UNIT - II EG Orthographic Projections

UNIT-II (DBATU)
Unit 2: Orthographic Projections and Projections of Points
4hrs
Introduction to orthographic projection, drawing of
orthographic views of objects from their isometric views.
Projection of points lying in four quadrants.
SUBJECT:
ENGG. GRAPHICS
Drawings
(Some Types)
Portraits
Botanical Drawings ( human faces,
Nature Drawings ( plants, flowers etc.) expressions etc.)
( landscape, Geographical
scenery etc.) Zoological Drawings
Drawings Engineering Drawings,
(creatures, animals etc.)
( maps etc.) (projections.)
Building Related Drawings. Machine component Drawings
Orthographic Projections Isometric ( Mech.Engg.Term.)

(Fv,Tv & Sv.-Mech.Engg terms) or Perspective(Civil Engg.Term)
(Plan, Elevation- Civil Engg.terms)
(Working Drawings 2-D type) (Actual Object Drawing 3-D)
Basics:
♣ Drawing: 2D or 3D views of an object without the purpose of
manufacturing it. It is done
manually or with the aid of a computer.
♣ Engineering Drawing: 2D or 3D views of an object with the
purpose of manufacturing it. It is done manually.
♥ Note: In 2D view ( Orthographic projection ), one view is not
enough to get all the details of the object. So it is necessary to
draw the front view, top view, bottom view, right side view
and left side view.
♣ Engineering Graphics: 2D or 3D views of an object with the
purpose of manufacturing it. It is done with the aid of a
computer.
QUADRANT THEORY
FOUR QUADRANTS
TOP
DIRECTION
II
III
IV
RHSV FV LHSV
LHSV FV RHSV
DIRECTION OF TOP VIEW( on HP)
DIRECTION OF SIDE VIEW( on PP)
VP
2
nd
Quad. 1ST Quad.
Y Observer
X Y HP
3rd Quad. 4th Quad.
THIS QUADRANT PATTERN,

IF OBSERVED ALONG X-Y LINE ( IN RED ARROW DIRECTION)
WILL EXACTLY APPEAR AS SHOWN ON RIGHT SIDE AND HENCE,
IT IS FURTHER USED TO UNDERSTAND ILLUSTRATION PROPERLLY.
GL2:7
Projection techniques
Orthogonal (multiview) Axonometric
Oblique Perspective
2-D projection
View point
3-D object
Projection rays
Perspective
projection
Projection plane
Engineering graphics are obtained by

projection from the 3-D object to the viewing
surface (the projection plane)
Types of
projection
• Perspective projection is
rarely used in manual
drawing
• Rather, we us a variety
of orthographic
projections, for which
the projection rays are
parallel
GL2:10
View
2-D projection point
at 
Parallel
3-D object
projection
rays
Projection plane
In orthographic projection, the

projection rays are parallel (view point
at infinity)
GL2:11
Categories of orthographic projection
Ortho g raphic pro je ctio n

( Paralle l p ro je cto rs )
Ortho g o na l Axo no me tric Oblique
No rmal to No rmal to Incline d to

Projectors
p ro je ctio n p lane p ro je ctio n p lane p ro je ctio n p lane
Principal Paralle l to Incline d to Paralle l to

plane of
object p ro je ctio n p lane p ro je ctio n p lane p ro je ctio n p lane
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
OF POINTS, LINES, PLANES, AND SOLIDS.
TO DRAW PROJECTIONS OF ANY OBJECT,

ONE MUST HAVE FOLLOWING INFORMATION
A) OBJECT
{ WITH IT’S DESCRIPTION, WELL DEFINED.}
B) OBSERVER
{ ALWAYS OBSERVING PERPENDICULAR TO RESP. REF.PLANE}.
C) LOCATION OF OBJECT,
{ MEANS IT’S POSITION WITH REFFERENCE TO H.P. & V.P.}
TERMS ‘ABOVE’ & ‘BELOW’ WITH RESPECTIVE TO H.P.

AND TERMS ‘INFRONT’ & ‘BEHIND’ WITH RESPECTIVE TO V.P
FORM 4 QUADRANTS.
OBJECTS CAN BE PLACED IN ANY ONE OF THESE 4 QUADRANTS.
IT IS INTERESTING TO LEARN THE EFFECT ON THE POSITIONS OF VIEWS ( FV, TV )

OF THE OBJECT WITH RESP. TO X-Y LINE, WHEN PLACED IN DIFFERENT QUADRANTS.
STUDY ILLUSTRATIONS GIVEN ON HEXT PAGES AND NOTE THE RESULTS.TO MAKE IT EASY
HERE A POINT A IS TAKEN AS AN OBJECT. BECAUSE IT’S ALL VIEWS ARE JUST POINTS.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS:
IT IS A TECHNICAL DRAWING IN WHICH DIFFERENT VIEWS OF AN OBJECT
ARE PROJECTED ON DIFFERENT REFERENCE PLANES
OBSERVING PERPENDICULAR TO RESPECTIVE REFERENCE PLANE
Different Reference planes are
Horizontal Plane (HP),
Vertical Frontal Plane ( VP )
Side Or Profile Plane ( PP)
And
Different Views are Front View (FV), Top View (TV) and Side View (SV)
FV is a view projected on VP.
TV is a view projected on HP.
SV is a view projected on PP.
IMPORTANT TERMS OF ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS:
1 Planes.
2 Pattern of planes & Pattern of views
3 Methods of drawing Orthographic Projections
PLANES https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=mcxUTNkSyp4
PRINCIPAL PLANES
HP AND VP
AUXILIARY PLANES
Auxiliary Vertical Plane Auxiliary Inclined Plane Profile Plane

(A.V.P.) (A.I.P.) ( P.P.)

A.I
A.V.P. .P.
t
oV
 to Hp &  to Vp p
t &
oH
p

Methods of Drawing Orthographic Projections
First Angle Projections Method Third Angle Projections Method

Here views are drawn Here views are drawn
by placing object by placing object
in 1st Quadrant in 3rd Quadrant.
( Fv above X-y, Tv below X-y ) ( Tv above X-y, Fv below X-y )
SYMBOLIC
PRESENTATION
OF BOTH METHODS
WITH AN OBJECT
STANDING ON HP ( GROUND)
ON IT’S BASE.
FV LHSV LHSV FV
Consider 1st Quadrant only
TOP
DIRECTION
1st QUADRANT
1 ANGLE Projection Method

st
PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS (First Angle Method)
THIS IS A PICTORIAL SET-UP OF ALL THREE PLANES.

ARROW DIRECTION IS A NORMAL WAY OF OBSERVING THE OBJECT.
BUT IN THIS DIRECTION ONLY VP AND A VIEW ON IT (FV) CAN BE SEEN.
THE OTHER PLANES AND VIEWS ON THOSE CAN NOT BE SEEN.
Y PROCEDURE TO SOLVE ABOVE PROBLEM:-

TO MAKE THOSE PLANES ALSO VISIBLE FROM THE ARROW DIRECTION,
A) HP IS ROTATED 900 DOUNWARD
X B) PP, 900 IN RIGHT SIDE DIRECTION.
THIS WAY BOTH PLANES ARE BROUGHT IN THE SAME PLANE CONTAINING VP.
VP PP
Y
FV LSV
X Y
X TV
HP
ACTUAL PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS

HP IS ROTATED DOWNWARD 90 0 PP IS ROTATED IN RIGHT SIDE 90 0 OF ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
AND AND DRAWN IN
BROUGHT IN THE PLANE OF VP. BROUGHT IN THE PLANE OF VP. FIRST ANGLE METHOD OF PROJECTIONS
FIRST ANGLE
FOR T.V.
PROJECTION
IN THIS METHOD,
THE OBJECT IS ASSUMED TO BE
SITUATED IN FIRST QUADRANT
MEANS
ABOVE HP & INFRONT OF VP.
OBJECT IS INBETWEEN
OBSERVER & PLANE.
VP PP
FV LSV . FO
S.V R
X Y R F.V
FO .
TV
HP
ACTUAL PATTERN OF
PLANES & VIEWS
IN
FIRST ANGLE METHOD
OF PROJECTIONS
Consider Object placed in 3rd Quadrant only
THIRD Angle Projection Method

GL2:20
Third-angle orthogonal projection

Top view Top horizontal plane
Glass projection box
First quadrant
Third quadrant
Left
side Front
view vertical plane
Left profile plane Front view

GL2:21
Third-angle orthogonal projection
horizontal plane
horizontal plane
depth
vertical
plane
depth behind width
vertical plane top
(plan)
depth depth behind view
left vertical plane
profile height below
horizontal plane
plane
height
left
front
side
view
view
left profile plane vertical plane

THIRD ANGLE FOR T.V.
PROJECTION
IN THIS METHOD,
THE OBJECT IS ASSUMED TO BE
SITUATED IN THIRD QUADRANT
( BELOW HP & BEHIND OF VP. )
PLANES BEING TRANSPERENT

AND INBETWEEN
OBSERVER & OBJECT.
TV
X Y
LSV FV
ACTUAL PATTERN OF
PLANES & VIEWS
OF . FO
S.V R
F.V
THIRD ANGLE PROJECTIONS R
FO .
Orthographic or Multiview Drawing
Imagine that you have an object suspended by transparent threads inside a glass box, as in figure
3. Then draw the object on each of three faces as seen from that direction. Unfold the box (figure
4) and you have the three views. We call this an "orthographic" or "multiview" drawing.
Figure 5 shows how the three views appear on a piece of paper after unfolding the Box.
Which views should one choose for a multiview drawing? The views that reveal every detail about
the object. Three views are not always necessary; we need only as many views as are required to
describe the object fully. For example, some objects need only two views, while others need four.
The circular object in figure 6 requires only two views.
Figure 4 - The creation of an

Figure 3 - The block suspended in a glass box orthographic multiview drawing
Figure 5 - A multiview drawing and its explanation

Methods of Drawing Orthographic Projections
First Angle Projections Method Third Angle Projections Method

Here views are drawn Here views are drawn
by placing object by placing object
in 1st Quadrant in 3rd Quadrant.
( Fv above X-y, Tv below X-y ) ( Tv above X-y, Fv below X-y )
SYMBOLIC
PRESENTATION
OF BOTH METHODS
WITH AN OBJECT
STANDING ON HP ( GROUND)
ON IT’S BASE.
FV LHSV LHSV FV
Projection of Points Lying in
Four Quadrants.
NOTATIONS
FOLLOWING NOTATIONS SHOULD BE FOLLOWED WHILE NAMEING

DIFFERENT VIEWS IN ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS.
OBJECT POINT A LINE AB
IT’S TOP VIEW a ab
IT’S FRONT VIEW a’ a’ b’
IT’S SIDE VIEW a” a” b”
SAME SYSTEM OF NOTATIONS SHOULD BE FOLLOWED

INCASE NUMBERS, LIKE 1, 2, 3 – ARE USED.
VIEWING FROM LEFT SIDE
VP
2 nd
Quad. 1ST Quad.
Y
Observer
X Y HP
X
3rd Quad. 4th Quad.
THIS QUADRANT PATTERN,

IF OBSERVED ALONG X-Y LINE ( IN RED ARROW DIRECTION)
WILL EXACTLY APPEAR AS SHOWN ON RIGHT SIDE AND HENCE,
IT IS FURTHER USED TO UNDERSTAND ILLUSTRATION PROPERLLY.
Point A is POINT A IN VP POINT A IN
Placed In 2ND QUADRANT 1ST QUADRANT
VP a’
different A A
quadrants a’
and it’s Fv & Tv a
are brought in
same plane for HP OBSERVER
Observer to see
clearly. HP OBSERVER
Fv is visible as
it is a view on
VP. But as Tv is a
is a view on Hp,
it is rotated
downward 900,
In clockwise
direction.The
In front part of a
Hp comes below
xy line and the
part behind Vp HP
comes above. HP OBSERVER
OBSERVER
Observe and
note the a
process. a’
A a’
POINT A IN A POINT A IN
3 QUADRANT
RD
VP 4TH QUADRANT
VP
PROJECTIONS OF A POINT IN FIRST QUADRANT.
POINT A ABOVE HP POINT A ABOVE HP POINT A IN HP
& INFRONT OF VP & IN VP & INFRONT OF VP
For Tv For Tv
PICTORIAL PICTORIAL For Tv

PRESENTATION A PRESENTATION
a’ a’
F or
A Fv
Y Y
Y F or
Fv a a’
a
X a X X A F or
Fv
ORTHOGRAPHIC PRESENTATIONS
OF ALL ABOVE CASES.
Fv above xy, Fv above xy, Fv on xy,

Tv below xy. Tv on xy. Tv below xy.
VP VP VP
a’ a’
X Y X Y X
a’ Y
a
a a
HP HP HP
Draw the front view and top view of the following point P
1. A point P is 10 mm above HP and 15 mm in front of VP.
2. A point P is 10 mm below HP and 15 mm in behind VP.
3. A point P is 10 mm above HP and 15 mm in behind VP.
4. A point P is 10 mm below HP and 15 mm in front of VP.
FRONT VIEW
Y LHSV Y
p’
Y p TV P” LHSV
P”
FRONT VIEW
10
15
p’ FV
10
10
VP HP
X X X X X
VP/VP
X
HP VP Y
15 3
15
Y
TOP VIEW RHSV X X
p VP/VP
10
TOP VIEW Y p FV P” LHSV
15
Y
1 2
p’ TV
X Y
4
FOR T.V.
1
Y
FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW
FO
R
. F.V
S.V .
R
FO
x y
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN TOP VIEW

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD Y
FOR T.V.
2
X Y
FO
. V. R
S F.V
R .
FO
TOP VIEW
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
25
.
F.V
R
FO FO
R
S.
RIGHT HAND FRONT VIEW

SIDE VIEW
Φ15
8
8
Y
27
.
F.V
11
x OR
x F FO
R
S.V
.
12
15 15
R15
FRONT VIEW LEFT HAND SIDE VIEW
R25
30
20
25
X
X
10
30
10
40 10
65
TOP VIEW
Y
LHSV
FRONT VIEW 30
X X
5
37
5
9 13
44
74
TOP VIEW
Y
Y
DRAW FRONT VIEW AND TOP VIEW
X X
Y
FOR T.V.
3
Y
FO
. R
S.V F.V
FO
R . X X
TOP VIEW
Y
4
FOR T.V.
X Y
. FO
S.V R
F.V
R
FO .
TOP VIEW

FOR T.V.
5
. V.
S
R
FO FO
R
F.V X Y
.
TOP VIEW
6
FOR T.V.
V. FO X Y
S.
R R
F.V
FO .
TOP VIEW

7
FOR T.V.
FO
R
F.V
.
. V.
S
R X Y
FO

8
FOR T.V.
FRONT VIEW
50
X Y
20
25
FO
R
F.V
.
25 20
TOP VIEW

9
FOR T.V.
X Y
FO
. R
F.V
S.V .
R
FO
TOP VIEW
10
FOR T.V. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
X Y
S.V.
R
FO
FO
R
F.V
.

FOR T.V. 11
FO
R
F.V X Y
.
. V.
S
R
FO
TOP VIEW

12
FOR T.V.
X Y
. FO
S.V R
F.V
R .
FO

13
FOR T.V.
35
FV
35
10
x y
10 20 30
FO
R 40
F.V
. 70
TV
O
DRAW FV AND TV OF THIS OBJECT
14
FOR T.V. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FV
30 10 30 SV
30
10
30
x y
. FO
S.V R
R F.V
FO .
ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL

TV
15
FOR T.V.
ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL
FV SV
x y
10
40 60
. FO
S.V R
F.V
OR
40
. TV
60
FOR T.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS 16
ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL
FV SV
X X
10
V. FO
S. R
R F.V
FO .
40 60
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN 40 TOP VIEW

60
17

30 SQUARE
40 20
50
FO
. R 20
S.V F.V X 10
Y
R .
FO 30
O 60
F.V.
S.V.
DRAW FV AND SV OF THIS OBJECT
FOR T.V.
FV
40
10
X O 45 Y
30 D
FO
R
F.V
.
O
10
50
80
TV
19
FOR T.V.
FV 40
O 10
X Y
100
10
25 FO
TV R
10 30 10 F.V
25 .
30 R O
20 D
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS 20
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD 30
FOR T.V.
FV
RECT.
SLOT
10 50
35
10
X Y
20 D
FO
R TV
F.V
.
60 D
30 D
TOP VIEW
O
21
10
25 15
25
40 10
25
FO
. R
S.V F.V 25
R .
FO O O
80 25
F.V. S.V.

DRAW FV AND SV OF THIS OBJECT
FOR T.V.
22
450
30
FV
40
X Y
30 D
FO
R
F.V
.
40 TV
O
15
DRAW FV AND TV OF THIS OBJECT 40
23
FO HEX PART
R
F.V 20
30
.
20
.
S.V
40
20
R
FO
O 50
20
15
O 30
100 60
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW
DRAW FV ABD SV OF THIS OBJECT
FOR T.V.
20 40
FRONT VIEW
F.V.
30
10
X Y
O
10
30
FO
R
F.V 10
.
30
O 80
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN T.V. TOP VIEW
25
10 10 15
25
25
X Y
O 50 10
. V.
FV LSV S FO
R R
FO F.V
.

DRAW FV AND LSV OF THIS OBJECT
26 DRAW FV AND SV OF THIS OBJECT
FO
R
F.V
.
30 20 10 20
15
10
15
. V.
S
R O
FO 30
15
15
X Y
50
F.V. LEFT S.V.

UNIT - II EG Orthographic Projections

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UNIT-II (DBATU)

Unit 2: Orthographic Projections and Projections of Points

Building Related Drawings. Machine component Drawings

Orthographic Projections Isometric ( Mech.Engg.Term.)

DIRECTION OF SIDE VIEW( on PP)

3rd Quad. 4th Quad.

THIS QUADRANT PATTERN,

Orthogonal (multiview) Axonometric

Engineering graphics are obtained by

In orthographic projection, the

Categories of orthographic projection

Ortho g raphic pro je ctio n

Ortho g o na l Axo no me tric Oblique

No rmal to No rmal to Incline d to

Principal Paralle l to Incline d to Paralle l to

TO DRAW PROJECTIONS OF ANY OBJECT,

TERMS ‘ABOVE’ & ‘BELOW’ WITH RESPECTIVE TO H.P.

IT IS INTERESTING TO LEARN THE EFFECT ON THE POSITIONS OF VIEWS ( FV, TV )

Auxiliary Vertical Plane Auxiliary Inclined Plane Profile Plane

First Angle Projections Method Third Angle Projections Method

1 ANGLE Projection Method

THIS IS A PICTORIAL SET-UP OF ALL THREE PLANES.

Y PROCEDURE TO SOLVE ABOVE PROBLEM:-

ACTUAL PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS

THIRD Angle Projection Method

Third-angle orthogonal projection

Glass projection box

Left profile plane Front view

left profile plane vertical plane

PLANES BEING TRANSPERENT

Figure 4 - The creation of an

Figure 5 - A multiview drawing and its explanation

First Angle Projections Method Third Angle Projections Method

FOLLOWING NOTATIONS SHOULD BE FOLLOWED WHILE NAMEING

OBJECT POINT A LINE AB

IT’S TOP VIEW a ab

IT’S FRONT VIEW a’ a’ b’

IT’S SIDE VIEW a” a” b”

SAME SYSTEM OF NOTATIONS SHOULD BE FOLLOWED

3rd Quad. 4th Quad.

THIS QUADRANT PATTERN,

PICTORIAL PICTORIAL For Tv

Fv above xy, Fv above xy, Fv on xy,

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN TOP VIEW

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

RIGHT HAND FRONT VIEW

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN TOP VIEW

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW