Vdocuments - MX Tdefnode
Vdocuments - MX Tdefnode
Vdocuments - MX Tdefnode
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Acknowledgments
Funding: NSF, NASA, USGS, GNS Science
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Download
http://web.pdx.edu/~mccaf/www/defnode/
% ftp chandler.mit.edu
Login mitg, no pwd
cd incoming/workshop_miami
mget td*1117*
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• Defnode - modeling steady motions
only, use linear velocities
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Motivation
• Velocity fields are superposition
of multiple signals; rotations,
strain rates, noise
• Time series showing strong non-
linear (transient) effects
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Not as scary as GAMIT
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Large-scale rotation with subduction locking superimposed
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Calculate
uniform strain
and rotation
rates in regions
-0.15 deg/Myr
-0.25 deg/Myr
-0.06 deg/Myr
Courtesy of S. Payne
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Non-linearity of time series is a major challenge.
2004 quake
Steady velocity
millimeters
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From McCaffrey 2009 GRL Data from GNS Science
In other cases, it is
difficult to see the
steady site velocity
through the
transients.
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TBLP Parkfield quake
P566
Inter-event
velocities are not
independent
2002 2009
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Papua time series Occurrence of earthquakes
results in non-linear GPS
time series.
We model the time series as
a combination of the linear
trend (kinematics) plus the
steps from quakes.
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Block model from inversion of GPS time series
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InSAR (M. Aly)
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Time series with sinusoidal term
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Multiple sill-like sources each with own time history
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Complex GPS time series
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Deformation analysis
Where:
Vx = x dVx/dx + y dVx/dy + Cx
Vy = x dVy/dx + y dVy/dy + Cy
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The strain rate tensor is:
½ ( dVx/dy – dVy/dx )
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Rotation rates
Strain rates
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Blocks
• Closed polygons on surface of Earth
• Each characterized by angular velocity,
uniform strain rate
• Bounded by faults, or pseudo-faults
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Faults
• Surfaces dipping into the Earth described by
nodes
• Separate blocks in three dimensions
• Coincide with block boundaries at surface
• Slip according to relative velocities of blocks
• Have locking or not
• Can have transients
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Transients
• Spatial and time dependence types are
specified
• Many types can be modeled - quakes,
after-slip, slow-slip, volcanic
• Superimposed on long-term linear
velocities
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Data
• GPS velocities (East, North, Up)
• GPS displacements (E, N, U)
• GPS time series (E, N, U)
• InSAR interferograms
• Fault slip rates or directions
• Earthquake slip vectors
• Uplift rates or displacements (tidegauge, coral, etc.)
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GPS velocity vectors and uplift rates
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Other data types
Tilt rates:
T(X) = [ Vz(X+X) - Vz(X - X) ] / (2 X )
(X is at the mid-point of the leveling line and X is the offset from the mid-point to the ends)
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Compiling
• TDEFNODE is written in fortran and has one C program to link
• Edit tdefcom1.h - set dimensions of arrays
• Edit tdefiles.h - set filenames for earthquakes and volcanoes to be
included in profile lines
• Edit Makefile provided, put in your compiler names and flags
• gcc and gfortran work fine
• Put the executable file ‘ tdefnode’ in your path.
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Control file
• All input information (except data files) are put in a
file that the program reads at startup
• Each line has a 2-character key that signifies its
purpose
• Key characters are in first two columns, followed
by a colon :
• Order of lines does not matter
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Models
• Model names are specified by MO:
option and are 4-characters long
• The Control file can have multiple
models using the MO: - EM: structure
• The model to run is selected in the
command line:
% defnode control_file model
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Building the Blocks
Two options
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Method 1. Define Blocks and Faults
Fault
Block
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Block boundaries are determined by seismicity, faulting, strain
rates, … (reviewers always ask for justification of block
boundaries). 37
Block outline
Fault segment
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Faults - defined by nodes
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Representation of fault slip
Response (Green’s)
functions are
determined by
putting unit velocity
at one node and
zero at all other
nodes, then
calculating the
Pyramidical Bilinear surface velocities
by integration. 40
Half-space dislocation model (HSDM) to calculate surface
deformation due to fault locking and slip events
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Velocities from elastic strain rates arising from fault locking
Free slipping
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Angular velocities - AV (Euler poles)
• Each block has an AV assigned
• Multiple blocks can have same AV, in which case there is no
fault between them
• Long-term linear velocity V of each point in block is V = x r
• AVs can be fixed or adjusted in inversion
• Entered as Cartesian or Spherical coords, always units of
‘degrees per Million years’ and right-hand rule
• PO: option to input AV
• BP:, BC: options assign AV to blocks
• PI: option to adjust AV in inversion
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Strain Rate Tensors (SRT)
• Each block may have uniform SRT assigned (optional)
• May arise due to small faults within block (anelastic, permanent
deformation)
• Multiple blocks can have same SRT (use common origin)
• Long-term linear velocity V of each point in block is relative to
specified origin
• SRTs can be fixed or adjusted in inversion
• Entered as nanostrain per year (10-9 / year)
• Described by 3 components Exx, Eyy, Exy
• ST: option to input SRT and origin
• BP: or BC: option to assign SRT to blocks
• SI: option to adjust SRT in inversion
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Strain Rate Velocities
Point (, )
Origin (o, o)
Block
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Assign AV and SRT to Blocks
Block
Blk1
Blk3
Blk2
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Method 2. Define Faults, Build blocks
Fault (extends to
depth, can be
locked)
Pseudo-fault
(surface boundary,
free-slip)
Block
Set flag +mkb
FA: to describe faults
BC: to identify blocks
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Region is divided into
‘blocks’, contiguous areas
that are thought to rotate
rigidly.
The relative long-term
slip vectors on the faults
are determined from
rotation poles.
Back-slip is applied at
each fault to get surface
velocities due to locking.
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The strain rate tensor near a locked fault represents a spatial transition from the velocity of one
block to the velocity of the other. In other words, a locked fault allows one block to
communicate information about its motion into an adjacent block.
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Rotate velocity fields (or time series) into
common reference frame.
Specify reference frame block with RE: option
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Total long-term (linear) velocities
are the sum of the 4 terms:
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Examples
• Update tdefnode - td_1116.zip
• Oregon - oregon_example.zip
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Sample control file:
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Run 1 - get poles and strain rates
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Run 2: use PBO field,
rotate into PNW field
reference frame
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Run 3: Multiple fields;
strain rates, rotation
rates and reference
frames.
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Reference
frame
adjustments for
PNW1 and
PBO.
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Models - a particular set of input parameters, designated by 4-char
name. Multiple models can be in a single control file.
--- Model input
mo: mod1
mo: mod2
mo: mod3
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-- Fault input, blocks from faults
-- If making blocks from faults, (+mkb flag)
FA: for fault segments make pseudo-faults from remaining borders.
They will be free-slip boundaries.
-- For Fault1, it dips to east so start in south
Fa: Blk1_bndry 2
Fa: Fault1 1 4 1 Blk1 Blk1 1 0 0
2 3 Blk2 Blk1 1 0 0 0.0
0.0 -90.0 30.0
-90.0 30.0 -80.0 30.0
-90.0 40.0 -80.0 40.0
Zd: 5 89 -90.0 40.0
Zd: 10 89
Fa: Blk2_bndry 3
4 1 Blk2 Blk2 1 0 0
0.0
-90.0 30.0
-100.0 30.0
-100.0 40.0
-100, 40 -90, 40 -80, 40 -90.0 40.0
Fault1
-80, 30 All segments must end
-100, 30 -90, 30
at another segment or
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an error occurs.
--- Block and Fault input
If inputting blocks, make polygon of borders of
BL: for closed blocks blocks. They will be free-slip boundaries.
FA: for fault segments
BL: Blk1 1 0
For Fault1, it dips to east so start in south 4
-90.0 30.0
Fa: Fault1 1 -80.0 30.0
2 3 Blk2 Blk1 1 0 0 -80.0 40.0
0.0 -90.0 40.0
-90.0 30.0
-90.0 40.0 BL: Blk2 2 0
Zd: 5 89 4
Zd: 10 89 -90.0 30.0
-100.0 30.0
-100.0 40.0
-90.0 40.0
BP: Blk1 1 0
BP: Blk2 2 0
Blk2
Blk1
All block and fault
Fault1 points must coincide or
an error occurs.
-100, 30 -90, 30 -80, 30
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Nodes - slip or locking on nodes can be represented in several ways
z, w
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The fault below has 6 surface nodes and 5 downdip for a total of 30.
For independent nodes (fault type FT: 0 or 1) we specify the inter-
dependence of the nodes (NN:) and their starting values (NV:).
FT: 1 0
NNg: 1 6 5
112233 x
112233
z 445566
445566
000000
V NV: 1 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.8
z, w
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The fault below has 6 surface nodes, so 6 downdip ‘profiles’. For each
one the function (z) can have different parameters. For example the
function may be:
# DD Prof 1 2 3 4 5 6
FT: 1 2 1 1 1
x PN: 1 1 1 2 2 3 3
PV: 1 3
5.0 5.0 5.0
5.0 5.0 5.0 zu
15.0 15.0 15.0
zl
z, w
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Downdip function 2 for variable , Zu = 6 Zl = 59 km
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Types of downdip (1D) functions:
Exponential (Type 2)
Boxcar (Type 3)
Gaussian (Type 4)
Types of 2D functions:
Gaussian (Type 6)
Boxcar (Type 7)
Irregular polygon (Type 8)
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Interseismic; I
recommend locking the
updip edge and forcing
monotonic decrease in
locking downdip
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Approximating ‘locking depth’; using downdip
boxcar (FT: 3) fixing upper depth (0 km) and locking
amplitude (1); solve for lower depth
Locked nodes