INTERNATIONAL ISO

STANDARD 13705

Third edition
2012-12-15

Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas

industries — Fired heaters for general
refinery service
Industries du pétrole, de la pétrochimie et du gaz naturel —
Réchauffeurs à brûleurs pour usage général dans les raffineries

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ISO 13705:2012
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Reference number
ISO 13705:2012(E)

© ISO 2012
ISO 13705:2012(E)

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electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
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 ISO 13705:2012(E)

Contents Page

Foreword .............................................................................................................................................................v
Introduction........................................................................................................................................................vi
1 Scope ......................................................................................................................................................1
2 Normative references............................................................................................................................1
3 Terms, definitions, abbreviated terms and symbols .........................................................................4
3.1 Terms and definitions ...........................................................................................................................4
3.2 Abbreviated terms and symbols........................................................................................................11
4 General .................................................................................................................................................12
4.1 Pressure design code .........................................................................................................................12
4.2 Regulations ..........................................................................................................................................12
4.3 Heater nomenclature...........................................................................................................................12
5 Proposals .............................................................................................................................................16
5.1 Purchaser's responsibilities...............................................................................................................16
5.2 Vendor's responsibilities ....................................................................................................................16
5.3 Documentation ....................................................................................................................................16
5.4 iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW
Final reports .........................................................................................................................................18
6 Design considerations ........................................................................................................................18
6.1
(standards.iteh.ai)
Process design ....................................................................................................................................18
6.2 Combustion design .............................................................................................................................19
6.3 ISO 13705:2012
Mechanical design...............................................................................................................................19
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7 Tubes ....................................................................................................................................................20
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7.1 General .................................................................................................................................................20
7.2 Extended surface.................................................................................................................................21
7.3 Materials ...............................................................................................................................................22
8 Headers.................................................................................................................................................22
8.1 General .................................................................................................................................................22
8.2 Plug headers ........................................................................................................................................23
8.3 Return bends .......................................................................................................................................24
8.4 Materials ...............................................................................................................................................24
9 Piping, terminals and manifolds ........................................................................................................25
9.1 General .................................................................................................................................................25
9.2 Allowable movement and loads .........................................................................................................26
9.3 Materials ...............................................................................................................................................28
10 Tube suppports ...................................................................................................................................28
10.1 General .................................................................................................................................................28
10.2 Loads and allowable stress................................................................................................................29
10.3 Materials ...............................................................................................................................................30
11 Refractories and insulation ................................................................................................................31
11.1 General .................................................................................................................................................31
11.2 Brick and tile construction .................................................................................................................32
11.3 Castable construction.........................................................................................................................33
11.4 Ceramic-fibre construction.................................................................................................................33
11.5 Multi-component lining construction ................................................................................................35
11.6 Materials ...............................................................................................................................................35
12 Structures and appurtenances ..........................................................................................................36
12.1 General .................................................................................................................................................36

© ISO 2012 – All rights reserved iii

ISO 13705:2012(E)

12.2 Structures .............................................................................................................................................36

12.3 Header boxes, doors and ports..........................................................................................................37
12.4 Ladders, platforms and stairways......................................................................................................37
12.5 Materials ...............................................................................................................................................38
13 Stacks, ducts and breeching ..............................................................................................................39
13.1 General..................................................................................................................................................39
13.2 Design considerations ........................................................................................................................39
13.3 Design methods ...................................................................................................................................41
13.4 Static design.........................................................................................................................................41
13.5 Wind-induced vibration design ..........................................................................................................42
13.6 Materials ...............................................................................................................................................43
14 Burners and auxiliary equipment.......................................................................................................43
14.1 Burners .................................................................................................................................................43
14.2 Sootblowers .........................................................................................................................................48
14.3 Fans and drivers ..................................................................................................................................48
14.4 Dampers and damper controls for stacks and ducts.......................................................................48
15 Instrument and auxiliary connections ...............................................................................................49
15.1 Flue gas and air....................................................................................................................................49
15.2 Process fluid temperature ..................................................................................................................50
15.3 Auxiliary connections .........................................................................................................................50
15.4 Tube-skin thermocouples ...................................................................................................................51
15.5 Access to connections........................................................................................................................51
16 Shop fabrication and field erection....................................................................................................51
16.1 General..................................................................................................................................................51
16.2
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Structural-steel fabrication .................................................................................................................52
16.3 Coil fabrication.....................................................................................................................................53
(standards.iteh.ai)
16.4 Painting and galvanizing.....................................................................................................................54
16.5 Refractories and insulation ................................................................................................................54
16.6 ISO 13705:2012
Preparation for shipment ....................................................................................................................55
16.7 https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/cfb75800-71e2-4dc9-ac22-
Field erection........................................................................................................................................56
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17 Inspection, examination and testing..................................................................................................56
17.1 General..................................................................................................................................................56
17.2 Weld examination ................................................................................................................................57
17.3 Castings examination..........................................................................................................................57
17.4 Examination of other components.....................................................................................................58
17.5 Testing ..................................................................................................................................................59
Annex A (informative) Equipment data sheets...............................................................................................61
Annex B (informative) Purchaser's checklist .................................................................................................90
Annex C (informative) Proposed shop-assembly conditions .......................................................................94
Annex D (normative) Stress curves for use in the design of tube-support elements ...............................96
Annex E (normative) Centrifugal fans for fired-heater systems.................................................................111
Annex F (normative) Air preheat systems for fired process heaters ........................................................128
Annex G (informative) Measurement of efficiency of fired process heaters.............................................186
Annex H (informative) Stack design ..............................................................................................................254
Annex I (informative) Measurement of noise from fired-process heaters.................................................264
Bibliography ....................................................................................................................................................300

iv © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

 ISO 13705:2012(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.

International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.

The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.

ISO 13705 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 67, Materials, equipment and offshore structures
for petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries, Subcommittee SC 6, Processing equipment and
systems.
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This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 13705:2006), which has been technically
(standards.iteh.ai)
revised.
ISO 13705:2012
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ISO 13705:2012(E)

Introduction
Users of this International Standard should be aware that further or differing requirements may be needed for
individual applications. This International Standard is not intended to inhibit a vendor from offering, or the
purchaser from accepting, alternative equipment or engineering solutions for the individual application. This
may be particularly applicable where there is innovative or developing technology. Where an alternative is
offered, the vendor should identify any variations from this International Standard and provide details.

In International Standards, the SI system of units is used. Where practical in this International Standard, US
Customary (USC) units are included in brackets for information.

A bullet (●) at the beginning of a clause or subclause indicates that either a decision is required or further
information is to be provided by the purchaser. This information should be indicated on data sheets (see
examples in Annex A) or stated in the enquiry or purchase order. Decisions should be indicated on a checklist
(see example in Annex B).

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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 13705:2012(E)

Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries — Fired

heaters for general refinery service

1 Scope
This International Standard specifies requirements and gives recommendations for the design, materials,
fabrication, inspection, testing, preparation for shipment, and erection of fired heaters, air heaters (APHs),
fans and burners for general refinery service.

This International Standard is not intended to apply to the design of steam reformers or pyrolysis furnaces.

2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW
document (including any amendments) applies.

(standards.iteh.ai)
ISO 1461, Hot dip galvanized coatings on fabricated iron and steel articles — Specifications and test methods

ISO 1940-1:2003, Mechanical vibration — Balance quality requirements for rotors in a constant (rigid) state —
ISO 13705:2012
Part 1: Specification and verification of balance tolerances
https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/cfb75800-71e2-4dc9-ac22-
0d20fe12f912/iso-13705-2012
ISO 8501-1, Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products — Visual
assessment of surface cleanliness — Part 1: Rust grades and preparation grades of uncoated steel
substrates and of steel substrates after overall removal of previous coatings

ISO 10684, Fasteners — Hot dip galvanized coatings

ISO 13704, Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries — Calculation of heater-tube thickness in
petroleum refineries

ISO 15649, Petroleum and natural gas industries — Piping

IEC 60079 (all parts), Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres

EN 10025-2:20041, Hot rolled products of structural steels — Part 2: Technical delivery conditions for non-
alloy structural steels

ABMA Standard 92, Load Ratings and Fatigue Life for Ball Bearings

AMCA 2103, Laboratory Methods of Testing Fans for Aerodynamic Performance Rating

AMCA 801:2001, Industrial Process/Power Generation Fans — Specifications and Guidelines

1 European Committee for Standardization (CEN), Rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
2 American Bearing Manufacturers Association, 2025 M. Street, NW, Suite 800, Washington, DC 20036, USA.
3 Air Movement and Control Association, 30 West University Drive, Arlington Heights, IL 60004, USA.

© ISO 2012 – All rights reserved 1

ISO 13705:2012(E)

ASME B 17.14, Keys and Keyseats

ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Pressure Vessels

ASTM A 365, Standard Specification for Carbon Structural Steel

ASTM A 53, Standard Specification for Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot-Dipped, Zinc-Coated, Welded and Seamless

ASTM A 105, Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping Applications

ASTM A 106, Standard Specification for Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service

ASTM A 123, Standard Specification for Zinc (Hot-Dip Galvanized) Coatings on Iron and Steel Products

ASTM A 143, Standard Practice for Safeguarding Against Embrittlement of Hot-Dip Galvanized Structural
Steel Products and Procedure for Detecting Embrittlement

ASTM A 153, Standard Specification for Zinc Coating (Hot-Dip) on Iron and Steel Hardware

ASTM A 181, Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings, for General-Purpose Piping

ASTM A 182, Standard Specification for Forged or Rolled Alloy and Stainless-Steel Pipe Flanges, Forged
Fittings, and Valves and Parts for High-Temperature Service

ASTM A 192, Standard Specification for Seamless Carbon Steel Boiler Tubes for High-Pressure Service

ASTM A 193, Standard Specification for Alloy-Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting for High-Temperature or High-
iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW
Pressure Service and Other Special Purpose Applications

ASTM A 194, Standard Specification for (standards.iteh.ai)

Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts for Bolts for High-Pressure or High-
Temperature Service, or Both
ISO 13705:2012
ASTM A 209, Standard Specification for Seamless Carbon-Molybdenum Alloy-Steel Boiler and Superheater Tubes
https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/cfb75800-71e2-4dc9-ac22-
ASTM A 210, Standard Specification for Seamless0d20fe12f912/iso-13705-2012
Medium-Carbon Steel Boiler and Superheater Tubes

ASTM A 213, Standard Specification for Seamless Ferritic and Austenitic Alloy-Steel Boiler, Superheater, and
Heat-Exchanger Tubes

ASTM A 216, Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, Suitable for Fusion Welding, for High-
Temperature Service

ASTM A 217, Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Martensitic Stainless and Alloy, for Pressure-
Containing Parts, Suitable for High-Temperature Service

ASTM A 234, Standard Specification for Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel for Moderate
and High Temperature Service

ASTM A 240, Standard Specification for Chromium and Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steel Plate, Sheet, and
Strip for Pressure Vessels and for General Applications

ASTM A 242, Standard Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Steel

ASTM A 283, Standard Specification for Low and Intermediate Tensile Strength Carbon Steel Plates

ASTM A 297, Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Iron-Chromium and Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Heat
Resistant, for General Application

ASTM A 307, Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Bolts and Studs, 60 000 PSI Tensile Strength

4 American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA.
5 American Society for Testing and Materials, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, USA.

2 © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

 ISO 13705:2012(E)

ASTM A 312, Standard Specification for Seamless, Welded, and Heavily Cold Worked Austenitic Stainless
Steel Pipes

ASTM A 320, Standard Specification for Alloy Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting Materials for Low-
Temperature Service

ASTM A 325, Standard Specification for Structural Bolts, Steel, Heat Treated, 120/105 ksi Minimum Tensile
Strength

ASTM A 335, Standard Specification for Seamless Ferritic Alloy-Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service

ASTM A 351, Standard Specification for Castings, Austenitic, for Pressure-Containing Parts

ASTM A 376, Standard Specification for Seamless Austenitic Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Central-Station
Service

ASTM A 384, Standard Practice for Safeguarding Against Warpage and Distortion During Hot-Dip Galvanizing
of Steel Assemblies

ASTM A 385, Standard Practice for Providing High-Quality Zinc Coatings (Hot-Dip)

ASTM A 387, Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Alloy Steel, Chromium-Molybdenum

ASTM A 403, Standard Specification for Wrought Austenitic Stainless Steel Piping Fittings

ASTM A 447, Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Chromium-Nickel-Iron Alloy (25-12 Class), for High-
Temperature Service
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ASTM A 560, Standard Specification for Castings, Chromium-Nickel Alloy

(standards.iteh.ai)
ASTM A 572, Standard Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy Columbium-Vanadium Structural Steel

ASTM A 608, Standard Specification for Centrifugally Cast Iron-Chromium-Nickel High-Alloy Tubing for
Pressure Application at High Temperatures ISO 13705:2012
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ASTM B 366, Standard Specification for Factory-Made Wrought Nickel and Nickel Alloy Fittings
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ASTM B 407, Standard Specification for Nickel-Iron-Chromium Alloy Seamless Pipe and Tube

ASTM B 564, Standard Specification for Nickel Alloy Forgings

ASTM B 633, Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Zinc on Iron and Steel

ASTM C 27, Standard Classification of Fireclay and High-Alumina Refractory Brick

ASTM C 155, Standard Classification of Insulating Firebrick

ASTM C 332, Standard Specification for Lightweight Aggregates for Insulating Concrete

ASTM C 401, Standard Classification of Alumina and Alumina-Silicate Castable Refractories

ASTM C 612, Standard Specification for Mineral Fiber Block and Board Thermal Insulation

AWS6 D 1.1, Structural Welding Code — Steel

AWS D 14.6, Specification for Welding of Rotating Elements of Equipment

NFPA 707, National Electrical Code

SSPC SP 6/NACE No 38, Commercial Blast Cleaning

6 American Welding Society, 550 NW Le Jeune Road, Miami, FL 33126, USA.

7 National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269-9101, USA.
8 The Society for Protective Coatings, 40, 24th Street, Pittsburg, PA 15222-4643, USA.

© ISO 2012 – All rights reserved 3

ISO 13705:2012(E)

3 Terms, definitions, abbreviated terms and symbols

For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.

NOTE Terms and definitions related to centrifugal fans are given in Annex E.

3.1 Terms and definitions

3.1.1
air heater
air preheater
APH
heat transfer apparatus through which combustion air is passed and heated by a medium of higher
temperature, such as combustion products, steam or other fluid

3.1.2
anchor
tieback
metallic or refractory device that holds the refractory or insulation in place

3.1.3
arch
flat or sloped portion of the heater radiant section opposite the floor

3.1.4
atomizer iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW
device used to reduce a liquid fuel oil to a fine mist, using steam, air or mechanical means

3.1.5
(standards.iteh.ai)
backup layer
ISO 13705:2012
refractory layer behind the hot-face layer
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balanced-draught heater
heater that uses forced-draught fans to supply combustion air and induced-draught fans to remove flue gases

3.1.7
breeching
heater section where flue gases are collected after the last convection coil for transmission to the stack or the
outlet ductwork

3.1.8
bridgewall
gravity wall
wall that separates two adjacent heater zones

3.1.9
bridgewall temperature
temperature of flue gas leaving the radiant section

3.1.10
burner
device that introduces fuel and air into a heater at the desired velocities, turbulence and concentration to
establish and maintain proper ignition and combustion

NOTE Burners are classified by the type of fuel fired, such as oil, gas, or a combination of gas and oil, which may be
designated as “dual fuel” or “combination”.

4 © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

 ISO 13705:2012(E)

3.1.11
butterfly damper
single-blade damper, which pivots about its centre

3.1.12
casing
metal plate used to enclose the fired heater

3.1.13
castable
insulating concrete poured or gunned in place to form a rigid refractory shape or structure

3.1.14
ceramic fibre
fibrous refractory insulation which can be in the form of refractory ceramic fibre (RCF) or man-made vitreous
fibre (MMVF)

NOTE Applicable forms include bulk, blanket, board, modules, paper, coatings, pumpables and vacuum-formed
shapes.

3.1.15
convection section
portion of the heater in which the heat is transferred to the tubes primarily by convection

3.1.16
corbel
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projection from the refractory surface generally used to prevent flue gas from bypassing the tubes of the
convection section if they are on a staggered pitch
(standards.iteh.ai)
3.1.17
corrosion allowance ISO 13705:2012
material thickness added to allow for material loss during the design life of the component
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3.1.18
corrosion rate
rate of reduction in the material thickness due to chemical attack from the process fluid or flue gas or both

3.1.19
crossover
interconnecting piping between any two heater-coil sections

3.1.20
damper
device for introducing a variable resistance in order to regulate the flow of flue gas or air

3.1.21
direct-APH
heat exchanger that transfers heat directly between the flue gas and the combustion air

NOTE A regenerative APH uses heated rotating elements and a recuperative design uses stationary tubes, plates or
cast-iron elements to separate the two heating media.

3.1.22
draught
negative pressure (vacuum) of the air and/or flue gas measured at any point in the heater

3.1.23
draught loss
pressure drop (including buoyancy effect) through duct conduits or across tubes and equipment in air and flue
gas systems

© ISO 2012 – All rights reserved 5

ISO 13705:2012(E)

3.1.24
duct
conduit for air or flue gas flow

3.1.25
fuel efficiency
total heat absorbed divided by the total input of heat derived from the combustion of fuel only (lower heating
value basis)

NOTE This definition excludes sensible heat of the fuels and applies to the net amount of heat exported from the unit.

3.1.26
thermal efficiency
total heat absorbed divided by the total input of heat derived from the combustion of fuel plus sensible heats
from air, fuel and any atomizing medium

3.1.27
erosion
reduction in material thickness due to mechanical attack from a fluid

3.1.28
excess air
amount of air above the stoichiometric requirement for complete combustion

NOTE Excess air is expressed as a percentage.

3.1.29 iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW

extended surface
(standards.iteh.ai)
heat-transfer surface in the form of fins or studs attached to the heat-absorbing surface

3.1.30 ISO 13705:2012

extension ratio https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/cfb75800-71e2-4dc9-ac22-
ratio of total outside exposed surface to the outside surface of the bare tube
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3.1.31
flue gas
gaseous product of combustion including excess air

3.1.32
forced-draught heater
heater for which combustion air is supplied by a fan or other mechanical means

3.1.33
fouling allowance
factor to allow for a layer of residue that increases the pressure drop

NOTE 1 This residue is usually a build-up of coke or scale on the inner surface of a coil.

NOTE 2 The fouling allowance is used in calculating the fouled pressure drop.

3.1.34
fouling resistance
factor used to calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient

NOTE The inside fouling resistance is used to calculate the maximum metal temperature for design. The external
fouling resistance is used to compensate the loss of performance due to deposits on the external surface of the tubes or
extended surface.

6 © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

 ISO 13705:2012(E)

3.1.35
guillotine
isolation blind
single-blade device used to isolate equipment or heaters

3.1.36
header
return bend
cast or wrought fitting shaped in a 180° bend and used to connect two or more tubes

3.1.37
header box
internally insulated compartment, separated from the flue gas stream, which is used to enclose a number of
headers or manifolds

NOTE Access is afforded by means of hinged doors or removable panels.

3.1.38
heat absorption
total heat absorbed by the coils, excluding any combustion air preheat

3.1.39
average heat flux density
heat absorbed divided by the exposed heating surface of the coil section

NOTE Average flux density for an extended-surface tube is indicated on a bare surface basis with extension ratio
noted. iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW
3.1.40
maximum heat flux density
(standards.iteh.ai)
maximum local rate of heat transfer in the coil section
ISO 13705:2012
3.1.41 https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/cfb75800-71e2-4dc9-ac22-
total heat release 0d20fe12f912/iso-13705-2012
heat liberated from the specified fuel, using the lower heating value of the fuel

3.1.42
volumetric heat release
heat released (net) divided by the net volume of the radiant section, excluding the coils and refractory dividing
walls

3.1.43
higher heating value
gross heating value
total heat obtained from the combustion of a specified fuel at 15 °C (60 °F)

3.1.44
lower heating value
net heating value
higher heating value minus the latent heat of vaporization of the water formed by combustion of hydrogen in
the fuel

3.1.45
hot-face layer
refractory layer exposed to the highest temperatures in a multilayer or multi-component lining

3.1.46
hot-face temperature
temperature of the refractory surface in contact with the flue gas or heated combustion air

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ISO 13705:2012(E)

3.1.47
indirect APH
fluid-to-air heat-transfer device

NOTE The heat transfer can be accomplished by using a heat-transfer fluid, process stream or utility stream that has
been heated by the flue gas or other means. A heat pipe APH uses a vaporizing/condensing fluid to transfer heat between
the flue gas and air.

3.1.48
induced-draught heater
heater that uses a fan to remove flue gases and to maintain a negative pressure in the heater to induce
combustion air without a forced-draught fan

3.1.49
interface temperature
calculated temperature between each layer of multilayer or multi-component refractory construction

3.1.50
jump over
interconnecting pipework within a heater coil section

3.1.51
louvre damper
damper consisting of several blades, each of which pivots about its centre and is linked to the other blades for
simultaneous operation
3.1.52 iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW
manifold
(standards.iteh.ai)
chamber for the collection and distribution of fluid to or from multiple parallel flow paths
3.1.53
man-made vitreous fibre
ISO 13705:2012
MMVF
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synthetic amorphous glass insulation fibre, based 0d20fe12f912/iso-13705-2012
on a calcium, magnesium and silicate chemistry, that has
enhanced solubility in body fluids
3.1.54
metal fibre reinforcement
stainless-steel needles added to castable for improved toughness and durability

3.1.55
monolithic lining
single-component lining system

3.1.56
mortar
refractory-material preparation used for laying and bonding refractory bricks

3.1.57
multi-component lining
refractory system consisting of two or more layers of different refractory types

NOTE Examples of refractory types are castable, insulating firebrick, firebrick, block, board and ceramic fibre.

3.1.58
multilayer lining
refractory system consisting of two or more layers of the same refractory type

3.1.59
natural-draught heater
heater in which a stack effect induces the combustion air and removes the flue gases

8 © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

 ISO 13705:2012(E)

3.1.60
normal heat release
design heat absorption of the heater divided by the calculated fuel efficiency

3.1.61
pass
stream
flow circuit consisting of one or more tubes in series

3.1.62
pilot
small burner that provides ignition energy to light the main burner

3.1.63
plenum
windbox
chamber surrounding the burners that is used to distribute air to the burners or reduce combustion noise

3.1.64
plug header
cast return bend provided with one or more openings for the purpose of inspection or mechanical tube
cleaning

3.1.65
pressure design code
iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW
recognized pressure vessel standard specified or agreed by the purchaser

EXAMPLE (standards.iteh.ai)
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII.

3.1.66
pressure drop ISO 13705:2012
https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/cfb75800-71e2-4dc9-ac22-
difference between the inlet and the outlet static pressures between termination points, excluding the static
differential head 0d20fe12f912/iso-13705-2012

3.1.67
primary air
portion of the total combustion air that first mixes with the fuel

3.1.68
protective coating
corrosion-resistant material applied to a metal surface

EXAMPLE Coating on casing plates behind porous refractory materials to protect against sulfur in the flue gases.

3.1.69
radiant section
portion of the heater in which heat is transferred to the tubes primarily by radiation

3.1.70
radiation loss
setting loss
heat lost to the surroundings from the casing of the heater and the ducts and auxiliary equipment (when heat
recovery systems are used)

3.1.71
secondary air
air supplied to the fuel to supplement primary air

© ISO 2012 – All rights reserved 9