09o6 Refraction Seismic Final Topics
09o6 Refraction Seismic Final Topics
09o6 Refraction Seismic Final Topics
Sources/Receivers
Multiple Layers
A B
A B
…
Raw data
Direct arrivals
The T-X plot
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Raw data
First refractions
The T-X plot
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Raw data
Second refractions
The T-X plot
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Raw data
First arrivals
The T-X plot
Relations for things we want
Needed:
Relations between times, distances and velocites
Direct arrivals:
Easy: x=v*t t=(1/v)x 1/v is slope.
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Relations for things we want
Geophone:
Geophone
Multi-channel seismograph receiver
Borehole explosion
Thumper truck
From Lithoprobe website
Measurements - Sources
For small scale work, energy can be small.
Shotgun blast
Sledge hammer
Sledge hammer
Waves, rays and energy propagation
Dipping Layers
http://staff.washington.edu/aganse/raydemo/RayDemo2.med.html
V2 < v1
V3>v2>v1
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Intercept time method (ITM)
What’s ultimately wanted from a seismic refraction survey?
Velocities
From slopes
Depth
From intercept time
ti
Dipping layers: interpretation requires two
shots
X X
Shot point Shot point
1 1 V1 V
sin sin 1 1
2 V2 d V2u
1 1 V1 V
sin sin 1 1
2 V2 d V2u
Depth estimates
“Slant” depths can be obtained through the intercept
times
True depths can be estimated using dip-angle (see GPG
3.e.6)
Irregular Layers
Plus-Minus Methods
GRM (Generalized Reciprocal Methods)
What about the velocity of the second layer?
z varies
The Plus-Minus method
Notes section 8.
We want Z = depth under geophones
Created data must look like measured data, within error bars.
Therefore error specifications are an important part of the data set.
Also “turning rays” can be accommodated.
Interfaces are not necessary because steadily increasing velocity
means ray paths curve.
This effect is crucial
in crustal studies
using earthquake
signals.
Of course, head waves
are also handled
properly.
Global Earthquake:
http://www.iris.edu/hq/programs/education_and_outreach/visualizations
US Network for global seismic monitoring (see tutorial)