Mathematics

Formulas
GST (Goods and Services Tax)
1. Profit = SP − CP
2. Loss = CP − SP
Profit
3. Profit% = CP × 100
Loss
4. Loss% = × 100
CP
5. SP = MP − Discount

BANKING
n(n+1) r
1. Interest = P × 2×12 × 100
2. Maturity Value = P × n + I

QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
−b±√b2 −4ac
1. x = 2a

SOLVING (SIMPLE) PROBLEMS

Distance
1. Time = Speed

ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION
1. Tn = a + (n − 1)d
2. d = t2 - t1
n
3. Sn= 2 [2a + (n − 1)d]
n
4. Sn= 2 [a + l]

SECTION AND MID-POINT FORMULA

1. Distance Formula = √(x2 − x1)2 + (y2 − y1)2
m1x2+m2x1 m1y2+m2y1
2. Section = [ , ]
m1+m2 m1+m2
x1+x2 y1+y2
3. Mid Point = [ , ]
2 2
x1+x2+x3 y1+y2+y3
4. Centroid = [ , ]
3 3

EQUATION OF A LINE
1. m = tan θ
y2−y1
2. m = x2−x1
3. y = mx + c
4. y –y1 = m(x – x1)
CYLINDER , CONE AND SPHERE

Cylinder
1. Area of Cross section(circle) = πr 2
2. Perimeter (circumference) of cross section = 2πr
3. Curved Surface area = 2πrh
4. Total Surface area = 2πr(h + r)
5. Volume = πr 2 h

Hollow Cylinder
1. Thickness = R − r
2. Area of cross section = π(R2 − r 2 )
3. External Curved surface area = 2πRh
4. Internal Curved surface area = 2πrh
5. Total surface area = 2πRh + 2πrh + 2π(R2 − r 2 )
6. Volume = π(R2 − r 2 )h

Cone
1
1. Volume = 3 πr 2 h
2. Curved (or) lateral surface area = πrl
3. Total surface area = πr(l + r)
4. l2 = h2 + r 2

Sphere
4
1. Volume = 3 πr 3
2. Surface area = 4πr 2

Spherical Shell
4
1. Volume = π(R3 − r 3 )
3

Hemisphere
2
1. Volume = 3 πr 3
2. Total surface area = 3πr 2

Conversion of Solids
Volume of bigger solid
1. Number of solids = Volume of smaller solid

TRIGONOMETRICAL IDENTITIES

Trigonometrical Ratios :
Perpendicular
1. Sine(sin θ) = Hypotenuse
Base
2. Cosine(cos θ) = Hypotenuse
Perpendicular
3. Tangent(tan θ) = Base
Base
4. Cotangent(cot θ) = Perpendicular
 Hypotenuse
5. Secant(sec θ) = Base
Hypotenuse
6. Cosecant(cosec θ) =
Perpendicular

Reciprocal Relations:
1
1. Sin A = cosec A
1
2. Cos A = sec A
1
3. Tan A = cot A
1
4. Cosec A = sin A
1
5. Sec A = cos A
1
6. Cot A = tan A

Quotient Relations:
sin A
1. tan A = cos A
cos A
2. cot A = sin A

Square relations:
1. sin2 A + cos 2 A = 1 ⇒ sin2 A = 1 − cos 2 A ⇒ cos 2 A = 1 − sin2 A
2. 1 + tan2 A = sec 2 A ⇒ sec 2 A − tan2 A = 1 ⇒ sec 2 A − 1 = tan2 A
3. 1 + cot 2 A = cosec 2 A ⇒ cosec 2 A − cot 2 A = 1 ⇒ cosec 2 A − 1 = cot 2 A

Standard angles:
Angles 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°
sin 0 1 1 √3 1
2 √2 2

cos 1 √3 1 1 0
2 √2 2

tan 0 1 1 √3 ∞(not defined)

√3

cot ∞(not defined) √3 1 1 0

√3

sec 1 2 √2 2 ∞(not defined)

√3

cosec ∞(not defined) 2 √2 2 1

√3
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
(MEAN , MEDIAN , QUARTILES AND MODE)

Mean:

Sum of all observations

1. Mean = Total number of observations
2. Direct method
Σfx
• Mean = Σf
Shortcut method
Σfd
• Mean = A + Σf
Step-deviation method
Σft
• Mean = A + Σf × i
3. d = x − A
d x−A
4. t = (𝐨𝐫)
i i

Median:

If n is odd
n+1 th
1. Median = [ ] term
2
If n is even
n th 1 n th n th
2. Median = [2] term (𝐨𝐫) 2 [(2) term + (2 + 1) term]

Quartiles:

1. If n is odd
n+1 th
• Lower quartile(Q1)= [ ] term
4
3(n+1) th
• Upper quartile(Q3)= [ ] term
4
2. If n is even
n th
• Lower quartile(Q1)= [ ] term
4
3n th
• Upper quartile(Q3)= [ 4 ] term
3. Inter quartile range = Q3- Q1

PROBABILITY
Number of favourable outcomes
1. Probability = Total number of possible outomes
Important Points:
• Discount is always calculated on MP(Marked Price)
• Tax is calculated on SP(Sale Price) obtained after deducting discount or adding
the profit , from the Marked Price.
• Tax = Rate of tax × SP
• N ⇒ Natural numbers
• W ⇒ Whole numbers
• R ⇒ Real numbers
• I or Z ⇒ Integer numbers
• The standard form of a quadratic equation is 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎
• 𝐛𝟐 − 𝟒𝐚𝐜 = 𝟎 ⇒ The roots are real & equal
• 𝐛𝟐 − 𝟒𝐚𝐜 > 𝟎 ⇒ The roots are real & unequal (positive)
• 𝐛𝟐 − 𝟒𝐚𝐜 < 𝟎 ⇒ The roots are imaginary [not real] (negative)
• 𝐚: 𝐛 = 𝐜: 𝐝 ⇒ 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐦𝐞𝐚𝐧𝐬 = 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐞𝐱𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐬
• To find the order of matrix : m×n × n×p = m×p
• The general form of an AP is 𝒂, 𝒂 + 𝒅, 𝒂 + 𝟐𝒅, 𝒂 + 𝟑𝒅, … … … … …
• 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐫 𝐭𝐡 𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐦 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐧𝐝 = (𝐧 − 𝐫 + 𝟏)𝐭𝐡 𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐦 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐛𝐞𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠
• The consecutive three terms of an AP is (𝐚 − 𝐝), (𝐚), (𝐚 + 𝐝)
• The consecutive four terms of an AP is (𝐚 − 𝟑𝐝), (𝐚 − 𝐝), (𝐚 + 𝐝), (𝐚 + 𝟑𝐝)
• The consecutive five terms of an AP is (𝐚 − 𝟐𝐝), (𝐚 − 𝐝), (𝐚), (𝐚 + 𝐝), (𝐚 + 𝟐𝐝)
• The consecutive six terms of an AP is (𝐚 − 𝟓𝐝), (𝐚 − 𝟑𝐝), (𝐚 − 𝐝), (𝐚 + 𝐝),
(𝐚 + 𝟑𝐝), (𝐚 + 𝟓𝐝)
• Centroid divides each median in the ratio 2:1
• Trisection of a line segment means dividing the line into 3 equal parts
• If three points A, B and C are collinear, then: 𝐬𝐥𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐀𝐁 = 𝐬𝐥𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐁𝐂
• m1= m2 (parallel)
• m1×m2= -1 (perpendicular)
• Each interior angle of the regular hexagon measures 120°
• Circumscribed ⇒ Perpendicular bisector
• Inscribed ⇒ Angular bisector
• When the solid is melted and recasted into another solid, then the volumes of
both the solids remains the same
• Volume is always represented or measured in cubic units
• Surface area is always represented in square units
• When the angle of elevation of the tower decreases, the shadow of the tower
increases
• Probability of any event can never be less than 0 or more than 1
• Or ⇒ combined
• And ⇒ common
Theorems:
1. A line drawn parallel to one side of a triangle divides the other two sides
proportionally.
2. The angle at the centre is twice the angle at the remaining circumference of the
circle.
3. Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal.
4. The angle in a semi-circle is a right angle (90°).
5. The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary.
6. The exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to the interior opposite
angle.
7. The tangent at any point of a circle and the radius through this point are
perpendicular (90°) to each other.
8. If two circles touch each other externally or internally, the point of contact lies
on the straight line through the centres.
9. If two chords of a circle intersect internally or externally then the product of
the lengths of their segments are equal. i.e.,𝑷𝑨 × 𝑷𝑩 = 𝑷𝑪 × 𝑷𝑫
10. The angle between a tangent and a chord through the point of contact is equal
to an angle in the alternate segment.
11. If a chord and a tangent intersect externally, then the product of the lengths of
the segments of the chord is equal to the square of the length of the tangent
from the point of contact to the point of intersection. i.e.,𝑷𝑻𝟐 = 𝑷𝑨 × 𝑷𝑩

Identities:
1. (𝐚 + 𝐛)𝟐 = 𝐚𝟐 + 𝐛𝟐 + 𝟐𝐚𝐛
2. (𝐚 − 𝐛)𝟐 = 𝐚𝟐 + 𝐛𝟐 − 𝟐𝐚𝐛
3. 𝐚𝟐 − 𝐛𝟐 = (𝐚 + 𝐛)(𝐚 − 𝐛)
4. (𝐚 + 𝐛)𝟑 = 𝐚𝟑 + 𝐛𝟑 + 𝟑𝐚𝟐 𝐛 + 𝟑𝐚𝐛𝟐
5. (𝐚 − 𝐛)𝟑 = 𝐚𝟑 − 𝐛𝟑 − 𝟑𝐚𝟐 𝐛 + 𝟑𝐚𝐛𝟐

Properties of special kinds of Quadrilaterals

1. Trapezium:
• One pair of opposite sides is parallel but the other pair of opposite sides is
not-parallel.
• If the non-parallel sides are equal, it is called an isosceles trapezium.
• Sum of adjacent angles on non-parallel sides is 180°.

2. Parallelogram:
• Opposite sides are parallel, equal & congruent.
• Opposite angles are equal.
• Consecutive angles are supplementary.
• Diagonals bisect each other.
 3. Rectangle:
• Opposite sides are equal & parallel.
• Diagonals are equal & congruent.
• Diagonals bisect each other.
• Each angles measures 90°.

4. Rhombus:
• All sides are equal & parallel.
• Opposite angles are equal.
• Diagonals bisect each other at 90°.
• Adjacent angles are supplementary.

5. Square:
• All sides are equal.
• Each angles measures 90°.
• Diagonals are equal.
• Diagonals bisect each other at 90°.

6. Kite:
• Adjacent sides of kite are equal.
• Diagonals bisect each other at 90°.
• Longer diagonal is perpendicular bisector of the shorter diagonal.

Diagonal properties of different kinds of

parallelogram
Properties Parallelogram Rectangle Rhombus Square
Diagonals bisect ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
each other
Diagonals are - ✓ - ✓
equal
Diagonals bisect - - ✓ ✓
vertex angles
Diagonals are - - ✓ ✓
perpendicular to
each other
Each diagonal ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
forms 2
congruent
triangles
Diagonals form 4 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
equal triangles
(Equal triangles
means, triangles
equal in area)
Diagonals form 4 - - ✓ ✓
congruent
triangles
Area and Perimeter
1. Square
• Area = (side)2
• 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 4 × 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
• 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 = √2 × 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎

2. Rectangle
• 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ × 𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑡ℎ
• 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 2(𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ + 𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑡ℎ)
• 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 = √𝑙 2 + 𝑏2

3. Parallelogram
• 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 × ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
• 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 2(𝑙 + 𝑏)

4. Trapezium
1
• 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 2 × (𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠) × ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
• 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 2(𝑙 + 𝑏)

5. Rhombus
1
• 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 2 × (𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑠)
• 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 4 × 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒

6. Kite
1
• 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 2 × (𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑠)
• 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 2(𝑎 + 𝑏)