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    Ch12 - Scales Reliability and Validity

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    Ch12 - Scales Reliability and Validity

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    6 views20 pages

    Ch12 - Scales Reliability and Validity

    Uploaded by

    ahmadbinowaidha

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 20

    Research Methods for Business

    A Skill Building Approach


    Eighth Edition

    1
    Chapter 12

    Measurement of Variables: Scaling,


    Reliability, Validity

    2
    Scale
     Measurement means gathering data in the form of
    numbers.
     To be able to assign numbers to attributes of
    objects we need a scale: a tool or mechanism by
    which individuals are distinguished as to how they
    differ from one another on the variables of interest
    to our study.
    Four Types of Scales
     There are four basic types of scales: nominal,
    ordinal, interval, and ratio.
     The degree of sophistication to which the scales
    are fine-tuned increases progressively as we move
    from the nominal to the ratio scale.
    Nominal Scale
     A nominal scale is one that allows the researcher to assign subjects to
    certain categories or groups.

     What is your department?


    O Marketing O Maintenance O Finance
    O Production O Servicing O Personnel
    O Sales O Public Relations O Accounting

     What is your gender?


    O Male
    O Female
    Nominal Scale
    Ordinal Scale
     Ordinal scale: not only categorizes variables in such a way
    as to denote differences among various categories, it also
    rank-orders categories in some meaningful way.

     What is the highest level of education you have


    completed?
    O Less than High School
    O High School/GED Equivalent
    O College Degree
    O Masters Degree
    O Doctoral Degree
    Ordinal Scale
    Interval Scale
     In an interval scale, or equal interval scale,
    numerically equal distances on the scale represent
    equal values in the characteristics being measured.
     Allows us to compare differences between objects:
    The difference between any two values on the
    scale is identical to the difference between any
    two other neighboring values of the scale.
    Interval scale
    Interval Scale
     The clinical thermometer is a good example of an
    interval-scaled instrument; it has an arbitrary
    origin and the magnitude of the difference
    between 98.6 degrees (the normal body
    temperature) and 99.6 degrees is the same as the
    magnitude of the difference between 104 and 105
    degrees.
    Ratio Scale
     Ratio scale: overcomes the disadvantage of the
    arbitrary origin point of the interval scale, in that it
    has an absolute (in contrast to an arbitrary) zero
    point, which is a meaningful measurement point.

     What is your age?


    Ratio Scale
    Ordinal Scale or Interval Scale?
     Circle the number that represents your feelings at this particular moment best.
    There are no right or wrong answers. Please answer every question.

    1. I invest more in my work than I get out of it

    I disagree completely 1 2 3 4 5 I agree completely

    2. I exert myself too much considering what I get back in return

    I disagree completely 1 2 3 4 5 I agree completely

    3. For the efforts I put into the organization, I get much in return

    I disagree completely 1 2 3 4 5 I agree completely


    Properties of the Four Scales
    Goodness of Measures
    Validity
    Reliability
     Reliability of measure indicates extent to which it
    is without bias and hence ensures consistent
    measurement across time (stability) and across the
    various items in the instrument (internal
    consistency).
    Stability
     Stability: ability of a measure to remain the same
    over time, despite uncontrollable testing
    conditions or the state of the respondents
    themselves.
    – Test–Retest Reliability: The reliability coefficient
    obtained with a repetition of the same measure on a
    second occasion.
    – Parallel-Form Reliability: Responses on two
    comparable sets of measures tapping the same construct
    are highly correlated.
    Internal Consistency
     Internal Consistency of Measures is indicative of
    the homogeneity of the items in the measure that
    tap the construct.
    – Interitem Consistency Reliability: This is a test of the
    consistency of respondents’ answers to all the items in a
    measure. The most popular test of interitem consistency
    reliability is the Cronbach’s coefficient alpha.
    – Split-Half Reliability: Split-half reliability reflects the
    correlations between two halves of an instrument.

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