TERM1 HOLIDAY REVISION 2024

FULL NAME:

Form 4
SUBJECT: BIOLOGY
PAPER: 2
1. Crabs are classified, along with prawns, shrimps and lobsters, as crustaceans. Most crabs
live in the sea, although some live in freshwater and there are a few land-dwelling crabs.

Fig. 1.1 shows the structure of a typical crab.

cheliped / claw

eye

carapace
walking legs

abdomen, often tucked

beneath the rest of the body

Fig. 1.1

(a) State the group of animals that includes crustaceans, insects, arachnids and
myriapods.

[1]
 Fig. 1.2 shows four different species of crab.

A spiny spider crab B hairy hermit crab

Maia squinado Pagurus hirsutiusculus

C West African fiddler crab D sand crab

Uca tangeri Portunus pelagicus

Fig. 1.2
(b) Biologists use dichotomous keys to identify different species.

Use Fig. 1.1 and Fig. 1.2 to state one visible feature of each species of crab A, B, C
and D, that could be used in a dichotomous key to identify crabs.

[4]

(c) Crabs show variation in many features.

(i) State one feature of crabs that shows continuous variation.

[1]

(ii) Describe how you would measure variation in the feature you have given in (i).

[1]
(d) Crabs produce huge numbers of offspring, but their populations remain fairly constant
from year to year.

Explain why.

[3]

(e) Emergency medical packs contain bandages made from chitosan.

Chitosan comes from the exoskeleton of crustaceans and has a positive charge to
attract red blood cells. It helps blood clot quickly and also has antibacterial properties.

Explain the benefits of using bandages made from chitosan.

[3]

[Total: 13]
2. Arachnids, crustaceans, insects and myriapods are all classified as arthropods.

Scorpions, such as Heterometrus swammerdami shown in Fig. 1.1, are arachnids.

tail

cephalothorax

jaw

abdomen
pedipalp eyes

Fig. 1.1

a. State three features, shown by H. swammerdami and visible in Fig. 1.1, that arachnids
share with other arthropods.

3 [3]
b. Fig. 1.2 shows seven species of arachnid.

A B C

not to scale

Fig. 1.2
Use the key to identify each species. Write the letter of each species (A to G) in the correct
box beside the key. One has been done for you.

Key

1 (a) Abdomen with a tail Abaliella dicranotarsalis E

(b) Abdomen without a tail go to 2

Legs much longer than abdomen and
2 (a) go to 3
cephalothorax
Legs not much longer than abdomen and
(b) go to 4
cephalothorax
3 (a) Hairs on the legs Tegenaria domestica

(b) No hairs on the legs Odielus spinosus

4 (a) Cephalothorax or abdomen segmented Chelifer tuberculatus

(b) Cephalothorax and abdomen not segmented go to 5

Abdomen and cephalothorax about the same
5 (a) Poecilotheria regalis
size
(b) Abdomen larger than cephalothorax go to 6

6 (a) Body covered in long hairs Tyroglyphus longior

(b) Body not covered in hairs Ixodes hexagonus

[4]

[Total: 7]
3. Fig. 6.1 shows three different insects.

Vespula flavopilosa Vespula rufa Callicera rufa

insect 1 insect 2 insect 3

Fig. 6.1

a. Insects 1 and 2 are more closely related to each other than to insect 3.

(i) Explain how the binomial names indicate that insects 1 and 2 are more closely
related.

[2]

(ii) Explain how the appearance of the three insects suggests that insects 1 and 2 are
more closely related.

[2]
Vespula flavopilosa gives a painful sting. The insect shown in Fig. 6.2 is very similar in
appearance to Vespula flavopilosa but does not give a sting.

Chrysotoxum cautum

Fig. 6.2

b. Chrysotoxum cautum is very similar in appearance to Vespula flavopilosa. Explain how

this is an advantage.

[2]

c. It is thought that Chrysotoxum cautum evolved from an insect that did not have any
stripes.

Suggest how these insects became striped.

[5]

[Total: 11]
4. Fig. 1.1 shows some cells from the lining of the trachea.

mucus
cilia

cell membrane

nucleus

goblet cell

Fig. 4.1
a. Describe the functions of the nucleus and cell membrane.

nucleus .....................................................................................................................................

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cell membrane ..........................................................................................................................

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[4]

b. The cells in Fig. 4.1 form a tissue.

Define the term tissue.

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c. The goblet cell secretes mucus.

Describe the role of mucus and cilia in the trachea.

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[Total: 8]
5. Fig. 5.1 is a photomicrograph of a leaf of the tea plant, Camellia sinensis.

Fig. 5.1

a. Name A to E.

A ...............................................................................................................................................

B ...............................................................................................................................................

C ...............................................................................................................................................

D ...............................................................................................................................................

E.............................................................................................................................................[5]
b. Fig. 5.2 shows a cell from region B of the leaf shown in Fig. 5.1.

Fig. 5.2

Use the letters from Fig. 5.2 to complete Table 5.1.

Write one letter only in each box to identify the function. You may use each letter once, more
than once or not at all.

Table 5.1

function letter from Fig. 5.2

controls movement of substances into and out of the cell exerts a pressure to help maintain the sha
controls all the activities of the cell

[5]
c. The enzyme catalase is found in lettuce leaves.

A student investigated the activity of this enzyme by grinding some lettuce leaves and
adding them to a solution of hydrogen peroxide. The volume of oxygen produced was
measured until the reaction stopped.

The student’s results are shown in Fig. 5.3.

6 × × × × ×
×
× ×
×
5
×
volume of oxygen
collected / cm3 4
×
3
×
2

0×
20 40 60 80 100 120
0
time / s

Fig. 5.3

i.Describe the results shown in Fig. 5.3. You will gain credit if you use the data in
your answer.

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ii. Explain the action of enzymes during a reaction.

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[Total: 16]
6. Fig. 6.1 shows an animal cell and a plant cell as seen with a light microscope.

animal cell plant cell

Fig. 6.1

a. Table 6.1 shows some structural features of the animal cell and the plant cell in Fig. 6.1.

Complete the table by

• finishing the row for nucleus

• adding three structural features, visible in Fig. 6.1, and indicating whether they are
present (✓) or absent (✗) in the animal cell and in the plant cell.

Table 6.1

structural feature animal cell plant cell

cell wall ✗ ✓

nucleus

[4]
b. The cells were kept in a dilute salt solution. They were then transferred to distilled water.

Explain what will happen to each of these two cells when they are placed into distilled water.

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c. Magnesium is a plant nutrient. Scientists think that magnesium is involved in the transport of
sucrose from the leaves to the rest of a plant.

i. Name the tissue that transports sucrose in plants.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

The scientists grew some tomato plants with their roots in a solution that contained all the
mineral nutrients that plants require. After a while, the plants were divided into two groups.

• Group A continued to receive the solution containing all the nutrients.

• Group B received a solution that did not contain any magnesium.

After 12 days, measurements were made on the leaves and the results are shown in Fig. 6.2.

3.5 120

3.0 100
rate of movement of 2.5 sucrose
sucrose out of the concentration in the 80
leaves 2.0 leaves
/ arbitrary units / arbitrary units 60
1.5
40
1.0

0.5 20

0.0 0
A B A B
group group

Fig. 6.2
7. Some students investigated osmosis in raw potato sticks.

a. Define the term osmosis.

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b. The students measured the mass of four of the potato sticks using an electronic balance.

Fig. 7.1 shows an electronic balance.

Fig. 7.1

The students left each potato stick in one of four different liquids for 5 hours:

i. distilled water
ii. 0.1 mol per dm3 sodium chloride solution
iii. 0.5 mol per dm3 sodium chloride solution
iv. 1.0 mol per dm3 sodium chloride solution.

After 5 hours they measured the mass again and calculated the change in mass.
 (i) Predict which of the liquids would cause the largest decrease in mass of a potato stick.

................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) The students dried the potato sticks with paper towels before putting them on
the electronic balance.

Suggest why.

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c. After the experiment the students noticed that the potato stick with the lowest mass was
soft and floppy.

Explain why the potato stick had become soft and floppy.

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d. The students followed the same experimental procedure with boiled potato sticks and
found no overall change in mass in any of the solutions.

Suggest why the mass of the boiled potato sticks remained the same.

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[Total: 10]
8. A student investigated the diffusion of substances through Visking tubing, an artificial
membrane which has some of the properties of cell membranes.

The student made a bag of Visking tubing as shown in Fig. 8.1.

top of syringe

elastic band
test-tube

Visking bag bag filled with starch

starch solution solution
and placed into a
test-tube of water

knot water

Fig. 8.1

The student added some iodine solution to the water in the test-tube.

After 30 minutes at room temperature, the contents of the Visking bag were stained blue-black,
but the water outside remained a yellow colour.

a. (i) Explain these results.

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(ii) State three factors that influence the movement of molecules through membranes.

1 .............................................................................................................................

2 .............................................................................................................................

3 .............................................................................................................................

[3]
b. Fig. 8.2 is an electron micrograph of a red blood cell within a capillary.

muscle cell

magnification 6500

Fig. 8.2

(i) Molecules of carbon dioxide that are produced in muscle cells are transported to
the blood.

Describe the pathway taken by these molecules of carbon dioxide.

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(ii) Explain how capillaries are adapted for their functions.

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c. Mammals have a transport system for carbon dioxide. Plants absorb carbon dioxide from
their surroundings to use in photosynthesis.

Explain how a molecule of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere reaches the site of
photosynthesis in a leaf.

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[Total: 17]
9. Some plants can be grown in water using the technique of hydroponics. The roots are in water
and supplied with the ions that they need at the concentrations that support maximum growth.
Some ions can be absorbed both by diffusion and by active transport.

a. (i) State two features of diffusion that do not apply to active transport.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

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2 ........................................................................................................................................

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[2]

(ii) Explain how roots are adapted to absorb ions.

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A group of students investigated the effect of soaking small onion bulbs in different
concentrations of sodium chloride solution. They peeled off the outer papery leaves of the onion
bulbs and divided the onions into 6 batches, each with 10 onions.

The onions were surface dried with paper towels and weighed. The mean mass of the onions in
each batch was calculated. The onions were then left in sodium chloride solutions for three
hours.

After three hours the students surface dried the onions and weighed them again. Their results
are given in Table 2.1.

Table 9.1

concentration of mean mass of onions / g

percentage
sodium chloride solution before after soaking change in mass
/ g dm–3 soaking for 3 hours
0 147 173 +17.7
25 153 165 +7.8
50 176 172 –2.3
100 154 149 –3.2
150 149 142 –4.7
200 183 175
b. (i) Calculate the percentage change in mass of the onions that were in the most
concentrated solution of sodium chloride. Show your working. Write your answer in
Table 9.1.

[2]

(ii) Explain why the students calculated the percentage change in mass of the onions.

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c. The students plotted a graph of the results as shown in Fig. 9.1.

20

15
percentage change in

10

0
0 50 100 150 200
–5

–10
concentration of sodium chloride solution / g dm–3

Fig. 9.1

(i) Complete the graph using your answer to (b)(i). [1]

(ii) Use the graph in Fig. 9.1 to estimate the concentration of the sodium chloride solution
that has the same water potential as the onions.

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d. Using the term water potential, explain why the onions:

gained mass when soaked in dilute solutions of sodium chloride

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lost mass when soaked in concentrated solutions of sodium chloride.

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[4]

[Total: 15]
10. Fig. 10.1 shows the changes in glucose concentration of the blood.

high blood B
glucose
concentration A

set level
time

low blood
C
glucose
concentration

Fig. 10.1

a. Name the process that maintains blood glucose concentration within set limits.

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b. (i) Name the hormone that would be secreted in response to the increasing blood glucose
concentration at A in Fig. 10.1.

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(ii) Name an organ that is responsible for the decrease in blood glucose
concentration after B in Fig. 10.1.

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(iii) Name the compound that is converted to glucose at C in Fig. 10.1.

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c. Describe the symptoms and treatment of Type 1 diabetes.

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[Total: 9]
11. Proteins in the blood are involved in protection of the body.

Three proteins found in the blood are

• antibodies
• thrombin
• fibrinogen

a. (i) Name the type of white blood cell that produces antibodies.

[1]

(ii) Outline how antibodies protect the body.

[2]

b. Thrombin is an enzyme that catalyses the reaction:

fibrinogen

i. State when this reaction occurs.

[1]

ii. Explain how fibrin protects the body.

[3]
 An investigation was carried out to determine the effect of different temperatures on the
activity of thrombin. The results are shown in Fig. 11.1.

activity 6
of
thrombin 5
/ arbitrary
units 4

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

temperature / C

Fig. 11.1

c. (i) Explain why thrombin functions slowly at 5 °C and does not function at all at 70 °C.

5 °C

70 °C

[3]
 (ii) Suggest how the activity of thrombin was determined.

[1]

(iii) State two conditions that would have been kept constant during the investigation.

2 [2]

[Total: 13]
12. (a (i) Explain the term balanced diet.

[3]

(ii) State three factors that influence a person’s nutritional needs.

3 [3]
 (b) Glucose is absorbed in the small intestine and transported in the blood. The kidneys
filter the blood and reabsorb the glucose.
If the blood contains more than 180 mg of glucose per 100 cm 3, the kidney cannot
reabsorb it all and some is present in the urine. This figure is called the renal threshold.

A doctor suspects that a patient has diabetes because a urine test is positive for
glucose.
The patient takes a glucose tolerance test by drinking a solution of glucose. The doctor
records the patient’s blood glucose concentration at 30-minute intervals for five and a
half hours.
The results are plotted on Fig. 12.1.
300

250

200

blood glucose
concentration / 150
mg per 100
cm3

100

50

0306090120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330

glucose drink time / minutes

Fig. 12.1
(i) Draw a horizontal line on Fig. 12.1 to show the renal threshold. [1
(ii) State the time period when the kidney will produce urine containing glucose.

[1]

(iii) Sketch on Fig. 12.1 the blood glucose concentrations that the doctor might expect
if he repeated this test on someone who does not have diabetes. [1]
(c) People who do not have diabetes maintain their blood glucose concentration below
180 mg per 100 cm3.

Explain how the body does this.

[3]