www.avitalschools.

com
pAVITAL COLLEGE
47, BOLAJI BANWO STREET, AGUDA, SURULERE,

LAGOS.

SCHEME OF WORK & LESSON NOTES

ON

CIVIC EDUCATION

SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL 2

SECOND TERM

2023/2024 ACADEMIC SESSION

PREPARED BY

OLADIPO, SHOLA EZEKIEL

WEEK TOPICS SUB-TOPICS OBJECTIVES

S

1 Popular meaning, factors and By the end of this

participation reasons lesson, students
should be able to;

i. Explain

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popular
participa
tion.
ii. Outline
the
factors
that
promotes
popular
participa
tion.
iii. Identify
reasons
why
people
do not
participa
te in
politics.

2 How popular roles of popular By the end of this

organizations are organizations in lesson, students
formed development should be able to:

i. Describe

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how
popular
organizat
ions are
formed.
ii. Highlight
activities
of some
popular
organizat
ions.

3 Human rights meaning, history, By the end of this

limitations lesson, students
should be able to;

i. Explain
human
rights.
ii. Discuss
human
right
declarati
on of
1948.

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iii. Identify
what
may
limit
human
rights.

4 Emergency meaning, what By the end of this

happens during lesson, students
emergency and ways should be able to;
of reducing
i. State of
emergency
emergen
cy
ii. Explain
what
happens
before
state of
emergen
cy can be
declared
and how
the

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process
is carried
out.
iii. Highlight
the ways
by which
state of
emergen
cy can be
reduced.

5 Drug use and drug Meaning, types and By the end of this
abuse causes lesson, students
should be able to;

i. Explain
the
meaning
of drug
abuse
ii. Identify
the use
and how
it can
become

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drug
abuse.
iii. Describe
the
causes of
drug
abuse

6 How drug abuse signs and symptoms By the end of this

develops lesson, students
should be able to;

i. Identify
ways
drug
abuse
habit can
be
develope
d.
ii. Highlight
and
discuss
the signs
and

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symptom
s
associate
d with
drug
abuse.

7 Effects of drug Behaviour of drug By the end of this

abuse addicts and agencies lesson, students
against drug abuse should be able to;
e.g NDLEA,
i. Discuss
NAFDAC
some of
the
behaviou
rs that
are
peculiar
to drug
addicts
and how
to
recognize
them.
ii. Highlight

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some of
the
agencies
that fight
drug
abuse
and how
they
carry out
their
duties.

8 Ways of preventing Different types of By the end of this

drug abuse : drugs, drug law: law lesson, students
promulgated against should be able to;
drug abuse
i. Identify
and
categoriz
e the
types of
drugs we
have.
ii. Discuss
the

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various
laws or
edicts
against
drug
abuse.
iii. Justify
the
reasons
behind
each of
the laws
against
drug
abuse.

9 Activities of drug Activities of By the end of this

enforcement NAFDAC and Police lesson, students
agencies: should be able to;

i. Explain
the
activities
of
agencies
against
drug

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abuse e.g
NDLEA,
NAFDA
C.
10-14 Revision & Revision & Revisions &
Examination Examination Examination

LESSON NOTE FOR WEEK ONE (1)

TOPIC: POPULAR PARTICIPATION

SUB-TOPIC: MEANING OF THE CONCEPT

BEHAVIORAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, students should

be able to

1. State the meaning of popular participation

2. Examine the factors that promote popular participation
3. Examine the reasons people don’t participate in politics

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CONTENT

Popular participation can be defined as the process by which the people

are involved in politics intended for their own benefit. That is, it is the
engagement of citizens in the management of public affairs.
It can also be defined as the active participation or involvement of citizens
in political decisions and activities to the benefit of all.
Factors that promote popular participation
1. Good governance
2. Responsible, responsive and accountable leadership
3. Proper education of the citizenry
4. Free and fair conduct of elections
5. Respect to the application of rule of law and fundamental human rights
6. Equitable distribution of wealth and fulfillment of political manifesto
Reasons people don’t participate in politics
1. Illiteracy and ignorance: People that lack any political ideas cannot
play or participate in politics because politics require enough
knowledge and awareness. Such sees politics as birth-right of the
educated elites and may be deterred from participating in politics
2. Lack of knowledge of political environment: Lack of exposure to
information about the political environment is another factor that
contributes to non-participation in politics.
3. Problem of everyday existence: persons turn to politics only when
their basic needs such as food, sleep, safety, sex and affection have
been met
4. Discrimination: discrimination take several forms such as gender,
religious, tribal or racial
5. Low self-confidence: people with low self-confidence or self-esteem
can hardly participate in politics
6. Violence: several individuals have been beaten by political thugs or
even security personnel and in the process they sustained permanent
injury.

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CLASS WORK
1. State the meaning of popular participation
2. Examine three factors that promote popular participation
3. Examine three reasons people don’t participate in politics

ASSIGNMENT
Give five reasons violence at elections should be curbed.

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LESSON NOTE FOR WEEK TWO (2)

TOPIC: POPULAR PARTICIPATION 2

SUB- TOPIC: HOW POPULAR
ORGANIZATION ARE FORMED
INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES: The students at the end of the lesson,
should be able to;
(a)Examine how popular participation are formed
(b)State the formation of popular organizations
(c)explain the roles of popular organizations in development
CONTENT
How popular organizations are formed
1. An individual can establish a group to achieve specific
objectives. E. g. the Odua Peoples Congress (OPC) was
established by Frederick Fasheun.
2. A group of like-minded persons can set up a popular
organization. E. g. the Jamiyar Mutanen Arewa
3. A whole community may establish a popular organization.
E. g. to promote community development defined as a
movement.
4. Some members of a community or an organization may
establish a cooperative movement.
5. Government may by law create a popular organization. E.
g. the creation of the National Human Rights Commission
to protect the rights of Nigerians.
Formation of popular organizations
1. Civil society groups
2. Students unions

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3. Workers unions
4. Cooperative movement
5. Mass movement
6. Farmers unions
7. Socio-cultural association.
Roles of popular organizations in development
1. Odua People’s Congress has helped in protecting the Yoruba
people after the annulment of the June 12 1993 elections in
Nigeria through protests and writing of memos.
2. Jamiyar Mutanen Arewa has also helped in the creation of
northern politicians like Ahmadu Bello, Alhaji Tafawa Balewa,
etc.
3. National Human Rights Commission has assisted in the
protection of human rights through influencing government
decisions and appearing courts
4. Popular organizations have helped in the preaching of ideology
of good governance through series of protests, slogan and
handbills.
5. They have assisted in the areas of voter’s registration by
encouraging and organizing rallies to educate people
CLASS WORK
(a)Examine how popular participation are formed
(b)Explain THREE the roles of popular organizations in development

ASSIGNMENT
 Mention five characteristics of popular organizations.

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LESSON NOTE FOR WEEK THREE (3)

TOPIC: HUMAN RIGHTS

SUB- TOPIC: MEANING AND ITS
EXAMPLES
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: The students at the end of the lesson,
should be able to;
(a) Explain the meaning human rights and its examples
(b) Examine the history of human rights
(c) Highlight the problems/limitations of the rule of law

CONTENT
Human rights can be defined as those inalienable or natural rights and
privileges enjoyed by the citizens of a given state, which are usually stated in
the constitution of the country.

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These rights accrue to us by virtue of the fact that we are human beings
created by God. So human rights are localized and therefore protected by the
law or constitution of a country. There is, therefore, an obligation on the state
to protect human rights.
On the other hand, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights deals
primarily with the universal or world-wide application of human rights. To
this end, the United Nations General Assembly passed a resolution in 1948
urging nations of the world to ensure the protection of human rights of their
citizens.
History of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
The problem of human rights violation has always been on the front
burner even before the United Nations was created in 1945. In 1688, bill of
rights came into effect in Britain. The bill of rights is a set of constitutional
rules which established the supremacy of the parliament over the monarchy
in the country. The relevant issue here is the monarch is unelected, but
members of parliament are elected and are therefore true representatives of
the people. Both the American revolution of 1777 with its emphasis on
democratic rights of the people and the French revolution of 1789 which
preached the triple ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity gave a big boost to
the development of human rights.
Although these political landmarks dealt with the need to protect human
rights, yet they did not extend the enjoyment of human rights to certain
groups of people such as racial minorities such as the blacks and women.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is based on an idea that came
into its own during the Second World War. It is the idea that there are few
common standards of decency that can and should be accepted by people by
all nations and cultures but since the end of the war, there has been calls from
a number of quarters for some kind of international ‘bill of rights’
accordingly, one of the first acts taken by the United Nations was to instruct

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its 18-member multinational human rights commission to draw up a set of
principles that all member states could pledge to implement.
In a nutshell, the creation of the UN in 1945 was a watershed in the struggle
to expand the scope and beneficiaries of human rights. Apart from its avowed
commitment to the peaceful resolution of conflicts among nations, the UN
charter also contained articles on the existence and protection of human
rights.
It was, however, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights that expanded
upon the articles and imposed upon the international community a standard
on how universal rights can, and should be pursued and achieved.
Examples of human rights
i. Right to life
ii. Right to freedom from torture
iii. Right to freedom from enslavement
iv. Right to protection from imprisonment for debt
v. Right to freedom from retroactive penal laws
vi. Rights to recognition as a person before the law
vii. Right to freedom to hold thought, conscience and religion.
Limitations to human rights
1. Wars: during wars, people at times can be made to join the security
forces to fight a war against their wish and desire and institutions of
learning are sometimes shut down during this period. E. g. this was
the situation of Nigeria during the civil war in 1967 to 1970.
2. Emergency: emergency declaration does occur as a result of
communal conflicts, ethnic crisis or others and as such the freedom
of movement might be restricted by the imposition of curfew to
forestall sanity to the affected areas.
3. Judicial precedents a judge could make a valid verdict that a breaker
of law be put behind the bars.

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4. During environmental sanitation exercise, people’s freedom of
movement can equally be restricted by government.
5. Coup d’état is an impediment and encroachment on the rights of
people as military boys don’t make use of the constitution after their
unconstitutional way of taking over a government.
CLASS WORK
 Explain the meaning of human rights and its examples
 Highlight FOUR problems/limitations of human rights

ASSIGNMENT
 Mention five (5) solutions to the problems confronting human right
application.

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LESSON NOTE FOR WEEK FOUR (4)

TOPIC: EMERGENCY
SUB- TOPIC: MEANING OF THE CONCEPT
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: The students at the end of the lesson
should be able to;
(a) Examine meaning of emergency
(b) State what happens during emergency
(c) Explain ways of reducing emergency

CONTENT
Emergency refers to a state which martial law applies. It can also mean, a
sudden unforeseen crisis that requires immediate action or step.
What happens during emergency
1. There is suspension of democratic institutions during a state of
emergency.
2. During a state of emergency, the government may detain without trial a
person who is considered a threat to public order.
3. The state may interfere with the property rights of the citizens during a
period of emergency.
4. The right to protect and demonstrate against the government may be
restricted in emergencies. The permission of the police must be sought if
there is the need to protest

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5. The right of trade unions to embark on strikes may be curbed in periods
of emergency.
6. The rights to freedom of speech and expression and the press are
subjected to restrictive control when there is a state of emergency. Besides,
the post independent official secret document laws which have continued to
cramp the freedom of expression
7. The rule of law is replaced with the rule of man.
8. Some provisions of the constitution may be suspended and decrees,
edicts and directives may be used by the executive to undermine the
democratic process.
Ways of reducing emergency
1. Prevention of military government.
2. Peaceful settlement of inter-communal or intra-communal conflicts.
3. Fundamental human rights must seriously be promoted and addressed.
4. The state should respect the right of citizens to own property and run
businesses.
5. The application of the rule of law must be highly promoted at all times
and levels.
6. Democratic institutions should be allowed to direct and run its affairs
independently.

CLASS WORK
(1) State what happens during emergency
(2) Explain THREE ways of reducing emergency

ASSIGNMENT

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Mention five roles of individual in mitigating emergency.

LESSON NOTE FOR WEEK FIVE (5)

TOPIC: DRUG USE AND ABUSE

SUB- TOPIC: MEANING OF THE CONCEPT
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: The students at the end of the lesson
should be able to;
i. Examine the meaning of drug use and abuse
ii. Examine the forms of drug abuse
iii. Examine the types of drug abuse
iv. Examine the causes of drug abuse
CONTENT
The word drug has several meanings depending on who is defining it. In the
ordinary sense, drug means a substance used as a medicine or used in a

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medicine. In the negative sense, it is an illegal substance that some people
smoke or inject for the physical and mental effects.
Therefore, a drug is any substance that, when absorbed into body of a
living organism, alters normal bodily function. In Pharmacology, a drug is
a chemical substance used in the treatment, cure, prevention or diagnosis
of diseases or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-being
Meaning of drug abuse
Drug abuse or substance abuse simply refers to a wrong use of drugs. It
is a situation in which the user consumes the drug in amounts or with
methods not authorized by medical professionals
Main forms of drug involved in drug abuse
• Mood-altering or psycho-active drugs
• Performance- enh ancing drugs
• Dependency drugs
Types of drugs that can be abused and how they can be abused
 Steroids – performance enhancing in sports
 Alcohol - performance enhancing in sports
 Amphetamines - performance enhancing in sports
 Barbiturates - performance enhancing in sports
 Benzodiazepines - performance enhancing in sports
 Opioids - performance enhancing in sports
 Heroine - performance enhancing in sports
 Methamphetamine - performance enhancing in sports
 Cocaine - performance enhancing in sports
 Crack cocaine _ performance enhancing in sports
 Ecstasy - performance enhancing in sports
 Opium - performance enhancing in sports

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 Marijuana - performance enhancing in sports
 Psilocybin mushrooms - performance enhancing in sports
 PCP (Phencyclidine) - performance enhancing in sports
Causes of drug abuse
1. Depression and anxiety
2. Uncertainties of life expectations
3. Poor parental upbringing
4. Peer influence
5. Excess love for luxury lifestyle
6. Failure in life
7. Low self -esteem or inferiority complex
8. Pleasure and over-happiness or excitement
9. Accessibility to drug
10. Wayward life and bad mentor
CLASS WORK
i. Examine the meaning of drug use and abuse
ii. State four the forms of drug abuse
iii. Examine three causes of drug abuse

ASSIGNMENT
Give any five reasons for the increase in drug abuse in developing countries
LESSON NOTE FOR WEEK SIX (6)
TOPIC: DRUG USE AND ABUSE
SUB- TOPIC: HOW DRUG ABUSE
DEVELOP

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BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: The students at the end of the lesson
should be able to;
i. Examine the signs and symptoms of drug abuse
ii. Give examples of symptoms of drug abuse

CONTENT
Signs and symptoms of drug abuse
1) There is a feeling that one has to use the drug regularly; this may take
place daily or even several times a day.
2) It is usually difficult to stop using the drug
3) The drug addict makes sure he maintains a regular supply of the drug
4) The addict spends money on the drug even though he cannot afford it
5) In order to obtain the drug, the addict can do things he would not
ordinarily do (stealing money)
6) There is complete dependence on the drug to solve one’s personal
problems
7) The addict can drive or do other risky activities when he is under the
influence of the drug
8) There is the tendency for the drug addict to focus more time and energy on
getting and using the drug

Examples of drug symptoms

(d)Violent behavioral tendencies
(e) Depression: excessive use of alcohol drinks and drug substances always
result to the users feeling unhappy that they cannot live a normal life.
(f) Alcohol: it leads to impaired functioning, judgment, attention, slurred
speech, abnormal eye movements, slow reflexes, unsteady walking and
unbalanced moods.
(g)Great consumption of caffeinated beverages can cause bodily sensations
such as nervousness, twitching insomnia and agitation

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(f)Allergy: this is a medical condition in which a drug addict constantly fall
sick or a situation in which the skin of the drug addict becomes red and
painful due to weakness of body hormones and immune system.
CLASS WORK
i. Examine FOUR signs and symptoms of drug abuse
ii. Give FOUR examples of symptoms of drug abuse

ASSIGNMENT
Give five reasons for the high prevalence of drug abuse in Nigeria.

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LESSON NOTE FOR WEEK SEVEN (7)

TOPIC: DRUG USE AND ABUSE

SUB- TOPIC: EFFECTS OF DRUG ABUSE
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: The students at the end of the lesson
should be able to;
i. Examine the behaviors of teenage drug addict
ii. Give examples of adult drug addict behaviors
iii. Enumerate the roles of agencies against drug abuse

CONTENT
Behaviour of Teenage Drug Addict
1. At school the drug addict who is a student suddenly becomes a truant
with lack of interest in school and activities and a consequent drop in
academic performance.
2. The teenage drug addict experiences sundry health problems and a lack
of energy and motivation
3. The teenage drug addict does not care about his appearance although
teenagers are generally concerned about how they look

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4. The teenage drug addict spends money lavishly. He is always asking
the parents for money and he may resort to stealing when the cash is
not forthcoming
5. He/she may look withdrawn, disrespectful and violent
6. He/she may dose or sleep in the class regularly.

Behaviors of Adult drug addicts

i. The drug addict normally keeps the company of fellow drug addicts
ii. Drug addicts usually keep late nights and are perpetually high on the
drugs. Sometimes they move from joint to joint.
iii. They frequently borrow money to pay for their regular supply of
drugs and may engage in corrupt practices to meet the highly
expensive habit.
iv. Many drug addicts find it difficult to keep their jobs
v. It is extremely difficult for a drug addict to realize his personal,
career or professional objectives in life
vi. The life of a drug addict is usually characterized by broken homes,
alienation, cynicism and cult membership.

Agencies against drug abuse

1. National Drug Law and Enforcement Agency (NDLEA)
It was established as a result of promulgation of decree 48 of 1989. The
establishment of the agency as Nigeria’s deliberate effort at joining the
rest of the world in getting rid of the illegal trade in dangerous drugs. Its
main aim is to exterminate illicit drug trafficking and consumption in the
Nigerian society.
2. National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control
(NAFDAC)
It was carved out of the federal ministry of health by decree no. 15 of 1993
NAFDAC objectives

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8. To collaborate with NDLEA in measures to eradicate drug abuse in
Nigeria
9. To grant authorization of import and export of narcotic drug and
psychotropic substance
10. To undertake measures to ensure that the use of narcotic drugs and
psychotropic substances are limited to medical and scientific purposes
11. To undertake inspection of imported food, drugs, cosmetics, medical
devices, etc.
12. To control the exportation and issue quality certification of food, drugs,
medical devices, etc.
13. To establish and maintain relevant laboratories

CLASS WORK
i. Give FOUR examples of adult drug addict behaviors
ii. Enumerate FOUR roles of agencies against drug abuse

ASSIGNMENT
Enumerate five (5) functions/roles of NDLEA against drug abuse in
Nigeria and its five (5) achievements.

LESSON NOTE FOR WEEK EIGHT (8)

TOPIC: DRUG USE AND ABUSE

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SUB- TOPIC: WAYS OF PREVENTING
DRUG ABUSE
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: The students at the end of the lesson
should be able to;
i. Examine the drug laws promulgated against its abuse
ii. Suggest ways of preventing drug abuse

CONTENT
Laws promulgated against drug abuse
I. Decree no. 48 of 1989 (now NDLEA Act (cap. N. 30) of 1989) which
established the NDLEA prescribes life imprisonment for importation of
drugs and 15 to 25 years for the possession of cocaine, heroin, LSD,
etc.
II. The NDLEA law also stipulates that any organization that colludes
with offenders to perpetrate a drug offence, or to conceal proceeds from
the illicit drug trade is also liable on conviction to a term of 25 years
imprisonment or N2 million fine.
III. The NDLEA amendment decree No. 33 of 1990 prescribes a jail term
of five years for persons caught abroad for trafficking in drugs through
Nigeria and by so doing, bringing the name of the country into
disrepute
IV. The law (Cap N. 30) also empowers NDLEA to adopt measures to
identify, trace, freeze, confiscate or seize proceeds derived from drug
related offences or properties whose value correspond to such proceeds.
V. The dangerous drug act (Cap. D. 1) laws of the federal republic of
Nigeria, 2004 categorize certain drugs as very dangerous e. g. cocaine,
heroin, morphine, etc.
Ways of preventing drug abuse
 The extant law that only pharmacists can sell or dispense drugs should
be strictly enforced

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 There should be a well - articulated government policy on the
production, importation and consumption of drugs
 Drugs should be sold by pharmacies or licensed drug dealers to
customers only after the presentation of prescription duly endorsed by
medical professionals
 The penalty for breach of the laws on the importation or production of
fake drugs, drug trafficking and consumption of dangerous drugs
should be strictly enforced.
 The trial of criminals engaged in drug abuse including drug trafficking
and production and importation of fake drugs should be concluded
within the shortest possible time
 There should be a massive public enlightenment programme on the
inherent dangers in drug abuse.
 The NDLEA, NAFDAC, etc should adopt modern technology and
forensic techniques to detect drug abuse
 The sale and consumption of drugs at popular joints such as motor
parks, stadia and open fields should be checked.

CLASS WORK
i. Examine TWO drug laws promulgated against its abuse
ii. Suggest FOUR ways of preventing drug abuse

ASSIGNMENT
Write two [2] positive uses each of the following
 Marijuana
 Alcohol
 Steroids
 Amphetamines
 Cocaine

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LESSON NOTE FOR WEEK NINE (9)

TOPIjC: DRUG USE AND ABUSE

SUB- TOPIC: ACTIVITIES OF DRUG
ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: The students at the end of the lesson
should be able to;
i. Examine activities of drug enforcement agencies
ii. Explain the roles of National Agency for Food and Drug
Administration and Control (NAFDAC) and the police in eradicating
drug abuse.

CONTENT
Activities of drug enforcement agencies
i. Drug law enforcement agencies search, arrest and prosecute offenders
ii. The agencies carry out investigations into the properties of any person
whose life style and properties do not match his ostentatious living

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iii. The agencies sometimes organize the burning or destruction of fake or
expired drugs
iv. They close down premises where unsafe food and water are produced
v. Drug law enforcement agencies conduct research into relevant
problems such as money laundering, drug consumption, etc.
vi. They conduct tests either in public laboratories or the labs established
by them to determine whether the items purportedly seized as drugs are
actually drugs and to ascertain the extent of the involvement of the
persons arrested for the crime.
vii. They freeze or seize or confiscate any properties or proceeds
derived from drug related crimes. Although, this can only be executed
after receiving a court order for such action.

National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control

(NAFDAC)
It was carved out of the federal ministry of health by decree no. 15 of 1993

NAFDAC objectives
i. To collaborate with NDLEA in measures to eradicate drug abuse in
Nigeria
ii. To grant authorization of import and export of narcotic drug and
psychotropic substance
iii. To undertake measures to ensure that the use of narcotic drugs and
psychotropic substances are limited to medical and scientific purposes
iv. To undertake inspection of imported food, drugs, cosmetics, medical
devices, etc.
v. To control the exportation and issue quality certification of food, drugs,
medical devices, etc.
vi. To establish and maintain relevant laboratories

The police

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The police is the primary institution of government for the maintenance
of law and order and the enforcement of laws including drug related laws.
The Nigerian police was established in 1930 by the British colonial
government. The inspector general of police heads the police. The police is
highly centralized. Although sub divided into zones and each zone is headed
by an assistant inspector general of police. The 36 states of the federation and
the capital territory Abuja have police commands and each police command
is headed by a commissioner of police.
CLASS WORK
i. Examine THREE activities of drug enforcement agencies
ii. Explain THREE roles of Economic financial crimes commission
(EFCC) and the police in eradicating drug abuse.

ASSIGNMENT
 In what five ways, can the activities of the drug enforcement
agencies be improved

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