SOLUTION GUIDES

ACTIVITY AND TUTORIAL

CONTENTS
Solutions for:

v Activity 1

v Tutorial 1: Basic Concepts in Fluid Mechanics

v Tutorial 2: Concepts of Internal Flow

v Tutorial 3: Dimensional Analysis

v Tutorial 4: Mass Conservation and Bernoulli Equations

ACTIVITY 1: UNIT CONVERSION AND BASIC FLUID PROPERTIES
1. What is the net force acting on a car moving at a constant velocity of 60 km/h (a) on a level road
(b) on an uphill road.

2. Determine the mass and the weight of the air contained in a room with dimensions of 6 𝑚×6 𝑚×
8 𝑚. Take the density of air to be 1.16 𝑘𝑔/𝑚! .

3. A 5-kg rock is thrown upward (vertically) with a force of 150 N at a location where the local
gravitational acceleration is 9.79 𝑚/𝑠 " . Determine the resulting acceleration of the rock in SI unit.

4. A pool of volume V (in 𝑚! ) is to be filled with water using a hose of diameter D (in 𝑐𝑚). If the
average discharge velocity is u (in 𝑚/s) and the filing time is t (in 𝑠), obtain a relation for the
volume of the pool based on unit considerations of quantities involved.
ACTIVITY 1: UNIT CONVERSION AND BASIC FLUID PROPERTIES
1. What is the net force acting on a car moving at a constant velocity of 60 km/h (a) on a level road
(b) on an uphill road.

According to Newton’s second law of motion, the force acting on an object is directly proportional to
its acceleration; 3

𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 3

In both cases, the car is moving at a constant velocity which means that the acceleration of the car is
zero. Hence, from Newton’s law, the force acting on the car is zero for both cases.
4
ACTIVITY 1: UNIT CONVERSION AND BASIC FLUID PROPERTIES
2. Determine the mass and the weight of the air contained in a room with dimensions of 6 𝑚 × 6 𝑚×
8 𝑚. Take the density of air to be 1.16 𝑘𝑔/𝑚! .

Volume of the room;

8𝑚
𝑉 = 8 𝑚 × 6 𝑚 × 6 𝑚 = 288 𝑚! 2

Mass of air;
6𝑚
𝑚 = 𝜌𝑉 = (1.16 𝑘𝑔/𝑚! )(288 𝑚! ) = 334.08 𝑘𝑔 3
Air
𝜌 = 1.16 𝑘𝑔/𝑚!
Weight of air;
6𝑚
2 𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔 = (3334.08 𝑘𝑔)(9.81 𝑚⁄𝑠 " ) = 3277.32 𝑁))) 3
 ACTIVITY 1: UNIT CONVERSION AND BASIC FLUID PROPERTIES
3. A 5-kg rock is thrown upward (vertically) with a force of 150 N at a location where the local
gravitational acceleration is 9.79 𝑚/𝑠 " . Determine the resulting acceleration of the rock in SI unit.

𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑘, 𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑁𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛' 𝑠 2𝑛𝑑 𝐿𝑎𝑤,

𝐹# = 150 𝑁
𝐹$%& = 𝐹# + 𝐹" = 150 𝑘𝑔 𝑚⁄𝑠 " + (−𝑊) 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎

𝑎 = 𝐹 ⁄𝑚
𝑚 = 5 𝑘𝑔 = 150 𝑘𝑔 𝑚⁄𝑠 " + (−5𝑘𝑔)(9.79 𝑚⁄𝑠 " )
110.84 𝑘𝑔 𝑚⁄𝑠 "
= 150 𝑘𝑔 𝑚⁄𝑠 " + −48.95 𝑘𝑔 𝑚⁄𝑠 " =
5 𝑘𝑔
𝐹" = −𝑊
= 101.05 𝑘𝑔 𝑚⁄𝑠 "
= 20.21 𝑚⁄𝑠 "
4 3
3
ACTIVITY 1: UNIT CONVERSION AND BASIC FLUID PROPERTIES
4. A pool of volume V (in 𝑚! ) is to be filled with water using a hose of diameter D (in 𝑐𝑚). If the average
discharge velocity is u (in 𝑚/s) and the filing time is t (in 𝑠), obtain a relation for the volume of the pool
based on unit considerations of quantities involved.

𝐺𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑒

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒, 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑜𝑙,

𝑉̇ (𝑚! ⁄𝑠) = 𝑢 𝑚⁄𝑠 N 𝐴 (𝑚" ) 𝑉(𝑚! ) = 𝑉̇ 𝑚! ⁄𝑠 N 𝑡(𝑠)

"
𝐷(𝑐𝑚) 1 𝑚" 𝜋𝐷 "
𝑉̇ = 𝑢 (𝑚⁄𝑠) N 𝜋 N =𝑢 N N𝑡
2 100" 𝑐𝑚" 40000
𝜋𝐷 " 5
=𝑢 N
40000 5
TUTORIAL 1

1. When exposed to standard earth gravity with 𝑔= 9.81 𝑚⁄𝑠 !, an object has a weight of 1000 𝑙𝑏𝑓.

(a) Determine its mass on earth.

(b) What will the weight of this body be if it is exposed to the moon’s standard gravitational acceleration
(𝑔=1.62 𝑚⁄𝑠 !).
(c) Determine its acceleration if a net force of 400 𝑙𝑏𝑓 is applied to it on the moon or on earth.

Provide your final answers in SI units.

TUTORIAL 1: Q1
(a) Determine its mass on earth.

𝑊 1000 𝑙𝑏𝑓 4.448 𝑁 1 𝑘𝑔 7 𝑚⁄𝑠 !

𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔 𝑚= = × × = 453 𝑘𝑔453
𝑔 9.81 𝑚⁄𝑠 ! 1 𝑙𝑏𝑓 1𝑁

(b) What will the weight of this body be if it is exposed to the moon’s standard gravitational acceleration (𝑔=1.62 𝑚⁄𝑠 !).

𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔 𝑊 = 453 𝑘𝑔 1.62 𝑚⁄𝑠 ! = 733.86 𝑁

(c) Determine its acceleration if a net force of 400 𝑙𝑏𝑓 is applied to it on the moon or on earth.

𝐹 400 𝑙𝑏𝑓 4.448 𝑁 1 𝑘𝑔 7 𝑚⁄𝑠 !

𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 𝑎= = × × = 3.93 𝑚⁄𝑠 !
𝑚 453 𝑘𝑔 1 𝑙𝑏𝑓 1𝑁
 TUTORIAL 1: Q2
To determine the flow rate of water at 20℃ through a hose, a student finds that the hole fills a 55-gallon drum in 2 minutes
and 37 second. Estimate

(a) The volume flow rate in 𝑚"/𝑠.

(b) The weight flow in 𝑁/𝑠.

TUTORIAL 1: Q2
(a) The volume flow rate in 𝑚! /𝑠.

𝑉 55 𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑛 0.00378 𝑚"

𝑉̇ = = × = 0.0013 𝑚"⁄𝑠
𝑡 157𝑠 1 𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑛

(b) The weight flow in 𝑁/𝑠

𝑘𝑔 𝑚! 𝑚 𝑘𝑔 N 𝑚 𝑁
𝑊̇ = 𝑚𝑎
̇ = 𝜌𝑉̇ 𝑎 = 998 ! × 0.0013 9.81 " = 12.73 " = 12.73
𝑚 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 N𝑠 𝑠
 Figure 2.1

TUTORIAL 1: Q3 Dilatant

𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝜏
Newtonian

To estimate the relation between shear stress and shear strain in non-Newtonian
fluids, the power-law is often used where 𝜏 is the shear stress, 𝐶 is the model
constant with value of 0.4 𝑁 7 𝑠 # /𝑚!. Pseudoplastic
#
𝑑𝑢
𝜏≈𝐶
𝑑𝑦
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒, 𝑑𝐵⁄𝑑𝑡

(a) From Figure 2.1 deduce the values of exponent n for each of the different
types of fluid (Newtonian, dilatant and pseudoplastic).
𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝑢=𝑉

(b) Consider the fluid being sheared between parallel plates in Figure 2.2. If the
ℎ
shear stress applied to the fluid is 1200 Pa, find the velocity 𝑉 of the moving
upper plate for the cases of 𝑛 = 1.0, 𝑛 = 1.2 and 𝑛 = 0.8. The distance 𝑢=0
𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒
between two plate is ℎ = 0.001 𝑚.
Figure 2.2
TUTORIAL 1: Q3
(a) From Figure 2.1 deduce the values of exponent n for each of the different types of fluid (Newtonian, dilatant and
pseudoplastic).

From the trend of the curves in Figure

Dilatant
2.1, we can deduce that for

$
𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝜏

Newtonian
𝑑𝑢 𝑁𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑎𝑛, 𝑛 = 1
𝜏≈𝐶
𝑑𝑦
𝐷𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡, 𝑛 > 1
Pseudoplastic
𝑃𝑠𝑒𝑢𝑑𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐, 𝑛 < 1

𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒, 𝑑𝐵⁄𝑑𝑡

Figure 2.1
TUTORIAL 1: Q3
(b) Consider the fluid being sheared between parallel plates in Figure 2.2. If the shear stress applied to the fluid is 1200
Pa, find the velocity 𝑉 of the moving upper plate for the cases of 𝑛 = 1.0, 𝑛 = 1.2 and 𝑛 = 0.8. The distance
between two plate is ℎ = 0.001 𝑚.

𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝑢=𝑉 The velocity profile exhibit constant change of velocity, 𝑢 with the
$%
change of 𝑦. Hence, is equal to the slope of the velocity profile.
$&
ℎ

𝑢=0 $
$ 𝑉
𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑢
𝜏≈𝐶 𝜏=𝐶
𝑑𝑦 ℎ
TUTORIAL 1: Q3
The power law expression becomes: For 𝒏 = 𝟏. 𝟐,

# '.!
𝑁 𝑉 𝑁 𝑉
1200 ! = 0.4 𝑁 7 𝑠 # /𝑚! 1200 ! = 0.4 𝑁 7 𝑠'.!/𝑚!
𝑚 0.001 𝑚 𝑚 0.001 𝑚

𝑚
𝑉 = 0.79
𝑠

For 𝒏 = 𝟏, For 𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟖,

).*
𝑁 𝑉 𝑁 𝑉
1200 ! = 0.4 𝑁 7 𝑠/𝑚! 1200 ! = 0.4 𝑁 7 𝑠 ).*/𝑚!
𝑚 0.001 𝑚 𝑚 0.001 𝑚

𝑚
𝑚 𝑉 = 22
𝑉=3 𝑠
𝑠
TUTORIAL 1: Q4
By taking the sea-level pressure to be 101 350 Pa, calculate the pressure drop for standard air pressure at an
altitude of 5000 𝑚 assuming isothermal conditions at standard sea-level temperature of 15 ℃.

Air is compressible. By assuming it to be ideal gas,

−𝑔𝑧 +
𝑃 = 𝑃'𝑒𝑥𝑝 with 𝑅 = 8.314
𝑅𝑇 ,-./0

For air with molecular weight of 28.97 g,

𝐽 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔 7 𝑚!⁄𝑠 ! 𝑚!
𝑅 = 8.314 = 287 !
𝑚𝑜𝑙 7 𝐾 0.02897𝑘𝑔 𝐽 𝑠 7𝐾
 TUTORIAL 1: Q4
Hence,

−𝑔𝑧
𝑃 = 𝑃'𝑒𝑥𝑝
𝑅𝑇

− 9.81 𝑚⁄𝑠 ! 5000𝑚

𝑃 = 101350 𝑃𝑎 𝑒𝑥𝑝 = 56000 𝑃𝑎
𝑚!
287 ! 15 + 273.16 𝐾
𝑠 7𝐾

Pressure drop,

∆𝑃 = 101 350 − 56 000 = 45 350 𝑃𝑎

TUTORIAL 1: Q5

Calculate the specific gravity of fluid Y in Figure 5. Given the 𝒐𝒊𝒍 1𝑚

atmospheric pressure is 101.33 𝑘𝑃𝑎 and the pressure at
𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 2𝑚
pressure at the bottom of the tank is 242 𝑘𝑃𝑎. The density of
oil is 888 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚" .

𝑭𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝒀 3𝑚
𝜌-1. = 888 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚"

𝜌23456 = 998 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚"

Figure 5 𝒎𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒚 0.5 𝑚
𝜌,567%6& = 13545 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚"
 𝒐𝒊𝒍 1𝑚
TUTORIAL 1: Q5 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 2𝑚

𝑭𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝒀 3𝑚
From hydrostatic pressure formula,

Figure 5 𝒎𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒚 0.5 𝑚

𝑃8-44-, = 𝑃34, + s 𝜌𝑔ℎ

242 000 𝑃𝑎 = 101330 𝑃𝑎 + 9.81 𝑚⁄𝑠 ! 888 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚" × 1𝑚 + 998 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚" × 2𝑚 + 𝜌& × 3𝑚 + 13545 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚" ×0.5𝑚

𝜌& = 1560 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚"

𝜌& 1560 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚"

Specific gravity, 𝛾& = = = 1.563
𝜌23456 998 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚"
 TUTORIAL 1: Q6
Calculate the pressure drop from point A to point B in
Figure 6. The properties of the fluids are tabulated in
Table 6.

Fluid Specific weight, 𝜸

Benzene 8640 𝑁⁄𝑚"

Kerosene 7885 𝑁⁄𝑚"
Mercury 133100 𝑁⁄𝑚"
Water 9790 𝑁⁄𝑚" Figure 6

𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 𝜌𝑔 = 1.205 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚" 9.81 𝑚⁄𝑠 ! = 11.8 𝑁⁄𝑚"

 TUTORIAL 1: Q6
There are six points involved in the problem. From manometer formula,
starting from point A to point B (positive when you go down and negative
when you go up from one point to the other):

𝑃( + 𝛾)%$*%$% ℎ)%$*%$% − 𝛾+%,-.,/ ℎ+%,-.,/ − 𝛾0%,12%$% ℎ0%,12%$% + 𝛾34&%, ℎ34&%, − 𝛾45, ℎ45, = 𝑃6

𝑃9 + 8640 𝑁⁄𝑚" 0.2 𝑚 − 133100 𝑁⁄𝑚" 0.08 𝑚 − 7885 𝑁⁄𝑚" 0.4 − 0.08 𝑚 + 9790 𝑁⁄𝑚" 0.4 − 0.14 𝑚
− 11.8 𝑁⁄𝑚" 0.09 𝑚 = 𝑃:

𝑃9 + 8640 𝑁⁄𝑚" 0.2 𝑚 − 133100 𝑁⁄𝑚" 0.08 𝑚 − 7885 𝑁⁄𝑚" 0.32 𝑚 + 9790 𝑁⁄𝑚" 0.26 𝑚 − 11.8 𝑁⁄𝑚" 0.09 𝑚 = 𝑃:

𝑃9 − 𝑃: ≈ 8898.86 𝑃𝑎
TUTORIAL 1: Q7

For the system shown in Figure 7, determine the

differential height, ℎ of the mercury column.

Figure 7
 𝑃4&+

TUTORIAL 1: Q7
Gage pressure, 𝑃;3;5 is shown in the pressure meter as 65 𝑘𝑃𝑎.
The oil layer is exposed to the atmosphere; hence the standard
atmospheric pressure can be taken as 𝑃34, .

From manometer formula;

𝑃916 + 𝜌23456 𝑔ℎ23456 − 𝜌,567%6& 𝑔ℎ,567%6& − 𝜌-1. 𝑔ℎ-1. = 𝑃34,

Rearranging,

𝑃916 − 𝑃34, + 𝜌23456 𝑔ℎ23456 − 𝜌,567%6& 𝑔ℎ,567%6& − 𝜌-1. 𝑔ℎ-1. = 0

𝑃98<-.%45 = 𝑃;3;5 + 𝑃34,

𝑃;3;5 + 𝜌23456 𝑔ℎ23456 − 𝜌,567%6& 𝑔ℎ,567%6& − 𝜌-1. 𝑔ℎ-1. = 0

 TUTORIAL 1: Q7
Specific gravity is the ratio of density of the substance to water, 𝑆𝐺 = 𝜌⁄𝜌23456 . Hence dividing all terms with 𝜌23456 and 𝑔:

𝑃;3;5 𝜌,567%6& ℎ,567%6& 𝜌-1. ℎ-1.

+ ℎ23456 − − =0
𝜌23456 𝑔 𝜌23456 𝜌23456

Replacing the density ratios with specific gravities provided in the question:

𝑃;3;5
+ ℎ23456 − 13.6ℎ,567%6& − 0.72ℎ-1. = 0
𝜌23456 𝑔

65000 𝑃𝑎
+ 0.3 𝑚 − 13.6× ℎ − 0.72×0.75 𝑚 = 0
998 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚" ×9.81 𝑚⁄𝑠 !

Solving for ℎ,

ℎ = 0.47 𝑚
TUTORIAL 2: Q1
From the given shear stress and shear rate data we can observe their relationship by plotting a graph of shear stress
vs shear rate to determine the rheology of the fluid.

v All fluids shows a linear trend

Type equation here. for the changes of the shear
𝑑𝑢
𝜏=𝜇 stress and shear rate.
𝑑𝑦

v We can conclude that all three

fluids are Newtonian fluid. The
relationship between the shear
stress and shear rate can be
written as:
From Group 13
𝑑𝑢
𝜏=𝜇
𝑑𝑦
TUTORIAL 2: Q1
From the linear relationship of the Newtonian fluid, the viscosity can be determined as the slope of the graph:

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝜏=𝜇 𝜇 = 𝜏j
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Type equation here.
𝑑𝑢
Fluid 1: Fluid 2: 𝜏 = 𝜇 𝑑𝑦 Fluid 3:

30 − 0 𝑘𝑃𝑎 30 − 0 𝑘𝑃𝑎 30 − 0 𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝜇# = 𝜇# = 𝜇# =
120 − 0 1⁄𝑠 30 − 0 1⁄𝑠 60 − 0 1⁄𝑠

𝜇# = 0.25 𝑘𝑃𝑎 N 𝑠 𝜇# = 1 𝑘𝑃𝑎 N 𝑠 𝜇# = 0.5 𝑘𝑃𝑎 N 𝑠

𝜇# = 250 𝑃𝑎 N 𝑠 𝜇# = 1000 𝑃𝑎 N 𝑠 𝜇# = 500 𝑃𝑎 N 𝑠

TUTORIAL 2: Q2
Discuss the physical differences between laminar and turbulent flow.

You can discuss the physical differences in terms of:

Aspects Laminar Turbulent

Velocity (generally) Low High
Reynolds number < 2300 > 4000
Flow arrangements Highly ordered Highly disordered
Parallel Non-parallel
Vorticity/Eddies Not presence Presence
Inviscid region Smaller Larger
Transport of mass, heat and Slower Faster
momentum
TUTORIAL 2: Q3
Consider a rectangular pipe with a cross section shown in Figure 2. If you were to deliver water using this pipe,
determine:

(a) The maximum flowrate in L/min, at which the flow is in

laminar regime.
(b) The minimum flowrate in L/min, at which the flow is in 6 𝑐𝑚
turbulent regime.
Sketch the velocity profile in both cases.
6 𝑐𝑚
TUTORIAL 2: Q3
The pipe is non-circular pipe so we need to determine its hydraulic diameter (or also called as the equivalent diameter to a
circular pipe):

4𝐴7 4 0.06𝑚×0.06𝑚
𝐷= = = = 0.06𝑚
𝑝 4 0.06 𝑚

From the Reynolds number for laminar and turbulent regime, we can determine the minimum and maximum velocity at
which each of the regime occurs:

𝑅𝑒.3,1#36 = 2300 𝑅𝑒4%68%.5#4 = 4000

𝜌𝑢,3> 𝐷=
𝜌𝑢,1# 𝐷= 4000 =
2300 = 𝜇
𝜇

2300𝜇 2300 0.001 𝑃𝑎 7 𝑠 4000𝜇 4000 0.001 𝑃𝑎 7 𝑠

𝑢,1# = = = 0.04 𝑚/𝑠 𝑢,3> = = = 0.07 𝑚/𝑠
𝜌𝐷 𝑘𝑔 𝜌𝐷 𝑘𝑔
1000 " 7 0.06𝑚 1000 " 7 0.06𝑚
𝑚 𝑚
 TUTORIAL 2: Q3
The maximum flowrate, at which the flow is in laminar region can be determined as:

𝑉̇ = 𝑢 7 𝐴7

𝑚 1000 𝐿 60 𝑠 𝐿
𝑉̇ = 𝑢,1# 7 𝐴7 = 0.04 0.0036 𝑚! = 8.64
𝑠 1 𝑚" 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑖𝑛

The velocity profile can be sketched as:

𝑢"$%
𝑢

𝑢!"#
𝐷 𝑚 𝑚
𝑢,3> = 2𝑢 = 2 0.04 = 0.08
𝑠 𝑠
 TUTORIAL 2: Q3
The minimum flowrate, at which the flow is in turbulent region can be determined as:

𝑚 1000 𝐿 60 𝑠 𝐿
𝑉̇ = 𝑢,1# 7 𝐴7 = 0.07 0.0036 𝑚! = 15.12
𝑠 1 𝑚" 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑖𝑛

The velocity profile can be sketched as:

𝑢"$%
𝑢

𝑢!"#
𝐷
TUTORIAL 2: Q4
Consider a 10 cm diameter pipe with 100 m long that transports water steadily at 7.4 L/min. Determine the fraction of the
pipe that is taken up by the entrance region.

Determine the velocity, 𝑢:

Type equation here.
𝑉̇ 𝐿 1 𝑚" 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 1 𝑚
𝑢= = 7.4 × × × ! = 0.016
𝐴7 𝑚𝑖𝑛 1000 𝐿 60 𝑠 𝜋 0.05𝑚 𝑠

Determine the Reynolds number so that we know which regime the flow is in (different regime has different formula of
the entrance region):

𝑘𝑔 𝑚
𝜌𝑢𝐷 1000 7 0.016 7 0.1 𝑚
𝑚 " 𝑠 The flow is laminar.
𝑅𝑒 = = = 1600
𝜇 0.001 𝑃𝑎 7 𝑠
TUTORIAL 2: Q4
From the entrance region formula for laminar regime, we can determine the entrance length taken up by the fluid before it
reaches fully developed flow:

𝐿=,.3,1#36
= 0.05𝑅𝑒
𝐷

𝐿=,.3,1#36 = 0.05𝑅𝑒𝐷 = 0.05 1600 0.1 𝑚 = 8 𝑚

Thus, from the pipe length of 100m, the fraction of the entrance length is determined to be:

𝐿=,.3,1#36 8𝑚
= = 0.08 𝑜𝑟 8%
𝐿 100 𝑚
TUTORIAL 2: Q5
The velocity at the point between the center of the pipe and the pipe wall in a fully developed laminar flow is given as 11
m/s. Determine the maximum velocity at the center of the pipe.

Sketch the problem to assist with the solution: You need to remember that:

v R is the radius of the pipe. Hence, R is

always constant.
𝑅
𝑟
v r is any point or coordinate along the
r-axis (it is similar to x and y axis just that
we use r here as the x-axis is also the
direction of the pipe radius). Hence r is a
variable and it can change depending
where the point is located.
TUTORIAL 2: Q5
The velocity at the point between the center of the pipe and the pipe wall in a fully developed laminar flow is given as 11
m/s. Determine the maximum velocity at the center of the pipe.

" Type equation here. 𝑅 ⁄2 "

𝑟 11 𝑚/𝑠 = 2𝑢478 1 −
𝑢 𝑟 = 2𝑢478 1 − 𝑅"
𝑅"
𝑅"
11 𝑚/𝑠 = 2𝑢478 1− "
4𝑅
𝑅
𝐴𝑡 𝑟 = 𝑢 = 11 𝑚/𝑠 1
2 11𝑚/𝑠 = 2𝑢478 1 −
4

𝑢478 = 7.33 𝑚/𝑠

𝑢+49 = 2𝑢478 = 2 7.33 𝑚/𝑠 = 14.7 𝑚/𝑠
TUTORIAL 2: Q5
For a fully developed laminar flow, we know that the velocity at any point in the pipe can be determined using the
following equation:

𝑟!
𝑢 𝑟 = 2𝑢3@; 1− ! The equation tells us how the velocity changes with r.
𝑅

From the question, it is stated that the velocity at the point between the center of the pipe and the pipe wall is given as 11 m/s

So we can write this as:

At 𝑟 = 𝑅/2, 𝑢 = 11 𝑚/𝑠 or
𝑅 𝑟
At this point, r is
𝑅/2 !
equal to the half 𝑢 𝑟 = 𝑅/2 = 2𝑢3@; 1−
of the radius, R. 𝑅!
𝑅/2 !
11 𝑚/𝑠 = 2𝑢3@; 1−
𝑅!
 TUTORIAL 2: Q5
Solving the equation, we can determine the average velocity:

𝑅 ⁄2 !
11 𝑚/𝑠 = 2𝑢3@; 1−
𝑅!

𝑅!
11 𝑚/𝑠 = 2𝑢3@; 1− !
4𝑅

1
11𝑚/𝑠 = 2𝑢3@; 1 −
4

Hence, from the average velocity, in laminar flow, we know

𝑢3@; = 7.33 𝑚/𝑠
that the maximum velocity is twice of the average velocity:

𝑢,3> = 2𝑢3@; = 2 7.33 𝑚/𝑠 = 14.7 𝑚/𝑠

TUTORIAL 2: Q6
A liquid with kinematic viscosity of 6 Stokes and specific gravity 1.9 is flowing through a 100 mm diameter pipe at an
average velocity of 2 m/s. Determine the regime of this flow.

The Reynolds number formula can also be written as The Reynolds number is:
the function of the kinematic viscosity, 𝜂:

𝜌𝑢𝐷 𝑢𝐷 (2 𝑚⁄𝑠)(0.1𝑚)
𝑢𝐷 𝑅𝑒 = = = 333.33
𝑅𝑒 = 𝑅𝑒 = 𝜂 0.006 𝑚!⁄𝑠
𝜇 𝜂

Hence, the flow is laminar.

The kinematic viscosity in SI units:

𝜂.1A%1$ = 6 𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑘𝑒𝑠 = 0.0006 𝑚!⁄𝑠

TUTORIAL 3: Q1
What are the drawbacks of method of repeating variables to perform dimensional analysis? Suggest another method that
can overcome the drawbacks.

The methods of repeating variable which applied the Buckingham Pi theorem allows the determination of
nondimensional/ dimensionless groups. At the end of this method, we obtained the functional relationship of the quantity
of interest. For example, the Example 1 in Lecture 6:

𝑧 𝑤: 𝑡
=𝑓 , 𝐹𝑟
𝑧: 𝑧:

The method provides us with the functional relationship of the nondimensional groups. However, the exact form of the
B 2&4
functional relationship is most of the time not predicted. In other words, it tells us that is a function of and 𝐹𝑟 but
B& B&
B 2&4
it doesn’t tell us exactly how does changes when and 𝐹𝑟 changes. The only way to obtain the exact form of the
B& B&
B 2&4
functional relationship is by conducting experiments to observe how B when B&
and 𝐹𝑟 are varied.
&
TUTORIAL 3: Q2

Determine the nondimensional relationship for a power input to a pump, 𝑃 which is a function of;
a. Volume flow rate to the pump, 𝑉̇
b. Pump impeller diameter, 𝐷
c. Rotational rate, 𝜔
d. Fluid density, 𝜌
e. Fluid viscosity, 𝜇.
TUTORIAL 3: Q2
1. Functional relationship: 2. Primary dimensions 3. Number of Π groups

Parameter Dimension
𝑃 = 𝑓 𝑉,̇ 𝐷, 𝜔, 𝜌, 𝜇
𝑗=3
𝑃 " ;!
𝑚𝐿 𝑡
Hence, the number of
𝑘 =6−3=3
variables is: 𝑉̇ 𝐿! 𝑡 ;#

𝐷 𝐿 4. Repeating parameters:
𝑛=6
𝜔 𝑡 ;# 𝜔

𝜌 𝑚𝐿;! 𝜌

𝜇 𝑚𝐿;# 𝑡 ;# 𝐷
TUTORIAL 3: Q2
5. Nondimensional groups

Π' = 𝑃𝜔 3' 𝜌 8' 𝐷 7' 1 + 𝑏' = 0, 𝑏' = −1 Π' = 𝑃𝜔 C"𝜌 C'𝐷 CD

2 −3𝑏' +𝑐' = 0, 𝑐' = −5 𝑃
Π' = 𝑚𝐿!𝑡 C" 𝑡 C' 3' 𝑚𝐿C" 8' 𝐿 7' = 𝐿)𝑚)𝑡 ) =
−3−𝑎'= 0, 𝑎' = −3 𝜔 "𝜌𝐷 D

̇ 3( 𝜌 8( 𝐷 7( 𝑏! = 0, ̇ C'𝜌 )𝐷 C"
Π! = 𝑉𝜔
Π! = 𝑉𝜔
3 −3𝑏! +𝑐! = 0, 𝑐! = −3 𝑉̇
Π! = 𝐿"𝑡 C' 𝑡 C' 3( 𝑚𝐿C" 8( 𝐿 7( = 𝐿)𝑚)𝑡 ) =
−1−𝑎!= 0, 𝑎! = −1 𝜔𝐷 "

Π" = 𝜇𝜔 3) 𝜌 8) 𝐷 7) 1 + 𝑏" = 0, 𝑏" = −1 Π" = 𝜇𝜔 C'𝜌 C'𝐷 C!

−1 −3𝑏" +𝑐" = 0, 𝑐" = −2 𝜇

Π" = 𝑚𝐿C'𝑡 C' 𝑡 C' 3) 𝑚𝐿C" 8) 𝐿 7) = 𝐿)𝑚)𝑡 ) =
𝜔𝜌𝐷 !
−1−𝑎"= 0, 𝑎" = −1
TUTORIAL 3: Q2
6. Nondimensional functional relationship:

Original functional relationship: Nondimensional functional relationship:

𝑃 = 𝑓 𝑉,̇ 𝐷, 𝜔, 𝜌, 𝜇 Π' = 𝑓 Π!, Π"

𝑃 𝑉̇ 𝜇
= 𝑓 ,
𝜔 "𝜌𝐷 D 𝜔𝐷 " 𝜔𝜌𝐷 !

The original functional relation between six variables is now reduced to three dimensionless group.
TUTORIAL 3: Q3
When a fluid flow past a cylindrical body, flow separation occurs in which vortices are shed from the top and bottom
of the body alternately as shown in figure where A and C represent the vortices from top side while B represents the
vortices from the bottom side of the body. The frequency of the vortex shedding, 𝑓@ is a function of the incoming
velocity u, cylinder diameter D, density ρ and viscosity μ of the fluid. Find the nondimensional relationship of 𝑓@ and
what is the significance of it.
TUTORIAL 3: Q3
1. Functional relationship: 2. Primary dimensions 3. Number of Π groups

Parameter Dimension
𝑓7 = 𝑓 𝑢, 𝐷, 𝜌, 𝜇
𝑗=3
𝑓7 ;#
𝑡
Hence, the number of
𝑘 =5−3=2
variables is: 𝐿
𝐷

𝑢 𝐿𝑡 ;# 4. Repeating parameters:
𝑛=5
𝜌 𝑚𝐿;! 𝑢

𝜇 𝑚𝐿;# 𝑡 ;# 𝜌

𝐷
 TUTORIAL 3: Q3
5. Nondimensional groups

Π' = 𝑓@ 𝑢3' 𝜌 8' 𝐷 7' 𝑏' = 0 Π' = 𝑓@ 𝑢C'𝜌 )𝐷'

Π' = 𝑡 C' 𝐿𝑡 C' 3' 𝑚𝐿C" 8' 𝐿 7' = 𝐿)𝑚)𝑡 ) −1−𝑎'= 0, 𝑎' = −1
𝑓@ 𝐷
= = 𝑆𝑡
𝑎' − 3𝑏' + 𝑐' = 0, 𝑐' = 1 𝑢

1 + 𝑏! = 0, 𝑏! = −1 , Π! = 𝜇 𝑢C'𝜌 C'𝐷 C'

Π! = 𝜇 𝑢3( 𝜌 8( 𝐷 7(
−1−𝑎!= 0, 𝑎! = −1 𝜇
Π! = 𝑚𝐿C'𝑡 C' 𝐿𝑡 C' 3( 𝑚𝐿C" 8( 𝐿 7( = 𝐿)𝑚)𝑡 ) =
𝑢𝜌𝐷
−1 − 𝑎! − 3𝑏! + 𝑐! = 0, 𝑐! = −1
𝜇 C'
Π!,,-$1E15$ =
𝑢𝜌𝐷

= 𝑅𝑒
TUTORIAL 3: Q3
6. Nondimensional functional relationship:

Original functional relationship: Nondimensional functional relationship:

𝑓7 = 𝑓 𝑢, 𝐷, 𝜌, 𝜇
Π' = 𝑓 Π!

𝑅𝑒 = 𝑓 𝑆𝑡

The original functional relation between five variables is now reduced to two dimensionless group.

The nondimensional relationship signify that the Reynolds number of the flow, is a function of the Strouhal number,
which is the ratio of the characteristic flow time to the period of oscillation. In the case of the flow past a cylindrical
E*F
body, at constant cylinder diameter, D the Strouhal number which is %
tells that increase in the velocity (and thus the
Re) is compensated by the increase in the frequency of vortex shedding which keeps the St to be constant at a certain
regime.
TUTORIAL 3: Q4
The volumetric flow rate 𝑉̇ in a laminar flow as shown in Figure 4 is only a function of the pipe diameter 𝐷, fluid
viscosity 𝜇 and the pressure different which in this horizontal flow case is the axial pressure different 𝑑𝑃⁄𝑑𝑥. With
dimensional analysis, we can quickly estimate the changes of the dependent variables with any change of the influencing
parameter. For this problem, use dimensional analysis to determine by what factor the 𝑉̇ will increase if the only the pipe
diameter is doubled.

𝑃! 𝑃"

𝑉
𝐷 𝜌, 𝜇
TUTORIAL 3: Q4
1. Functional relationship: 2. Primary dimensions 3. Number of Π groups

Parameter Dimension
𝑉̇ = 𝑓 𝐷, 𝜇, 𝑑𝑃⁄𝑑𝑥
𝑗=3
𝑉̇ ! ;#
𝐿 𝑡
Hence, the number of
𝑘 =4−3=1
variables is:
𝐷 𝐿

𝑛=4 4. Repeating parameters:

𝜇 𝑚𝐿;# 𝑡 ;#
𝐷

𝑑𝑃⁄𝑑𝑥 𝑚𝐿;" 𝑡 ;" 𝜇

𝑑𝑃⁄𝑑𝑥
TUTORIAL 3: Q4
5. Nondimensional group

̇ 3' 𝜇 8' 𝑑𝑃⁄𝑑𝑥 7'

Π' = 𝑉𝐷

Π' = 𝐿"𝑡 C' 𝐿 3' 𝑚𝐿C'𝑡 C' 8' 𝑚𝐿C!𝑡 C! 7' = 𝐿)𝑚)𝑡 )

Equating exponents: Hence,

𝑏' + 𝑐' = 0, 𝑏' = −𝑐' ̇ CG𝜇 ' 𝑑𝑃⁄𝑑𝑥C'

Π' = 𝑉𝐷

−1 − 𝑏' − 2𝑐' = 0, 𝑐' = −1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏' = 1

̇
𝑉𝜇
Π' =
3 +𝑎' −𝑏' − 2𝑐' = 0, 𝑎' = −4 𝐷 G 𝑑𝑃⁄𝑑𝑥
TUTORIAL 3: Q4
6. Nondimensional functional relationship:

For the case of only one nondimensional group,

Π' = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 To observe the change of 𝑉̇ when the pipe diameter is

doubled, we rearrange the nondimensional relation as:
̇
𝑉𝜇
= 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝐷 G 𝑑𝑃⁄𝑑𝑥 𝐶𝐷 G 𝑑𝑃⁄𝑑𝑥
𝑉̇ =
𝜇
Let’s write the constant as C
Hence, if D is doubled while other parameters remained
̇
𝑉𝜇 unchanged, 𝑉̇ will change in the factor of:
=𝐶
𝐷 G 𝑑𝑃⁄𝑑𝑥
2G = 16
TUTORIAL 3: Q5
Consider a Couette flow where fluid flow in between two parallel plates separated by a distance ℎ. The top plate
is moving at speed 𝑆 while the bottom plate remains stationary as shown in Figure 5. From dimensional analysis,
find the nondimensional relationship of the velocity 𝑢 as function of fluid viscosity 𝜇, top plate speed 𝑆, plate
distance ℎ, fluid density 𝜌 and the vertical distance 𝑦. States your assumptions.

Moving plate with speed 𝑆

𝑢
ℎ 𝜌, 𝜇

Stationary
plate
TUTORIAL 3: Q5
1. Functional relationship: 2. Primary dimensions 3. Number of Π groups

Parameter Dimension
𝑢 = 𝑓 𝑆, 𝜇, ℎ, 𝜌, 𝑦
;#
𝑗=3
𝑢 𝐿𝑡
Hence, the number of
𝑘 =6−3=3
variables is: 𝑆 𝐿𝑡 ;#

𝜇 𝑚𝐿;# 𝑡 ;# 4. Repeating parameters:

𝑛=6
ℎ 𝐿 𝑆
𝜌
𝜌 𝑚𝐿;!

𝑦 𝐿 ℎ
TUTORIAL 3: Q5
5. Nondimensional groups

Π' = 𝑢S 3'𝜌 8'ℎ7' 𝑏' = 0, Π' = 𝑢S C'𝜌 )ℎ)

−1−𝑎'= 0, 𝑎' = −1 𝑢
Π' = 𝐿𝑡 C' 𝐿𝑡 C' 3' 𝑚𝐿C" 8' 𝐿 7' = 𝐿)𝑚)𝑡 ) =
𝑆
1 +𝑎' −3𝑏'+𝑐'= 0, 𝑐' = 0

Π! = 𝜇S 3( 𝜌 8( ℎ7( 1+𝑏!= 0, 𝑏! = −1 Π! = 𝜇S C'𝜌 C'ℎC'

𝜇
Π! = 𝑚𝐿C'𝑡 C' 𝐿𝑡 C' 3( 𝑚𝐿C" 8( 𝐿 7( = 𝐿)𝑚)𝑡 ) −1 − 𝑎!= 0, 𝑎! = −1 =
S𝜌ℎ
−1 +𝑎! −3𝑏!+𝑐!= 0, 𝑐' = −1 Π!,,-$1E15$ = 𝑅𝑒

3) 𝜌 8) ℎ7) 𝑏" = 0 Π" = 𝑦S )𝜌 )ℎC'

Π" = 𝑦S
−𝑎"= 0, 𝑎" = 0 𝑦
Π" = 𝐿 𝐿𝑡 C' 3) 𝑚𝐿C" 8) 𝐿 7) = 𝐿)𝑚)𝑡 ) =
1 +𝑎" −3𝑏"+𝑐"= 0, 𝑐" = −1 ℎ
TUTORIAL 3: Q5
6. Nondimensional functional relationship:

Original functional relationship: Nondimensional functional relationship:

𝑢 = 𝑓 𝑆, 𝜇, ℎ, 𝜌, 𝑦 Π' = 𝑓 Π!, Π"

𝑢 𝑦
= 𝑓 𝑅𝑒,
𝑆 ℎ

The original functional relation between six variables is now reduced to three dimensionless group.
TUTORIAL 4: Q1
The flow is steady when there is no change of the mass flowrate
with time. From mass conservation principle:
0
𝑉̇1# C.V. 𝑉̇-%4 𝑑𝑚HI
𝑚̇ 1# − 𝑚̇ -%4 =
𝑑𝑡

𝑚̇ 1# − 𝑚̇ -%4 = 0

Given that: 𝑚̇ 1# = 𝑚̇ -%4

𝑉̇5$ = 𝑉̇1.& 𝜌1# 𝐴1# 𝑉̇1# = 𝜌-%4 𝐴-%4 𝑉̇-%4

Hence, the flow is not necessarily steady. Since the area and the volume flowrate is constant at the inlet and at
the outlet, the steady state equation is only valid when:

𝜌1# = 𝜌-%4
TUTORIAL 4: Q2
Define the control volume in the system: Mass balance/conservation:

2 3 s 𝑚1# − s 𝑚-%4 = ∆𝑚HI

4
1
C.V. 𝑚' + 𝑚" + 𝑚G + 𝑚J + 𝑚K − 𝑚! + 𝑚D = ∆𝑚HI
7 5
At steady state:
6

𝑚' + 𝑚" + 𝑚G + 𝑚J + 𝑚K − 𝑚! + 𝑚D = 0
TUTORIAL 4: Q3
Definition:

Mechanical energy is defined as ‘any form of energy that can be converted to mechanical work
completely and directly by a mechanical device such as an ideal turbine’.

Different:

Thermal energy on the other hand is ‘form of energy that can’t be converted to mechanical work
completely and directly’.

Forms:
Examples of the forms of mechanical energy include kinetic, potential and flow energy – the ones
considered in Bernoulli equation.
 TUTORIAL 4: Q4
Bernoulli equation for two points (1 and 2):

𝑢'! 𝑢!!
𝑃' + 𝜌 + 𝜌𝑔𝑧' = 𝑃! + 𝜌 + 𝜌𝑔𝑧!
35 𝑐𝑚 2 2
26 𝑐𝑚
𝑢'!
2 𝑐𝑚 𝑃' + 𝜌 = 𝑃!
1 2 2

𝑢'! 𝑃! − 𝑃'
=
2 𝜌
Stagnation
Stagnation
point
point 𝑃! − 𝑃'
𝑢' = 2
𝜌

Assumptions: Flow is steady, incompressible, 𝑢' = 2𝑔(0.37 − 0.28) = 1.33 𝑚/𝑠

negligible frictional effects, irrotational.
TUTORIAL 4: Q5 Assuming an ideal gas, the density of the gas can be determined
from the ideal gas law:

2 𝑃 105 000 𝑃𝑎
𝜌= = " = 1.18 𝑘 𝑔⁄𝑚"
1 𝑅𝑇 287 𝑃𝑎 7 𝑚 ⁄𝑘 𝑔 7 𝐾 37 + 273 𝐾

Calculating the velocities at both points (the diameter changes

from point 1 to point 2 so the velocity differs):

𝐿 𝑚" 𝑚"
Figure 3 𝑉̇ = 65 × = 0.065
𝑠 1000𝐿 𝑠

Assumptions: Flow is steady, incompressible, 𝑚" 1

𝑢' = 0.065 × = 23 𝑚⁄𝑠
negligible frictional effects, uniform streamlines. 𝑠 𝜋0.03!𝑚!

𝑚" 1
𝑢! = 0.065 × = 51.72 𝑚⁄𝑠
𝑠 𝜋0.02!𝑚!
 Pipe Properties:
TUTORIAL 5: Q1 Asphalted cast iron

0.0254 𝑚
𝐷 = 6 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ× = 0.1524 𝑚
𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ
0.3048𝑚
𝜀 = 0.0004 𝑓𝑡× = 0.00012𝑚
𝑓𝑡

𝜀 0.00012𝑚
= = 0.0008
𝐷 0.1524 𝑚
Assumptions:
Flow Properties:
1. Steady state.
2. Incompressible flow. 𝑓𝑡 0.3048𝑚
3. No pipe components. 𝜌𝑢𝐷 1000 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚" 6 𝑠 × 0.1524 𝑚
𝑓𝑡
4. Negligible entrance effects. 𝑅𝑒 = = = 278709
𝜇 0.001 𝑃𝑎 7 𝑠

From Moody Diagram: 𝑓 ≈ 0.019

 TUTORIAL 5: Q1
Head loss (major head loss as there is no pipe Pressure drop across the pipe:
components involved in this problem):

𝐿 𝑢! ∆𝑃L
ℎL = 𝑓 ℎL =
𝐷 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔

0.3048𝑚 𝑚! ∆𝑃L = ℎL 𝜌𝑔 = 1.3 𝑚 1000 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚" 9.81 𝑚⁄𝑠 !

200𝑓𝑡× 1.83!
𝑓𝑡 𝑠!
ℎL = 0.019
0.1524 𝑚 2 9.81 𝑚⁄𝑠 !
𝑘𝑔
= 12753
= 1.3 𝑚 𝑚𝑠 !
TUTORIAL 5: Q2
Why head loss is important to be considered in the
pump power requirements?

• Head loss represents the additional head required in the piping system to achieve the desired flow rate
of transported fluid. Thus, it indicates, the extra power that you

• If head loss is not considered:

1. Head required, 𝐻65A%165$ and pump power, 𝑊 requirement will be underestimated.

2. The desired/designed flow rate will not be achieved.

TUTORIAL 5: Q3
Operation of Centrifugal Pump:

• Centrifugal pump is a type of dynamic pump, so its operations involved a rotating blades or
rotor blades which transfers the energy to the fluid:

1. Fluid enters axially through a hollow middle portion of the pump where it encounters the rotating blades.

2. The fluid acquires tangential and radial velocity (momentum transfer from the blades) with an
additional radial velocity.

3. The fluid leaves the impeller after gaining both speed and pressure.

• The outlet contains a snail-shape diffuser with the purpose to decelerate the fast-moving fluid.
If the fluid is incompressible and the inlet and outlet diameter of the pump is similar, the
average flow speed at the outlet will be like the inlet. Hence, the fluid will only experience a
rise in pressure but not velocity.
TUTORIAL 5: Q4
Two points: Point 1 at the surface of the tank and
𝜌 = 999.1 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚" point 2 at the outlet.

1 𝜇 = 1.138×10C" 𝑘𝑔/𝑚 7 𝑠
𝐿1 𝑢1 ! 𝑢M !
𝜀 = 0.26 𝑚𝑚 ℎL,4-43. = s 𝑓1 + s 𝐾L,M
30 𝑚 𝐷1 2𝑔 2𝑔
Water tank 1 M
2
Pump We have two pipe diameters.
Hence the velocity in both
20 𝑚 35 𝑚
pipes will vary (smaller pipe
has higher velocity)
Assumptions:

1. Steady state.
Pipe 1 (𝐷 = 6𝑐𝑚) Take note at steady state and
2. Incompressible flow.
incompressible flow, the volume
3. Pipe is horizontal.
Pipe 2 (𝐷 = 4𝑐𝑚) flowrate is constant regardless of the
4. Negligible entrance effects.
pipe size (but the velocity will vary)
 TUTORIAL 5: Q4
Pipe 1 Pipe 2

𝑉̇ 18 𝐿 𝑚" 1 𝑉̇ 18 𝐿 𝑚" 1
Velocities: 𝑢' = = × × = 6.4 𝑚/𝑠 𝑢! = = × × = 14.4 𝑚/𝑠
𝐴7 𝑠 1000𝐿 𝜋0.03! 𝐴7 𝑠 1000𝐿 𝜋0.02!

999.1 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚" 6.4 𝑚/𝑠 0.06 𝑚 999.1 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚" 14.4 𝑚/𝑠 0.04 𝑚
Reynolds: 𝑅𝑒' = = 337130 𝑅𝑒! = = 505696
1.138×10C" 𝑘𝑔/𝑚 7 𝑠 1.138×10C" 𝑘𝑔/𝑚 7 𝑠

Relative 𝜀 0.026 𝑐𝑚 𝜀 0.026 𝑐𝑚

= = 0.00433 = = 0.0065
roughness: 𝐷' 6 𝑐𝑚 𝐷! 4 𝑐𝑚

Friction factor 𝑓' ≈ 0.028 𝑓! ≈ 0.03

(Moody):
 TUTORIAL 5: Q4
Total head loss (major loss in pipe 1 and 2 plus minor loss due to pipe connection:

𝑢'! 𝐿' 𝐿! 𝑢!!

ℎL,4-43. = 𝑓' + 𝐾L + 𝑓!
2𝑔 𝐷' 𝐷! 2𝑔

6.4 𝑚/𝑠 ! 20𝑚 35𝑚 14.4 𝑚/𝑠 !

ℎL,4-43. = 0.028 7 + 0.5 + 0.08 + 0.03
2 9.81 𝑚⁄𝑠 ! 0.06𝑚 0.04𝑚 2 9.81 𝑚⁄𝑠 !

= 20.7 𝑚 + 277.4 𝑚 = 298.13 𝑚

 Bernoulli equation at two points:

TUTORIAL 5: Q4 𝑃' 𝑢'!

+
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
+ 𝑧' =
𝑃! 𝑢!!
+
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
+ 𝑧! + ℎL

Head required:
1 𝑢!!
ℎ65A%165$ = + 𝑧! − 𝑧' + ℎL
30 𝑚
2𝑔
Water tank
2 14.4 𝑚/𝑠 !
Pump ℎ65A%165$ = + 0 − 30𝑚 + 298.13𝑚
2 9.81 𝑚⁄𝑠 !
20 𝑚 35 𝑚

= 278.9 𝑚
At Point 1: At Point 2:
Pump power required:
𝑢' = 0 𝑢! = 14.4 𝑚/𝑠
𝑘𝑔 𝑚" 𝑚
𝑃' = 𝑃34, 𝑃! = 𝑃34, ̇ 65A%165$
𝑊 = 𝜌𝑉𝑔ℎ = 999.1 " 0.018 9.81 278.9 𝑚
𝑚 𝑠 𝑠!

𝑧' = 30 𝑚 𝑧! = 0 𝑚
𝑊 = 49.2 𝑘𝑊
TUTORIAL 5: Q5 Velocity:

𝑉̇ 0.43 𝑓𝑡 " 0.028𝑚" 1

0.0254 𝑚 𝑢= = × × = 1.5 𝑚/𝑠
𝐷 = 4 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ× = 0.1 𝑚 𝐴7 𝑠 𝑓𝑡 " 𝜋(0.05𝑚)!
𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ 2
Figure 5

Reynolds:
11
9 ft

1000 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚" 1.5 𝑚/𝑠 0.1 𝑚

Pump 𝑅𝑒 = = 150000
0.001 𝑘𝑔/𝑚 7 𝑠

Assumptions: Relative roughness:

1. Steady state.
2. Incompressible flow. 𝜀 0.000045 𝑚
= = 0.00045
3. Negligible entrance effects. 𝐷 0.1 𝑚

Friction factor (Moody): 𝑓' ≈ 0.0195

 TUTORIAL 5: Q5 Gage pressure:
No gage pressure as it is
open to the atmosphere.

Two points: Point 1 in the pipe and point 2 at the surface 6894.76 𝑃𝑎
𝑃' = 6.5 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑔× = 44816 𝑃𝑎 𝑃! = 0
𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑔

2
Figure 5 Or you can use Absolute Pressure, 𝑷𝒂𝒃𝒔 = 𝑷𝒈𝒂𝒈𝒆 + 𝑷𝒂𝒕𝒎:

11
9 ft
𝑃' = 44816 𝑃𝑎 + 𝑃34, 𝑃! = 𝑃34,

Pump
Velocity:

𝑢' = 1.5 𝑚/𝑠 𝑢! = 0 𝑚/𝑠 (surface)

Pipe components-𝒌𝑳 :

1. Half open disk valve – 2.8

2. Filter - 𝑘L,E1.456 . Elevation:
3. Two 90o elbows – 0.64 + 0.64 0.305 𝑚
4. Exit - 1 𝑧' = 0 𝑚 𝑧! = 9 𝑓𝑡× = 2.745 𝑚
𝑓𝑡
 TUTORIAL 5: Q5
Bernoulli equation at two points:

𝑃' 𝑢'! 𝑃! 𝑢!!

+ + 𝑧' = + + 𝑧! + ℎL,,3M-6 + ℎL,,1#-6
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔

𝑃' 𝑢'! 𝐿 𝑢!
+ = 𝑧! + 𝑓 + 2.8 + 𝑘L,E1.456 + 2 0.64 + 1
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝐷 2𝑔

44816 1.5 𝑚/𝑠 ! (24.4𝑚) 1.5 𝑚/𝑠 !

+ = 2.745𝑚 + 0.0195 + 2.8 + 𝑘L,E1.456 + 2 0.64 + 1
1000 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚" 9.81 𝑚⁄𝑠 ! 2 9.81 𝑚⁄𝑠 ! (0.1𝑚) 2 9.81 𝑚⁄𝑠 !

Solve for loss coefficient of filter:

𝑘L,E1.456 = 9.64