lOMoARcPSD|17635848

OCH752- Energy Technology

Unit 5

Energy conservation - Act; Energy management importance, duties and responsibilities; Energy
audit – Types methodology, reports, instruments. Benchmalcing and energy performance, material
and energy balance, thermal energy management.
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ENERGY CONSERVATION

Energy conservation
Energy conservation is the decision and practice of using less energy. Energy conservation is
a part of the concept of Eco-sufficiency. Turning off the light when you leave the room, unplugging
appliances when they're not in use and walking instead of driving are all examples of energy
conservation.

Difference between Energy efficiency and energy conservation:

Energy efficiency refers to using technology that requires less energy to perform the
same desired task or function as other high-energy using tools.
Meanwhile, energy conservation is any behavior or deliberate action that results in the
use of less energy.

What is Energy Audit?

Energy audit is an official scientific study of energy consumption of an
organization/process/plant/equipment aimed at reduction of energy consumption and energy costs
without affecting productivity and comforts and suggesting the methods for energy saving and
reduction in energy cost.

What’s the goal of an Energy Audit?

The principal purpose of an energy audit is to identify energy saving opportunities, also
called energy efficiency measures (EEMs), in your building. Energy-saving projects can also lead
to increased asset values, greater building occupant comfort, lower ownership costs, increased
building sustainability as well as improved occupant health and safety.

Goals of Energy Audit: -

Major goals of energy audit are,
1) To reduce wastage of electrical energy of a particular building/ machineries/ laboratory and
site.
2) To find actual energy consumption of an organization/ building/ institution, etc.
3) To improve efficiency of electrical supply system of the relevant site.
4) To improve performance of supply system of the building organization/ building/ institution.
5) To reduces cost of the overall system.

Duties and Responsibilities

 Electrical Energy Saving Project Implementation
 Energy Tracking & Monitoring
 Primary Assessment
 Maintenance and Operating Schedules
 Energy Savings Opportunities & Action Plan
 Measurement & Verification Strategy
 Energy Management Behaviour and Business Process Improvements
 Employee Awareness Programs
 Assistance to IESO Projects
 Reporting
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Need for Energy Audit:

In any industry, the three top operating expenses are often found to be energy (both electrical
and thermal), labour and materials.
If one were to relate to the manageability of the cost or potential cost savings in each of the
above components, energy would invariably emerge as a top ranker, and thus energy management
function constitutes a strategic area for cost reduction. Energy Audit will help to understand more
about the ways energy and fuel are used in any industry, and help in identifying the areas where
waste can occur and where scope for improvement exists. The Energy Audit would give a positive
orientation to the energy cost reduction, preventive maintenance and quality control
programmes which are vital for production and utility activities. Such an audit programme will help
to keep focus on variations which occur in the energy costs, availability and reliability of supply of
energy, decide on appropriate energy mix, identify energy conservation technologies, retrofit for
energy conservation equipment etc.

In general, Energy Audit is the translation of conservation ideas into realities, by lending
technically feasible solutions with economic and other organizational considerations within a
specified time frame. The primary objective of Energy Audit is to determine ways to reduce energy
consumption per unit of product output or to lower operating costs.
Energy Audit provides a " bench-mark" (Reference point) for managing energy in the
organization and also provides the basis for planning a more effective use of energy throughout the
organization.

Energy Audit: Types and Methodology:

Energy Audit is the key to a systematic approach for decision-making in the area of energy
management. It attempts to balance the total energy inputs with its use, and serves to identify all the
energy streams in a facility. It quantifies energy usage according to its discrete functions. Industrial
energy audit is an effective tool in defining and pursuing comprehensive energy management
programme.
As per the Energy Conservation Act, 2001, Energy Audit is defined as "the verification,
monitoring and analysis of use of energy including submission of technical report containing
recommendations for improving energy efficiency with cost benefit analysis and an action plan to
reduce energy consumption".

Type of Energy Audit:

The type of Energy Audit to be performed depends on: - Function and type of industry -
Depth to which final audit is needed, and - Potential and magnitude of cost reduction desired.
Thus Energy Audit can be classified into the following two types.
i) Preliminary Audit and
ii) Detailed Audit.

I. Preliminary Energy (or Walk-through ) Audit Methodology:

Preliminary energy audit is a relatively quick exercise to:
• Establish energy consumption in the organization
• Estimate the scope for saving
• Identify the most likely (and the easiest areas for attention
• Identify immediate (especially no-/low-cost) improvements/ savings
• Set a 'reference point'
• Identify areas for more detailed study/measurement
• Preliminary energy audit uses existing, or easily obtained data

II. Detailed Energy Audit Methodology (General audit):

A comprehensive audit provides a detailed energy project implementation plan for a facility,
since it evaluates all major energy using systems. This type of audit offers the most accurate
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estimate of energy savings and cost. It considers the interactive effects of all projects, accounts
for the energy use of all major equipment, and includes detailed energy cost saving calculations and
project cost. In a comprehensive audit, one of the key elements is the energy balance. This is based
on an inventory of energy using systems, assumptions of current operating conditions and
calculations of energy use. This estimated use is then compared to utility bill charges.

Detailed Energy Auditing is carried out in three phases:Phase I, II and III.

Phase I - Pre Audit Phase, Phase II - Audit Phase and Phase III - Post Audit Phase.

A Guide for Conducting Energy Audit at a Glance Industry-to-industry, the methodology of Energy
Audits needs to be flexible. A comprehensive ten-step methodology for conduct of Energy Audit at
field level is needed. Energy Manager and Energy Auditor may follow these steps to start with and
add/change as per their needs and industry types.
Phase I -Pre Audit Phase Activities
A structured methodology to carry out an energy audit is necessary for efficient working. An initial
study of the site should always be carried out, as the planning of the procedures necessary for an
audit is most important.
Initial Site Visit and Preparation Required for Detailed Auditing
An initial site visit may take one day and gives the Energy Auditor/Engineer an opportunity to meet
the personnel concerned, to familiarize him with the site and to assess the procedures necessary to
carry out the energy audit.
During the initial site visit the Energy Auditor/Engineer should carry out the following actions:
• Discuss with the site's senior management the aims of the energy audit.
• Discuss economic guidelines associated with the recommendations of the audit.
• Analyse the major energy consumption data with the relevant personnel.
• Obtain site drawings where available - building layout, steam distribution, compressed air
distribution, electricity distribution etc.
• Tour the site accompanied by engineering/production

The main aims of this visit are: -

• To finalise Energy Audit team
• To identify the main energy consuming areas/plant items to be surveyed during the
audit.
• To identify any existing instrumentation/ additional metering required.
• To decide whether any meters will have to be installed prior to the audit eg. kWh,
steam,oil or gas meters.
• To identify the instrumentation required for carrying out the audit.
• To plan with time frame
• To collect macro data on plant energy resources, major energy consuming centers
• To create awareness through meetings/ programme.

Phase II- Detailed Energy Audit Activities

Depending on the nature and complexity of the site, a comprehensive audit can take from several
weeks to several months to complete. Detailed studies to establish, and investigate, energy and
material balances for specific plant departments or items of process equipment are carried out.
Whenever possible, checks of plant operations are carried out over extended periods of time, at
nights and at weekends as well as during normal daytime working hours, to ensure that nothing is
overlooked.
The audit report will include a description of energy inputs and product outputs by major
department or by major processing function, and will evaluate the efficiency of each step of the
manufacturing process. Means of improving these efficiencies will be listed, and at least a
preliminary assessment of the cost of the improvements will be made to indicate the expected
payback on any capital investment needed. The audit report should conclude with specific
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recommendations for detailed engineering studies and feasibility analyses, which must then be
performed to justify the implementation of those conservation measures that require investments.

Phase III - Post Audit Phase:Necessary energy saving methods are Recommended.

Instrument for Energy Audit

An energy audit is a systematic analysis of energy use and consumption. It is important to map all
major energy in an energy audit and identify the energy loss area and saving potential. For accurate
and quantified identification of energy loss or estimation of saving potential, it is important to have
some of the important instruments during an energy audit.

1. Temperature Indicator device:

Temperature indicators are the most important instrument to measure process temperature and heat
losses. various temperature measurement devices is available to do this activity.

we may broadly divide the temperature measurement activity into three measuring instruments : (a)
Infrared non-contact type thermometer, for quick measurement of temperature, this type of
thermometer can be used, with the development of technology the reliability of the infrared
thermometer has improved.
(b) Temperature indicator probe type: conventionally temperature indicator with a probe is used for
accurately measure process temperature. along with data logger temperature indicators can be the
most useful instrument for an energy audit.
(c) Thermal imager: Thermal imagers are costly devices and can be used to identify heat loss areas
especially for insulation, surface loss, and electrical system.

2. Flue Gas Analyzer:

Flue gas analyzer is another important instrument to measure the combustion efficiency of a boiler
or furnace. Carbon-monoxide, carbon dioxide, and oxygen monitoring is important to identify loss
due to incomplete combustion or excess air supply.

3. Steam Trap Tester/ Monitor:

Steam is one of the major forms of energy being consumed in the process industry for various
applications. The Generation, distribution, and consumption of steam must be in an efficient
manner, for proper distribution and consumption of steam condensate must be removed as soon as
it forms in the steam network. for removal of condensate, steam traps are used. Steam trap traps
steam and removes condensate from the steam system. Failure of the steam trap may increase the
loss of energy, therefore the steam trap must be checked periodically or during energy audit for
proper functioning. Steam trap monitor help in identifying the condition of the steam trap.

4. Conductivity,TDS & pH Meter:

Conductivity or TDS meters are required for measuring the salt concentration of the boiler drum or
cooling tower. with this meter, we can easily identify the operational gap in the boiler or cooling
tower operation. pH meter helps to identify the acidity or alkalinity of water.

5. Thermo hygrometer :
It is used to measure humidity and temperature of the desired area, Thermo hydrometer is important
for the study of HVAC system operation. This meter can also be used to calculate the dew point of
the air.

6. Ultrasonic Flowmeter:
flow measurement is required to measure flow for calculating pumping efficiency, With an
ultrasonic flowmeter, the velocity of fluid can be measured without actual fluid contact by
measuring the ultrasonic sound from the pipe surface of the moving fluid.
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7. Pressure Indicator:
Digital pressure indicator is required to measure fluid pressure. It is important to measure the
efficiency of the pump, air compressor, blower, fans, vacuum system etc. Digital pressure
indication available nowadays can do precise measurements for both positive and negative pressure.
Manometer is also an instrument for measuring the pressure acting on a column of fluid, it is
commonly used to measure the draft pressure of the combustion system, flue gas path, fans, etc.

8. Pitot Tube:
It is a flow measurement device used to measure fluid flow velocity, the most important use of pitot
tube is for the measurement of duct air velocity.

9. Anemometer:
An anemometer is a device used for measuring wind speed and direction. It is commonly used to
measure the velocity of the fan and calculate air flowrates. Anemometers are essentially fluid flow
measuring instruments. As energy audit tools, they are most commonly used to measure air flow
from heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems

10. Tachometer :
Tachometer is used to measure speed of rotating equipment’s without contact.

11. Power analyzer:

Power analyzer is a multi-function power analyzing device which is used to measure precisely
direct current, alternating current, AC-voltage, DC-voltage the intensity of DC or AC, phase
rotation, and idle, apparent and effective power.

12. Digital multimeter:

A digital multimeter is a test tool used to measure two or more electrical values— principally
voltage (volts), current (amps) and resistance (ohms)

13. Harmonic Analyzer:

It is used to measure frequencies, amplitudes, different phases, and various components of a
non-sinusoidal waveform, the harmonic study is important for carrying detailed power quality
analysis.

15 Luxmeter:
It is used for measurement of illumination level, for analyzing lighting requirement, it is
important to measure illumination level at various hours of the day to check if the lighting is
sufficient or some modification required.
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Energy benchmarking:
Energy benchmarking means assessing and analyzing the energy of a building, organization,
machineries, equipments, devices and then comparing them with that of established standard
reference systems.

Basics of energy benchmarking:

Energy benchmarking is the ongoing review of your organization's energy consumption to
determine if the building energy, organization, machineries, equipments and devices performance is
getting better or worse.
Benchmarking is based on two data sets: internal and external. Internal and external data sets
work in tandem to give businesses and property managers the necessary information to make the
right energy management decisions.
Energy benchmarking can be an internal process, measuring your system’s (extra)
performance against its own past performance or against other system in portfolio, or it can be an
external process, comparing the system to similar system outside your organization.

Whether internal or external, regular energy benchmarking provides hard data that
encourages building operators to strive for continuous improvement.
By making building energy benchmarking a routine practice, you can:
 Identify poorly performing of system (Building, organization, machineries, equipments,
devices)
 Establish a baseline for measuring improvement in energy consumption.
 Enhance and create competition through comparison.
 Participate in green building certification programs and various other environmental
initiatives.

Steps involved or Designing a Energy Benchmarking Action plan

Step 1: Calibrate Performance/ Data collection & recording:
Before you apply energy benchmarking, critical is to calibrate the performance of your systems
(building, organization, machineries, equipments, devices). This initial step is the baseline of the
entire benchmarking process, as it helps you identify energy performance gaps in your systems. The
areas with relatively higher energy use and gas emissions will be the focus of this benchmarking
process and shall benefit the most from it.

Step 2: Create a Visual Report

The next step is creating a report to get a know-how of what needs to be done, where, and how.
You must also elicit current limitations in the systems (building, organization, machineries,
equipments, devices) and the changes they can impose. This report will help you eliminate
roadblocks while uncovering opportunities for process growth and improvement.

Step 3: Select Your Competitors/ Establish base line:

Once you’ve finalized the areas of improvement, identify your current and potential competitors
whose activities can be adapted to your requirements. A high-level competitive analysis requires
you to develop an in-depth understanding of your industry and competitors, including their
strengths and weaknesses.

Step 4: Gather Information/ Analyze/ Assess:

Create a robust plan to extract relevant data from your competition. Analyze and compare your
products with theirs to identify where you lack and where you win. This analysis report shall be the
keystone for helping you capitalize on your shortcomings and leverage your strengths to overcome
challenges.
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Step 5: Set Clear Objectives

Upon completing step 4, you should have a list of actions your best practice competitors follow.
Refine it to narrow your results. The final will be a set of best benchmarking practices you can
implement to gain an edge over your competition and unlock success.

Step 6: Reveal Findings & Entice Customers

Communicate the benchmarking results to your customers ㅡ motivate them to carry out the
changes, and do more business with you. More sales will ultimately produce more revenue to help
you catalyze additional energy-saving opportunities.

Step 7: Track Progress

Track how your benchmarking plan works and identify gaps in it to drive continuous
improvements. Also, prepare a thorough report to discover the benefits of these improvements. This
will enable involved parties and stakeholders to know what’s going on.

Step 8: Keep the Process Going

Energy benchmarking is a complex process, and continuous improvements can help you drive faster
results! You must continually evaluate your benchmarking practices as needed. This will enable
you to understand when and how to optimize building operations to ensure energy efficiency.

The benefits of benchmarking

In today's marketplace, superior energy management is a significant competitive advantage, but in
order to effectively manage your energy consumption, first you have to understand it. It is a known
fact that millions of dollars are wasted every year by energy inefficient systems (Building,
organization, machineries, equipments, devices). Energy benchmarking is a proven energy
management strategy that can positively - and relatively quickly - impact your bottom line and
make sure your organization comes out on top.

1) Energy benchmarking provides objective, reliable information on energy use and the benefits
of improvements.
2) Energy benchmarking increases general awareness of energy efficiency among building
occupants, which in turn may affect changes in behavior.
3) Energy benchmarking prioritizes poorly performing facilities for immediate improvement
4) Energy benchmarking identifies best practices that can be replicated, either within a building
or across a portfolio of buildings
5) Energy benchmarking establishes reference points for measuring and rewarding good
performance
6) Energy benchmarking helps to develop a comprehensive energy management action plan and
build the business case for capital investments (retrofits)
7) Energy benchmarking leads to savings that will lower energy costs while maintaining – or
even increasing – profit margins
Through benchmarking, the key metrics for assessing the performance of a building or portfolio of
buildings can be identified along with a facility's key drivers of energy use. Benchmarking is an
important tool that cannot be overlooked for improving energy performance.
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Energy management
Energy management includes planning and operation of energy production and energy
consumption units as well as energy distribution and storage. Objectives are resource conservation,
climate protection and cost savings, while the users have permanent access to the energy they need.

Steps involved in Energy management

Understand Your Present Usage: The first phase involves gaining control of your present usage, its
cost, historical and ongoing variability, and physical distribution. This phase involves analyzing
usage starting at the point of purchase and working towards the point of use

Step 1: Understand your energy costs:

Unlike other commodities that may be sold by the pound, the cost of energy that your facility uses
is influenced by a variety of factors.
The cost of electricity, for example, depends upon:
• Demand - the rate, or how fast the electricity is used.
• Energy - how much electricity you use.
• Time-of-Use - when the electricity is used.
• Power Factor - your apparent rate of use versus your real rate of use.

Thermal fuels are simpler to understand than electricity; they are typically sold by mass or volume,
although the usable energy content of the various fuel quantities can vary widely (as in the various
grades and sources of coal, for example). The overall objective of Step 1 is to develop a clear
understanding of the incremental cost of energy
— that is, what will the next unit bought or saved be worth.

Step 2: Compare yourself:

Two kinds of comparison are pertinent: external, and internal.
External comparisons: • How does your level of energy consumption compare to other similar
industries, facilities and sites? • What level of consumption is achievable with the best operating
practices and industry benchmarks?

These external comparisons will be valuable in developing realistic savings expectations, sometime
called targets.
Internal Comparisons: • How does your consumption or energy performance this month compare
with last month, or the best month in the past two years, for example? • How does one site in a
multi-site operation compare with another? There may be variation from month to month, or from
site to site, in your level of energy efficiency. Minimizing this variation will yield savings.

Step 3: Understand when energy is used:

The cost of electricity is influenced by the demand and time-of-use. The electrical demand profile
clearly shows the rate of use of electricity over time. It is a key management tool for the demand
component of your electricity bill.

Step 4: Understand where energy is used:

Treat energy as you would any other purchased product. Building an inventory of your electrical
loads and uses of thermal energy will enable you to focus on the largest and, consequently, the most
expensive consumers. 9.2.2 Identify Savings Opportunities The second phase seeks to identify the
savings opportunities in a sequence that will be the most cost effective. We want to make sure that
we concentrate on the housekeeping measures (operational) before we invest money in new
equipment (technological measures). The key is to look for opportunities, starting at the point of
use, working back to the point of purchase.
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Step 5: Match usage to requirement:

The first and most important step in realizing savings opportunities is to match what you actually
use to what is needed. The key consideration here is the duration of use and the magnitude of use.
For example, fuel savings will result from shutting down a process heater running for 12 hours
when it is only actually required for an 8 hour shift. Or, there are electricity savings available by
avoiding throttling of the output of an oversized pump.

Step 6: Maximize system efficiencies:

Once the need and usage are matched properly, the next step is to ensure that the components of the
system meeting the need are operating as efficiently as possible. In this step the impact of operating
conditions, maintenance and equipment/technology will be considered.

Step 7: Optimize the energy supply:

Steps 5 and 6 will reduce your requirement for energy. Step 7 seeks the optimum source or sources
for your overall energy requirement. This may include such considerations as heat recovery
systems, alternative tariff structures, alternative fuels, or even larger measures such as a co-
generation or combined heat and power (CHP) system.

Material and energy balance

A material and energy balance is essentially a quantitative account of the redistribution of material
and/or energy that occurs when anything happens.
Material balances are fundamental to the control of processing, particularly in the control of yields
of the products. The increasing cost of energy has caused the industries to examine means of
reducing energy consumption in processing. Energy balances are used in the examination of the
various stages of a process, over the whole process and even extending over the total production
system from the raw material to the finished product.
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The mass and energy going into the box must balance with the mass and energy coming out

Material Balances:
The first step is to look at the three basic categories: materials in, materials out and materials stored.
Then the materials in each category have to be considered whether they are to be treated as a
whole, a gross mass balance, or whether various constituents should be treated separately and if so
what constituents.
To take a simple example, it might be to take dry solids as opposed to total material; this really
means separating the two groups of constituents, non-water and water. More complete dissection
can separate out chemical types such as minerals, or chemical elements such as carbon. The choice
and the detail depend on the reasons for making the balance and on the information that is required.
A major factor in industry is, of course, the value of the materials and so expensive raw materials
are more likely to be considered than cheaper ones, and products than waste materials.
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Figure: example for mass balance

Energy Balances
Energy takes many forms, such as heat, kinetic energy, chemical energy, potential energy.
Interconversions is not always easy to isolate separate constituents of energy balances. However,
under some circumstances certain aspects predominate. In many heat balances in which other
forms of energy are insignificant; in some chemical situations mechanical energy is insignificant
and in some mechanical energy situations, as in the flow of fluids in pipes, the frictional losses
appear as heat but the details of the heating need not be considered. We are seldom concerned with
internal energies. Therefore practical applications of energy balances tend to focus on particular
dominant aspects and so a heat balance, for example, can be a useful description of important cost
and quality aspects of process situation. When unfamiliar with the relative magnitudes of the
various forms of energy entering into a particular processing situation, it is wise to put them all
down. Then after some preliminary calculations, the important ones emerge and other minor ones
can be lumped together or even ignored without introducing substantial errors. With experience, the
obviously minor ones can perhaps be left out completely though this always raises the possibility of
error. Energy balances can be calculated on the basis of external energy used per kilogram of
product, or raw material processed, or on dry solids or some key component. The energy consumed
in food production includes direct energy which is fuel and electricity used on the farm, and in
transport and in factories, and in storage, selling, etc.; and indirect energy which is used to
actually build the machines, to make the packaging, to produce the electricity and the oil and so on.
Food itself is a major energy source, and energy balances can be determined for animal or human
feeding; food energy input can be balanced against outputs in heat and mechanical energy and
chemical synthesis.

The most common important energy form is heat energy and the conservation of this can be
illustrated by considering operations such as heating and drying. In these, enthalpy (total heat) is
conserved and as with the mass balances so enthalpy balances can be written round the various
items of equipment. or process stages, or round the whole plant, and it is assumed that no
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appreciable heat is converted to other forms of energy such as work.

Heat is absorbed or evolved by some reactions in processing but usually the quantities are small
when compared with the other forms of energy entering into food processing such as sensible heat
and latent heat. Latent heat is the heat required to change, at constant temperature, the physical state
of materials from solid to liquid, liquid to gas, or solid to gas. Sensible heat is that heat which when
added or subtracted from materials changes their temperature and thus can be sensed. Having
determined those factors that are significant in the overall energy balance, the simplified heat
balance can then be used with confidence in industrial energy studies. Such calculations can be
quite simple and straightforward but they give a quantitative feeling for the situation and can be of
great use in design of equipment and process.

Figure: example for energy balance

Part-A (2 Marks)
1 Illustrate various energy conservation acts.
2 Discuss about the importance of energy conservation.
3 Give the objectives of energy management.
4 Discuss the term energy accounting.
5 What is an energy demand?
6 How Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) facilitates energy efficiency programs in India?
7 How a nation benefits from Energy Efficiency programs?
8 Discuss the basis aim of Energy Security for any country.
9 Discuss the energy policy.
10 Justify the components of the energy management program to ensure the success.
11 Give the role of energy audit.
12 Examine the need for energy auditing.
13 Explain the types of energy audits.
14 Explain the difference between preliminary energy audit and detailed audit.
15 What are the areas that need to be focused during pre-audit phase.
16 Illustrate the baseline data should be collected for a detailed energy audit.
17 List out some of the instruments and metering used in Energy Auditing.
18 What do you understand from Energy- Benchmarking.
19 Give the basic principle of material and energy balance.
20 Draw the components of material and energy balance of a process or unit operation.
21 List the different ways to conserve energy at home.
22 What is star rating in electrical appliances?
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PART – B (13 Marks)

1 Elaborate the terms energy conservation, energy management & energy audit.
2 Briefly discuss about the necessity of energy conservation.
3 Write short notes on Energy conservation Act, 2003.
4 Elaborately discuss about energy conservation act, 2001and its features.
5 Disucss the various steps in designing an energy management program.
6 Compile energy management and forecasting methodology.
7 Discuss about energy security and energy policy.
8 Explain some of the strategies to meet future energy requirements.
9 Discuss the manners and intervals of time for conduct of energy audit as per Bureau of Energy
Efficiency (BEE) regulations.
10 Justify the Methodology for detailed energy audit process.
11 Elaborately explain about various instruments and monitoring systems used for auditing.
12 Discuss about Benchmarking and Plant energy performance.
13 Discuss about the energy balance of a system.
14 Discuss in detail about thermal energy management system.
15 What is energy management and why it matters? Explain the various strategies of energy
management.(Nov/Dec 21)
16 What is an energy audit? Explain various methodologies of energy auditing. (Nov/Dec 21)

PART – C (15 Marks)

1 Explain the difference between energy conservation and energy efficiency with a suitable example.
2 Discuss atleast 5 duties and 3 responsibilities of an energy manager.
3 Compose a case study of energy audit for any suitable industry.