Perforating Cleanup

Perforation Clean-up
© 2015 Baker Hughes Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.
© 2015 BAKER HUG HES I NCO RPO RATED. ALL RI G HTS RESERVED. TERM S AND CO NDI TI O NS O F USE: BY ACCEPTI NG THI S DO CUM ENT, THE RECI PI ENT AG REES THAT THE DO CUM ENT TO G ETHER W I TH ALL I NFO RM ATI O N I NCLUDED THEREI N I S THE
CO NFI DENTI AL AND PRO PRI ETARY PRO PERTY O F BAKER HUG HES I NCO RPO RATED AND I NCLUDES VALUABLE TRADE SECRETS AND/ O R PRO PRI ETARY I NFO RM ATI O N O F BAKER HUG HES (CO LLECTI VELY "I NFO RM ATI O N"). BAKER HUG HES RETAI NS
ALL RI G HTS UNDER CO PYRI G HT LAW S AND TRADE SECRET LAW S O F THE UNI TED STATES O F AM ERI CA AND O THER CO UNTRI ES. THE RECI PI ENT FURTHER AG REES THAT THE DO CUM ENT M AY NO T BE DI STRI BUTED, TRANSM I TTED, CO PI ED O R
1 REPRO DUCED I N W HO LE O R I N PART BY ANY M EANS, ELECTRO NI C, M ECHANI CAL, O R O THERW I SE, W I THO UT THE EXPRESS PRI O R W RI TTEN CO NSENT O F BAKER HUG HES, AND M AY NO T BE USED DI RECTLY O R I NDI RECTLY I N ANY W AY DETRI M ENTAL
TO BAKER HUG HES’ I NTEREST.

Approximate Jet Velocities and Pressures
Slug Target
Target
3,000 ft/sec V1
P2
P1 0.5 in.
1
JET 16 in.
V2
Pressure on target - P1 = 5 x 106 psi

Lateral pressure (at 0.50 in.) - P2 = 100,000 psi
Velocity forward jet - V1 = 30,000 ft/sec

Velocity rear jet - V2 = 15,000 ft/sec
2
Perforation Damage
• Material surrounding the
perforation is compacted
• Compacted zone is created
– Up to 1/2 inch thick Invaded / Damaged Undisturbed
– 80% permeability Formation Formation
reduction
Wellbore
• Perforating debris is created
– Steel fragments from
housing are not acid
soluble
– Copper slug (carrot) is
formed
• Compacted zone and
perforating debris must be
removed to maximize
productivity Decreased Partial
Permeability Plugging
3
Restoring Connectivity
Matrix Acidizing
Cleaning or Removing Washing

the Damage
Static Underbalance Perforating
Dynamic Underbalance Perforating
Back Surging
Hydraulic/ Acid Fracturing

Bypassing the Damage Extreme Overbalanced Perforating
StimGun/ Propellant
4
How do we restore connectivity ?
Restoring
Connectivity
Dynamic Inflow Dynamic Injection

for Cleanup for Bypass
Optimization and Optimization and

Modeling Modeling
Perforating Post-Perforating Extreme

(Static/Dynamic) Propellants
(Back-surge) Overbalance
5
Dynamic Underbalance
© 2015 BAKER HUG HES I NCO RPO RATED. ALL RI G HTS RESERVED. TERM S AND CO NDI TI O NS O F USE: BY ACCEPTI NG THI S DO CUM ENT, THE RECI PI ENT AG REES THAT THE DO CUM ENT TO G ETHER W I TH ALL I NFO RM ATI O N I NCLUDED THEREI N I S THE
CO NFI DENTI AL AND PRO PRI ETARY PRO PERTY O F BAKER HUG HES I NCO RPO RATED AND I NCLUDES VALUABLE TRADE SECRETS AND/ O R PRO PRI ETARY I NFO RM ATI O N O F BAKER HUG HES (CO LLECTI VELY "I NFO RM ATI O N"). BAKER HUG HES RETAI NS
ALL RI G HTS UNDER CO PYRI G HT LAW S AND TRADE SECRET LAW S O F THE UNI TED STATES O F AM ERI CA AND O THER CO UNTRI ES. THE RECI PI ENT FURTHER AG REES THAT THE DO CUM ENT M AY NO T BE DI STRI BUTED, TRANSM I TTED, CO PI ED O R
6 REPRO DUCED I N W HO LE O R I N PART BY ANY M EANS, ELECTRO NI C, M ECHANI CAL, O R O THERW I SE, W I THO UT THE EXPRESS PRI O R W RI TTEN CO NSENT O F BAKER HUG HES, AND M AY NO T BE USED DI RECTLY O R I NDI RECTLY I N ANY W AY DETRI M ENTAL
TO BAKER HUG HES’ I NTEREST.

Dynamic Inflow Clean-Up
Dynamic inflow clean-up is a process of creating a differential to induce
flow from the reservoir, through the perforation, into the wellbore to
remove damage
- Reservoir pressure must be greater than the wellbore pressure

- Must accomplish the following:
- Fail the crushed zone around the perf tunnel
- Carry out the failed material and debris
Wellbore pressure < Reservoir pressure

Invaded / Damaged Undisturbed
Formation Formation
Wellbore
7
8
Dynamic Underbalance
Baker Hughes’ Offering - TerraFORM™
 An analysis process to customize the

underbalance profile and duration
 Two-stage clean-up:
 Separate the perforation damage from
the undisturbed matrix
 Flush the debris from the tunnel
 Accomplished by pre-job engineering, and

BHA design
 Inter-Gun Pressure Valves (IGPV)
 Un-perforated chambers
 Effective job design verification with
high-speed pressure data
 Not a “cure-all” process, but an additional

tool in the completion toolbox
9
Examples of dynamic inflow clean-up
Reference Reservoir Pressure
Dynamic Pressure
(500psi static underbalance)
Initial wellbore=5500psi
Initial reservoir=6000psi
Reference Reservoir Pressure
Dynamic Wellbore Pressure

(2000psiDynamic
static underbalance)
Pressure
(2000psi static underbalance)
Initial wellbore=4000psi
Initial reservoir=6000psi
10
Underbalance Pressure Used On
Tubing Conveyed Perforating In Oil Zones In
Sandstone
1,000
100 100
PERMEABILITY MD
FORMATION
10 10
l
1.0
1
.1 Legend
0.1 Acid did not improve production
Acid did not improve production
Acid did
Acid did improve
improve production production
.01
100 1000 10,000
TOTAL UNDERBALANCE PSI

11 Courtesy - George King, SPE 14321 CN03202
Underbalance Pressure Used On
Tubing Conveyed Perforating In
Gas Zones In Sandstone
1000
1,000
100 100 l
PERMEABILITY MD
Stuck Packer
FORMATION
10
10 Casing Collapse
1
1.0
Legend
0.1 AcidAcid
diddid
improve
not improve production
.1 AcidAcid
did did
notimprove
improve
production
Problems
Problem
0.01
100 1000 10000
TOTAL UNDERBALANCE
PSI
12
CN03203
Creating a Differential: Static and Dynamic Pressures
Static Effects Dynamic Effects
Fluid column can be full or partial
in wellbore
Partial fluid column in wellbore Atmospheric chamber inside gun

temporarily reduces wellbore
Example pressures before firing: pressure
Full wellbore fluid column, 6,000 psi Example pressures:

Just before firing: 6,000 psi
Reduced wellbore pressure, 5,000 psi Just after firing: 5,000 psi
Reservoir pressure, 5,500 psi

- Hydrostatic pressures in well bore

is below reservoir pressure prior
to perforating
- Allows continued flow into the
wellbore after the perforating
event is over
13
14
Static Underbalance
Case History
 1 IGPV 3 3/8” (DUO)
 1 Blank Gun 3 3/8” 7 ft
 1 IGPV 3 3/8” (DUO)
 1 Blank Gun 3 3/8” 11 ft
 1 IGPV 3 3/8” (DUO)

 1 Blank Gun 3 3/8” de 11 ft
 Bull Plug
15
Modeling Job Flow rate of all the material that comes
from the formation to the wellbore. The
maximum speed reached during the
surge is 4 ft / s in approximately 0.9 s.
Movement the guns due to the fluids

rushing in (dynamic event). A
movement of 5.7 ft down is observed.
The cable tension and compression
are within the ranges for proper
operation.
ΔP pressure is observed. In this case,

the dynamic underbalance generated
is 1870 psi. The use of valves and
vacuum chambers help keep ΔP for a

prolonged time 0.9s.
16
Results
After applying DUO:

878 BFPD x 334 BOPD x 62% BSW
Production from the well prior to

cleaning:
200 BFPD x 64 BOPD x 68% BSW
increase:
• 330 % more bfpd
• 415% more bopd
17
Dynamic Injection: Propellants Basic Principle
Step 1: A sleeve of propellant is placed over

the conventional perforating gun and
positioned across the zone of interest.
Step 2: As the gun detonates it in turn ignites

the propellant sleeve. The pressure generated
is sufficient to fracture the formation near the
wellbore and open up the perforations.
Step 3: The propellant sleeves generate as

much as 25,000 psi at the perforations. This
technique has been especially successful
when used in underbalanced TCP completions.
18
19
Stim Propellant Family
Kodiak
StimGun™
StimTube™ Tool
StimGun™ Propellant-Assisted Perforating
System
The StimGun™ assembly consists of the following
components:
• StimGun™ propellant sleeve
• Propellant retaining rings
• Stand-off subs
• Loaded perforating gun
Characteristics of the propellant sleeve:

• StimGun™ sleeves are available for most gun
systems from 2.00 in. to 7.00 in. OD
• Sleeves are classed as an oxidizing agent
• StimGun™ assembly can be run on slickline,
electric line and TCP
• Minimum recommended shot density is 5 spf.
• Must have a minimum of 700 psi fluid
hydrostatic pressure to burn properly

• StimSleeves are only available in 3 foot
sections
20
StimTube™ Tool
Characteristics of the propellant tube:
• Cast Cylindrical rod of
propellant/central ignition
• Exposed system, internal steel,
protective carrier
• Utilizes only 40 grain detonating cord
• Propellant temperature rating of up to
350°F
Operation considerations include:

• Conveyed via WL
• Typically used in through tubing applications
• Applied across existing perforations

• Diameters – 1-1/2”, 1- 11/16”, 2”, 2-1/2”, and
3”
• Temperature rated to 330°F (36 – 48 hrs)
• Max temp rating is 350°F (above 330°F,
prior notification required)
21
• Unaffected by virtually all well fluids
StimTube Assembly
Application Benefit
Underperforming Re-open existing perforations, adds production inflow
existing perforations
Plugged perforations Re-open existing perforations, adds production inflow
Pre-acid treatment Faster breakdown, better application of acid, better
for existing perfs connectivity with reservoir
Near wellbore Provide connectivity with near wellbore fractures,
damage beyond increase production
perforations
Screen cleaning Clean plugged screen to re-open flow area, increase
production, delaying workover
Injection wells Re-establish injectivity, delaying workover
22
23
STIM GUN Surface test
Kodiak Enhanced Perforating System™
Characteristics of Kodiak
include:
• Requires less fluid tamp
(150 ft. min)
• No external rings/finned
subs
• Propellant disk easy to
load
• 5 spf density
• Perforate and stimulate

at one time (like
StimGun™)
Charge Tube
24
Not Likely Candidates
Not every well will be a candidate for the use of propellant. The red
flags we look for are the following:
• Depleted gas wells
– <1500 psi formation pressure
• Wells that have been previously acidized or multiple re-perfs
already
– The well is a “dog” to begin with
• Old wells of unknown history or documentation
• Wells with bad cement or poor casing
• Wells that cannot support the needed fluid column
• Low perm (0.1 md), high strength/stress formations
• Oriented perforations
• Small tubing/big casing (for through-tubing applications)
25

Perforating Cleanup

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Perforation Clean-up

© 2015 Baker Hughes Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.

© 2009 Baker Hughes Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.

Pressure on target - P1 = 5 x 106 psi

Velocity forward jet - V1 = 30,000 ft/sec

Cleaning or Removing Washing

Dynamic Underbalance Perforating

Hydraulic/ Acid Fracturing

Dynamic Inflow Dynamic Injection

Optimization and Optimization and

Perforating Post-Perforating Extreme

© 2009 Baker Hughes Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.

- Reservoir pressure must be greater than the wellbore pressure

Wellbore pressure < Reservoir pressure

 An analysis process to customize the

 Accomplished by pre-job engineering, and

 Not a “cure-all” process, but an additional

Reference Reservoir Pressure

Dynamic Wellbore Pressure

TOTAL UNDERBALANCE PSI

Partial fluid column in wellbore Atmospheric chamber inside gun

Full wellbore fluid column, 6,000 psi Example pressures:

Reservoir pressure, 5,500 psi

- Hydrostatic pressures in well bore

 1 Blank Gun 3 3/8” 7 ft

 1 IGPV 3 3/8” (DUO)

 1 Blank Gun 3 3/8” 11 ft

 1 IGPV 3 3/8” (DUO)

 1 Blank Gun 3 3/8” de 11 ft

Movement the guns due to the fluids

ΔP pressure is observed. In this case,

vacuum chambers help keep ΔP for a

After applying DUO:

Production from the well prior to

Step 1: A sleeve of propellant is placed over

Step 2: As the gun detonates it in turn ignites

Step 3: The propellant sleeves generate as

Characteristics of the propellant sleeve:

hydrostatic pressure to burn properly

Operation considerations include:

• Applied across existing perforations

• Perforate and stimulate

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