Research Manual
Research Manual
Research Manual
INTRODUCTION
Nature of Research
Definition of Research
Evaluation Monitoring
Types of Research
3. Action Research
1. Problem Identification
2. Review of Related Literature
3. Formulation of Objectives
4. Formulation of Hypotheses
5. Theoretical and Conceptual Framework
6. Research Design Selection
7. Data Collection
8. Data Processing
9. Data Analysis and Interpretation
10. Report Writing
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excluding function words (Baker and Schutz, 1972). The main
concept and / or variables being investigated should be
written as part of the title. The title of the problem
serves the following functions or purposes:
1. It summarizes the content of the entire study.
2. It is a frame of reference for the whole study.
3. It enables you to claim the study as your own.
4. It helps other researchers to refer to your work as
they find some theories.
Sample Problems:
Types of Variable
Classification of Objectives
For example:
Specific objectives:
1. to determine the level of income derived
from the dispersal program of the LGU in
Neg. Occ.
2. to identify the problems met by the
recipients of the dispersal program of the
LGU’s in Neg. Occ.
1. S – simple
2. M – measurable
3. A – attainable
4. R – result oriented
5. T – time-bound
Kinds of Hypotheses
1. Research hypothesis – refers to the directional
hypothesis predicting the positive relationship of
variables under investigation or the positive effect of
the treatment.
2. Null hypothesis - refers to the non-directional or
alternative hypothesis predicting the negative
relationship between variables or negative effect of
the treatments.
For example:
Hypotheses:
Research (Ha): There is a relationship between
the leadership skills and level of job satisfaction
among middle managers in higher education institutions
in Region VI.
The scope of the study would tell the place and time of
the study. Also, it includes the subject and respondents of
the study.
Definition of Terms
Evaluation
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Methods of Research
A. Historical Research
1. Formulation of problem
1. documents
2. remains or relics
4. Presentation of results
1. Personal interviews
2. Observations
3. Survey Questionnaires
Types of Survey
a. Census survey – it is a survey that covers the
entire population of interest.
b. Sample survey – this type deals only with a
portion of the population.
Experimental Method
Types of Validity
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Threats to Internal Validity
a. person to person
b. matching groups
c. ranking method
Experimental Designs
X O
where:
X represents the treatment
O represents the evaluation (test)
O1 X O2
where: Analysis:
O1 represents pre-test O1 versus O2
X represents the treatment
O2 represents post-test
X O1
O2
where: Analysis:
X represents the treatment O1 versus O2
O1 represents the post test
of the first group
O2 represents the test for
the second group
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Group 1 R O1 X O2
Group 2 R O3 O4
where:
Analysis:
O1 versus O2
O2 versus O4
Group 1 R O1 X O2
Group 2 R O3 O4
Group 3 R X O5
Group 4 R O6
Analysis:
O1 vs O2
O2 vs O4
O4 vs O5
O5 vs O6
3. Quasi Experimental designs. The quasi designs can also
do a very good job in controlling threats to validity.
These designs do randomize the subjects.
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Group 1 O1 X O2
------------
Group 2 O3 O4
O1 O2 O3 O4 X O5 O6 O7 O8
Location Treatment
of Residence Experimental Control
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Ex Post Facto Research or Causal Comparative Method
Definition of Terms:
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N where:
n = ----------- n = sample size
1 + N (e)2 N = population
e = margin of error
Methods of SRS
* lottery or fish bowl technique (drawing pieces
of paper / drawing cards/ throwing dice).
* table of random numbers, usually for big or
large population
N where:
k = ------- k = sampling interval
n N = population
n = sample size
c. Stratified Sampling
N1 (nt)
n1 = ------- where:
Nt n1 = sample size for first group
N1 = population of first group
Nt = total population
nt = total sample size
e.g.
Group Population(N) Sample(n)
A 250 ____
B 340 ____
C 256 ____
D 312 ____
E 342 ____
Total 1,500 316
d. Cluster sampling
e. Multi-stage sampling
b. Convenience sampling
The researcher selects the samples of the study
based on his convenience. He may take any person
whom he meets at anytime and anywhere. He may use
telephone or other possible means to reach out
sample-individuals efficiently.
c. Quota sampling
The samples to be gathered depend on the needed
participants. It is assumed that the samples will
match the population with regard to the chosen set
of characteristics (Vockell, 1983).
d. Snowball sampling
This sampling technique is good when there is no
available list of population units to work. Any
person can be taken as sample provided, he can
give the needed information relative to the study.
Data Collection
a. Structured Observations
b. Unstructured Observations
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1. On the Content
2. On the Wording
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Test Construction
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____________________________________________________
Item No. Suitable Not Needs
Suitable Improvement
____________________________________________________
1 _______ _______ _______
2 _______ _______ _______
____________________________________________________
Test Administration
Treatment of Data
Scales of Measurement
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Types:
Evaluation
1. Define the terms below:
a) Historical Research d) Causal-Comparative Research
b) Descriptive Research e) Sampling
c) Experimental Research f) Sampling Designs
2. Compute for the correct sample size of each research
unit using the stratified random sampling technique
with the following data:
Research Unit Population
A 60
B 55
C 37
D 47
E 62
Chapter 4
Presentation of Data
Chapter 5
Findings
Conclusions
Recommendations
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL SHEET
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF APPENDICES
ABSTRACT
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Theoretical Framework
Conceptual Framework
Statement of the Problem
Hypotheses of the Study
Significance of the Study
Scope and Limitation of the Study
Definition of Terms
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References
Page
FOREWORD ii
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1
Nature of Research 1
Definition of Research 1
Functions and Role of Research 3
Types of Research 3
Basic Components of the Process 4
Steps in the Research Process 4
Sources of a Research Problem 5
Criteria and Procedures in Selecting a
Good Research Problem 5
Definition of Terms 12
Methods of Research 16
Historical Research 16
Descriptive Research 19
Experimental Research 21
Ex post Facto Research / Causal 28
Comparative Research
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Sampling Techniques 28
Probability Sampling Techniques 29
Simple Random Sampling 29
Systematic Random Sampling 29
Stratified Random Sampling 29
Cluster Random Sampling 30
Multi-Stage Random Sampling 30
Non-Probability Sampling
Techniques 31
Purposive Sampling 31
Convenience Sampling 31
Quota Sampling 31
Snowball Sampling 31
Data Collections 32
The Observation Method 32
The Interview Method 34
The Use of Survey Questionnaire 35
Methods of Data Analysis / Treatment
of Data
42
Scales of Measurement 43
Statistical Tools and their Uses 43
Tips in determining the
appropriate statistical tools 48
Presentation of Data 49
Data Analysis and
Interpretation 49
Findings 50
Conclusions 50
Recommendations 50
RESEARCH FORMAT 51
REFERENCES 52
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FOREWORD