guarded by

That’s No Way to Say Goodbye four Kalashnikov-toting Soviets.

Over the next two hours, captives
and captors exchanged pleasantries in
American newsmen are booted from Iran and Afghanistan French, and the newsmen learned that
the Soviets are quite delighted to be in Af-
First came an announcement from | touch with reality and “unfair to Iran and ghanistan. A middle-aged private showed
Iran's Revolutionary Council that U.S. its revolution.” He speculated that their off his thick, standard-issue felt boots.
Journalists in the country must leave. Three departure might actually cool the hostage “They are for Siberia,” he said proudly.
days later in neighboring Afghanistan, the crisis by shifting press attention else- A lieutenant ventured that Soviet soldiers
new Soviet-installed regime announced it where. At least one senior Western diplo- prefer liquid warmth, and are glad to re-
would follow suit. By week's end the U.S. mat agreed: “Perhaps, just perhaps, this | ceive “100 grams of spirits a day.”
newsmen in both countries were being de- might change the situation for the better.” Throughout, the smiling Soviets never
ported, and the American press faced the One hint ofthat possibility came next lowered the Kalashnikovs.
dismal prospect of covering the world’s two day, on the first anniversary of the Shah’s To follow the story, the newsmen biv-
most volatile stories from afar. Tales of two departure from Iran. As American jour- ouacked at the Kabul Inter-Continental
expulsions: nalists packed their typewriters and cam- Hotel, plying diplomats for information
eras, awaiting their flights home, surpris- over ashak canapés (leek-stuffed pastry
IRAN. In the 24 months since the U.S. em- ingly few Muslim militants turned out for in a sour cream broth) and mutton, or |
bassy takeover, the Ayatullah Ruhollah a scheduled embassy protest. But some drinking Czech pilsner beer in the hotel |
Khomeini’s government had ejected a newsmen speculated that the expulsions bar. Here one evening last week a sheep-
handful of Western journalists, including might presage new moves involving the ish employee announced that all Amer-
TIME’s Bruce van Voorst and Roland Fla- | hostages, such as show trials. For now, ican newsmen were to have their pass-
mini. Those who remained met relatively what happens in Iran will have to be ports checked in the lobby by two Afghan
little hostility as they covered the daily gleaned by the U.S. press in roundabout policemen. Instead, the U.S. newsmen sal-
anti-U.S. demonstrations in Tehran. But fashion: placing long-distance phone calls lied forth with blazing floodlights and
when the press rushed last month to cover to Iranian officials and foreign diplomats whirring film cameras. Terrified, the Af-
unrest in the city of Tabriz, government in Tehran; making arrangements with the ghan policemen fled. But the reprieve was
officials were infuriated. Says Robert remaining Western reporters and TV short-lived, By 8 the next morning, armed
Semple, foreign editor of the New York crews; monitoring Iran radio and Pars, Afghan police sealed off the hotel and
Times: “It persuaded them that the US. the country’s national news agency. Still, placed the 20 or so Americans there un-
press was a greater liability than benefit.” says Dick Salant, NBC’s vice chairman der house arrest until they could be de-
Word ofthe expulsion, which affected for news: “This is a major story and we ported. Said Gul Ahmed Faried, Afghan-
the remaining 86 American journalists in should be there reporting it with our istan’s chief press censor and a journalism
the estimated 300-member foreign press own people.” graduate of Columbia University: “U.S. |
corps in Tehran, came early last week journalism is bourgeois journalism. You
from Abol Ghassam Sadegh, Iran director AFGHANISTAN. To many U.S. journal- don’t write for the benefit of the masses.”
general for the foreign press in the Min- ists, it seemed less surprising to be ex- U.S. news executives plan to cover Af-
istry of National Guidance. He also for- | pelled from Soviet-occupied Afghanistan ghanistan in much the same way as Iran, |
bade Iranian employees of U.S. news or- | than to have been admitted at all. Eight using phone calls, interviews with refu-
ganizations to file dispatches, and warned days after Babrak Karmal was installed as gees and covert assistance from remaining
that European newsmen too could be ex- the country’s new President, the borders journalists. Says Jerry Loughran, foreign
pelled for any “biased” reporting. The were reopened, and some 300 foreign jour- | editor of the Associated Press: “It is a very
Americans, said Sadegh, “were out of nalists, half of them Western, were al- unsatisfactory way ofdoing things.” a
+ =
84 TIME, JANUARY 28, 1980
 Books
Toward a Surreal Destiny
FIN-DE-SIECLE VIENNA: POLITICS AND CULTURE
by Carl E. Schorske
Knopf; 378 pages; illustrated; $15.95

hen Vienna was good it glittered,

and when it turned bad it phospho-
resced. This shimmer of decay, 80 years
later, still lights up the contemporary ter-
rain so pervasively that the city seems less
a historical place than a state of mind. TI3M
SUNBTIVS
BiUIIYS
Psychoanalysis was born there, as well as
atonal music, several schools of urban
planning and modern Zionism. Vienna
also spawned the brand of hooligan anti-
Semitism that was admired, studied and
perfected by an Austrian named Adolf
Hitler. The powerful impulses sent out
from turn-of-the-century Vienna have
made it difficult to imagine the place as
it actually was, to sense how and why peo-
ple converged there in ways that would
alter the world. In Fin-de-Siécle Vienna,
Historian Carl E. Schorske gives the city
back to itself. The book's seven related es-
| says carefully reconstruct a Vienna of
bricks and beliefs, a real place building to-
ward a surreal destiny.
Politics and culture intersect some-
where in all societies, but in 19th cen-
tury Vienna they positively embraced.
That alone made the city unusual. The
middle-class liberals who gained parlia-
mentary control in the 1860s were in-
genuously industrious and earnest. |

Gustav Klimt’s Judith and Holofernes

Schorske describes their self-assigned

mission: “The principles and programs
which made up the liberal creed were de-
signed to supersede systematically those
of ‘the feudals,’ as the aristocrats were Painting of Sigmund Freud fromthe 1920s _
pejoratively called. Constitutional mon- Launching an epic journey into the self.
archy would replace aristocratic abso-
lutism ... Science would replace reli- went up in profusion, stony rebukes to the
gion. Those of German nationality would older aristocratic arrogance of church and
serve as tutor and teacher to bring up palace. Lacking a past of their own, the
the subject peoples, rather than keep them bourgeois builders raided history for ar-
ignorant bondsmen as the feudals had | chitectural fagades. Critics arose to de- |
done.” Unlike their counterparts in Vic- ride this use of art to disguise true func- |
torian England, though, these reformers tions. Something else about this vast
were not grim. They were as bewitched project seems to have escaped notice: in
as the rest of the world by Viennese its broad circularity, the Ringstrasse led |
high culture, the sheer sensuous pleasures nowhere.
of concert hall and opera house. They be- The rational ideal had scarcely been
came crusading dilettantes, promising erected before dismantling began.
themselves a secular paradise, “Strong Schorske describes this process as both
Through Law and Peace” and “Embel- a siege and a mutiny. Disaffected peas-
| fulfilled when he could boast of his lished Through Art.” ants, artisans and Slavs, among others,
four sons that they were divided in They transformed the band of unde- began massing politically, demanding
their careers between singing and veloped land that had once fortified the certainties and absolutes. Taking to the
medicine: ‘Two howl and medieval city into the Ringstrasse, a streets, they cared nothing for the hal-
two heal.” sweeping monument to reason and pros- lowed liberal creed: “Wissen macht frei”
perity. Museums and apartment houses (Knowledge makes us free). Poet Hugo
TIME, JANUARY 238, 1980 85
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 "I
|
=
mentally incohesive, individuated parts?”
= Increasingly, Freud came to suspect that
«
z
>
the demons tearing Vienna apart resided
deep within her defenders as well as her
enemies.
The father of psychoanalysis did more
than observe Vienna; he suffered it too.
Schorske argues that The Interpretation
of Dreams, written during the 1890s, was
in part Freud’s apologia to himself for
having failed in the public sphere; the
book was also his subtle, perhaps uncon-
scious revenge on a city that continued
to deny him the professorship he deserved.
In his dreams Freud first reduced all po-
litical activity to a struggle with the fa- |
ther and then conjured up a triumph over |
his own. He gave, Schorske writes, “his
fellow liberals an a-historical theory of
man and society that could make bear- |
able a political world spun out of orbit
and beyond control.”
Schorske’s choreography for the de-
scent from Vienna waltz to danse maca-
bre is masterly. To capture the city’s di-
versity and fragmentation, he has drawn
on art history, urban theory, literary crit-
icism, psychoanalysis and political sci-
ence. Given the specialization that reigns
in academe (Schorske teaches history at
Princeton), such breadth of learning is
Carl E. Schorske doubly impressive. Better still, the author
never strains after the easy relevance or
Giving a city back to itself.
trite generalization that so often spices up
von Hofmannsthal saw what was hap- popular histories. His Vienna retains its
pening: “Politics is magic. He who integrity as a unique place in a special
knows how to summon the forces from time. In the end, though, his book is ad-
the deep, him will they follow.” All too monitory. Vienna’s ideal of apeaceful and
soon Wissen macht frei was degraded just society is no less valuable for having
into the cruelly deceptive slogan of Nazi failed. Even in its fragility, the vision
death camps: Arbeit [work] macht frei. yielded up genius — Paul Gray
Threats from without the liberal camp
prompted a collective breakdown within.
Reason was not working, the center could | Laid-Back
not hold. Art now seemed a temple of ref- |
uge, an increasingly rarefied place to es- _Camaraderie
cape ugly reality. But the best young art-
A COUPLE OF COMEDIANS
ists worked not to comfort or distract but
to disturb. Gustav Klimt appalled older | by Don Carpenter
liberals with painting that celebrated na- Simon & Schuster; 220 pages;
ked Eros. Oskar Kokoschka, a bit later, $9.95
produced portraits with the visual impact
of grenades. Sigmund Freud watched this in A Couple of Comedians, Narrator Da-
symbolic annihilation of fathers by sons, vid Ogilvie—gagman of the title team
| and was reminded of Oedipus —makes a list, in descending order of sta-
tus, of the Los Angeles hotels favored by
F reud could conceivably have launched showfolk. He does it perfectly, beginning
his epic journey into the self from any- with the Bel-Air, ending with the Mon-
where, but Schorske demonstrates what | tecito. This may seem a small felicity, but
a perfect laboratory Vienna was for his re- it is precisely the sort of thing that writ-
searches. The society’s rapid disintegra- ers of parboiled Hollywood romans a clef
tion forced Freud and other intellectuals usually get wrong or skip altogether in
| to search for explanations of chaos. “Was their haste to get to the casting couch and
it,” Schorske writes, “because the individ- the boudoir.
uals ... contained in their own psyches Verisimilitude is only one of several
some characteristics fundamentally in- | virtues of Don Carpenter’s shrewd and
compatible with the social whole? Or was tightly written novel. Comedians contains
it the whole as such that distorted, par- just one star other than its central com-
ics, and she is only a walk-on. It needs Write today for more information
alyzed and destroyed the individuals who
no more. The cast is perfect, and the com- about this exciting new series from
composed it? Or again, was there perhaps
edy unfailingly original. There are no TIME-LIFE BOOKS,
never a rhythmic social whole at all, only Time & Life Building,
an illusion of unified movement resulting libidinous or abusive producers, no hys-
Chicago, IL 60611.
from an accidental articulation of funda- terically egomaniac directors, not even

TIME, JANUARY 238, 1980

 Books

©€] rate Joseph Heller's a failed novelist making a rich, bitter

livelihood by writing for the screen. The
| author has been a novelist (Hard Rain

‘Good as Gold’ somewhere Falling, The True Life Story of Jody Mc-
Keegan); he has also been a movie and
TV working stiff, and what he is of-

between‘The Brothers fering here is an accurate, lightly ironic

record of the laid-back camaraderie an-

Karamazov’and those dirty

imating the movie business.
This does not mean that Ogilvie’s
account of how his straight man, Jim

little eight-pagers we
Larson, goes slightly bananas in the
course of finishing a movie is a mere
fever chart. The journey of another kind

used to read...closer to
of odd couple dramatizes, poignantly and
wittily, Elizabeth Hardwick's observation
that performers tend to lead their lives

‘Karamazov’...99
“gregariously and without affections.”
There are lots of gorgeous scenes, in-
cluding an incident of status panic in
Schwab’s drugstore with a lunchtime
crowd of actors desperately vying with
EXCERPTED FROM THE WASHINGTON POST one another for the attention of a pow-
erful producer, and a party where a White
Good as Gold made Mel Brooks laugh. It'll make House staffer learns how power politics
works when it leaves D.C. for L.A. Car-
you laugh. Laugh out loud. Because it’s about Bruce Gold, penter does these set pieces so well that
a man who began life in Coney Island and ended up in he sometimes forgets to nail down Lar-
son’s character firmly enough.
America’s real amusement park, Washington, DC. He's the
ut there may be art in these ellipses.
kind of guy only Joseph Heller can give you. Hilarious. Performers of Larson’s type are of-
Heartbreaking. And only slightly less insane than the world ten only shadows of the carefully tai-
lored selves they project to the public
around him. He's a true Joseph Heller hero. Created by the In private, filling the empty days be-
writer who's already given us two extraordinary and enduring tween engagements, they try to find an
intensity to match that of their onstage
novels, Catch-22 and Something Happened. moments. There is a sweet emptiness
Good as Gold. It has been praised as “more percep- about them, a vacancy that leaves by-

tive about human nature than anything else Heller has done...
he is among the novelists of the last two decades who matter.”
THE NEW YORK REVIEW OF BOOKS
NHOF
IM
LiONUIC

Just published in paperback by Pocket Books.

America’s wildest #1 bestseller.
la)
y,
Don Carpenter
“This is love . . . the hell with the rest.”

E7 TIME, JANUARY 28, 1980

 John Hancock is fading. And fast.
With the help of all concerned citizens, @ inventoried for future scholars and
John Hancock can be saved. researchers.
In 1873, the Hancock ; family of Massachusetts
‘ Sut interested
toall on BrCl eee eyeilable
libraries.
presented the largest single collection of John To do this will take Herculean ef-
Hancock papers (which contains ee :
more than 21,000 letters, — vodand perenately ey
journals and account ees OTe Won't you help save this collec-
books relating to that So ee s y _ tionright now. Your dollarsto
famous patriot’s BA 1. nse naire : ohn.
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ee il send you afacsimile
Jancock tohis

fae nae al
 23 ways to help assure standers fecklessly trying to connect the

your company’s future. dots of their personalities.

Ogilvie speaks for such stars when,
finally, the team steps onstage in Vegas
lf you believe that a continuous flow of new ideas is absolutely to a mélange of light and laughter: “This
necessary to assure your company’s future —and the future of the is love, my friends, and the hell with the
rest.” Novelist Carpenter knows better;
country as well —then you'd better send for this free the comedians’ implicit longing for nor-
booklet today a
It describes twenty-three dif- =— mality and humanity proves that. But
Carpenter also knows that the simula-
ferent ways you can help crum of love with which his comics are re-
guarantee a continuous flow of warded is more than most people, lead-
ing their ad hoc, late 20th century lives,
college-trained minds
ever get. There is bite here, but no bit-
and college-based research —minds and terness. The overall, and lasting, effect
research that have been responsible for many of makes A Couple of Comedians an unusu-
the most important ideas of our times. Computers. Radio ally literate and oddly touching novel
Television. Synthetics. Antibiotics. The list is almost endless about performers going through the sound
If you'd like a copy of How Corporations Can Aid Colleges stages of life Richard Schickel
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We can't afford to run out of ideas.
FICTION: A Married Man, Piers Paul
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88 TIME, JANUARY 238, 1980

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 ee

[
=a
_ | Sunny Kooks |
|
TTT chains. He later switches
z
> cision of grave dubiety.
«
=
3
to jogging, a de-
What he cannot
seem to do is get his noseout of a book or
TABLE SETTINGS by James Lapine %
newspaper to pay some loving concern to
his Gentile wife (Chris Weatherhead) or
he wacky family comedy has proved provide some fatherly guidance to their
a durable delight in the U.S. theater. | two children. This pair, a nine-year-old
Among the more notable items on that boy (Eric Gurry) and his 13-year-old sis-
roster: You Can't Take It with You, The ter (Marta Kober) are quintessential snots
Royal Family (about the Barrymores), with IQs high enough to float off the
The Impossible Years and the long-run- charts. Two more tasty noodles are
ning Broadway hit Gemini. A play like dropped into this comedic chicken broth.
The Man Who Came to Dinner is very The lawyer's younger brother (Mark
closely related to this genre. What links Blum) is an unemployment fetishist with
them all together is a zany brand of ec- a yen for pot, coke and sex. His girlfriend
centricity, an inebriation of the mind and (Carolyn Hurlburt) does mental-rehabil-
spirit rather than the body. itation work and seems to be in desper-
Table Settings is a modest but thor- ate need of it herself.
oughly engaging entry in this category of Playwright Lapine writes amusing
the lovable kooks en famille. All the ac- lines. At one point the mother asks the
tion takes place around dinner tables. younger son why he doesn’t get a job. An |
While the characters do relatively little immigrant matriarch, her next question is |
eating, they sure do spill the beans. The pencil-point sharp: “Why did you go to
basic ethnic unit and the flavor of the hu- college?” His riposte: “To avoid being
mor are New York Jewish. The play is asked questions like this after high
being presented at Manhattan's off- school.” One of the distinctly appealing
Broadway Playwrights Horizons Theater. aspects of Table Settings is its benign ami-
The clan is tri-generational. Mother Spiner and Gurry in Table Settings ability. Even when Lapine’s characters
(Frances Chaney) is a widow who was Spilled beans from Minsk to Manhattan. verge on cartoons, he presents them as en-
born in Minsk. To her the past is a gold- dearingly human in their follies, desires
en pillar of stability, while the present is “Money Is Freedom” seems to have and genetically nutty ways. His direction
a baffling disarray of odd behavior. What been engraved on the family crest in of his own play is brisk, and his cast is
mutational deviation of personality can Minsk. The older son (Brent Spiner), a close to flawless. A special huzzah should
possibly prevent her broodlings from de- lawyer, is making a boodle. He is also be raised to the two kids, who manage the
vouring their food when she orders them spending rather freely on double marti- rare stage feat of being obnoxious and
to charge with drawn forks? nis in rapid sequence, and he smokes in adorableatthesametime. — TE.Katem |
“ i

Milestones |
MARRIED. Steve McQueen, 49, tough-guy torial trademarks were silk scarves and |time record sales: 52 million). He com-
actor; and Barbara Minty, 26, a model; he broad-brimmed hats, Beaton was best missioned works by Aaron Copland, Vir-
for the third time; in Santa Paula, Calif. known professionally for his portraits of gil Thomson and other Americans that
the British royal family and the dazzling became repertory standards. And while
DIED. Robert Ardrey, 7! , dramatist and self- costumes and sets he created for operas, he would outrage purists by making a
trained anthropologist whose works on ballets, Broadway (My Fair Lady, Coco) medley of a Tchaikovsky movement and
man’s origins and behavior, among them and films (Gigi). Offstage he was celebrat- a pop tune, “Kosty” had his reasons:
African Genesis (1961) and The Territorial ed for his frolics with the famous, includ- “Criticism is upsetting, but if what I do ex-
Imperative (1966) promoted popular in- ing a 1940s dalliance with Greta Garbo. pands the meaning of music in terms ofat-
terest in the once-obscure field that he (Said she: “He was the only man I ever al- tendance, that’s all that really matters,”
made his specialty; of lung cancer; in lowed to touch my vertebrae.) What he
Kalk Bay, South Africa, where he had did live by passionately was his dictum: DIED. Finn Ronne, 80, American polar ex-
lived since 1978. Many ofthe plays (Thun- “Perhaps the world’s second worst crime plorer; of a heart attack; in Bethesda, Md.
der Rock, Shadow of Heroes) and movie is boredom; the first is being a bore.” The son of a Norwegian sailmaker who
scripts (Madame Bovary, Khartoum) that had gone to Antarctica with Roald
the Chicago-born Ardrey wrote, begin- DIED. Andre Kostelanetz, 78, Russian-born Amundsen and Admiral Richard E. Byrd,
ning in the 1930s, showed the fascination maestro who dedicated 50 years to pop- Ronne joined Byrd’s 1933 expedition
with man’s roots that later led him into ularizing orchestral music in America and there as a radio operator and dogsled driv-
anthropology. It was his notion that man American music in the world; of a heart er. Over the next 25 years, he returned to
is a “risen ape” whose drive to acquire attack; while vacationing in Port-au- the South Pole eight times (thrice with
power, defend territory and make war Prince, Haiti. Though Kostelanetz fled his wife Edith, one of the first women to
is inherited, rather than a learned re- war-ravaged Petrograd, where he had make the trip). On a 15-month trek in
sponse. This idea, like others Ardrey em- conducted opera, for New York City in 1946-48, he disproved the notion that the
braced, stirred wide controversy among 1922, his U.S. career did not bloom until continent was divided in two, and finished
scholars and laymen—which, in a way, eight years later when he was hired to charting the Weddell Sea coast, the
was his purpose. lead the CBS symphony orchestra on ra- earth’s last unsurveyed shore.
dio’s Chesterfield Hour. After making the
DIED. Sir Cecil Beaton, 76, English photog- program a hit, he added to his celebrity DIED. William O. Dougias, 81, former Su-
rapher, designer and arbiter of elegance; by marrying Opera Diva Lily Pons in 1938 preme Court champion of individual
of a heart attack; in Broad Chalke, Eng- (they divorced in 1958) and by cutting rights; of kidney and respiratory troubles;
|land. A tall, epicene dandy whose sar- more than 200 discs with Columbia (life- in Washington, D.C. (see LAW).
=
TIME, JANUARY 238, 1980 89
 Time Essay

’80s-Babble: Untidy Treasure

he rich have always liked to assume the costumes of the
poor. Take the American language. It is more than a mil-
lion words wide, and new terms are constantly added to its in-
finite variety. Yet as the decade starts, the U.S. vocabulary seems
to have shrunk to child size.
Those who thought that song lyrics had reached Rock bot-
tom can still hear the refrain of that disco hit: YMCA... YMCA... ZOTIYM
AOANYN
YMCA. The Unicorn Hunters, a society of zealous word watchers
based at Lake Superior State College in Michigan, offer a list of man “was already hostilized."” And Treasury Secretary G. Wil-
| current English scourges. Among them: “ballpark figure,” “pre- liam Miller thought that Americans were not conserving gaso-
boarding—how can you board a plane before you board it?” and line because they were “not sufficiently incentivized.”
“no problem.” Even insult has lost its point: “I couldn't care less” NBC Commentator Edwin Newman (A Civil Tongue), who
has degenerated to the meaningless “I could care less.” Greet- keeps track of videosyncrasies, noted the ABC assurance that
ings are equally vapid: telephone operators now routinely use every night it would cover Iran “as long as the crisis remains crit-
*80s-babble, chirping, “Have a nice day,” the moral equivalent of ical” and that CBS urged viewers to “choose the candidate of
the smile button. Kramer vs. Kramer is advertised as a film that your choice.” Even computers have learned to commit verbal
is “absolutely today.” Nouns continue to be overrun by the jar- sins. In The State of the Language, Critic Hugh Kenner attacks
gonaut: the New York Times demands stronger sourcing, meet- such programmer tongues as FORTRAN, in which “vocabulary
ings are preambled, situations are impacted. The New York Post is ‘a set of objects’ [and] sentences are ‘linear strings.’ ”
recently managed a dazzling double play with its offering: “Stunt Such dark pronunciamentos draw the future in bleak and
man extraordinaire Hal Needham will helm the film, which will white. We are, after all, only four years away from George
also (hopefully) include Roger Moore.” Orwell's /984, with its ominous slogans and Newspeak: “Doub-
The air is thick with devalued buzz words, including “buzz leplusungood refs unpersons rewrite fullwise upsub antefiling
words.” Behavioral science, always a leader in the euphemism . WAR IS PEACE, FREEDOM IS SLAVERY, IGNORANCE IS
derby, has cut some gems and polished some others: psychol- STRENGTH.” Yet that volume also offers an unmarked exit:
ogists persistently refer to unresponsive women as “pre-orgas- 1984 imagines a time when “every concept that can ever be
mic,” and Masters and Johnson call foreplay a “stimulative needed will be expressed by exactly one word, with its mean-
approach opportunity,” perhaps the most effective sexual turn- ing rigidly defined and all its subsidiary meanings rubbed out
off since saltpeter. Therapists speak of “actualizing,” to mean and forgotten.”
| the fulfillment of potential. “I hear you” has descended from
the aural to the banal; it means a total understanding of the hat seems precisely the opposite of what is occurring in
speaker's temperament. “Lifing” is the effort to derive the ut- American speech. Even severe grammarians note the con-
most from every day; “Who are you screaming with?” a glanc- stant refreshment of terms. In the past decade Americans have
ing allusion to primal therapy, is now a query about any psy- exhausted uptight and far out, situationwise and the bottom
chological aid the subject is seeking. line, charisma and stonewalling, nano-nano and dy-no-mite, Ko-
According to Joel Homer, who chronicles such excrescences reagate and may the force be with you. Who knows whether cur-
in his forthcoming book, Jargon, these terms can fall into the cat- rent terms have a chance to last the decade—or even the year?
egory of “nonverbal verbalizing ... a speech system in which Palimony, the term for sharing money after an unmarried cou-
words are used more as images than conceptual symbols.”” Non- ple have split, survives the Lee Marvin case; good buddy and 10-
verbal verbalizing (itself an outstanding piece of jargon) flourish- 4 have become as much a part of the lingo as CB. Petrodollars
es best in its home, Washington, D.C. There, after the Three Mile and multinationals have set down roots; gasohol and meltdowns
Island accident gave more mileage to the term, “China Syn- are not likely to flee from the headlines. But “humongous,” the
drome,” Joseph Hendrie, then chairman of the Nuclear Regu- adolescent synonym for large, will never grow up; designer jeans
| latory Commission, concluded: “It would be prudent to consider may not last until next Christmas, and quadrophonic and shut-
expeditiously the provision of instrumentation that would pro- tle diplomacy have already gone. Will such references to bosses
vide an unambiguous indication ofthe level of fluid in the reac- as ayatullah and imam be as short-lived as Head Honcho and
tor vessel.” Translation: we need more accurate measuring de- Big Enchilada?
vices. A company vice president dismissed the incident as an These oscillations, like words themselves, are subject to in-
exaggeration. What had happened, he said, was “a normal ab- terpretation. Pessimists regard constant change as further ev-
erration.” In the same spirit, federal antitrust lawyers refer to idence of national decline and fall. Neologisms and ungram-
“conscious parallelism"—first cousin to price fixing. matical usage, they argue, are not, as defenders claim, “alternate
In sport, the old sol of solecism, Howard Cosell, finds his modes of communicating” any more than kicking over the board
work done better by others. A San Francisco Giants star: “With is an alternate mode of playing backgammon. But their critique
today’s victory we are definitely in the momentum-going brack- is hardly a signal for despair—for how else can we complain so
| et.” Minnesota Twins Pitcher Jerry Koosman: “When the com- richly except with that very speech?
munications gap breaks down, it leads to not knowing the facts In fact, since its beginning, our native tongue has been ma-
any more.” ligned and mauled, invaded by foreigners and abused at home.
The gap breakdown can be seen in signs on office building No one has ever succeeded in making it uniform, and no one
doors: EMERGENCY EXIT ONLY—NOT TO BE USED UNDER ANY ever will. But then, as Henry Thoreau observed more than a cen-
CIRCUMSTANCES. It can be read in bank offerings of free gifts tury ago, “Where shall we look for standard English but to the
and in the Indiana advertisement: LAFAYETTE’S MOST UNIQUE words of a standard man?” As the ‘80s begin, Americans and
RESTAURANT IS NOW EVEN MORE UNIQUE. their vernacular can be put down as fractious, infuriating, un-
Throughout the nation the ize have it. An article in Cue mag- tidy, overbearing, cacophonous—but never as standard. The US.
azine informs readers how they can have their wrinkles “youth- vocabulary may be dressed in blue jeans and work shirts, yet it
fulized.” In Florida a cop, asked whether a perpetrator had be- cannot disguise one of the country’s truest and most unassail-
come hostile when apprehended, tells a TV interviewer that the able treasures: the American language. — Stefan Kanter
90 TIME, JANUARY 28 1980
 Dewars Eee
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A thirst for living...a taste for fine sont

BILL BROWN |
BORN: Lebanon, Ohio, 1927 3-year olds which won, in 1978, more admit—but generally a good horse just
HOME: Blue Chip Farms, Wallkill, N.Y. purses than any comparable crop by plain /ooks like a good horse
PROFESSION: General Manager of one _ any stallion of any breed in the history of SCOTCH: Dewar's “White Label,” on
of the most highly regarded horse racing the rocks. “| came to New York to do
horse-breeding farms in the world HORSE SENSE: “'!'ma believer in things my way. And that’s when |
TRACK RECORD: Offspring of the conformation; in the build and moved to Dewar’s
Stallions on farms managed by Mr proportions of a horse. A solid family 4)

Brown have earned well over $100 history of early speed and soundness is
million in purses. His greatest important—and more so on the mare's
champion produced a crop of 2- and side than many breeders will
 elm felemiiluan
00 little taste.
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