Department of Chemistry

General Chemistry for Health Sciences

10231114

Chapter 2
Atoms, Ions, and Molecules
Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya

Fall, 2023/2024
 Warning
This supplementary material should not be construed as a substitute for
the prescribed textbook or serve as a comprehensive course reference.
The primary and recommended reference for this course is:

.‫هذا المواد التكميلية ال تستبدل بأي شكل من األشكال الكتاب المقرر أو تمثل مرجعا لهذا المساق‬
:‫المرجع الرئيسي والمستحسن لهذه الدورة هو كتاب الكيمياء بالعنوان التالي‬

Title: Chemistry Authors: Jason Overby & Raymond Chang Edition: 12th
Edition

Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 2

 Outline
‫العدد الذري‬ ‫الكتلة الذرية‬ ‫النظائر‬
➢ 2.3 Atomic Number, Mass Number, and Isotopes

➢ 2.4 The Periodic Table ‫الجدول الذري‬

‫الجزيئات‬ ‫االيونات‬
➢ 2.5 Molecules and Ions

➢ 2.6 Chemical Formulas ‫الصيغ الكيميائية‬

➢ 2.7 Naming Compounds ‫تسمية المركبات‬

Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 3

2.3 Atomic Number, Mass Number, and Isotopes

Rutherford’s Model of
the Atom

atomic radius ~ 100 pm = 1 x 10-10 m

nuclear radius ~ 5 x 10-3 pm = 5 x 10-15 m

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 Atomic number and Mass number
Atomic number (Z) = number of protons in nucleus
Mass number (A) = number of protons + number of neutrons
= atomic number (Z) + number of neutrons

Mass Number A
ZX
Element Symbol
Atomic Number

Protons and neutrons are collectively called nucleons.

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Properties of Subatomic Particles

mass p ≈ mass n ≈ 1840 x mass e-

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 ‫النظائر‬
• Isotopes are atoms of the same element (X)
with different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei

Isotopes of Hydrogen

Protium Deuterium Tritium

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• Major Isotopes of Uranium

235 238
U U
92 92
A 235 A 238
Z 92 Z 92

Number of 92 Number of 92
protons protons
Number of 143 = (235- Number of 146 = (238-
neutrons 92) neutrons 92)

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Example:
14
How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in C ?
C = carbon Z= 6= # p
6 protons, 8 (14 - 6) neutrons, 6 electrons

Example:
11
How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in C ?
C = carbon Z= 6= # p

6 protons, 5 (11 - 6) neutrons, 6 electrons

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Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 10
 ‫الذرة المتعادلة‬
Neutral atom #e=#P =Z

#n =A-Z

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 2.4 The Periodic Table
• Periodic table is a chart in which elements having similar chemical
and physical properties are grouped together
– the elements are arranged by atomic number.

There are 3 categories of elements (more details in chapter 8)

Metals: are good conductors of heat and electricity,
Nonmetals: are usually poor conductors of heat and electricity,
Metalloids: have properties that are intermediate between those
of metals and nonmetals.

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 Alkali Earth Metal
2.4 The Periodic Table
Alkali Metal

Noble Gas
Group

Halogen
Period

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Which of the following is not the
common name of a group of elements
in the Periodic Table?
A) alkali metals
B) transition metals ‫العناصر االنتقالية‬
C) halogens
D) noble gases
E) alkaline earth metals

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 2.5 Molecules and Ions
Compound: Combination of atoms
Chemical bond:
The force that holds atoms togethers in a compound
Bonds Type:
Covalent bond:
sharing electrons, the resulting collection of atoms is called
a molecular
Ionic bond:
electron transfere, the resulting collection of atoms is called
Ionic compound
Polar bond: or Polar covalent bond
Electrons are partially transfered
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2.6 Chemical Formulas
Formulas and Models

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A molecular formula shows the exact number of
atoms of each element in the smallest unit of a
substance
An empirical formula shows the simplest
whole-number ratio of the atoms in a substance
molecular empirical
H2O H2O
C6H12O6 CH2O

O3 O
N2H4 NH2
M.F.= nx E.F. where n= 1or 2 or 3 …….etc
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M.F.= nx E.F. where n= 1or 2 or 3 …….etc

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A molecule is an aggregate of two or more atoms in a
definite arrangement held together by chemical forces

H2 H2O NH3 CH4

A diatomic molecule contains only two atoms

H2, N2, O2, Br2, HCl, CO

diatomic elements

A polyatomic molecule contains more than two atoms

O3, H2O, NH3, CH4
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An ion is an atom, or group of atoms, that has a net
positive or negative charge.
cation – ion with a positive charge
If a neutral atom loses one or more electrons
it becomes a cation.

11 protons 11 protons
Na 11 electrons Na+ 10 electrons

anion – ion with a negative charge

If a neutral atom gains one or more electrons
it becomes an anion.
17 protons 17 protons
Cl 17 electrons Cl- 18 electrons
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A monatomic ion contains only one atom
Na+, Cl-, Ca2+, O2-, Al3+, N3-

A polyatomic ion contains more than one atom

OH-, CN-, NH4+, NO3-

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Polyatomic cations:
NH4+ ammonium
Hg22+ mercury (I)
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The species Hg22+ is an example of
A) a monoatomic cation.
B) a polyatomic cation.
C) a monoatomic anion.
D) a polyatomic anion.
E) a polyatomic metal.

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Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 26
Common Ions Shown on the Periodic Table

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 27 3+
How many protons and electrons are in 13 Al ?

13 protons, 10 (13 – 3) electrons

78 2-
How many protons and electrons are in 34 Se ?

34 protons, 36 (34 + 2) electrons

#n = A-Z= 78-34= 44

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 Z=#p
For neutral atom # e = # p= Z
# n = A -Z
For ions #p = Z
# e = Z - charge
# n = A -Z

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ionic compounds consist of a combination of
cations and an anions
• The formula is usually the same as the empirical formula
• The sum of the charges on the cation(s) and anion(s) in
each formula unit must equal zero
The ionic compound NaCl

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The most reactive metals (green) and the most reactive
nonmetals (blue) combine to form ionic compounds.

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Formula of Ionic Compounds
2 x +3 = +6 3 x -2 = -6

Al2O3
Al3+ O2-

1 x +2 = +2 2 x -1 = -2

CaBr2
Ca2+ Br-

2 x +1 = +2 1 x -2 = -2

Na2CO3
Na+ CO32-
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 Chemical Nomenclature
• Ionic Compounds
– Often a metal + nonmetal
– Anion (nonmetal), add “ide” to element name root
BaCl2 barium chloride
K2O potassium oxide
Mg(OH)2 magnesium hydroxide

KNO3 potassium nitrate

AlCl3 Aluminum chloride

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 • Transition metal ionic compounds
– indicate charge on metal with Roman numerals

Also for Pb
and Sn

PbCl2 2 Cl- -2 so Pb is +2 Lead(II) chloride

FeCl2 2 Cl- -2 so Fe is +2 iron(II) chloride
FeCl3 3 Cl- -3 so Fe is +3 iron(III) chloride
Cr2S3 3 S-2 -6 so Cr is +3 (6/2) chromium(III) sulfide

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Na+ O2-

Na2O Sodium oxide

Mg 2+ O2-

MgO Magnesium oxide

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CuCl Cupper (I) chloride

CuCl2 Cupper (II) chloride

MgO Magnesium oxide
2+
Hg2Br2 Mercury (I) bromide Hg2
Mercury (I)
HgBr2 Mercury (II) bromide 2+
Hg
ZnCl2 Mercury (II)
AgNO3

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O oxygen

O-2 Oxide (-2) Na2O sodium oxide

O2 -1 Supper oxide (-1/2) NaO2 sodium supper oxide

Na2O2 sodium peroxide

O2 -2 Peroxide (-1)
H2O2 Hydrogen peroxide

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Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya
Cu1+ NO31-

CuNO3 Copper (I) nitrate

Cu2+ NO31-

Cu(NO3)2 Copper (II) nitrate

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• Molecular compounds
− Nonmetals + nonmetals or metalloids
− Common names (H containing cmpd.)
− H2O, NH3, CH4,
− Element furthest to the left in a period
and closest to the bottom of a group on
periodic table is placed first in formula
− If more than one compound can be
formed from the same elements, use
prefixes to indicate number of each kind
of atom
− Last element name ends in ide

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CO Carbon monoxide

CO2 Carbon dioxide

NO Nitrogen monoxide

NO2 Nitrogen dioxide

N2O4 dinitrogen tetroxide

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 Molecular Compounds

NF3 nitrogen trifluoride

SO2 sulfur dioxide

N2Cl4 dinitrogen tetrachloride

NO2 nitrogen dioxide

N2O dinitrogen monoxide

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 Molecular compounds containing H
EXCEPTION in naming !!! (no prefixes)
HI hydrogen iodide

H2O Water
B2H6 diborane
H2S Hydrogen sulfide
SiH4 Silane
CH4 Methane
NH3 Ammonia
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Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 43
An acid can be defined as a substance that yields
hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water.

For example: HCl gas and HCl in water

•Pure substance, hydrogen chloride

•Dissolved in water (H3O+ and Cl−),

hydrochloric acid

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 Hydro-------ic acid

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 Hydro…….-ic acid

HCl(aq) Acid Hydrochloric acid

HBr (aq) Acid Hydrobromic acid

HCl (g) Molecular compound Hydrogen chloride

HBr (g) Molecular compound Hydrogen bromide

HCl (l) Molecular compound Hydrogen chloride

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H2S (aq) acid
Hydrosulfuric acid

H2S(g) Molecular compound

Hydrogen sulfide

H2S(l) Molecular compound

Hydrogen sulfide

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An oxoacid is an acid that contains hydrogen,
oxygen, and another element.

HNO3 nitric acid

H2CO3 carbonic acid

H3PO4 phosphoric acid

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An oxoacid is an acid that contains hydrogen, oxygen,
and another element.
HNO3 Nitric acid
HClO3 Chloric acid
HBrO3 Bromic acid
HIO3 iodic acid
H2CO3 Carbonic acid
H2SO4 Sulfuric acid
H2SnO4 Stannic acid

H3PO4 phosphoric acid

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Naming Oxoacids and Oxoanions

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HClO4 perchloric acid

HClO3 Chloric acid

HClO2 Chlorous acid

HClO hypochlorous acid

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HlO4 periodic acid

HlO3 iodic acid

HlO2 iodous acid

HlO hypoiodous acid

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HNO3 Nitric acid NO3- nitrate

HNO2 Nitrous acid NO2- nitrite

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The rules for naming oxoanions, anions of
oxoacids, are as follows:
1. When all the H ions are removed from the
“-ic” acid, the anion’s name ends with “-ate.”
2. When all the H ions are removed from the
“-ous” acid, the anion’s name ends with “-ite.”
3. The names of anions in which one or more
but not all the hydrogen ions have been
removed must indicate the number of H ions
present.
For example:
– H2PO4- dihydrogen phosphate
– HPO4 2- hydrogen phosphate
– PO43- phosphate Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 54
Acid Anion
ic ate
ous ite

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H2SO4 Sulfuric acid
H2SO3 Sulfurous acid

-
HSO 4 Hydrogen Sulfate (bisulfate)
2- Sulfate
SO 4

-
HSO 3 Hydrogen Sulfite
2-
SO 3 Sulfite

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H2CO3 Carbonic acid

HCO3- Hydrogen Carbonate (bicarbonate)

CO32- Carbonate

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H2PO4- dihydrogen phosphate

H3PO4 phosphoric acid

ClO3 - chlorate

HClO3 chloric acid

ClO3 Molecular compound Chlorine trioxide

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A base can be defined as a substance that yields
hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water.
NaOH sodium hydroxide
KOH potassium hydroxide
Ba(OH)2 barium hydroxide
Ca(OH)2 Calcium hydroxide
Al(OH)3 Aluminum hydroxide
Fe(OH)3 Iron (III) hydroxide
Zn(OH)2 Zinc hydroxide
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 Hydrates are compounds that have a specific
number of water molecules attached to them.
BaCl2•2H2O barium chloride dihydrate

LiCl•H2O lithium chloride monohydrate

MgSO4•7H2O magnesium sulfate heptahydrate

Sr(NO3)2 •4H2O strontium nitrate tetrahydrate

CuSO4•5H2O CuSO4

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61
Organic chemistry is the branch of chemistry that
deals with carbon compounds ‫للعلم فقط غير داخلة في االمتحان‬

Functional Groups
H H H O

H C OH H C NH2 H C C OH

H H H

methanol methylamine acetic acid

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‫للعلم فقط غير داخلة في االمتحان‬

‫‪63‬‬
Extra EXMPLES
‫امثلة اضافية تحل من قبل الطالب‬

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Name the following compounds:
CsF Cesium fluoride

AlCl3 Aluminum chloride

LiH Lithium hydride

AgNO2 Silver nitrite
MgC2O4 Magnesium oxalate

CsSCN Cesium thiocyanate

NaCN sodium cyanide
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Give the formulas for:
Postassium iodide KI

Calcium oxide CaO

Gallium bromide GaBr3

Dinitrogen tetrafoluride N2F4

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Give the systematic name for:

CuCl Copper (I) chloride

HgO Mercury (II) oxide

Fe2O3 Iron (III) oxide
Give the Formula for:
CuCl2 Copper (II) chloride Cu2+ Cl1-

2+ 2-
Hg2O Mercury (I) oxide Hg2 O

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Given the following systematic names, Write
the formula for each compound:

Manganese (IV) oxide MnO2

Lead (II) chloride PbCl2

Vanadium (V) flouride VF5

Manganese (II) oxide MnO

Potassium acetate KCH3COO

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‫جدول باسماء بعض االيونات االحادية ومتعددة الذرة‬

‫‪Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya‬‬ ‫‪69‬‬

Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 70
SeO42- selenate

C2O42- oxalate

S2O32- thiosulfate

CH3COO- acetate

Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya

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