To begin with

X
X
Moreover/ what’s more
X
Moreover/ what’s more x
x
***The use of for example, for instance and such as, like can be confusing. For
example (For instance) is a transition, so a complete sentence (with a subject and a
verb) must follow it. Use such as, proceeded by a comma, (or like) if you want to make
a list of words and phrases.

Examples:
The shop specialises in tropical fruits. For example /For instance, you can find pineapples
all year long there.
OR
The shop specialises in tropical fruits (,) such as pineapples, mangoes and papayas. (comma
may be used before such as)
The shop specialises in tropical fruits like pineapples, mangoes and papayas. (no comma
before like)
Rewrite the following sentence, use “For instance” or “For example”.
The company is facing lots of problems, such as unemployment and gas shortage.
The company is facing lots of problems. For example/For instance, people are unemployed and
there is gas shortage.

Rewrite the following sentence, use “such as” and “like”.

Living in your own house brings responsibilities. For example, you have to pay the rent and take
care of utilities.
Living in your own house brings lots of responsibilities (,) such as rent (,) utilities and heating
Living in your own house brings lots of responsibilities like rent, utilities and heating.
 CAUSE & EFFECT CONNECTORS
Using Cause Connectors
We use cause transitional words to mention the reasons. They make paragraphs more coherent and
organized. They are followed either by NOUN (PHRASE) or CLAUSE.

* She got married at the age of thirteen because she had no other choice.
CLAUSE CLAUSE
= She got married at the age of thirteen as she had no other choice.

DON’T FORGET TO ADD A COMMA!!! When the sentence begins with an independent clause, we
use a comma (,) after that sentence.
Because she had no other choice, she got married at the age of thirteen.
= As she had no other choice, she got married at the age of thirteen.

* She has some health problems because of the unhygienic conditions in the village.
CLAUSE NOUN PHRASE
= She has some health problems due to the unhygienic conditions in the village.

= Because of the unhygienic conditions in the village, she has some health problems.
= Due to the unhygienic conditions in the village, she has some health problems.
Using Effect Connectors
We use effect transitional words to mention the results. They make paragraphs more coherent and
organized. They are followed either by NOUN (PHRASE) or CLAUSE.

= She had no other choice. As a result, she married at the age of thirteen.
= She had no other choice. Therefore, she married at the age of thirteen.
(DON’T FORGET TO ADD A COMMA AFTER THE CONNECTOR WHEN THE SENTENCE BEGINS WITH IT)
OR
= She had no other choice; as a result, she married at the age of thirteen.
CLAUSE
= She had no other choice; therefore, she married at the age of thirteen.
= She had no other choice, so she married at the age of thirteen. (SO is not used at the beginning of a
sentence)
1. People moved to Canada from Europe during the nineteenth century because of /;therefore, poor living conditions
in Europe.
2. Because of / Because climate change, some species are becoming extinct.
3. Due to / Because the information which was received from Hanssen, two Russian spies were executed.
4. They won't be strong this time due to / as they have lost two or three players through injury.
5. Even if people read these contracts, they may not know what they're buying because of / so the heavy jargon.
6. As a result, / Due to the rival basketball team’s star player’s injury, we won with a score of 100 to 50.
7. As a result /As he was an old man, doctors didn’t want him to have the surgery.
8. Due to/Because the delay in replacing the pipeline, the accident was likely to occur.
9. He couldn’t walk properly as a result, / because of his injured leg.
10. The service in the restaurant was bad, so / as we complained to the manager.
11. The company is expanding. As/Therefore, they are taking on extra staff.
12. Some birds cannot live in cold weather conditions. Therefore, / Because of they migrate south in winter.
13. King Joffrey killed Lord Stark. As a result, / As his sons started a war against the royal family.
14. There was a queue at the bank. Because / As a result, I decided to leave.
15. Our business is going from bad to worse. As a result, / Because of we will have to close down.
16. People helped. Due to / Therefore, children survived.
17. Because / Because of global warming, the Antarctic Sea ice is likely to melt by the end of the century.
18. Schools were built because /;so, girls had a chance to learn about health and life skills.
19. Because / Therefore, girls learned about health skills, they improved the unhygienic conditions of their villages.
20. Girls were given school uniforms as /;therefore, they needed to feel that they were a part of the school.
Because of

as a result as
In addition
As a result
Because of
CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE
 We use 'to + verb' to say why we do something.
Examples:
To
I'm going to Ireland to visit my family.
I went to the post office to buy some stamps.
We can also use 'in order to' or 'so as to' to say why we do something.
Notes:
1- 'in order to' and 'so as to' are more common before stative verbs:
In order to
Example:
So as to
She left work early in order to be at home with the children.
2- Before a negative infinitive, we normally use 'so as' or 'in order'.
Example:
I am leaving now so as not to be late.
This structure is also frequently used to talk about purpose. It is normally followed by a
so that modal verb such as can / could or will / would.
Example:
I am saving money so that I can buy a new car.
She closed the door so that she could concentrate more on her homework.
 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE - Summary
To + V
In order to + V
So as to + V
S + V so that S + V

1. I'm studying very hard at the moment ________ pass my exams next month.
A) to B) so as not to C) for D) so that
2. I bought a dictionary ________ help improve my vocabulary.
A) for B) in order C) to D) so that
3. I went to bed early ________ I wouldn’t be tired in the morning.
A) so as not to B) in order not to C) to D) so that
4. I have to get up early. I set the alarm clock for five o’clock ________ oversleep.
A) in order to B) so as to C) in order not to D) so that
5. I waited for an hour ________ I could meet her.
A) for B) so as not to C) so that D) to
 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST
The words even though, despite, in spite of, on the other hand, whereas and while have very
similar meanings; however, they are used in different structures.

Even though is a conjunction. It goes before a Even though she is afraid of flying, Laura still
clause. wants to fly.

Despite and in spite of are prepositional Despite / In spite of her fear of flying, Laura still
expressions. wants to fly.
They go before a noun or noun equivalent. Despite his excellent character, he couldn’t find a
soul mate.

On the other hand, Whereas and While are Tom is really outgoing(,) whereas his brother is
transitional too shy.
adverbs.
Yesterday it was freezing cold(,) while today it's
quite warm.

The flat is conveniently located. On the other

hand, there's a lot of noise from the traffic.
/There is, on the other hand, a lot of noise from
the traffic.
 Fill in the blanks with a suitable contrast connector.

whereas but even however despite in spite of on the

though other
hand

Even though Mark is quite wealthy, he doesn’t buy a luxurious sports car.
1. _____________
2. My cousin did not get the job ______________
despite/in spite of her high career profile.
3. Ankara is a land- locked city, ____________
whereas Istanbul has a coastline.
4. When you think about it, buying a car will improve your freedom.On __________
the other hand ,your expenses will
increase.
5. My cat is quite well-behaved, ______________
whereas my brother’s cat is not.
6. She sang beautifully. __________________,
However she did not win the contest.
7. I still want to go out ___________________
despite/in spite of being tired.
8. _______________
Even though the original book was quite fascinating, the remake movie was really boring.
9. He still works heredespite/ in spite ofhis disagreement with the boss.
____________
whereas
10. I am quite sensitive, _________________ my brother never shows any sign of emotion.
 COMMON MISTAKES IN WRITING
When writers produce a piece of writing, they need to be careful with spelling, punctuation,
missing words, wrong form and subject –verb agreement.
Examples:
∙India is home to a diverse culture. (full stop)
∙Is it true that Pamplona Bull Run involves running in front of bulls? (question mark)
∙Introverts are reserved, quiet and thoughtful. (comma in listing items)
∙Everyone a different personality. (missing word / no verb)
Everyone has a different personality.
∙Bungee-jumping sounds like fun there is a risk of injuries. (missing word)
Bungee-jumping sounds like fun, but there is a risk of injuries.
∙He speak French fluently. (s-v agreement)
He speaks French fluently.