Physics

(Mathematical Tools)
(Class 11)

Physical constants
➢ Mass of an electron (Me) = 9.1x10-31kg.
➢ Mass of a proton ( Mp) = 1.6725 x 10-27kg.
➢ Mass of a neutron (Mn) = 1.6746 x 10-27kg.
➢ Charge of an electron (e) = -1.6 x 10-19c
➢ Speed of light in vacuum (c) = 3 x108 m/sec.
➢ Planck Constant (h) = 6.6256 x 10-34 J x sec.
➢ Universal Gravitation constant (G) = 6.67 x 10-11 Nm2/ kg2.
➢ Avogadro Number (NA) = 6.023 x1023 mol-1.
➢ Boltzmann constant (K) = 1.38 x 10-23 J/K
➢ Stefan Constant (σ) = 5.67 x 10-8 W m-2 K-4.
➢ Wien Displacement Constant (b) = 2.898 x10-3 m K
➢ Solar Constant (S) = 1.388 x 103 W m-2
➢ Mass of the sun (MS) = 2x 1030kg.
➢ Mass of the earth (ME) = 5.98x 1024kg
➢ Radius of the earth (Re) = 6400 Km. = 6.4x106m.
➢ Density of earth = 5.522x103kg/m3.
➢ Average angular velocity of the earth = 7.29x 10-5rad./sec
➢ Average distance between the sun and earth = 1.5x1011m.
➢ Average distance between moon and the earth =3.84x 108m.
➢ Magnetic Moment of the earth = 6.4x 1021 Amp. X m2.

Conversion Coefficients
✓ 1Light year = 9.46x1015m.
✓ 1 A.U. = 1.496 x 1011m.
✓ 1Å = 10-10m.
✓ 1 Pound = 0.4536kg = 453.6 gm
✓ 1 Fermi = 10-15m.
✓ 1 C.S.L. = 1.4 x Mass of the sun.
✓ 1 Shake = 10-8sec
✓ 1ev = 1.6 x10-19 Joule.
✓ 1 Horse Power = 746 Watt.

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 Physics
(Mathematical Tools)
(Class 11)

Quadratic Equation
An equation of second degree is called a quadratic equation.
It is of the form
ax2 + bx + c =0
The roots of a quadratic equation are
X = -b ±(b2 - 4ac)1/2
2a

Binomial Theorem
If n is any integer, positive or negative or a fraction and x is any real number,
then
( 1+x)n = 1 + nx + n(n-1)x2 + .. .
Ị2
If IxI <<1 , then (1+x)n = 1+ nx.

Mensuration
✓ Area of a circle = π r2 =π D2/4
✓ Surface area of a sphere = 4πr2 = πD2
✓ Volume of a sphere = 4/3 πr3
✓ Surface area of a cylinder = 2πr(r+l)
✓ Volume of a cylinder =π r2 l
✓ Curved surface area of a cone = πr l
✓ Volume of a cone = 1/3πr2h
✓ Surface area of a cube = 6x(side)2
✓ Volume of a cube = (side)3

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 Physics
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(Class 11)

Fundamental Trigonometric relations

List of Trigonometry Formulas

The Trigonometric formulas or Identities are the equations which are true in the case of Right-
Angled Triangles. Some of the special trigonometric identities are given below –

1. Pythagorean Identities

• sin²θ + cos²θ = 1
• tan2θ + 1 = sec2θ
• cot2θ + 1 = cosec2θ
• sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ
• cos 2θ = cos²θ – sin²θ
• tan 2θ = 2 tan θ / (1 – tan²θ)
• cot 2θ = (cot²θ – 1) / 2 cot θ

2. Sum and Difference identities-

For angles u and v, we have the following relationships:

• sin(u + v) = sin(u)cos(v) + cos(u)sin(v)

• cos(u + v) = cos(u)cos(v) – sin(u)sin(v)
• tan(u+v) = tan(u) + tan(v)1−tan(u) tan(v)
• sin(u – v) = sin(u)cos(v) – cos(u)sin(v)
• cos(u – v) = cos(u)cos(v) + sin(u)sin(v)
• tan(u-v) = tan(u) − tan(v)1+tan(u) tan(v)

3. If A, B and C are angles and a, b and c are the sides of a triangle, then,

Sine Laws

• a/sinA = b/sinB = c/sinC

Cosine Laws

• c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab cos C
• a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cos A
• b2 = a2 + c2 – 2ac cos B

Trigonometry Identities
The three important trigonometric identities are:

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• sin²θ + cos²θ = 1
• tan²θ + 1 = sec²θ
• cot²θ + 1 = cosec²θ

Six Important Trigonometric Functions

The six important trigonometric functions (trigonometric ratios) are calculated using the below
formulas and considering the above figure. It is necessary to get knowledge about the sides of
the right triangle because it defines the set of important trigonometric functions.

Functions Abbreviation Relationship to sides of a right triangle

Sine Function sin Opposite side/ Hypotenuse

Tangent Function tan Opposite side / Adjacent side

Cosine Function cos Adjacent side / Hypotenuse

Cosecant Function cosec Hypotenuse / Opposite side

Secant Function sec Hypotenuse / Adjacent side

Cotangent Function cot Adjacent side / Opposite side

Trigonometry Angles
The trigonometry angles which are commonly used in trigonometry problems are 0°, 30°, 45°,
60° and 90°. The trigonometric ratios such as sine, cosine and tangent of these angles are easy
to memorize. We will also show the table where all the ratios and their respective angle’s values
are mentioned. To find these angles we have to draw a right-angled triangle, in which one of the
acute angles will be the corresponding trigonometry angle. These angles will be defined with
respect to the ratio associated with it.
For example, in a right-angled triangle,
Sin θ = Perpendicular/Hypotenuse
or θ = sin-1 (P/H)
Similarly,
θ = cos-1 (Base/Hypotenuse)
θ = tan-1 (Perpendicular/Base)

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Trigonometry Table
Check the table for common angles which are used to solve many trigonometric problems
involving trigonometric ratios.

Angles 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°

Sin θ 0 ½ 1/√2 √3/2 1

Cos θ 1 √3/2 1/√2 ½ 0

Tan θ 0 1/√3 1 √3 ∞

Cosec θ ∞ 2 √2 2/√3 1

Sec θ 1 2/√3 √2 2 ∞

Cot θ ∞ √3 1 1/√3 0
In the same way, we can find the trigonometric ratio values for angles beyond 90 degrees, such
as 180°, 270° and 360°.

Logarithms

A logarithm of a number with a base is equal to another number. A

logarithm is just the opposite function of exponentiation. For example, if
102 = 100 then log10 100 = 2.
Hence, we can conclude that,

Logb x = n or bn = x
Where b is the base of the logarithmic function.
In other words, the logarithm gives the answer to the question “How many
times a number is multiplied to get the other number?”.
For example, how many 3’s are multiplied to get the answer 27?
If we multiply 3 for 3 times, we get the answer 27.
Therefore, the logarithm is 3.
The logarithm form is written as follows:
Log3 (27) = 3 ….(1)
Therefore, the base 3 logarithm of 27 is 3.
The above logarithm form can also be written as:

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3x3x3 = 27
33 = 27 …..(2)
Thus, the equations (1) and (2) both represent the same meaning.

Logarithm Types
In most cases, we always deal with two different types of logarithms, namely

• Common Logarithm
• Natural Logarithm

Common Logarithm
The common logarithm is also called the base 10 logarithms. It is
represented as log10 or simply log. For example, the common logarithm of
1000 is written as a log (1000). The common logarithm defines how many
times we have to multiply the number 10, to get the required output.
For example, log (100) = 2
If we multiply the number 10 twice, we get the result 100.

Natural Logarithm
The natural logarithm is called the base e logarithm. The natural logarithm
is represented as ln or loge. Here, “e” represents the Euler’s constant which
is approximately equal to 2.71828. For example, the natural logarithm of 78
is written as ln 78. The natural logarithm defines how many we have to
multiply “e” to get the required output.
For example, ln (78) = 4.357.
Thus, the base e logarithm of 78 is equal to 4.357.

Logarithm Rules and Properties

There are certain rules based on which logarithmic operations can be
performed. The names of these rules are:

• Product rule
• Division rule
• Power rule/Exponential Rule
• Change of base rule
• Base switch rule

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• Derivative of log
• Integral of log
Let us have a look at each of these properties one by one

Product Rule
In this rule, the multiplication of two logarithmic values is equal to the
addition of their individual logarithms.
Logb (mn)= logb m + logb n
For example: log3 ( 2y ) = log3 (2) + log3 (y)

Division Rule
The division of two logarithmic values is equal to the difference of each
logarithm.
Logb (m/n)= logb m – logb n
For example, log3 ( 2/ y ) = log3 (2) -log3 (y)

Exponential Rule
In the exponential rule, the logarithm of m with a rational exponent is equal
to the exponent times its logarithm.
Logb (mn) = n logb m
Example: logb(23) = 3 logb 2

Change of Base Rule

Logb m = loga m/ loga b
Example: logb 2 = loga 2/loga b

Base Switch Rule

logb (a) = 1 / loga (b)
Example: logb 8 = 1/log8 b

Derivative of log
If f (x) = logb (x), then the derivative of f(x) is given by;
f'(x) = 1/(x ln(b))
Example: Given, f (x) = log10 (x)

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Then, f'(x) = 1/(x ln(10))

Integral of Log
∫logb(x)dx = x( logb(x) – 1/ln(b) ) + C
Example: ∫ log10(x) dx = x ∙ ( log10(x) – 1 / ln(10) ) + C

Other Properties
Some other properties of logarithmic functions are:

• Logb b = 1
• Logb 1 = 0
• Logb 0 = undefined

Logarithmic Formulas
logb(mn) = logb(m) + logb(n)
logb(m/n) = logb (m) – logb (n)
Logb (xy) = y logb(x)
Logbm√n = logb n/m
m logb(x) + n logb(y) = logb(xmyn)
logb(m+n) = logb m + logb(1+nm)
logb(m – n) = logb m + logb (1-n/m)