Short Circuit Currents According To IEC 60909

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JUNE 2021
Welcome
Technical Sharing Session
Lionel Ng, Global Training Specialist
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Short Circuit Calculation
IEC 60909
IEC 60909
IEC 60909 Part 0 to 4

• Part 0
Calculation of currents
• Part 1
Factors for the calculation of short circuit currents according to Part 0.
• Part 2
Data of electrical equipment for short-circuit current calculations
• Part 3
Currents during two separate simultaneous line-to-earth short circuits and partial short-circuit currents
flowing through earth
• Part 4
Examples for the calculation of short-circuit currents
June 7, 2021 Slide 3

IEC 60909
IEC 60909-0
Short-circuit currents in three-phase a.c. systems
• Terms and definitions
• Short-circuit currents
• Calculating Assumptions
• Short-circuit impedances of electrical equipment

IEC 60909
Terms & Definitions

• Short-circuit
“Accidental or intentional conductive path between two or more conductive parts forcing the electric
potential differences between these conductive parts to be equal or close to zero”
• Short-circuit current
“Overcurrent resulting from a short-circuit in an electric system”
• Prospective short-circuit current

“Current that would flow if the short circuit were placed by an ideal connection of negligible impedance
without any change of the supply”

IEC 60909
Short-circuit currents

IEC 60909

IEC 60909

IEC 60909
Calculation assumptions
The calculation of maximum and minimum short-circuit currents is based on the following simplifications.
• For the duration of the short circuit there is no change in the type of short circuit involved, that is, a three-phase
short-circuit remains three-phase and a line-to-earth short circuit remains line-to-earth during the time of short
circuit.
• For the duration of the short circuit, there is no change in the network involved.
• The impedance of the transformers is referred to the tap-changer in main position.
• Arc resistances are not taken into account.
• Shunt admittances of non-rotating loads shall be neglected in the positive-, the negative and the zero-sequence
system.
• Line capacitances shall be neglected in the positive- and negative-sequence system. Line capacitances in the zero-
sequence system shall be taken into account in low-impedance
• Earthed networks having an earth-fault factor (see IEC 60027-1) higher than 1,4.
• Magnetising admittances of transformers shall be neglected in the positive and negative sequence system.

IEC 60909
Method of calculation
Equivalent voltage source at the short-circuit location

IEC 60909
Short-circuit impedances of electrical equipment

IEC 60909
Short-circuit impedances of two-winding transformer

The positive-sequence short-circuit impedances of two-winding transformers ZT = RT + jXT with and without on-load
tap-changer can be calculated from the rated transformer data as follows:

IEC 60909
Short-circuit impedances of Overhead lines and cables

The positive-sequence short-circuit impedance ZL = RL + jXL may be calculated from the conductor data, such as the
cross-sections and the centre-distances of the conductors.
The effective resistance per unit length RL’ of overhead lines at the conductor temperature 20 °C may be calculated
from the nominal cross-section qn and the resistivity ρ :

IEC 60909
Calculation of Short circuit currents
The equivalent network is solved according to standard electro-technical rules (circuits in series / in parallel)
Zknet ZcMV ZTR ZcLV
Ik Un
Un
Ik =
3  (Z knet + Z cMV + Z TR + Z cLV )

Basic Principles
Calculation of Short Circuit Currents

Distribution network
– It is necessary to know the network short-circuit power
• From 250MVA to 500MVA Un  30kV
• From 700MVA to 1500MVA Un > 30kV
• According to IEC 60076-5
Un2 Un
Z knet = =
Sknet 3  Iknet

Basic Principles

Generator short circuit impedance
– It is necessary to know the
• Rated apparent power Sn
• Rated voltage Un
• Subtransient reactance X”d
from 10% to 20% smooth rotor (isotropic machines)
from 15% to 30% salient pole rotor (anisotropic machines)
" 2
x U
X "d = d  n
100 Sn

Basic Principles

Transformers
– It is necessary to know the
• Rated apparent power Sn
• Primary rated voltage V1n
• Secondary rated voltage V2n
• Short-circuit voltage uk%(Between 4% to 8%)
• According to IEC60076-5
uk % U22n
Z TR = 
100 Sn

Basic Principles

Asynchronous motors
• In case of short-circuit it functions as a generator
with a x”d from 20% to 25%
• a current equal to 4-6 times the In can be assumed
as contribution to the short-circuit
• the minimum criteria for taking into consideration
the phenomenon
(Ik short-circuit without motor contribution)

Basic Principles

Example
Sk = 500 MVA U
UMV= 20 kV
ZcMV = 0.01 
Sn = 400 kVA
U= 20/0.4 kV
uk% = 4 %
ZcLV = 0.06 

Basic Principles

Example
U Sk = 500 MVA
UMV= 20 kV Zu = 0.32 m
Z u20 kV =
U2
=
(
20  10 3 )2
= 0.8
Sk (
500  10 6 )
Z u 400 V = Z u20 kV 
(400 )
2
= 3.2  10 −4 
V1 N1 I2
V2 N2 I1
(20000 )2
V P
R I V I

Basic Principles

Example
U
Zu = 0.32 m
Z cMV 400 V = Z cMV 20 kV 

(400 )
2
= 4  10 −6  ZcMV = 0.01  ZcMV = 410-3 m

(20000 )2

Basic Principles

Example
U
Zu = 0.32 m
ZcMV = 410-3 m
ZT =
2
uk % UnLV
=
4

(400 ) = 0.016
2
Sn = 400 kVA ZT = 0.016 
100 Sn 100 400  10 3 U= 20/0.4 kV
uk% = 4 %

Basic Principles

Example
U
Zu = 0.32 m
ZcMV = 410-3 m
ZT = 0.016 
ZcLV = 0.061 m
ZcLV = 0.061 m

Basic Principles

Example
Sk = 500 MVA U
UMV= 20 kV Zu = 0.32 m
ZcMV = 410-3 m
ZT = 16 m
Un
Ik =  14.1kA
3  (Z u + Z cMV + Z T )
ZcLV = 0.061 m
Un
Ik =  13.6kA
3  (Z u + ZcMV + ZT + ZcLV ) Un = 400 V

Basic Principles
Common Management Methods
Substation with single transformer

Typical single line diagrams

Basic Principles
Substation with two transformers

(One as spare for the other)
– The use of mechanical interlock between two ACBs

Basic Principles
Substation with two transformers which operate in

parallel

Basic Principles
Substation with two transformers which operate

simultaneously on two separate half-busbars. (Two
incoming with bus-coupler)
Mechanical Interlock between three ACBs

Basic Principles
Management philosophy for the protections
To ensure continuity of service to sound parts of the

installation
– Circuit breaker L1 must trip and clear the fault

Basic Principles

installation
– Circuit breaker I LV1 must trip and clear the fault
– If CLV is closed I LV2 must trip as well. Depending if CLV is
an ACB or just a bus coupler.

Basic Principles

installation
– Circuit breaker I LV1 must trip and clear the fault
– If CLV is closed I LV2 must trip as well. Depending if CLV is
an ACB or just a bus coupler.

Basic Principles
Short Circuit Calculations Single Transformer 22kV

MV Level 22kV 750MVA U 750MVA
(22k)2
Z22kV = = 0.6453 Ω
750M
4002
Z400V = 0.6453 x = 0.2133 mΩ
220002
6 4002 1600kVA
ZTX = x = 6 mΩ
100 1.6M 22/0.4kV
ZTotal = 6.2133 mΩ 6%
400
Isc = = 37.168kA
3 x 6.2133m
Isc

Basic Principles
Short Circuit Calculations two transformers in parallel 22kV

MV Level 22kV 750MVA U 750MVA U
(22k)2
Z22kV = = 0.6453 Ω
750M
4002
Z400V = 0.6453 x = 0.2133 mΩ
220002
6 4002 1600kVA
ZTX = x = 6 mΩ
100 1.6M 22/0.4kV
ZTotal = 6.2133 mΩ 6%
400
Isc = = 37.168kA
3 x 6.2133m
ISC Total = 37.168 x 2 = 74.336kA

Isc Total

Basic Principles
Short Circuit Calculations two transformers in parallel 22kV

MV Level 22kV 750MVA U 750MVA U
(22k)2
Z22kV = = 0.6453 Ω
750M
4002
Z400V = 0.6453 x = 0.2133 mΩ
220002
5 4002 800kVA
ZTX = x = 0.01 Ω
100 8ooK 22/0.4kV
ZTotal = 10.2133 mΩ 5%
400
Isc = = 22.611 kA
3 x 10.2133m
ISC Total = 22.611 x 2 = 45.22 kA

Isc Total

Basic Principles
Short Circuit Calculations Single Transformer 22kV

U MVA = ???
6 4002
ZTX = x = 6 mΩ
100 1.6M
400
Isc = = 38.49kA
3 x 6m 1600kVA
22/0.4kV
6%
Isc

Basic Principles
Time Current curves of Circuit breakers
– L function protection against overload L
– S function protection against delayed short-circuit
– I function protection against instantaneous short-

circuit S
– G function protection against earth-fault G I

Basic Principles

Technical Application Paper
http://new.abb.com/low-voltage
http://new.abb.com/low-voltage/business/epc

Basic Principles

Electrical Installation Handbook
Determination of short-circuit
current downstream of a cable
as a function of the upstream
short-circuit current (Table 6.4).

Determination of short-
circuit current
downstream of a cable as
a function of the
upstream short-circuit
current (Table 6.4).

Basic Principles
EasyPower Short Circuit Calculation

Example

Basic Principles

Manual Verification
• Example 1

Basic Principles

Manual Verification
• Example 1

Short Circuit Currents According To IEC 60909

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© Copyright ABB. All rights reserved.

IEC 60909 Part 0 to 4

June 7, 2021 Slide 3

June 7, 2021 Slide 4

Terms & Definitions

• Prospective short-circuit current

June 7, 2021 Slide 5

June 7, 2021 Slide 6

June 7, 2021 Slide 7

June 7, 2021 Slide 8

June 7, 2021 Slide 9

Equivalent voltage source at the short-circuit location

June 7, 2021 Slide 10

Short-circuit impedances of electrical equipment

June 7, 2021 Slide 11

Short-circuit impedances of two-winding transformer

June 7, 2021 Slide 12

Short-circuit impedances of Overhead lines and cables

June 7, 2021 Slide 13

Calculation of Short circuit currents

Zknet ZcMV ZTR ZcLV

June 7, 2021 Slide 14

Calculation of Short Circuit Currents

June 7, 2021 Slide 15

Calculation of Short Circuit Currents

June 7, 2021 Slide 16

Calculation of Short Circuit Currents

June 7, 2021 Slide 17

Calculation of Short Circuit Currents

(Ik short-circuit without motor contribution)

June 7, 2021 Slide 18

Calculation of Short Circuit Currents

June 7, 2021 Slide 19

Calculation of Short Circuit Currents

June 7, 2021 Slide 20

Calculation of Short Circuit Currents

Z cMV 400 V = Z cMV 20 kV 

= 4  10 −6  ZcMV = 0.01  ZcMV = 410-3 m

June 7, 2021 Slide 21

Calculation of Short Circuit Currents

June 7, 2021 Slide 22

Calculation of Short Circuit Currents

June 7, 2021 Slide 23

Calculation of Short Circuit Currents

June 7, 2021 Slide 24

Common Management Methods

Substation with single transformer

June 7, 2021 Slide 25

Common Management Methods

Substation with two transformers

June 7, 2021 Slide 26

Common Management Methods

Substation with two transformers which operate in

June 7, 2021 Slide 27

Common Management Methods

Substation with two transformers which operate

Mechanical Interlock between three ACBs

June 7, 2021 Slide 28