Ontology and Phenomenology of Speech An Existential Theory of Speech Marklen E Konurbaev Full Chapter

Ontology and Phenomenology of
Speech: An Existential Theory of

Speech Marklen E. Konurbaev
Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://ebookmass.com/product/ontology-and-phenomenology-of-speech-an-existenti
al-theory-of-speech-marklen-e-konurbaev/
Marklen E. Konurbaev
ONTOLOGY AND
PHENOMENOLOGY
OF SPEECH
An Existential Theory
of Speech
Ontology and Phenomenology of Speech
Ontology and
Phenomenology of
Speech
An Existential Theory of Speech
English Linguistics
The Lomonosov Moscow State University
Moscow, Russia
ISBN 978-3-319-71197-3 ISBN 978-3-319-71198-0 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71198-0
Library of Congress Control Number: 2017964115
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether
the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and trans-
mission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or
dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or
the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any
errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional
claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Cover illustration: carlos sanchez pereyra / Stockimo / Alamy Stock Photo
Printed on acid-free paper
This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature

The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
For Ustath
Preface
Man is not what he eats or drinks. Neither is he what he thinks or says.

Man is not what he reads or writes. But, surely, he is only what he believes
and hides in the secret recesses of his heart and mind and then follows
and stands for in a ferocious, stern and adamant manner. This realm of
mental vision is a vast vacuity of his parallel life that he is going to fight
for during the day and even at night, when he is drowsing comfortably
ensconced in an armchair or lying prostrate on a sofa in the arms of
Morpheus. Nothing can make him change this stance unless it loses its
shape, palpability and flavour under the influence of his thoughts and
other people’s words.
Tell a young child that stones in the backyard of his or her house are
tender living creatures that get hard instantly when being touched. And
nothing will dissuade him or her that it is not so. And the child will
believe these words until somebody finds a way to prove that it has all
been a nice fantasy of his or her grandmother. For a child, these strange
words have been proven by his or her experience. At least partially, for
stones are indeed hard and cold when being touched. And how on earth
can one check if they are soft when we do not touch them?!
We live by the miracles worked by our brains and we thoroughly enjoy
them—enjoy much more fundamentally than any ‘objective’ data proven
by the showings of the most exact measuring devices. The further we go,
the more advanced we become in exploring various ways of self-deception:
vii
viii Preface
interactive solutions, VR, 3D films, intelligent infobots, augmented real-

ity and so on and so forth.
And now comes the most intricate and advanced of all devices broadly
used by the people of the world for the creation of mental deception—
language. We hear, read and see and immediately believe. In the twenty-
first century, people stopped double-checking, because deception is of a
much greater value and significance than objective reality. Measurements
are losing ground to senses, analysis—to opinion, research—to experi-
ence. The veracity of life is no longer in a great and strong wind that rents
the mountains, and breaks in pieces the rocks. Tragedy is not in the earth-
quake that comes after the strong wind. Hardships are not in a fire that
follows the earthquake. But in a still small voice of our brain whose siren
is singing its enticing tune and carries on with its epic narration without
any interruption all day long—moulding our world, shaping, cajoling,
suggesting a way to proceed or people to meet, inspiring to faith or seduc-
ing to follow your devils, provoking, punishing, revealing, hiding—draw-
ing the chambers of our lives that are more real and more important to us
than the colours of the rainbow so pretty in the sky or the real faces of the
people that are going by. We listen and read, bathe in the ocean of the
language and we say to ourselves: what a wonderful world!
Language has always been our subtle way to reality. Not a bush or a
tree opposite our window, or a plane that carries us to another part of the
world. And once we have visited and enjoyed the miracles of the rest of
the world, our brain will be potent to carry us there at any moment. The
vivacity of the picture will depend on our imagination. Think of a young
mother who gave birth to a child and was then forced to leave her home
and stay in a different country, away from her child and the family. And
then one day a caring parent who stayed behind in the care of the child
decides to do something nice to the young mother. He takes the child’s
undershirt, still retaining its special smell, puts it into an envelope and
sends to the child’s mother by post. What do you think she will do on
receiving this parcel? Probably crying all night through over a small piece
of cloth, retaining her child’s odour. Not over an undershirt of course,
but over the scenes that her brain will generate under the influence of the
smell and the shirt. And it will not be less real for her than as if she actu-
ally had been there, in her child’s room.
Preface
ix
Words of our language have the same power. They are capable of
switching on the codes of our brain that we perceive as reality—not an
abstraction. If it hadn’t been so, why are we so hurt by the words that
insult us, why do we cry and suffer while listening to the romantic story
of love? Only because our brain translates the spoken or written word
into life. Most of the time, our natural human communication is not an
abstraction, but a vision, where we ourselves are an integral part.
A spoken or a written word is a gateway to the reality of somebody’s
life. I remember during one of our first phenomenology classes at univer-
sity, I asked one of my students to read a sentence from a famous book by
Kate Fox, Watching the English (2004), and then interrupted her at the
end of the first line (‘I am sitting in a pub near Paddington station,
clutching a small brandy.’). The girl had never been to England before
and I was wondering what sort of vision this sentence was evoking in her
mind. This student’s reaction was for me the most authentic verification
of her understanding. It could be that she had never seen Paddington sta-
tion in her life or tasted brandy, it is all right. But is it fair to say that she
had no understanding of this simple sentence? I think, no. When I asked
her about her mental vision at that moment, she felt shy and blushed
scarlet. After a few seconds, she recovered herself and said that while read-
ing it aloud, she imagined herself drinking a glass of fresh orange juice
together with her boyfriend in a cafeteria in Moscow, off Kazan railway
station that she often used when going home for holidays.
Is this not understanding? Well, it might be that the mental vision of
this student was too remote from what Kate Fox had actually meant. But
it could well be that while reading the context further on, this picture will
be repeatedly corrected by herself, subconsciously, while accumulating
more and more facts and information and getting an expanding vision of
the life presented in the book.
Our reading or listening is never linear and is rarely immediately fac-
tual. The brain starts generating a vision of life from the very first word
we hear. The word we hear and read triggers the neural zones that were in
action when we habitually used it. Our understanding of words is often
situational, rarely purely semantic, because semantic analysis is in fact
generalization that comes only after real experience. We read or listen
with hindsight—piling up associations until we get the vision of the
x Preface
whole picture, including ourselves in it. At a moment of such a ‘revela-

tion’, we feel the inclination to return to the vision we formed in the
beginning and change it in the light of the new facts, impressions and
experience.
We assume in this book that real understanding of speech in an inter-
personal communication is rooted in the mental vision of life not as an
abstraction or a set of data, but as the representation of the reality in a
very much the same way as when we actually see the world around us
with our eyes and hear its sounds with our ears. Many people see, indeed,
and many people hear. But seeing they see not and hearing they hear not,
for they are unable to transpose the overall perceivable picture into an
experience of their own lives. But without this experiential vision, mental
objects remain dead and can hardly move an inch. Many people call this
inventorial reading and listening—understanding, because they merely
recognize certain facts of life (like somebody was born or somebody died,
or a war broke out, or peace was made). But as long as this vision remains
purely factorial, not experiential, it can hardly improve people’s commu-
nication, change their lives and make them better placed in the world in
which they live.
In this book, I make a proposition that every act of communication
should be a phenomenological act in a sense that it causes the experience of life
awakening in the minds of readers or listeners. A phenomenon then is nei-
ther the sun when it rises, or the moon when it appears, or the stars scat-
tered in heaven, or the clouds after the rain—but the dynamic mental
representation of the reality caused by the act of speech. It should be
dynamic in the first place—moving, changing, developing or deteriorat-
ing as life itself is. Well, yes, it could be the sun, and the moon, and the
stars, and the clouds, but only as my own experience, fraught with my
memories of the past, my encounters with similar phenomena of the
objective world, that have little or nothing to do with my phenomeno-
logical world seen through the prism of immediate feeling, touch, senti-
mental reaction to the words that I see and hear (cf. Henry, 2007).
This approach is not a divagation from the traditional phenomenology
initiated by Edmund Husserl and further developed by Martin Heidegger
and other outstanding philosophers. It is phenomenology in action or, let
me call it a practical phenomenology that helps you to improve
Preface
xi
nderstanding and interpersonal communication, making this world a

u
better and a safer place for the people who truly and sincerely understand
each other.
Moscow, Russia Marklen E. Konurbaev

August 1, 2017
Acknowledgements
Unlike many philosophical disciplines, the vision and understanding of

phenomenology does not come by way of accumulating facts and data
but mostly, in the first place, through experience, then in the form of a
dream-like vision in your memory and only much later as a necessity to
generalize and share this vision with the people you love, inspire and edu-
cate. Therefore, I ought to be grateful to all those who one way or another
influenced my life, teaching me to develop this skill and vision: at first, as
an infant, then ‘the whining schoolboy, creeping like snail unwillingly to
school’, then, as ‘the lover, sighing like furnace’, then, as a student, as a
scholar, as a researcher, as a philosopher, and finally, as a writer. So far, so
good. This temporarily ‘ends this strange eventful history’.
First of all, it was my father and mother, of course, who taught me to
be rational rather than emotional. My mother Svetlana used to say,
‘Everything that you see or hear should stop at the second button of your
shirt, not lower, never reaching the premises of your heart!’ While my
father Erik strongly advised me to spend more time listening rather than
speaking, concentrating more on acquiring knowledge rather than shar-
ing it. Well, it helped me to keep my eyes open and brain cold. But hardly
intuition. Then, there was the late Professor Olga Akhmanova at the
Lomonosov Moscow State University who insisted that I should read
more and learn to teach others what I experienced while reading. It was
not easy. I am still not quite good at it. Later, there were the Sufis, whose
xiii
xiv Acknowledgements
writings and poetry I admire and who taught me to be focused on sincer-

ity. This was and still is very helpful while I am listening to people and
reading what they write, ‘keeping an eye’ on their intention in the first
place, rather than the general encyclopaedic information. My greatest
teachers in the phenomenology of speech are my students, of course.
There is not a day or an hour of my academic activity that passes without
me not trying to amend my speech in keeping with the way they compre-
hend and perceive my message addressed to them during many lectures
and seminars. Their eyes are the best mirrors of my speech and I learn,
learn and learn all the way round while I teach, bringing the wording, the
tone and composition of my speech to a desirable condition, when I can
finally see tears in their eyes or hear sincere laughter and love in their
voices. This is one of the most amazing experiences in the whole of my
university teaching. One of my greatest inspirations in developing a phe-
nomenological vision of speech is my family—my wife Diliara, my
daughter Azalia and my son Salavat. Their criticism and sincere reaction
to every word I say and every line that I read for them at home should be
filled with a right doze of ‘timbral seasoning’ to be perceived adequately.
The whole of my reputation as the ‘home-guru’ depends on this skill of
life awakening in my speech.
The idea of writing a book on the phenomenology of speech did not
appear out of thin air. It was the result of my lasting and interesting con-
versations with my colleagues in Moscow University, to whom I am
grateful for their support, criticism and advice during our daily academic
discussions, presentations at regular linguistic conferences and at a smaller
family event, The Akhmanova Readings, held yearly at the end of
December to commemorate the memory of Professor Akhmanova: to
Professor Olga Alexandrova, Head of the Department of English
Linguistics where I have worked and done my research since 1991, to the
late Professor Mikhail Davydov whose stunning intuition and love of the
world of sounds was so conducive to the discovery of the hidden sense in
the books and texts we often discussed during our long walks in the Bitsa
Park of Moscow, to Professor Andrey Lipgart, whose theory of functional
stylistics and invaluable observations of the style of the books I was
reading, whose critical vision, advice and kindness helped me to formu-
late my understanding of phenomenology in a much more compact and
Acknowledgements
xv
digestible form for my colleagues and students, to all my friends and col-
leagues at the Faculty of Philology who supported me in my studies and
experiments.
My vision of the infinite richness of oral speech is rooted entirely in my
dialogues with Mikhail Davydov (1984) and further supported by the
works of David Crystal and John Laver (1994).
My understanding of syntax as a speech-oriented discipline, its poten-
tial to mould the expressive shape of oral intercourse rests on the works
of Olga Alexandrova (Dolgova, 1980).
My vision and understanding of vertical context and the varieties of
contextual meanings of words, the depth of their semantic and metasemi-
otic realization in speech was formed in communication with Irina
Gyubbenet, a colleague and a brilliant Russian translator of Modern
English Literature.
My vision of the mechanisms of speech and its neural basis derives
from the invaluable research works by Nikolai Zhinkin (1958), Alexander
Sokolov (2007) and more recently from a stunning and highly perspec-
tive research on connectome by Olaf Sporns (2011) and the exposition of
the language of thought hypothesis by Jerry Fodor and Stephen Pinker
(2013).
My views of the semiotics of speech and the intrinsic symbolism of
oral expression rest on the works of Olga Akhmanova (Akhmanova et al.,
1986), Tamara Nazarova (1994), Mikhail Davydov (1984).
My judgement and analysis rest on the evidence of linguistic examples,
many of which come from my discussions with my colleagues, students
and friends.
Contents
1 Introduction 1
2 Preliminary Methodological Divagations:

In the Circle of the Philosophers 13
3 Prolegomena to the Phenomenology of Speech:

Definition of ‘Life’ 29
4 The Ontology of Speech and the Nature

of Foregrounding 55
5 Phenomenological Modelling of Speech

and Its Perception 113
6 Pure Generative Phenomenology of Speech 155
7 Organon of Life as a Phenomenon of Speech 169
xvii
xviii Contents
8 Neurophysiological Roots of the Phenomenon

of Life in Speech 199
9 Conclusion 219
Bibliography 223
Index 231
List of Figures
Fig. 3.1 How textology works: the ‘stone table’ approach 33

Fig. 3.2 How hermeneutics works: hermeneutic circle or
‘outline stitch’ 34
Fig. 3.3 How philology works: complementary approach 35
Fig. 3.4 How phenomenology of speech works: the ‘cogwheel
approach’36
Fig. 4.1 The ‘tree of knowledge’ type of the reader–writer
interaction69
Fig. 4.2 The ‘tree of bliss’ type of the reader–writer interaction 70
Fig. 5.1 Globality of nomination scale and its effect on Ihya146
Fig. 6.1 Top brain–Bottom brain interaction 164
Fig. 7.1 Perception patterns with relation to experiential
involvement of speech recipient 179
Fig. 7.2 A phenomenological ‘Chest of Drawers’ 187
Fig. 7.3 A phenomenological essence distributed between the
boxes of the ‘Chest of Drawers’ 188
xix
1
Introduction
A thought mirrors the world and is rarely clear in representing its true
essence. Being dark, obscure and blurry, it often resembles hallucination,
which every person prefers to keep to oneself. And when, through one
reason or another, one is forced to share this vision with the world by
means of language, there is always an excuse that follows, ‘That’s the way
I see it’. However, language does not make this vision any clearer either,
but disguises the thought even further and hence, the world that this
particular thought represents. The only choice left to us is to contemplate
the speaker’s own world—the vast vacuity spanning in the murky recesses
of his or her mind. But this is all we need. Objectivity is not an aim, but
rather, the experience and perception that leaves us totally at peace with
the world, irrespective of the veracity of our representation.
Behold, this is the ‘rule of the perception mirror’ in speech: the speaker
conceives an idea and then says, ‘I was a hidden treasure and I desired to
be known; and I spake and made myself known to the multitudes and
they harkened unto the manner of my speech and then unto the matter
thereof; and then spake in return and while beholding how I felt about
their speech they knew me, and I, in beholding their reaction unto what
© The Author(s) 2018 1

M. E. Konurbaev, Ontology and Phenomenology of Speech,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71198-0_1
2 M. E. Konurbaev
I ere said—knew them; and, finally, I began to know myself through the
contemplation of these people’s reaction unto my words and, alas, gained
but little satisfaction in this pursuit, but am still struggling in good ear-
nest to understand if I actually live and have the enthralling vigour of life
in my veins or have already evaporated into the thin air of ephemeral
illusions of the multitude’.
This book is about the phenomenon of ‘the genesis of life’ in our
minds during speech perception. It explores connected animated,
visual and aural images that are actualized in our brain during the
course of our interpersonal communication. Following al-Ghazali
(2008), a Persian philosopher of the twelfth century (to whom we are
grateful for the revealing comments of Aristotle and his Organon), we
call this process ‫( احياء‬ihya) [´ɪʰ´ja], that is, reviving the content of
speech, awakening the pictures in your imagination triggered by the
language we use, vivifying or breathing life into the world that we per-
ceive in our minds while reading and speaking. The main purpose of
the phenomenology of speech therefore, as of every other phenomeno-
logical research, actually, is, according to Taylor Carman, ‘an attempt
to describe the basic structures of human experience and understand-
ing from a first person point of view, in contrast to the reflective, third
person perspective that tends to dominate scientific knowledge and
common sense’ (Merleau-Ponty, 2013). The experience of life awaken-
ing in our minds in response to natural human speech as an organized
linguistic material is one of the most intricate, unusual and mysterious
phenomena that forms the basis of all interpersonal communication
and surely deserves a special study within the framework of phenome-
nology as a philosophical study. Phenomenology is ‘a philosophy that
places essences back within existence and thinks that the only way to
understand man and the world is by beginning from their “facticity”’
(Merleau-Ponty, 2013). This stance is much in keeping with Husserl’s
call to return ‘back to facts’, rather than opinions, and to proceed from
observations, rather than abstract reasoning. ‘Now to pass rational or
scientific judgment upon facts (Sachen) means being guided by the
facts themselves, getting away from talk and opinion back to the facts,
questioning them in their self-givenness, and laying aside all prejudices
alien to their nature’ (Husserl, 2012).
Introduction 3
In defining the essence of Ludwig Wittgenstein’s Tractatus Logico-

Philosophicus (1998) Bertrand Russell drew up four aspects of the ‘mind-
language-reality’ relationship that are being studied by different scholars
and disciplines: psychology, epistemology, sciences dealing with the sub-
ject matter of sentences, and finally, logic (Russell, 2007 [1922]).
However, I distinctly feel that there should be one more. At least, I do not
find in these approaches any explanation of the ‘sensation of life’, the phe-
nomenon of actual living in a metaphysical reality of speech that invariably
appears in my mind when I read and listen. As long as the words of speech
remain merely a part of a complex linguistic expression, I understand
nothing and feel nothing. But once these words, their syntactic and logi-
cal relations begin to trigger my memory and life experience and then
forthwith disappear behind the images of a moving life in the speech
that I currently perceive, I begin to feel that I understand what I read or
hear in the speech that is addressed to me and am ready to express my
attitude to it.
Language as an advanced semiotic system forming the basis of all our
verbal communication has been under a thorough scrutiny since antiq-
uity. But the vision of the ideal linguistic structures carefully explored by
structural linguistics, transformational grammar and behaviourism gave
us little understanding of how the living language actually operates in our
minds and how interpersonal communication is made possible.
Arguably, the mental representation of the reality that we perceive with
our senses is far from being a mere series of abstract idealized logical
strings quickened by our emotions. We’ll hardly perceive such expression
as reality unless the actually uttered ‘strings of speech’ (including its lin-
guistic forms, intonation and the meaning of words) turn into a mental
substance that is ontologically very similar to what we see in ‘our mind’s
eye’ when we are confronted with the real world. Otherwise stated, speech
has the potential to ‘generate life’ in our minds in exactly the same man-
ner as we perceive the real life through our five senses. Ihya (phenomeno-
logical awakening) then must be the sixth feeling that awakens life during
communication by means of the written word or oral speech.
Since our early childhood, we strive to express ourselves in speech with
the purpose of exploring the world and understanding who we are, and
why we are here, and what the limits of our existence are. Beginning with
4 M. E. Konurbaev
a certain age, every child does it most fervently, as if his or her whole life
depends on it. And when a child fails to achieve a certain level of success
in this direction by the age, let us say, of three or four, we, adults, may
suspect that something is wrong with the child’s development and some-
times may even worry about his or her mental health. So great is the
power and place of the language in our lives that every effort is now being
made in the education system and further on, during our professional
activities, aiming to secure normal intellectual development and protect
our mental or psychological health.
Mental representation of the world in which we live seems to be so
natural that we often forget that the perception of speech is an attempt
at representing the already perceived world delivered to us in a new,
linear linguistic form. In fact, we are trying to identify the world pre-
sented to us in speech through the ‘curved mirror’ of our intuition
and the generalized vision of the world—our Weltanschauung.
Curiously, a speaker addressing another speech agent wishes him or
her to perceive this reflection in the first place and not the source-
reality that actually caused such reflection. Failure to experience this
type of representation (even when the vision of the original reality is
correct) ruins the whole of the communication process and causes
quarrels and misunderstanding.
Paradoxically, in this modern world of people, we are less interested in
perceiving the real world of material objects than the world of the inter-
connected and interdependent visions belonging to the socially inte-
grated personalities expressed in their speech. Oddly enough, this ‘reality’
is never stable, but changes with the way people ‘feel the world’ of other
people in their hearts and minds. We are considerably more interested in
adequately representing this virtual world of people’s representations,
than in the perception of the actual trees, grass, flowers, insects and ani-
mals. Here comes one of the greatest phenomenological challenges of the
modern world: your five senses will always mislead you, because instead
of contemplating the world, you will have to interpret reflections. And
however adequate your perception may be, your interlocutor will always
have the right to say that his or her world was misrepresented in your
head because your own ‘mirror’ was too dark or abnormally curved or,
which is even more important, the real moving world of the speech
Introduction 5
agent’s representations was transformed into a flat and dead enumeration

of reflected primitive items of the world.
The ability ‘to read’ a reflection of the world in other people’s speech in
such a manner that the speech agent recognizes it in your responses
becomes the fundamental skill of the modern reader of texts. And it does
not include the skill of a psychological analysis only—but the speech
agent’s ability to see the ‘life of moving and interacting items’ in the
speech addressed to him or her.
‘Life’ in this theory is a phenomenon that is largely dependent on the speech

agent’s ability to build in his or her mind a dynamic, evolving and balanced
reflection of interrelated objects caused by the act of linguistic communication
(be it an individual instance of speech addressed to an agent or a piece of paper
read by an agent in the silence of his or her premises).
In fact, man is capable of generating the phenomenon of ‘life’ in

another speech agent’s mind by relying on his or her ability to complete the
unfinished forms and predict the possible, based on the experiences of his or
her past. We play this ‘game of image building’ since our early childhood
when we try, for example, to guess which animal is represented by an
evasive cloud, or by fearing the noises and shapes in the dark garden, by
‘recognizing’ monsters and other ‘devilish creatures’ in the depth of the
ocean or by predicting the course of events on the basis of our knowledge
of how such events usually ended in the past (or in fairy tales, as the case
may be). As a result, instead of tracing the correctness of the logical argu-
mentation in speech, a speech agent will intuitively complete the fore-
grounded parts of speech into recognizable shapes. And when these
shapes begin to be even remotely discernible, a speech agent will naturally
add a certain dynamic perspective to them and consequently express an
attitude.
There is a wonderful episode in the Old Testament of the Bible (Isaiah
6:1–13) where Prophet Isaiah tells his people of his vision of the King
and sadly admits that he, being a man ‘of unclean lips, dwelling in the
midst of a people of unclean lips’, could see the Lord of hosts. After an
angel ‘purged his lips’ with a live coal, God commanded Isaiah to go to
his people and speak in a very special manner:
6 M. E. Konurbaev
And he said, Go, and tell this people, Hear ye indeed, but understand not;
and see ye indeed, but perceive not. Make the heart of this people fat, and
make their ears heavy, and shut their eyes; lest they see with their eyes, and
hear with their ears, and understand with their heart, and convert, and be
healed.
This ‘instruction’ was meant to push people to the new experiences,

unfamiliar to them, to the creation of the new, moral gestalts, recogniz-
able through the emotional reflection and mental vivification of the
events of their own lives associated with the allegory. When Jesus in the
New Testament was asked about the reason he was speaking in parables,
he specified that only those could profit by listening to a parable who
actually ‘have ears to hear’ the allegoric message and awaken the actual
events of their own lives, rather than the imaginary reality of a parable
(‘whosoever hath, to him shall be given, and he shall have more abun-
dance: but whosoever hath not, from him shall be taken away even that
he hath’ [KJV, Mark 4:10–12]). As long as the semantic relations remain
only inside the context of the parable where the images are rather obvious
(a sower, a sheep, a coin, etc.), the implied ‘holy’ message remains hidden
and opens up only to those who actually have the moral or life experience
to understand it.
The mystery of the genesis of life (Ihya) in human speech lurks behind
the lines of rhetorical transitivity (Buehl, 2016) where syntactically
prominent and stylistically foregrounded elements of speech ‘fuse
together’ the syntactic, the logical, the stylistic and the expressive planes
of speech in predictive dynamics and retrospective mental correction of
the generated perception, caused by the appearance of the new elements
in the flow of speech.
In the linear verbal representation of the reality, a speaker or writer
begins by forming a schema of the generalized picture of his or her pur-
port, or otherwise stated, a structured symbolism of a snapshot of life in
its expected dynamics and the outcome in perception. Wittgenstein
writes that such picture ‘can correspond or not correspond with the fact
and be accordingly true or false, but in both cases it shares the logical
form with the fact’ (Wittgenstein, 1998). Since no communication is
possible without a human reflection on the speech addressed to a person,
Introduction 7
this initial setting or schema also includes the idealized expressive tone or
an attitude that we call the timbre lead, circling around an idea represented
by a key word, a phrase or, possibly, a poetic line that best expresses the
intention of the speaker.
In deciphering this initial communicative setting, we decode the lin-
guistic message at least eight times: first, at the level of lexical-syntactic
relations we comprehend complete sentences with predication (we call
this the base structural level ); then we test these sentences and their parts
for logical integrity with fact (Wittgenstein calls it Gedanke); then we per-
ceive sentences as utterances with expressive peaks through the prism of the
overall style and foregrounding (the resulting pattern of foregrounded or
stylistically marked elements eventually forms into timbre or the overall
feeling of the manner of representation); after that, based on the analysis
of the anaphoric relations we test the perceivable speech event for the
overall meaning integrity and possible message or a vision of the reality (prop-
osition) communicated to us (at this level, that we call after Edmund
Husserl, ‘wax phenomenology’ [Husserl, 1970; Hopp, 2008], the per-
ceived reality is yet unrelated to us; it has recognizable forms but no ‘vigor
of life’ in them that can be mentally represented); at the fifth level we
determine the key points of emotional tension in speech that are related to us
personally, to our life experience and start ‘quickening’ and holding together
in our mind’s eye the images or concepts from our memory related to
those generated by the speech addressed to us and recognized at the previ-
ous level; at the sixth level we induce the power of development to the
emotionally treated mental reality based on our force of predictive vision
of the mentally vivified objects in the imaginative environment and,
finally, we switch on the mechanisms of retrospective correction of the over-
all mental representation based on the updated vision of the phenomeno-
logically quickened reality, enforced by the appearance of the new
elements in speech while it unravels in the course of verbal communica-
tion. The eighth level of the genesis of life in speech permeates and encap-
sulates all the previous ones through mental audition, the chief function
of which is to support one of the main constituents of life balance and
hierarchy of the key reference points of speech.
Any sudden disbalance in a single element in speech triggers the effect
of semantic magnetism when elements of speech ‘line up’ to circle around
8 M. E. Konurbaev
the strongest reference point expressed by a transitively powerful word or

a phrase. Eventually, all elements are rearranged around a new transitive
peak. And once the balance of all communicatively significant elements
in speech is established anew—the effect of the vision of life (ihya) is
immediately created.
Consider a rather dark extended metaphor in Ecclesiastes 12 in the
King James Version of the Bible (commonly referred to as KJB or KVB)
and its modern representation by the Good News Bible, for example:
The Good News Bible (GNT) King James Bible (KJB)
1. So remember your Creator while 1. Remember now thy Creator in the
you are still young, before those days of thy youth, while the evil days
dismal days and years come when come not, nor the years draw nigh,
you will say, “I don’t enjoy life.” when thou shalt say, I have no
pleasure in them;
2. That is when the light of the sun, 2. While the sun, or the light, or the
the moon, and the stars will grow moon, or the stars, be not darkened,
dim for you, and the rain clouds will nor the clouds return after the rain:
never pass away.
3. Then your arms, that have 3. In the day when the keepers of the
protected you, will tremble, and house shall tremble, and the strong
your legs, now strong, will grow men shall bow themselves, and the
weak. Your teeth will be too few to grinders cease because they are few,
chew your food, and your eyes too and those that look out of the
dim to see clearly. windows be darkened,
4. Your ears will be deaf to the noise 4. And the doors shall be shut in the
of the street. You will barely be able streets, when the sound of the
to hear the mill as it grinds or music grinding is low, and he shall rise up
as it plays, but even the song of a at the voice of the bird, and all the
bird will wake you from sleep. daughters of musick shall be brought
low;
5. You will be afraid of high places, 5. Also when they shall be afraid of
and walking will be dangerous. Your that which is high, and fears shall be
hair will turn white; you will hardly in the way, and the almond tree shall
be able to drag yourself along, and flourish, and the grasshopper shall be
all desire will be gone. We are going a burden, and desire shall fail:
to our final resting place, and then because man goeth to his long home,
there will be mourning in the streets. and the mourners go about the
streets:
6. The silver chain will snap, and the 6. Or ever the silver cord be loosed, or
golden lamp will fall and break; the the golden bowl be broken, or the
rope at the well will break, and the pitcher be broken at the fountain, or
water jar will be shattered. the wheel broken at the cistern.
Introduction 9
7. Our bodies will return to the dust of 7. Then shall the dust return to the
the earth, and the breath of life will earth as it was: and the spirit shall
go back to God, who gave it to us. return unto God who gave it.
8. Useless, useless, said the 8. Vanity of vanities, saith the
Philosopher. It is all useless. preacher; all is vanity.
(KJV, Ecclesiastes 12)
Epistemologically, the message is the same in the two versions: remem-

ber God while you are still young, because when you get old and have no
pleasure in life, praising God will seem vain and boring to you. While the
language of the King James Bible might inspire awe and adoration and
make the reader think of eternity, The Good News Translation appeals
more to reason than emotion, its vocabulary being almost exclusively part
of the common stock of Modern English and the imagery and symbolism
of the original text being without any mercy transformed into plain
English.
Phenomenologically however, these are two different texts with dif-
ferent representations of life. The timbre lead in the modern version of
the Bible clearly boils down to the presentation of plain information
related to the physiological characteristics of an old person. A man is
induced to remember God while being young, because, supposedly, the
old age is not the best time for it. However, the purpose of a detailed
description of the old person in plain terms remains phenomenologi-
cally unclear and the value of this description, devoid of any allegory, is
not specified and remains dark. In the King James Version, there is obvi-
ously an intention to see and feel how difficult it would be to remember
one’s Creator in the old age. The timbre lead very clearly predetermines
the weight and tone of each word against the rest of the context. The old
age is presented as a series of allegories that collectively create the effect
of gradation that is resolved in the gnome ‘Vanity of vanities, saith the
preacher; all is vanity’. Allegory is not meant to create any mystery. It
would be out of place in this context. But the emotional charge based
on the parallels between allegoric concepts and life are strongly felt in
the KJV (‘keepers of the house’ are not just arms that protect you as if
you were a wrestler or a policeman; ‘strong men’ are not just legs that
grow weak, but actually bow themselves and, by association, cause their
owner to bow, etc.)
10 M. E. Konurbaev
The base structural analysis will reveal the pattern of syntactic stresses in
the fragment, subordinated to the laws of parallelism in the KJV. Analysis
in terms of logical integrity will reveal a three-part Gedanke where the
young age is opposed to the old age for a certain reason which explains
the contextual meaning of the word ‘vanity’ at the end of the piece.
Consideration of the foregrounded metaphoric elements coupled with
the rhythmical structure will enhance the feeling of importance and
impart a touch of mysteriousness to the metaphoric concepts. Once rec-
ognized and generally felt, the features of the old age in the extended
allegory then need to be awakened in the mind of the reader based on his
or her vision of the significance of this part of life. This Ihya will cause the
logically and stylistically marked elements to form into a mentally per-
ceived reality and the mind will fill it up with details based on the back-
ground of the speech agent and his or her life experience. In order to
avoid any disbalance in the representation of the syntactically, logically,
conceptually and stylistically marked elements of the fragment, the reader
will fill these contexts with mental audition caused by the alternations of
speeding up and slowing down in reading, mental pausation and balanc-
ing the tone movements at the end of syntagms (Konurbaev, 2015).
A relatively slow tempo of the KJV and a series of rising tones on the
metaphoric parts set off the final recursive wisdom (‘vanity of vanities’) that
appears to be the main token of timbre (Konurbaev, 2015) preconditioning
the balance of all other phenomenologically marked elements. The ending
of the extract from the Good News Bible is much less powerful in ‘control-
ling’ the genesis of life in the rest of the fragment and falls short of a true
control of the whole vision. As a result, the focus of the extract is scattered
between a relatively unrelated beginning and the loose ending. The reader
may recognize and remember a rather plain, flat and unmotivated vision of
the old age, but the true meaning and feeling of it in the context of the
Bible will escape him or her. Although being quite clearly felt and visual-
ized within this fragment, this description of the old age in the broader
context of the Bible in Good News Bible will remain unawakened.
The process of life awakening investigated in this monograph is pre-
sented with the idea of working out generative patterns that can be
Introduction 11
further used in academic work in the universities whose students are

engaged in the study of the problems of understanding, philosophy of
the language, style and interpretation. Chapter 2 of this book provides
an overview of the main philosophical premises that underlie this
research, starting from the father of Phenomenology, Edmund Husserl,
and the originator of existentialism, Søren Kierkegaard, and up to the
modern philosophy of language. Chapter 3 defines the basic notions of
the phenomenology of speech including the most important paraments
of the phenomenological kingdom, life and the laws of phenomeno-
logical dynamics. Chapter 4 focuses on the string theory of foreground-
ing that delimits the area of phenomenological interpretation of speech.
It explores various ways and methods that are used by speakers not only
to make a certain element of speech stand out in the course of com-
munication, but also the ways these peaks of prominence are united to
form perception canvases ranging from the structural ones to the emo-
tional and expressive areas of speech perception. Chapter 5 aims to
shape the vision of the conditions that need to be observed by a speech
recipient in order to achieve the state of life awakening (Ihya). It pre-
supposes dynamic concentration of the reader or listener on various
parts of the speech addressed to him or her, determined by the activity
of different zones of the brain in charge of structuring the addressed
message and intuition. Chapter 6 provides the basic ‘term-kit’ for the
generative phenomenology of speech that is then expanded and
explored on the basis of examples in the ensuing chapter. Chapter 7
presents the organon of the phenomenological vision of speech by slic-
ing the whole of its zone into thematic and expressive layers and then
splicing them into a single vision of life. Chapter 8 provides the neuro-
physiological grounds of this research, explaining how recent develop-
ments in the physiology of the human brain made it possible to move
phenomenological study further to the area that was formerly consid-
ered to be purely subjective and didn’t allow any way of objectification.
Research by Olaf Sporns (2011) aiming to map all neural connections
in the human brain during various types of human intellectual activity
opens a new horizon for our research as well.
12 M. E. Konurbaev
Bibliography
Buehl, J. (2016). Assembling Arguments: Multimodal Rhetoric and Scientific
Discourse (Studies in Rhetoric/Communication). University of South
Carolina Press.
al-Ghazali, I. A. H. M. (2008). Ihya Ulum Ad Din New English Complete
Translation (M. M. al-Sharif, Trans.). Beirut Lebanon: Dar Al Kotob Al
Ilmiyah.
Hopp, W. (2008). Husserl on Sensation, Perception, and Interpretation.
Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 38(2), 219–246.
Husserl, E. (1970). Logical Investigations (J. N. Findlay, Trans.). New York:
Humanities Press.
Husserl, E. (2012). Ideas: General Introduction to Pure Phenomenology (D. Moran,
Foreword). London and New York: Routledge Classics.
Konurbaev, M. (2015). The Style and Timbre of English Speech and Literature (1st
ed.). Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Merleau-Ponty, M. (2013). Phenomenology of Perception (D. Landes, Trans., &
T. Carman, Foreword) (1st ed.). London and New York: Routledge.
Russell, B. (2007). The Analysis of Mind. Kessinger Publishing, LLC. (Orignal
work published 1922)
Sporns, O. (2011). Networks of the Brain. Cambridge, MA and London,
England: The MIT Press.
Wittgenstein, L. (1998). Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (C. K. Ogden, Trans., &
B. Russell, Introduction) (471st ed.). Dover Publications.
2
Preliminary Methodological
Divagations: In the Circle
of the Philosophers
Being as a process needs a foothold. Any movement of a being (as an

entity) is inevitably confronted with the activity of other beings. And a
being can exist only and exclusively in a state of flux. A being needs a
foothold in order to estimate the course of its development and change,
as also the force to be used in order to give oneself a propelling move-
ment, and surely, the angle to be guided by in the choice of a direction of
development. A foothold cannot be measured or estimated in any other
way but experientially. This is due to the fact that all beings are exceed-
ingly diverse in their qualities, dimensions and the power of inertia.
Naturally, in these conditions a foothold cannot remain stable for all and
every one of them.
Man is equipped with all sorts of instruments necessary for the estima-
tion of a foothold and the course of development. Every being has a
scope, impulse and a potential of movement. And all its existence boils
down to the search of the ways to realize this potential to the full. The
moment all its capacities have been fulfilled in the current environment—
the current form of existence comes to an end and a being begins to seek
(or is brought to) another dimension or reality to apply its potential and
to test the variety and scope of movements it can undergo in a different
environment or milieu.

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71198-0_2
14 M. E. Konurbaev
The nature of developmental scope and potential (physical, psycho-

logical or mental) determines the nature of the required foothold. If one
needs merely to slide down the slope, the foothold will be represented by
multiple dots on the slope, relying on which an entity acquires a move-
ment of a certain force, direction and dynamics. A psychological develop-
ment needs other kinds of props. By relying on them or interacting with
them, a being can acquire spiritual stability and predictability that is so
necessary for other beings in order to coordinate their movements and
development in the same environment.
Footholds are exceedingly varied and are often misleading, giving the
impression of a decisive factor of movement, but in fact not being even
the aspect or an element of it. As a result, the interpretation of a being as
a complex of transformations in a certain environment may be very mis-
leading and end up in the wrong predictive vision of an entity that may
lead to collisions with other entities, disbalancing the whole system of
movements in an environment.
Out of many tools that a man (as a complex of potentials) uses for his
or her development and self-realization, language appears to be one of the
most intricate, often controversial and sophisticated footholds—and, no
doubt, the least certain. But the domineering vision of language rests on
merely two props, namely, language is a principal tool of cognition (for how
can one synthesize knowledge if occasionally we do not put so many facts
into one sizeable and more or less usable ‘box’ of concepts, categories and
domains); and, language is the main carrier of communication between the
members of a certain community. Here comes the first and one of the
most principal difficulties in estimating the required foothold for using
language in the most efficient manner to the desired ends—diversity and
multiplicity of factors that a man as a subject of cognition and interper-
sonal communication perceives as foothold, often relying on the phan-
toms that generate no movement. These phantoms mostly include
intellectual or psychological assumptions of all sorts in making judge-
ments. Instead of perceiving speech addressed to them in free manner,
people make lots of preliminary, often biased, conclusions that are based
mostly on cultural or intellectual assumptions.
Imagine a plausible situation in which a hotel host is meeting, at the
entrance four guests who have just arrived for a locally organized c onference.
Preliminary Methodological Divagations: In the Circle… 15
There are four relatively young people—two of them are males, and two
females. Then, the telephone in the office rings, and the host runs back to
pick up the phone. On his way he meets his assistant, a lady of about 65
years of age, and orders her to serve the new guests who have just arrived—
to accommodate them and help them establish a contact with the local
university. When the instruction is over he nearly rushes on, but then stops
short, beckons his assistant to come closer to him and says in a low voice
to a surprised old lady, ‘Don’t make a mistake in choosing the right rooms
for them; they are, sort of special, I hope you understand me, Ms Bean?
Well, you will see for yourself ’, and then rushes on. Then again stops and
cries to the surprised assistant who is still standing speechless, trying to
understand what this instruction could mean, ‘But don’t worry, Ms Bean!
After all, they are Europeans and they all work in a university’. In a state of
complete perplexity and bewilderment, she comes out into the yard to
meet the guests, only to discover, a quarter of an hour later, that the host
had made a mistake—these were two young heterogeneous couples. There
was a lot of mess in the dialogues, fumbling and fussing about the ‘right’
words to choose, a moment of discovery of a mistake, blushing scarlet,
perplexed excuses and so on—all due to the fact that the external, unre-
lated information was not properly put beyond the brackets in the situa-
tion, using as a foothold wrong, unobvious information, and as a result,
creating a disaster in the course of communication. Every word, every
intonation, every pause and gesture that was used by the host’s assistant
was relying on what the host had said to her minutes before the meeting,
instead of allowing her to make whatever discoveries were necessary for
herself and react then and there accordingly.
It is one thing to comprehend a mountain with your eyes; it is another
thing to comprehend the same mountain through the speech of a com-
munication agent. The least transparent is speech, of course. Not because
it does not allow the perception of the world directly through one of our
senses, but because it takes place primarily due to a host of assumptions
surrounding literally every item of our world—assumptions that block
objective perception almost entirely, substituting it by the horde of cul-
tural visions, traditions, accepted norms, superstitions and so on.
There is a wonderful parable by a Persian Sufi and poet Maulana
Jalaluddin Rumi in which he described a roaming scholar who happened
16 M. E. Konurbaev
to stay for a night in a dervish’s desert abode. In the evening, the scholar
heard the dervish’s prayer in which he called to God to come to him so
that the dervish could wash His hands and His feet and His eyes. Angrily,
the scholar rushed into the dervish’s tent and demanded that he stop this
blasphemy, ‘What feet?! What eyes?! What hands?! Who are you praying
to?! Stop this blasphemy!’ The same night the scholar had a vision in
which God was sore displeased with him, and said, ‘For years this dervish
has been praying to me day and night, the way he could, and there was
no interruption in his practices. And now came you and the dervish
became so frightened that he stopped worshipping me completely’.
In essence, this parable is about clear vision, unencumbered by any
conditional statements, theoretical restrictions, assumptions, cultural and
civilizational constraints. Likewise, in speech. When it is addressed to us,
we may begin simply by deconstructing its sense and general validity,
much the way suggested by Jacque Derrida (1967a, b, 2011). We may
render it totally inappropriate on the grounds of the fallacy of the speak-
er’s assumptions that have never been a part of our own lives and that
remain lifeless, motionless, unconsidered, inert. On perceiving it, we
divest it of all currently irrelevant ‘decorations’ until the moment when
we cannot ignore this background any more, for reasons of our own inad-
vertent reaction to something in its content that had really taken place in
our lives and is, one way or another, familiar to us—but not as an item in
an encyclopaedia, but as life, an experience.
In some cases, deconstruction or phenomenological reduction that is
performed in search of a foothold may bring the meaning of speech to
‘ground zero’, to a complete annulment of any perceivable content—not
in the semantic, but in the phenomenological sense. There will be neither
vision nor life awakening, but merely a collection of semantic and gram-
matical items that are brought together solely by the rules of structure—
generally recognizable on an abstract level, but basically dead to us,
unawakened, and consequently, nonexistent in our minds as phenomena.
There are other cases, when at a certain point of phenomenological reduc-
tion, we feel that we cannot go any further down the slope and have to
stop, being unable to resist the ‘evoking force’ of language that stirs our
memories and makes us live through the situations described by it again.
Thus, the basic principle of phenomenological reduction in speech runs as
follows: it moves; therefore, it lives. It moves imagination and stirs the mem-
ory; it also moves in the mind of a speech agent by changing its form,
dimension and essence in a recognizable and a relatively predictable fash-
ion. It moves because the scope of its movement is determined by the laws
familiar to us and the experience that we formerly had. And finally, it
moves continuously from start to finish in the whole of speech, unceas-
ingly realizing itself, sometimes as an active agent of action, and sometimes
as a factor of movement for other objects in the reader’s or listener’s mental
vision of speech. It lives while moving. And speech without this movement
is a lifeless collection of words and unrelated facts, a nothing, emptiness,
vanity, The Kunstkamera—a roaming ghost without body and essence.
Hence, the first premise of the phenomenology of speech: it cannot
exist without a feedback that becomes its foothold, that gives our speech
a lasting impetus until the occurrence of the next collision with another
feedback in our mind that corrects its course. This foothold is the ground
that should be responding to it continuously, without any interrup-
tion—as life itself is. Once there is a break in the feedback, there is a
phenomenological hole, an interruption that inevitably throws you ‘off-
piste’ and you start day-dreaming or switch to another reality. This cre-
ates another dimension of meaning for the Cartesian Cogito ergo sum
(Descartes, 1999).
Je pense is a mirror capable of reflecting speech. It cannot help reflect-
ing. It is the entirety of organized memories that fertilizes the speech
addressed to a communication agent. Anything that is falling by the way-
side of your memory or stony places of uncertain references may spring
up semantically within the narrow context, but will be ‘scorched’ by the
broad awakened context in the general perception of speech.
Je suis is a life that is running along the trails of memory, but living its
own, new life—in the context of new relations, transformations and
development. Every new, relatively familiar item matched with the speech
agent’s memory forms a new foothold that may bounce against a bunch
of other linguistic matter already organized in a ‘living mass’, and may
eventually set it in a new direction, down the forking paths of the garden
of speech comprehension.
In this sense, a text that ends in a full stop or a pause may suddenly
acquire a totally new aspect or light if a comma replaces the full stop at
18 M. E. Konurbaev
the end of speech and more linguistic material of any sort appears there,
or if the terminal tone marking completion of expression starts suddenly
rising, suggesting a continuation. If we strive to determine the generative
phenomenological minimum of the speech addressed to a recipient, we
need to follow the arduous tracks of its emancipation, freeing speech
from anything that looks valid, but in reality, does not reflect anything,
being void of any expressive potential or awakening capacity. These ele-
ments are fake mirrors, distracting a communication agent from the cur-
rent scope of linguistic material chosen by a speaker or writer to represent
not an abstract thought, but a vision of life. Surprisingly, they could be
presented in a text or speech as gems of wisdom, but being much too
abstract and unrelated to the current experience of the reader or listener,
they may only destroy the frail scaffolding of a yet incomplete Gestalt.
Phenomenological reduction of speech is not exactly bracketing
(epoché) (Husserl, 1970, 2012), because once a linguistic element appears
along the way of a speech recipient, it cannot be either fully ignored or
immediately incorporated in a life-awakening process (ihya) due to its
irrelevance. An intelligent and inquisitive reader or listener will have to
keep it in his or her short-term memory for some time, returning to it
again and again in the course of speech in the hope of finally tying up
loose semantic ends. This process may continue for some time, at the
same time affecting the whole comprehension of speech and the dynamic
phenomenological vision of speech.
Reduction in speech can therefore develop along two ways: a ‘snowball
perception’ and a ‘stone-ball perception’. Both processes develop down
the slope of speech. However, the former grows in matter but reduces in
essence, while the latter gradually lessens and eventually disappears or
falls apart completely. The former is phenomenologically productive; the
latter destructive. The snowball perception easily finds ways to synthesize
a large amount of material ‘on the slope’ into a system, a vision that is
complete and expanding in the mind of a speech recipient at the expense
of the internal resources of speech. The stone-ball perception crushes
everything in its way, loses integrity and memory trails. Elements of
speech collide, smash against each other, throwing an unproductive dust
into the air, only to increase its opacity and end up in an unproductive
phenomenological chaos.
Reduction is the main tool of a speech agent aiming to eliminate

entropy, phenomenological ‘holes’ and uncertainties. It is in charge of the
speech elements’ proximity to each other that eventually facilitates their
interaction and image-formation. A speaker goes all the way through
communication trying to be consistent in integrating new linguistic mat-
ter in the course of communication. But this consistency is not necessar-
ily based on logic, but on the ability of speech to generate living images.
A reader or listener perceives this train of verbalized representation vari-
ously, sometimes believing what is being said to him or her, sometimes
translating the general schema into an image or a set of images and some-
times doubting their existence and validity. The host of propositional
attitudes (Wittgenstein, 1998) forms the basis of a speech agent’s feed-
back, that again sets the wheels of phenomenological reduction in motion
that targets comprehension of a special sort—not as an inventory of facts
or data, but as a dynamic continuous whole which moves and glimmers
in an illusion of a meta-reality. In an ideal situation, it lives or should live
so realistically that one finds it extremely difficult to tear away from it
mentally, and starts a fascinating process of prediction and retrospective
correction. Thus, speech turns into a living image—it awakens in mind
and lives on long after the act of communication is over.
Once we have deconstructed or reduced speech to its elementary level
of phenomenological factors capable of interacting with a speech agent’s
memory and his or her creative capacity, once we have revealed this basis
sufficient to be used as a foothold for phenomenological awakening, we
become immediately immersed in the floods of possibilities that could
give sustainability and firmness to the representation of life in the mind
of a speech agent. Speech generated by a communication agent may cause
a flurry of phenomenological visions in the recipient and may seem to be
completely free. But not quite so, because every next element of speech
returns the speech recipient to a more or less limited track of perception
that is associated with the ‘author’s intention’ or purport. Phenomenological
reality nests somewhere between this freedom and linguistic limitations.
It has structure of some kind, but it falls apart into its basic elements with
every unit of the language introduced into a train of speech, and then,
reconstructed again in a new form, each time with hindsight and consid-
eration of every new element’s relative value. Its ‘fluid structure’ is the aim
20 M. E. Konurbaev
of all speakers’ or writers’ aspirations, because only this constantly regen-

erating vision of life is what we normally perceive in the comprehension
of the world around us. It is this type of perception that I call true under-
standing of speech.
Jean-Paul Sartre (1968, 2003) believes that there is no essence either in
man or life, but free experience only. Essence is the domain of the cre-
ation only, which he could neither prove nor believe. This brings forward
the idea of freedom, which means that essence may appear at the end
only, when a man who is acting out of his free will, will then have to bear
responsibility for his choice. This pair, ‘choice vs responsibility’ gives the
shape of completeness to the whole life, where every single act is a free
will of an agent.
However, speech as a medium of life is a phenomenon and a creation
and should, by definition, have essence, intention, purpose and reason.
No speech is indeed free from its master, being at any moment of time a
little more than just a set of words or even ideas. Speech is our ‘organ’ of
perception and stability. Through this medium we often live not so much
in the world, but in the world of representations that are caused by
speech, that we often take for reality, and then, on seeing that it is evoked
by our vivid memories of the past stirred by the language addressed to us,
we decide how to act.
Human speech is a body spreading its ‘limbs’ between freedom and
necessity, essence and experience, intention and interpretation, abstrac-
tion and tangibility, schema and movement. This means that it should
have a ‘generative model’ to be guided by in self-expression and a ‘percep-
tion model’ to be used as a reference point for the modulations of the
generative pattern. No text or speech exists without intentionality
(Husserl, 1970), or directedness at the reality represented by the speech
agent’s thought expressed in language. There is something (probably,
Saussurean Langue (Saussure and Roy, 1998)) that made people believe
that noema in the mind of a speech agent may be best represented by
means of language translating noema1 of a speech agent into noema2 of a
speech recipient through noesis of the second order. Often, we see and
experience the objective reality in a particular form not because the reality
itself is so impressive, but because the speaker or writer gives it a certain
aspect by his or her voice and personality. Noema1 and noema2 surely
differ in many aspects, but our sureness of their drastic difference moti-
vates us to unfold the representation of the world in the form of the
recursive patterns of speech. We transpose reality into the form of a par-
ticular language (as a vision of the relationship between denotation and
signification, sign and reality that is available to us through our senses),
then hold this experience in our memory as patterns of language use in
various situations of life, fraught with our emotions, and then, finally,
relatively automatically transpose these patterns in Parole, addressed to a
communication agent in the hope that it will be thus perceived. Not as
an inventory of relatively abstract facts and data, but again, as a medium
of life. More often than not, this attempt is a failure.
Speech is always existential, whether we agree with this premise or not.
We live by it when we ‘live it through’ (either cry or laugh, act or procras-
tinate, persist in idleness or develop), and we even shamefully live by it
when we ignore its existential nature, choosing some other ‘reality
instead’, which is often the reality of hypocrisy, when we claim the accep-
tance of a certain worded principle, and then, refrain from acting by it.
We often stand up sluggishly only to be seen by people, wavering between
this and that and belonging neither to these nor to those (Koran, 2004).
But even then, our words and verbal representations make the essence of
our real condition. Existentially, our language will betray us as the smell
of onion we ate at dinner and no seasoning will be able to hide its real
nature.
‘The world is precisely the one that we represent to ourselves’ (Merleau-
Ponty, 2013), always real, whether hypocritical or sincere. And the so-
called objectivity is, probably, the last thing on our list of the priorities in
life. For what we need is only happiness, safety and stability among the
people we live and we choose the language to work as our ‘torch’, leading
us through this jungle of linguistic self-expressions. ‘The real is a tightly
woven fabric; it does not wait for our judgements and only reacts to our
verbal address to it’ (Merleau-Ponty, 2013). Objectively, we see faces and
gestures. Indeed. But, ‘nothing is hidden behind these faces or these ges-
tures, and there are no landscapes that remain inaccessible to me’ as long
as I am capable of representing it through the means that are available to
me (Merleau-Ponty, 2013). ‘…there is but a touch of shadow that owes
its existence to the light’ (Merleau-Ponty, 2013), the shadow as an aspect
22 M. E. Konurbaev
of existence that makes the real different from its supposedly objective
source.
Speech is our biological necessity. It is our unique supplementary sen-
sory system, an organ (Chomsky, 2015) typical only of man—a relatively
easy way and tool to explore the reality we live in, which is often repre-
sented by people and their actions. What is the use of measuring a man’s
temperature or his or her blood pressure if this gives next to nothing in
obtaining a vision serving as a key to how we should co-exist peacefully
and productively? Speech is our sole instrument for exploring this social
reality and for our self-identification for the other members of the human
society to perceive. The act of relegating speech to the dole of a digital
storage of the facts of life is the same as holding a gulp of air that we
breathed in, and then, refusing to exhale for reasons of its importance for
our organisms.
Existentially, speech is like a magic rod that can change the whole of
your life if you can only accept it and make it a powerful vision mixed
with your own experience. Very often (not always though), speech is an
act, rather than a passive representation. Standing in front of the altar
hand in hand with a bride whom you intend to marry and answering ‘I
do’ to a priest’s question changes the whole of your life within the moment
allocated for the pronunciation of these same words. Faith makes these
words act (Austin, 1975). The vision of everything, the whole life that is
in these words, makes them real. These are the words that mould life,
instead of merely describing it through the opaque glass of general
description.
In the past two centuries, we got accustomed to such levels of safety
that even words of the natural human language are subconsciously per-
ceived as a dangerous encroachment into our lives. Instead of ‘going
straight through us’, leaving emotional and intellectual traces in our
hearts and minds, words ‘lazily flow around us’, barely touching our souls
and leaving us totally cold or in a condition of unhurrying observers in a
zoo. We barely commit ourselves to the speech that is addressed to us. It
is, indeed, safer not to. For it can change lives and render unexpected
emotions that may hurt you. We are afraid of this type of experience and
feel it is sufficient to make merely superficial judgements of the overall
‘essences’, and then, act by them.
Suppose someone embraces a religion, not as a doctrine, but as a

way of life. In this case, every word spoken as an accepted reality, not
as an abstract doctrine, becomes an utterance of faith that steers the
new believer’s life. Very often, though, the act of embracing a religion
is replaced by the acceptance of a doctrine instead of the experience of
life. The doctrine is accepted, while the life of a new convert remains
unchanged. In fact, it turns conversion into hypocrisy. And so we do
ourselves, when we claim that we understand a speech addressed to
us, while remaining barely on its glittering surface. ‘The lives people
live demonstrate that there is really no Christianity—or very little’,
wrote Søren Kierkegaard (1987), this is the life that is full of
‘Intellectualism—the “direct mental assent to a sum of doctrines”;
Formalism—“battalions upon battalions” of unbelieving believers;
and Pharisaism—a herd of hypocritical clergy that ignore the
Christianity they were hired to preach’ (Kierkegaard, 2014). It is the
vision of life without the experience of it and distorted by many illu-
sions of its true essence. ‘Unfortunately, doctrine is what people want.
And the reason for this is because doctrine is the indolence of aping
and mimicking for the learner…’ (Kierkegaard, 2014). Such practice
contradicts the very essence of speech as a tool of communication that
has to serve its purpose, instead of being an information screen in a
public place.
The skill of perceiving speech phenomenologically (or existentially),
and then, properly dealing with the resulting perceptual experience is the
highest form of art that needs to be specially learnt, taught and practiced
in modern society. It requires a system of methods and approaches to be
applied from the school age and then up to the age of maturity. It must
bring up the habit of true understanding that reveals itself from the depth
of experience. It prevents hasty decisions that are based on a rather super-
ficial inventory of ideas. It brings peace and mutual respect between peo-
ple, because we are all born different, brought up differently, have different
backgrounds and underlying cultural traditions. It expands the horizons
of life and diversifies its dimensions. Phenomenology of speech needs to
be generative, predictable, teachable.
This task may really seem unattainable, given its experiential nature.
Indeed, how can one predict a broad, expanding and infinite diversity of
24 M. E. Konurbaev
sensations of life in speech, and then, profitably manage comprehension?

Quite naturally, modern governments and states, being scared by the
penetrating and all-encompassing force of certain types of speech, often
directly prohibit their public use, including the literary sources that his-
torically remain the most powerful carriers of existential horizons (preach-
ing, sermons, calls, petitions, proclamations, ideological appeals). Devoid
of any tool to manage comprehension and being unable to manage the
phenomenological outcome of speech in the minds of people, they prefer
to prohibit such speech entirely.
This book is an attempt to provide a methodological solution in which
one part of the communication axis is instrumental, while the other one
is a free end, unrestricted by close taxonomies or classifications. It may
have a generally recognizable perceptual outlook, however. It is right to
explain the making of the phenomenon, indeed, but it is undoubtedly
futile to describe exhaustively all kinds and varieties of speech perception.
Being based on the ‘guess-work, methodological hints, reliance on past
experience, etc.’ (Chomsky, 2015), any logical structuring or pigeon-
holing of the types of perception may appear to be highly unproductive.
Not infrequently, efforts to apply an analytical approach to the percep-
tion of speech are too tight and narrow and fail, at the first attempt, to
check the resulting generalizations for universality. An analytical vision of
the broad universal canvases of the human impression of speech is cau-
tiously hanging around the doors of Umwelt in the ethological sense, that
is, general observations of the socially grounded behaviour, emotionality,
way of life and tradition. Any further investigation encroaches on the
area of human individuality and is therefore rather subjective.
Attempts are still being made to come closer to the universal interpre-
tation of speech, at least within the framework of one social group, a
nation or a broader areal of culture. Anthropologists and literary critics,
psychologists and social scientists are crowding at the porch of human
individuality, occasionally ‘stealing’ a vision or two from the breadth and
depth of the idiosyncratic experiences of the life of an individual. The
task is extremely difficult, yields crumbs of observations, but is absolutely
crucial for phenomenology if we want to know where there is a break
between the general and the individual in the perception of speech in
various situations of life.
In teaching students to perceive speech phenomenologically, we want

them to start at the free end of the axis, as it were, within the borders of
the sensory, individual and experiential. Only this approach is capable of
awakening the matter of language in speech. All other attempts will be
limited by abstract, lifeless schemas that are hardly trustworthy unless
checked for their potential to generate life. The litmus test of life in this
analytical process is timbrology, which nests between structure and inter-
pretation (Akhmanova et al., 1986; Davydov, 1984; Konurbaev, 2002,
2015). This area defines the scope of perception spreading between the
elements of various expressive forces and semantic potentials.
In speaking or writing, we inadvertently create a structural, semantic
and expressive hierarchy of the speech elements used in an act of com-
munication. This process is subordinated to the laws of structure—gram-
mar, syntax, logic, composition. But our brain perceives the resulting
hierarchy variously: something in it is seen and heard rather clearly, while
other elements remain completely automated and mute (Scherba, 1957;
Vinogradov, 1959). This heterogeneity of speech creates various phenom-
enological ‘pressures’ or perceptions. The peaks of expression and empha-
sis are worthy to be held in a short-term memory to be integrated with
other peaks, and form recognizable Gestalts (Wertheimer, 1959; King
and Wertheimer, 2007). The pits are relegated to the background of
speech, forming the indispensable condition for the creation of contrasts.
Such Gestalts of perception are also rather easily recognizable and form
the kingdom of socially acceptable patterns, genres of speech, general
models of speech emotionality. And then, finally when a person is gener-
ating speech, he or she is structuring it on the basis of the expected vision
of how it fits the accepted tradition and the current mode of perception
by every particular individual, with his or her personal vision of the suit-
ability or unsuitability of a particular reaction and forms of address.
The area between the structure of speech based on the expectation of a
certain perception and the mixture of the established communication
patterns with the speaker’s individual oral or written interpretation of
how it works is called ‘timbre’, or a contextually determined variation of
speech caused by the rules of structure. To put it in a nut shell, timbre is
a map of the hierarchically organized accents in speech (Konurbaev,
2002, 2015). It is this parameter that lays the necessary basis for the
26 M. E. Konurbaev
dynamics of speech and its phenomenological realization in any interper-

sonal communication. It is a middle point between the intuitive percep-
tion of the essence of speech and the phenomenological experience caused
by its comprehension. It is history-based, but always forward-looking,
predictive. It is measurable and material when we try to share our under-
standing with the people through reading the texts aloud, but it is tran-
scendental when we experience the vision of the hierarchy of elements
through the ‘half-tones’ in the auditory zone of our brain (Zhinkin,
1958; Sokolov, 2007). We think we know how to generate it, but we
rarely know how to measure its outcome. It has few generative parame-
ters, but incessant and immeasurable perceptual results. It is a big phe-
nomenological ‘bang’ that begins with a single word, but creates an
ever-expanding universe of perception. This opposition of the historical
and the predictive, of the essence and the experience, of the static and the
changeable forms the dialectical basis on which rests the generative phe-
nomenology of speech—a discipline studying ways and instruments of
evoking a dynamic vision of life in the comprehension of speech. Not the
other way round, as is often the case. Our main goal, therefore, is to
create a ‘finite generative system of speech with unbounded scope of per-
ception’ (Chomsky, 2006).
Vivid and awakened comprehension of speech, when we actually have
visual and aural sensations of life, is the product of the carefully processed
lessons of the past, which means that speech as the principal ‘container’
of message and ideas, and simultaneously, as the chief instrument that is
used to reinforce the frail construction of human communication needs
to be perceived through the prism of history, general and individual,
viewed as a scope of facts and as the current experience and criticism.
Essence-based comprehension of speech renders experience unnecessary,
and immediately transforms every new bit of information into an item to
be held in the historical archives. Experience-based comprehension of
speech (experience-now, Dasein) draws the infinite variety of life, and
experience of the perceived development and change (Heidegger, 2008,
2010).
Bibliography
Akhmanova, O., Minaeva, L., & Mindrul, O. (Eds.). (1986). Filologicheskaya
Fonetika [Philological Phonetics]. Moscow: Moscow University Press.
Austin, J. L. (1975). How to Do Things with Words (2nd ed.). Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press.
Chomsky, N. (2006). Language and Mind (3rd ed.). Cambridge University
Press.
Chomsky, N. (2015). Syntactic Structures. Martino Fine Books.
Davydov, M. (1984). Zvukovyye paradoksy anglijskogo jazyka i ikh funktsional-
naya spetsifika [Sound paradoxes of English in functional perspective].
Moscow: Moscow University Press.
Derrida, J. (1967a). La voix et le phénomène. Paris: Presses Universitaires de
France.
Derrida, J. (1967b). De la grammatologie. Paris: Éditions de Minuit.
Derrida, J. (2011). Voice and Phenomenon (L. Lawlor, Trans.). Evanston, IL:
Northwestern University Press.
Descartes, R. (1999). Discourse on Method and Meditations on First Philosophy
(D. A. Cress, Trans.) (4th ed., p. 65). Cambridge: Hackett Publishing
Company.
Heidegger, M. (2008). Phenomenological Interpretations of Aristotle: Initiation
into Phenomenological Research (Studies in Continental Thought)
(R. Rojcewicz, Trans.). Indiana University Press.
Heidegger, M. (2010). Being and Time: A Revised Edition of the Stambaugh
Translation (SUNY series in Contemporary Continental Philosophy)
(J. Stambaugh, Trans., & D. J. Schmidt, Foreword). State University of
New York Press.
Husserl, E. (1970). Logical Investigations (J. N. Findlay, Trans.). New York:
Humanities Press.
Husserl, E. (2012). Ideas: General Introduction to Pure Phenomenology (D. Moran,
Foreword). London and New York: Routledge Classics.
Kierkegaard, S. (1987). Either/Or (H. V. Hong & E. H. Hong, Trans.). Princeton
University Press.
Kierkegaard, S. (2014). Provocations: Spiritual Writings of Kierkegaard (1st ed.).
Plough Publishing House.
King, B. D., & Wertheimer, M. (2007). Max Wertheimer and Gestalt Theory.
Transaction Publishers.
28 M. E. Konurbaev
Konurbaev, M. (2002). Stil’ I tembr teksta [The style and timbre of text]. Moscow:
MAKS Press.
Konurbaev, M. (2015). The Style and Timbre of English Speech and Literature (1st
ed.). Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
The Koran. (2004). Trans. by N. J. Dawood (Rev. ed.). Penguin Classics.
Merleau-Ponty, M. (2013). Phenomenology of Perception (D. Landes, Trans., &
T. Carman, Foreword) (1st ed.). London and New York: Routledge.
Sartre, J.-P. (1968). Search for a Method. Vintage.
Sartre, J.-P. (2003). Being and Nothingness: An Essay on Phenomenological
Ontology (2nd ed.). London and New York: Routledge Classics.
de Saussure, F., & Roy, H. (1998). Course in General Linguistics (Reprint ed.).
Open Court Classics.
Scherba, L. V. (1957). Opyt lingvisticheskogo tolkovanija stikhotvorenij:
Vospominanije Pushkina [A case study of the linguistic interpretation of
poems: Reminiscence by Pushkin]. In Selected Works on the Russian Language
(pp. 26–44). Moscow: Uchpedgiz.
Sokolov, A. (2007). Vnutrennjaja rech’ i myshlenie [Inner speech and thinking].
Moscow: URSS.
Vinogradov, V. (1959). O jazyke khudozhestvennoi literartury [On the language
of fiction]. Moscow: Gosudarstvennoye Izdatelstvo Khudozhestvennoi
Literatury.
Wertheimer, M. (1959). Productive Thinking (Facsimile Reprint ed.). Greenwood
Pub Group.
Wittgenstein, L. (1998). Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (C. K. Ogden, Trans., &
B. Russell, Introduction) (471st ed.). Dover Publications.
Zhinkin, N. I. (1958). Mekhanizmy rechi [Mechanisms of speech]. Moscow:
Izdatel’stvo Akademii Pedagogicheskikh Nauk.
3
Prolegomena to the Phenomenology
of Speech: Definition of ‘Life’
The Speaker’s Intention: Eidos Versus Physis

The world in which we live is a manifestation of forms (Plato,
1999–2013). A form is not a concrete single representation of a material
object but rather a scope of features that variously manifest themselves
in a highly changeable reality. The ancient Greeks (Thales, Socrates,
Plato) called it εἶδος (eidos) or a ‘visible form’ thereby focusing on the
collective experience of the object’s contemplation. It isn’t quite right to
render it through the word ‘idea’ that presupposes a higher level of
abstraction. Think of the idea of ‘tableness’, for example, that can be
manifested in millions of tables that a man or woman can see in his or
her life. Εἶδος is not this, but rather my own, individual cumulative
vision of multiple manifestations of a concrete table (made of wood or
glass or any other material) that displayed different aspects under differ-
ent circumstances and underwent multiple transformations throughout
the whole of my dealings with it in the whole of my life. Every such
manifestation is called Φύσις (physis), or a state of transition from the

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71198-0_3
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
DISEASES OF THE SALIVARY GLANDS.
Modifications of the secretion are commonly simple excess or
deficiency, with a correspondingly high or low specific gravity of the
product. There may, however, be a virulent element as in the case of
rabies.
SUPPRESSION OF SALIVARY SECRETION.
XEROSTOMIA.
Causes; fever; vascular vacuity, after bleeding, diarrhœa, etc.; destruction of
glands; Calculus. Symptoms; slow, difficult mastication; digestive disorder.
Treatment; remove mechanical obstruction; correct constitutional disorder;
employ stimulation to gland—pilocarpin, electricity.
Entire suppression of salivary secretion is usually the result of
some other disease. It may be a manifestation of the general
tendency to retain water in the febrile system, or it may be an
indication of vacuity of the vascular system as after bleeding, profuse
diarrhœa, diuresis, or diaphoresis, or it may be the result of the
entire destruction of a salivary gland or the obstruction of its duct by
some foreign body or calculus. In proportion to the completeness of
the suppression, mastication and deglutition become difficult or
impossible. The condition must be met by the removal of the cause
which is operative in the particular case. The treatment may be
surgical for the removal of obstructions, or medical with the view of
overcoming anæmia, fever, profuse secretions from other
emunctories, or the simple physiological inactivity. To meet the last
indication small doses of pilocarpin, or the application of a gentle
current of electricity will usually succeed.
EXCESSIVE SECRETION OF SALIVA.
SALIVATION. PTYALISM.
Causes; a symptom of other diseases, of the mouth, teeth, throat or stomach;

rank aqueous vegetation, lobelia, pilocarpin, muscaria, tobacco, mustard, and
other acrid vegetables; caustic alkalies, acids, salts; compounds of mercury, gold,
copper, iodine; palsy of lips; harsh bit; fungi on clover, sainfoin, etc. Symptoms;
salivary escape; frequent deglutition; thirst; disordered digestion, etc. Treatment;
remove cause; astringent washes; sedatives; embrocations to the glands.
This is often a symptom of some other affection such as aphthous

fever, dumb rabies, epilepsy, stomatitis, pharyngitis, dentition, caries
and other diseases of the teeth, wounds and ulcers of the mouth,
gastric catarrh, etc. In other cases it is due to direct irritants in the
food or medicine, as very rank, aqueous, rapidly grown, spring grass,
lobelia, pilocarpin, muscarin, tobacco, wild mustard, colchicum,
pepper, garlic, ginger, irritant and caustic alkalies, acids and salts,
and the compounds of mercury, gold, copper, or iodine employed
locally or internally. The application of mercurials to the skin is
especially liable to salivate cattle and dogs, partly because of a special
susceptibility to the action of this metal and partly from the tendency
of these animals to lick the medicated surface. Paralysis of the lips
causes a great flow of saliva from the mouth though no more than the
normal amount is secreted. The irritation of a large or harsh bit will
increase the secretion and still more the former habit of attaching to
it small bags of spicy or irritant chemicals. Certain fungi determine
salivation. Mathieu saw profuse salivation in horses, cattle and sheep
fed on clover and sainfoin which had become brown.
Symptoms consist in the profuse flow of saliva, either in long
stringy filaments, or if there is much movement of the jaws, in frothy
masses; frequent deglutition; increased thirst and disordered
digestion (tympany, inappetence, colics, constipation, diarrhœa). In
mercurial salivation there may be loose teeth, swollen, spongy,
ulcerated gums, tympany, rumbling, and the passage of fœtid flatus
and soft ill-digested stools.
Treatment consists in removing the cause, whether this is to be
found in faulty food or drink, diseased teeth or gums, disordered
stomach, or the irritant food medicine or poison ingested. If more is
wanted simple astringent washes like those recommended for
stomatitis and a free access to pure water will often suffice. Tartar
emetic or opium has been known to succeed in obstinate cases.
Friction over the parotid or submaxillary gland with camphorated
spirit, tincture of iodine or soap liniment is sometimes required. In
mercurial salivation chlorate of potash is especially to be
commended, and when the bowels have been unloaded of the agent,
iodide of potassium will hasten its elimination from the tissues and
blood.
DILATED SALIVARY DUCTS. SALIVARY
CALCULUS. SALIVARY FISTULA.
These are all surgical diseases and are to a large extent inter
dependent. The impaction of the calculus in the duct leads to
overdistension of the duct posterior to the obstruction, and the
rupture or incision of the distended duct, determines the fistula. It is
only necessary here to point out the seat of these lesions: the
distended sublingual ducts constituting a more or less rounded
swelling to one side of the frænum lingui, the Whartonian duct
forming a tense rounded cord from the papilla back of the lower
incisor teeth backward on the inner side of the lower jaw, and the
Stenonian duct forming a similar tense cord from near the middle of
the cheek down around the lower border of the jaw in company with
the submaxillary artery and backward on the inner side of its curved
border to the parotid gland.
For the more precise lesions, symptoms and treatment of these,
see a work on surgery.
INFLAMMATION OF THE PAROTID GLAND.
PAROTITIS.
Causes: traumatic; calculus; grains; barley and other beards; infecting microbes.
Symptoms: fever, dullness, buccal heat, salivation, difficult mastication, swelling of
gland and duct, protruded nose, stiff neck, fœtor, dyspnœa, facial paralysis,
induration of gland, abcess. Diagnosis from pharyngitis, abcess of guttural pouch
or pharyngeal glands; from tumors. Treatment: avoidance of causes; derivation;
astringent, antiseptic washes; wet antiseptic bandages to throat; cool pultaceous
diet. Open abscess and disinfect. For induration deobstruents. For sloughing
antiseptics.
This may be caused by traumatism, such as incised punctured or

bruised wounds. Wounds inflicted by the goad, by horns, and even
by the yoke in cattle must be looked on as factors. It occurs from
obstruction of the salivary ducts by calculi, or by grains, seeds, or
pebbles introduced from the mouth; from their irritation by the
beards of barley and other plants (brome, rye, wheat, etc.); and from
the localization in the gland of specific inflammations like strangles,
pyæmia, canine distemper, tuberculosis and pharyngitis. In most of
these cases infective microbes are prominent factors. They enter with
penetrating bodies from the skin; they extend through the weakened
and debilitated tissues in bruises; they penetrate the Stenonian duct
with the various foreign bodies from the mouth; irrespective of
foreign objects they make their way up the duct by continuous
growth from the buccal orifice; in case of calculus or other
obstruction their extension is favored by the local congestion and
debility and by the stagnation of the saliva above the point of arrest.
When present these microbes even favor the deposition of the
salivary salts and formation and increase of calculi so that the
affection may advance in a vicious circle, the microbes favoring
calculus and the calculus favoring the increase of microbes.
Symptoms. In the horse in particular there may be premonitory
symptoms of fever, dullness, heat of the mouth, ptyalism, slow and
imperfect mastication, and the retention of food in the cheeks.
The Stenonian duct becomes swollen and painful. The parotid
becomes hard, hot, tender, and is surrounded by a softer pitting
infiltration which may extend down around the entire throat, and
even along the intermaxillary region to the chin. When the canal is
obstructed it may stand out as a thick rope-like resilient swelling
extending around the lower border of the jaw and upward toward the
cheek as far as the point of obstruction. When one parotid only is
involved, the contrast with the other is quite marked. The head is
extended and carried stiffly. When the nose is depressed, or when
the head is turned to one side or the other, the patient gives evidence
of suffering from compression or stretching of the inflamed region.
The breath and mouth exhale an offensive odor, determined by the
decomposition of mucus and of the retained food products.
Among remote effects may be named dyspnœa and threatened
suffocation from pressure on the pharynx and laryngeal nerves, and
facial paralysis from pressure on the seventh nerve.
The disease may go on to induration and remain permanently in
this condition, or it may suppurate and discharge through the skin,
into the pharynx or through the duct of Stenon. It may communicate
with both the duct and the skin and determine a fistula. When
suppuration occurs there is an access of fever, a chill may be noticed,
the swelling becomes more tense, harder, more tender to the touch,
and even emphysematous, and finally points internally or externally.
This may take place from the fifth to the tenth day or later. When it
opens into the duct it may be seen oozing from the orifice in the
cheek when the mouth is opened, and in case the jaws are suddenly
parted, it may escape in a jet. In such a case and especially if the
microbes have come originally from the food the odor is very fœtid.
The abscess is not always single and when multiple the pus may
escape externally by a variety of orifices. The pus is usually whitish,
yellowish or grayish and creamy, but it may be grumous or bloody or
serous and of a most offensive odor. In exceptional cases the gland
becomes more or less gangrenous and such parts, exposed in the
wound are hard, bloodless and insensible, and add very materially to
the fœtor. This may lead to general septic infection, or the necrosed
masses may slough off and the cavities fill up by granulations.
Diagnosis. Parotitis is distinguished from pharyngitis and abscess
of the guttural pouch by the absence of cough and nasal discharge;
from abscess of the pharyngeal glands it is differentiated by the
limitation of the hard swelling to the parotid gland and by the
superficial seat of the resulting abscess. The co-existence of active
inflammation serves to distinguish it from ordinary tumors.
Treatment. By way of prevention, the avoidance of injuries by
yokes, forks, pokes, and goads is important. Also the disinfection of
the mouth by a liberal supply of pure water and even by antiseptic
washes:—borax, boric acid, creolin, tannin, chlorate of potash. Also
by the removal of foreign bodies or calculi from the canal.
When the inflammation has set in, a saline laxative is often of
value. Wash the mouth with a solution of vinegar and salt, or other
antiseptic, repeating this at least after every meal. The swollen,
painful gland may be covered with a damp compress or anointed
with vaseline to which may be added a little creolin, naphthol,
carbolic acid or salicylic acid, together with lead acetate and
belladonna or other anodyne. The diet must be soft, cool mashes,
sliced or pulped roots or any bland agent that will demand little or no
mastication. Cool, fresh water should be allowed ad libitum. When
the laxative has set, it may be followed by cooling diuretics such as
nitrate or acetate of potash.
If suppuration occurs it should be opened as soon as the pus can
be definitely recognized, and the cavity treated antiseptically to
prevent further local or general infection by the microbes. In deep
abscess there is a certain danger of wounding blood vessels and
salivary ducts, but this can be to a certain extent obviated by making
an incision through the skin only and then boring the way into the
abscess with a grooved director or the points of closed scissors.
When the cavity is penetrated the pus will ooze out through the
groove or between the scissor blades. When the pus has been
evacuated the cavity should be washed out two or three times a day
with mercuric chloride solution (1 : 1000), or permanganate of
potash solution (1 : 100).
When the gland becomes indurated and indolent seeming to
merge into the chronic form it may be stimulated to a healthier
action by a cantharides blister, or it may be subjected to daily
massage, or to a daily current of electricity for ten or fifteen minutes.
If the inflammation is slight or unrecognizable, the surface of the
gland may be daily painted with tincture of iodine, and iodide of
potassium maybe given internally, in daily doses of ½ to 1 drachm.
Gangrene, the result of septic microbes, a weak system or too
severe treatment, may be met by astringent and antiseptic agents
locally, and by tonics, stimulants and a generous diet internally.
In cattle the disease usually responds readily to local antiseptics,
and stimulating germicidal embrocations. Camphorated spirit, alone
or combined with tincture of iodine; cantharides ointment with
carbolic acid; and camphor and phenol may be cited as examples.
SUB MAXILLARY ADENITIS. MAXILLITIS.
Mostly in solipeds and unilateral. Causes; traumatic; calculus; infections;
ablation of papillæ. Symptoms; tardy mastication; salivation; buccal heat and
fœtor; submaxillary swelling and tenderness; morsels retained under tongue;
papilla and duct swollen, tender and firm; abscess. Treatment; remove causes;
dislodge foreign bodies; antiseptic lotions and packing.
This is rarely seen in other animals than solipeds, is mostly
unilateral, and due to the introduction of microbes along with
vegetable spikes (barley awns, brome, wheat or oat spikes or glumes)
or other foreign bodies. It may also be caused by calculi obstructing
the duct. The orifice of each duct, to one side of the frænum lingui, is
imperfectly closed by a triangular valvular projection, which in some
countries is erroneously cut off as a diseased product (barbs), thus
opening the way for the introduction of foreign objects. The microbes
are usually pus germs and tend to abscess of the gland. As in the case
of the Stenonian duct the presence of these germs tends to the
precipitation of the salivary salts and the formation of calculi.
Symptoms. The animal may seem hungry, but masticates tardily
and imperfectly, and may even drop morsels partly chewed. He
prefers ground feed to whole, and soft mashes to ground feed, while
hay and other fibrous aliments may be altogether rejected. Salivation
may be excessive, the secretion drivelling from the lips, the mouth
may feel hot and the submaxillary salivary gland swollen and tender.
This may be detected in the intermaxillary space, but is especially
noticeable along the lower and lateral aspect of the tongue. If the
mouth is opened and the tongue drawn to one side a mass of food
may be found to one side of the frænum lingui, and beneath this the
projecting, red inflamed papilla which covers the Whartonian orifice.
Extending backward from this the duct is felt as a thickened cord,
and when this is compressed a purulent liquid flows from the orifice.
The mouth becomes offensively fœtid.
The tendency is to suppuration, and if this is determined in the
Whartonian duct only, by the presence of foreign bodies, calculi, or
microbes it may recover in connection with an abundant muco
purulent discharge and a free secretion of saliva. If it occurs in the
gland tissue itself by reason of the penetration of the microbes into
the follicles, the tendency is to circumscribed abscess, which may
point and burst by the side of the root of the tongue, or externally in
the intermaxillary space. In the first case the tongue is displaced
upward and to the other side of the mouth by the hard, firm swelling,
which is felt on one side beneath the back part of that organ, and
later there is the wound, the profuse muco purulent discharge, and
intense fœtor. If on the other hand the abscess forms nearer the skin,
there is the firm, painful intermaxillary swelling, which finally points
and bursts discharging pus of a septic odor. It may be mixed with the
foreign bodies that have penetrated through the canal, with morsels
of necrosed gland tissue and with blood.
Treatment. The first consideration is to extract any foreign bodies
which have lodged in the duct causing irritation and infection. The
finger passed along the line of the swollen duct may detect the seat of
such foreign body by the extra swelling, and may extract it by
manipulation from behind forward. This may sometimes be assisted
by the introduction of a grooved director as far as the foreign body,
or even by a catheter which can be made to distend the canal in front
of the object and open the way for its easier passage. In case of
failure and in all cases of the introduction of small bodies like
vegetable awns or spikes pilocarpin may be given to cause an
excessive secretion and thus as it were purge the canal of its offensive
contents. Incision of the canal over the foreign body is the dernier
resort.
This accomplished, the injection of antiseptic solutions
(permanganate of potash, boric acid), and the liberal use of pure
water and detergent lotions in the mouth (vinegar, borax, carbolic
acid or salicylic acid in solution) will go far to establish a cure. In
case of an abscess bursting internally the antiseptic solutions should
be injected into its cavity. When the abscess bursts externally this is
doubly demanded, as the introduction of aerial germs tends to
produce very unhealthy action. The cavity may be stuffed with
carbolized, or iodoform, or acetanilid cotton, or with boric or salicylic
acid.
SURGICAL LESIONS OF THE SALIVARY
GLANDS.
Among these may be named calculi of the Stenonian and
Whartonian ducts, ranula, stenosis and fistulæ of these ducts,
tumors, special infections like actinomycosis.
TONSILITIS IN PIGS, AND OTHER
ANIMALS.
Causes; debilitating, climatic, microbian. Symptoms; fever, dullness; lies under
litter; ears and tail droop; watery eyes; anorexia; vomiting; pharyngeal swelling;
buccal redness and fœtor; tonsils swollen with pus or caseous mass in follicles;
cough dry and hard, later loose. Abscess. Calculus. Course. Treatment; antiseptic
electuaries; embrocations; laxatives; diuretics; tonics.
This is seen in both the acute and chronic form. In the former it
has the general causes and symptoms of pharyngitis. There is more
or less fever, dullness, a disposition to lie with head extended and
buried in the litter, ears drooping, eyes watering and red,
carelessness of food, deglutition painful, and liable to be followed by
vomiting. The mouth is red and hot, the breath fœtid and the tonsils
swollen, and their alveoli filled with muco purulent matter or at
times with a fœtid cheese-like product. The cough is at first dry and
hard and later loose and gurgling.
In the chronic form there is general swelling of the tonsils with the
overdistension of the follicles by the above mentioned whitish putty-
like masses, which are often even calcareous. These are due to the
proliferation of microbes which find in these alveoli a most favorable
field for their propagation. A similar condition is found in the
carnivora and to a less extent in the horse, in keeping with the
restricted development of the amygdalæ in these animals. It may be
attended by ulceration, or in rare cases by the formation of veritable
calculi in the follicles of the tonsils.
The gravity of the disease is largely determined by the nature of
the infecting microbe and the debility and susceptibility of the
animal attacked. The affection usually ends in recovery, but may go
on to grave local ulceration, and general infection.
Treatment consists largely in astringent and antiseptic
applications to the buccal mucous membrane. In the acute forms
frequent smearing of the mouth with electuaries of honey or
molasses and borax, boric acid, salammoniac, chlorate or
permanganate of potash, and the application of stimulating
embrocations to the skin around the throat. In other cases solutions
of tincture of chloride of iron, or of tincture of iodine can be used
with profit. The iron can be swallowed with advantage, but it is
objectionable to pour liquid rapidly into the mouth of the pig,
because of the danger of its entering the lungs and setting up fatal
pneumonia. A better way is to apply it to the interior of the mouth
and fauces on a swab or sponge dipped in the liquid. Short of this
one of these agents may be mixed with the drinking water, or
muriatic acid may be used in the same way, though at some
detriment to the teeth. The general health must at all times be
attended to. Any costiveness may be corrected by Glauber salts or
jalap, and elimination through the kidneys must be sought through
the use of nitrate of potash or other diuretic.
CALCULI IN THE TONSILS.
Diagnosis and treatment of tonsillar calculi; spud; acid dressings. Trauma of soft
palate by stick, probang, file, molar. Abscess of palate. Treatment; laxative;
expectorant; antiseptic; lancing. Cleft palate and hare lip.
Rudimentary as these organs are in the equine race they are

important enough to have become the seat of hard calculous masses.
These have been found by Goubaux and Blanc in old asses, and by
the author in old horses. They vary in size from a pin’s head to a pea
and consist of concentric layers of a granular material arranged
around a central nucleus, which is usually a foreign body introduced
with the food. This nucleus is usually of a vegetable nature, while the
enveloping material is made up largely of the imprisoned and
degenerated epithelium of the follicle. Both diagnosis and treatment
are difficult in such cases. The adventitious masses should be
dislodged by the aid of a smooth, blunt metallic spud, and the surface
thereafter washed or swabbed with an antiseptic and astringent
solution. Swabbing with a solution of hydrochloric acid will tend to
dissolve and remove them.
INJURIES TO THE SOFT PALATE AND
FAUCES.
The region of the fauces is sometimes injured by sharp pointed
bodies swallowed in the food, by the giving of boluses on the end of a
pointed stick, or by the careless use of a probang or of a file upon the
posterior molars. An overgrown last molar will sometimes lacerate
the velum. In other cases the inflammation of sore throat is
especially concentrated on this part, giving rise to cough, difficulty of
swallowing, redness, infiltration and swelling of the parts, and even
abscess. In the dog it is often associated with tonsilitis.
Treatment. A laxative is usually desirable to be followed by
salammoniac or chlorate of potash. In case of actual traumatic
lesions, the astringent and antiseptic lotions advised for tonsilitis will
be in order, and if abscess is recognized it should be opened
promptly.
CLEFT PALATE.
In exceptional cases the soft palate has failed to unite in the
median line, and is represented by two lateral flaps separated by a v-
shaped hiatus in the middle. In a specimen in the N. Y. S. V. College,
taken from a trotting colt, the fissure is continued forward for several
inches between the palatine bones and the palatine processes of the
superior maxillary, establishing a direct communication between the
mouth and nasal chambers. In still other instances the fissure is
continued forward between the maxillary and anterior maxillary
bones, throwing the whole length of the buccal and nasal chambers
into one irregular cavity, and forming harelip.
It would be possible to remedy some of these conditions by plastic
operation, but the value of the young animal will rarely warrant any
such resort.
CATARRHAL PHARYNGITIS.
Causes: traumatic; thermic; gaseous; medicinal; chemical; physiological
irritants; in solipeds, cattle, swine, dogs; debility; exposure; cold baths; youth; age.
Microbes in solipeds, cattle, dogs, birds; facultative microbes. Symptoms:
constitutional; difficult swallowing; nasal rejection of water; pharyngeal swelling
and tenderness; extended head carried stiffly; cough loose; salivation; in cattle,
grinding of teeth; in dogs, rubbing of chops; buccal heat and redness; often fœtor.
Course. Duration. Diagnosis from parotitis, from abscess of guttural pouch, from
pharyngeal tuberculosis, from actinomycosis, from adenitis and phlegmonous
pharyngitis, from specific fevers affecting the pharynx. Lesions: redness and
swelling of mucosa, epithelial degeneration, elevations, erosions, and ulcers;
lesions of tubercle, glanders, rabies, anthrax, actinomycosis, etc. Prevention.
Treatment: soothing; dietetic; laxative; expectorant; eliminating; locally antiseptic
astringents in solid, liquid, or vapor; embrocations and blisters; tonics.
Causes. As in stomatitis the starting point of pharyngitis is usually
in a local injury or a systemic condition which lowers the vitality of
the pharyngeal mucous membrane. It may come in all animals from
the hot air of burning buildings, from acrid gases inhaled, food, drink
or medicines given at too high a temperature, from caustic alkalies,
acids or salts, from physiological irritants like croton, euphorbium,
cantharides, from barley and other spikes entangled in the follicles,
from drinking freely of iced water. In solipedes there are the injuries
caused by giving boluses on pointed sticks, and the wounds caused
by tooth files in careless hands, and by coarse fibrous fodder, which
has been swallowed without due mastication. In cattle injury comes
from foreign bodies impacted, from the rough use of probang, rope
or whip and even of the hands in relieving choking. Swine have the
part scratched and injured by rough or pointed objects which they
bolt carelessly with the food. Dogs and especially puppies are often
hurt by solid and irritant bodies that they play with, and swallow
accidentally or wantonly. They also suffer at times from the pressure
of a tight or badly adjusted collar.
The system is debilitated and rendered more susceptible by chills
consequent on exposure to cold blasts, or draughts, or rain or snow,
when heated and exhausted, by cold damp beds, by pre-existing
disease, by underfeeding and by overwork. In the larger animals this
may come from the excessive ingestion of iced water, while in dogs
the plunging in rivers, ponds or lakes may chill.
The weakness of early age and old age have a perceptible
predisposing influence especially in solipeds and carnivora.
Finally as in other catarrhal inflammations the local action of
disease germs on the mucous membrane must ever be borne in
mind. These may be the germs of specific diseases localized in the
pharynx;—in Solipeds the streptococcus of strangles, the bacillus of
glanders, the diplococcus (streptococcus) of contagious pneumonia,
the germ of influenza, and actinomyces;—in Cattle the bacillus
tuberculosis, the bacillus of anthrax, actinomyces, the germs of
aphthous fever and of pseudomembranous angina; in dogs canine
madness and distemper;—in birds the bacillus of
pseudomembranous pharyngitis.
In addition to such specific germs the micrococci, streptococci and
bacilli which are normally present and harmless in the mouth and
pharynx, enter, colonize and irritate the debilitated tissues in case of
trauma, inflammation or constitutional disorder and serve to
perpetuate and aggravate the affection.
Symptoms. Acute pharyngitis is manifested by impaired or lost
appetite, dullness, weakness, by difficulty in deglutition, by the
rejection through the nose of water or other liquids swallowed, by
swelling over the parotid and above the larynx, and by a disposition
to keep the head extended on the neck and the nose raised and
protruded. Fever is more or less marked according to the severity of
the attack the temperature being raised in mild cases to 100°, and, in
the more violent, to 104° or 106°. The pulse and breathing may be
excited, amounting sometimes to dyspnœa, the throat is tender to
the touch and its manipulation rouses a cough, the nasal mucosa is
congested and the buccal membrane, and especially along the
margin of the tongue may be red and angry. Salivation is shown
more or less, in solipeds the saliva accumulating especially during
mastication in froth and bubbles at the commissures of the mouth,
while in ruminants the grinding of the teeth or frequent movement
of the jaws in the absence of food or actual mastication leads to a free
escape of the filmy liquid at the same points. Dogs will rub the jaws
with the foot as if to remove some irritating object from the mouth.
In the last named animals the swelling of the tonsils, fauces and
pharyngeal mucous membrane, may be seen marked by patches and
spots of varying redness and swelling, covered with glairy or opaque
mucopurulent secretions, or particles of food, or even showing
erosions.
The cough of pharyngitis is painful, paroxysmal, and softer and
more gurgling (even in the early stages) than that of laryngitis or
bronchitis. It is roused by handling the throat, by swallowing, by a
draught of cold air or by passing out of doors, in dogs by opening the
mouth, and in cattle by pulling on the tongue which causes pain and
resistance. The cough is followed by the rejection, mainly through
the nose in solipeds, but also through the mouth in other animals, of
a glairy mucus or an opaque mucopurulent discharge often mixed
with and discolored by the elements of food or in bad cases by blood.
The course of the disease is comparatively rapid, and it usually
ends in recovery in seven to fifteen days, in cases that are not
complicated by dangerous local infections.
Diagnosis is mainly based on the stiff carriage of the neck with the
nose elevated, the swelling and tenderness of the throat,
manipulation above the larynx rousing the cough, the soft or rattling
nature of the cough, the ejection of liquids and foods through the
nose, the movements of the jaws apart from mastication and the
salivation. From parotitis it is distinguished by the concentration of
the swelling and tenderness to the deepseated region above the
larynx, by the abundance of the discharge, by the ejection of liquids
through the nose, and by the readiness with which the cough is
aroused. From abscess of the guttural pouch it is differentiated by
the more continuous discharge from the nose, rather than the
intermittent one. From tuberculous pharyngeal glands by its acute
nature, by the absence of the glandular swellings in which the
tuberculosis is concentrated, also by the absence of tubercles in other
parts of the body. From actinomycosis by its more rapid progress
and by the absence of the hard indurated cutaneous or subcutaneous
swellings, and of the open sores with minute sulphur colored
granules that mark that affection. From adenitis and phlegmonous
pharyngitis it is distinguished by the absence of the glandular
swelling and dyspnœa which attend on that affection. From the
various fatal febrile affections, the germs of which may be localized
in the throat, it may be diagnosed by the absence of the more

Ontology and Phenomenology of Speech An Existential Theory of Speech Marklen E Konurbaev Full Chapter

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ontology and Phenomenology of Speech An Existential Theory of Speech Marklen E Konurbaev Full Chapter

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ontology and Phenomenology of Speech An Existential Theory of Speech Marklen E Konurbaev Full Chapter

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ontology and Phenomenology of

Speech: An Existential Theory of

ISBN 978-3-319-71197-3 ISBN 978-3-319-71198-0 (eBook)

Library of Congress Control Number: 2017964115

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018

Cover illustration: carlos sanchez pereyra / Stockimo / Alamy Stock Photo

Printed on acid-free paper

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature

Man is not what he eats or drinks. Neither is he what he thinks or says.

interactive solutions, VR, 3D films, intelligent infobots, augmented real-

whole picture, including ourselves in it. At a moment of such a ‘revela-

­ nderstanding and interpersonal communication, making this world a

Moscow, Russia Marklen E. Konurbaev

Unlike many philosophical disciplines, the vision and understanding of

writings and poetry I admire and who taught me to be focused on sincer-

2 Preliminary Methodological Divagations:

3 Prolegomena to the Phenomenology of Speech:

4 The Ontology of Speech and the Nature

5 Phenomenological Modelling of Speech

6 Pure Generative Phenomenology of Speech 155

7 Organon of Life as a Phenomenon of Speech 169

8 Neurophysiological Roots of the Phenomenon

Fig. 3.1 How textology works: the ‘stone table’ approach 33

© The Author(s) 2018 1

In defining the essence of Ludwig Wittgenstein’s Tractatus Logico-­

agent’s representations was transformed into a flat and dead enumeration

‘Life’ in this theory is a phenomenon that is largely dependent on the speech

In fact, man is capable of generating the phenomenon of ‘life’ in

This ‘instruction’ was meant to push people to the new experiences,

the strongest reference point expressed by a transitively powerful word or

Epistemologically, the message is the same in the two versions: remem-

further used in academic work in the universities whose students are

Being as a process needs a foothold. Any movement of a being (as an

© The Author(s) 2018 13

The nature of developmental scope and potential (physical, psycho-

Reduction is the main tool of a speech agent aiming to eliminate

of all speakers’ or writers’ aspirations, because only this constantly regen-

Suppose someone embraces a religion, not as a doctrine, but as a

sensations of life in speech, and then, profitably manage comprehension?

In teaching students to perceive speech phenomenologically, we want

dynamics of speech and its phenomenological realization in any interper-

The Speaker’s Intention: Eidos Versus Physis

© The Author(s) 2018 29

Causes; a symptom of other diseases, of the mouth, teeth, throat or stomach;

This is often a symptom of some other affection such as aphthous

This may be caused by traumatism, such as incised punctured or

Rudimentary as these organs are in the equine race they are

You might also like

nderstanding and interpersonal communication, making this world a

Moscow, Russia Marklen E. Konurbaev

2 Preliminary Methodological Divagations:

3 Prolegomena to the Phenomenology of Speech:

4 The Ontology of Speech and the Nature

5 Phenomenological Modelling of Speech

6 Pure Generative Phenomenology of Speech 155

7 Organon of Life as a Phenomenon of Speech 169

8 Neurophysiological Roots of the Phenomenon

Fig. 3.1 How textology works: the ‘stone table’ approach 33

In defining the essence of Ludwig Wittgenstein’s Tractatus Logico-

The Speaker’s Intention: Eidos Versus Physis