PYTHON

PROGRAMMING
BASICS

Punam_Warke
YTHON BASICS
Comments:: a text on the right of # symbol
Indentation
variables: Reserved memory locations, variable name must be a
character
Syntax: variable = value
e.g. count = 20 # An interger
name = “Anni” # A String
ote : No need to declare variable type.
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type
 CODE SAMPLE (IN IDLE)

x = 34 - 23 # A comment.
y = “Hello” # Another one.
z = 3.45
if z == 3.45 or y == “Hello”:
x=x+1
y = y + “ World” # String concat.
print x
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print y
OUGH TO UNDERSTAND THE CODE
Indentation
Indentation matters to code meaning
Block structure indicated by indentation
First
First assignment to a variable creates it
Variable types don’t need to be declared.
Python figures out the variable types on its own.
Assignment is = and comparison is ==
For numbers + - * / % are as expected
Special use of + for string concatenation and % for string
formatting (as in C’s printf)
printf
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Logical operators are words (and,
( or, not) not symbols
The
The basic printing command is print
SIC DATATYPES
• Integers (default for numbers)
z = 5 / 2 # Answer 2, integer division
• Floats
x = 3.456
• Strings
• Can use “” or ‘’ to specify with “abc” == ‘abc’
• Unmatched can occur within the string: “matt’s”
• Use triple double-quotes
quotes for multi-line
multi strings or strings
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than contain both ‘ and “ inside of them:
“““a‘b“c”””
MMENTS
• Start comments with #, rest of line is ignored
• Can include a “documentation string” as the first
line of a new function or class you define
• Development environments, debugger, and other
tools use it: it’s good style to include one

def fact(n):
“““fact(n) assumes n is a positive
integer and returns facorial of n.”””
assert(n>0)
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return 1 if n==1 else n*fact(n-1)
n*fact(n
MING RULES

Names are case sensitive and cannot start with a number. They
can contain letters, numbers, and underscores.
bob Bob _bob _2_bob_ bob_2 BoB
There are some reserved words:
and, assert, break, class, continue, def, del,
elif,
, else, except, exec, finally, for, from,
global, if, import, in, is, lambda, not, or, pass,
print, raise, return, try, while

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SSIGNMENT

• You can assign to multiple names at the same time

>>> x, y = 2, 3
>>> x
2
>>> y
3
This makes it easy to swap values
>>> x, y = y, x
• Assignments can be chained
>>> a = b = x = 2
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 SEQUENCE TYPES: TUPLE
LISTS, STRINGS AN
DICTIONAR

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UENCE TYPES 1. Tuple: (‘john’, 32, [CMSC])
 A simple immutable ordered sequence of items
 No. of values separated by commas
 Enclosed within parentheses ()
 Items can be of mixed types, including collection
types
 Can not be updated or changed (immutable)
ote: 2. Strings: “John Smith”
(*) Repetition Operator • Immutable
(+) concatenation operator • Conceptually very much like a tuple
[], [:] slice operator • Writen in single or double quotes
3. List: [1, 2, ‘john’, (‘up’, ‘down’)]
 Mutable ordered sequence of items of mixed types
 Compound data type
 Values are separated by commas
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 Can be changed (mutable)
Dictionary

A dictionary is a data type similar to arrays

works with keys and values instead of indexes
consists of key value pairs
Each value stored in a dictionary can be accessed using a key
Enclosed within curly brackets {}
values can be assigned or accessed using square braces [].
e.g. tinydict={‘name’:’john’,’code’:6345,’dept’:’sales’}
={‘name’:’john’,’code’:6345,’dept’:’sales’}
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A TYPE CONVERSIONS IN PYTHON
Sr.No. Function & Description
1 int(x [,base])
Converts x to an integer. base specifies the base if x is a string.

2 long(x [,base] )
Converts x to a long integer. base specifies the base if x is a string.

3 float(x)
Converts x to a floating-point
point number.

4 complex(real [,imag])
Creates a complex number.

5 str(x)
Converts object x to a string representation.

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Converts object x to an expression string.
 7 eval(str)
Evaluates a string and returns an object.

8 tuple(s)
Converts s to a tuple.

9 list(s)
Converts s to a list.

10 set(s)
Converts s to a set.

11 dict(d)
Creates a dictionary. d must be a sequence of ((key,value) tuples.

12 frozenset(s)
Converts s to a frozen set.

13 chr(x)
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Converts an integer to a character.
 14 unichr(x)
Converts an integer to a Unicode character.

15 ord(x)
Converts a single character to its integer value.

16 hex(x)
Converts an integer to a hexadecimal string.

17 oct(x)
Converts an integer to an octal string.

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ONTROL FLOW IN PYTHON

The control flow of a Python program is regulated by conditional

statements, loops, and function calls.
Python has three types of control structures:

1. Sequential - default mode

2. Selection - used for decisions and branching
3. Repetition - used for looping, i.e., repeating a piece of code
multiple times.
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SEQUENTIAL

A set of statements whose execution process happens in a sequence.

The problem with sequential statements is that if the logic has broken in
any one of the lines, then the complete source code execution will break.
e.g.
# This is a Sequential statement
a=20
b=10
c=a-b
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ELECTION/DECISION CONTROL
TATEMENTS
Allows a program to test several conditions and execute instructions based
on which condition is true.
Some Decision Control Statements are:
1. Simple if
2. if-else
3. nested if
4. if-elif-else
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imple if:

• if statements are control flow statements that help us to run a particular

code, but only when a certain condition is met or satisfied.
• Syntax:
if expression:
statements(s)
e.g.
n = 10
if n % 2 == 0:
print("n is an even number")
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F-ELSE:

The if-else
else statement evaluates the condition and will execute the body of if if the test
condition is True, but if the condition is False, then the body of else is executed.

e.g
n=5
if n % 2 == 0:
print("n is even")
else:
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NESTED IF:
if statements are an if statement
another if statement.

a=5
b = 10
c = 15
if a > b:
if a > c:
print("a value is big")
else:
print("c value is big")
elif b > c:
print("b value is big")
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else:
print("c is big")
-ELIF-ELSE:
-elif-else statement is used
nditionally execute a
ment or a block of
ments.

x = 15
y = 12
f x == y:
print("Both are Equal")
elif x > y:
print("x is greater than y")
else:
print("x is smaller than y")
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EPETITION

• In Python, we generally have two loops/repetitive

statements:

1. for loop
2. while loop

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OR LOOP:
can execute a set of statements
for each item in a list, tuple, or
onary.

e.g.
lst = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
for i in range(len(lst)):
print(lst[i], end = " ")

for j in range(0,10):
print(j, end = " ")

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WHILE LOOP:
le loops are used to execute a block of
ments repeatedly until a given condition
isfied.
, the expression is checked again and, if
still true, the body is executed again.
continues until the expression becomes

count = 0
while x > 0:
< m: x = x // 2 # truncating division
t(i, end = " ") count += 1
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1 print "The approximate log2 is",
End") count
Example:
# Program to add natural
Python while Loop # numbers up to
# sum = 1+2+3+...+n

# To take input from the user,

# n = int(input("Enter n: "))

n = 10

# initialize sum and counter

sum = 0
i=1

while i <= n:
sum = sum + i
i = i+1 # update counter

# print the sum

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print("The sum is", sum)
HE INFINITE LOOP
A loop becomes infinite loop if a condition never becomes FALSE

E.g.
var = 1
while var == 1 : # This constructs an infinite loop
num = raw_input("Enter
("Enter a number :")
print "You entered: ", num

print "Good bye!"

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OR LOOP:
he for loop in Python is used to iterate over a sequence (list,
ple, string)
al”” is the variable that takes the value of the item inside the
quence on each iteration.
ntax:
or val in sequence:
Body of for

op continues until we reach the last item in the

uence

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 E.g.

# Program to find the sum of all numbers stored in a list

# List of numbers
numbers = [6, 5, 3, 8, 4, 2, 5, 4, 11]

# variable to store the sum

sum = 0

# iterate over the list

for val in numbers:
sum = sum+val

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print("The sum is", sum)
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SS
The pass statement is a null statement.

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REAK STATEMENT
ython, break and continue statements can alter the
of a normal loop.
he break statement is inside a nested loop (loop
de another loop), the break statement will terminate
innermost loop.

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 https://www.tutorialspoint.com/execute_python_onlin
se of break statement inside the loop

val in "string":
val == "i":  check if the letter is i, upon which we break from the loop.
break  we see in our output that all the letters up till i gets printed.
rint(val)  After that, the loop terminates.

t("The end")

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ONTINUE STATEMENT
The continue statement effectively rejects all the unexecuted statements within the current
teration of the loop and instead pushes that control flow to the loop body beginning.
The continue statement is a loop control statement with a lot of similarities to a break statement

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MPARISON

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