Textbook Advanced DC DC Converters 2Nd Edition Luo Ebook All Chapter PDF
Textbook Advanced DC DC Converters 2Nd Edition Luo Ebook All Chapter PDF
Textbook Advanced DC DC Converters 2Nd Edition Luo Ebook All Chapter PDF
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SECOND EDITION
Advanced DC/DC
Converters
POWER ELECTRONICS AND
APPLICATIONS SERIES
PUBLISHED TITLES
T his book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to
publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all
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obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future
reprint.
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1. Introduction
1.1 Historical Review
1.2 Multiple-Quadrant Choppers
1.2.1 Multiple-Quadrant Operation
1.2.2 First-Quadrant Chopper
1.2.3 Second-Quadrant Chopper
1.2.4 Third-Quadrant Chopper
1.2.5 Fourth-Quadrant Chopper
1.2.6 First- and Second-Quadrant Chopper
1.2.7 Third-Fourth-Quadrant Chopper
1.2.8 Four-Quadrant Chopper
1.3 Pump Circuits
1.3.1 Fundamental Pumps
1.3.1.1 Buck Pump
1.3.1.2 Boost Pump
1.3.1.3 Buck-Boost Pump
1.3.2 Developed Pumps
1.3.2.1 Positive Luo-Pump
1.3.2.2 Negative Luo-Pump
1.3.2.3 Cúk Pump
1.3.3 Transformer-Type Pumps
1.3.3.1 Forward Pump
1.3.3.2 Flyback Pump
1.3.3.3 ZETA Pump
1.3.4 SL Pumps
1.3.4.1 Positive Super Luo-Pump
1.3.4.2 Negative Super Luo-Pump
1.3.4.3 Positive Push-Pull Pump
1.3.4.4 Negative Push-Pull Pump
1.3.4.5 DEC
1.4 Development of DC/DC Conversion Technique
1.4.1 First-Generation Converters
1.4.1.1 Fundamental Converters
1.4.1.2 Transformer-Type Converters
1.4.1.3 Developed Converters
1.4.1.4 VL Converters
1.4.1.5 SL Converters
1.4.2 Second-Generation Converters
1.4.3 Third-Generation Converters
1.4.3.1 Switched-Capacitor Converters
1.4.3.2 Multiple-Quadrant Switched-Capacitor Luo-Converters
1.4.3.3 Multiple-Lift Push-Pull Switched-Capacitor Converters
1.4.3.4 Switched-Inductor Converters
1.4.4 Fourth-Generation Converters
1.4.4.1 ZCS-QRCs
1.4.4.2 ZVS-QRCs
1.4.4.3 ZT Converters
1.4.5 Fifth-Generation Converters
1.4.6 Sixth-Generation Converters
1.5 Categorizing Prototypes and DC/DC Converter Family Tree
Bibliography
2. Voltage-Lift Converters
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Seven Self-Lift Converters
2.2.1 Self-Lift Cúk Converter
2.2.1.1 Continuous Conduction Mode
2.2.1.2 Discontinuous Conduction Mode
2.2.2 Self-Lift P/O Luo-Converter
2.2.2.1 Continuous Conduction Mode
2.2.2.2 Discontinuous Conduction Mode
2.2.3 Reverse Self-Lift P/O Luo-Converter
2.2.3.1 Continuous Conduction Mode
2.2.3.2 Discontinuous Conduction Mode
2.2.4 Self-Lift N/O Luo-Converter
2.2.4.1 Continuous Conduction Mode
2.2.4.2 Discontinuous Conduction Mode
2.2.5 Reverse Self-Lift N/O Luo-Converter
2.2.5.1 Continuous Conduction Mode
2.2.5.2 Discontinuous Conduction Mode
2.2.6 Self-Lift SEPIC
2.2.6.1 Continuous Conduction Mode
2.2.6.2 Discontinuous Conduction Mode
2.2.7 Enhanced Self-Lift P/O Luo-Converters
2.3 P/O Luo-Converters
2.3.1 Elementary Circuit
2.3.1.1 Circuit Description
2.3.1.2 Variations of Currents and Voltages
2.3.1.3 Instantaneous Values of Currents and Voltages
2.3.1.4 Discontinuous Conduction Mode
2.3.1.5 Stability Analysis
2.3.2 Self-Lift Circuit
2.3.2.1 Circuit Description
2.3.2.2 Average Current IC1 and Source Current IS
2.3.2.3 Variations of Currents and Voltages
2.3.2.4 Instantaneous Value of the Currents and Voltages
2.3.2.5 Discontinuous Conduction Mode
2.3.2.6 Stability Analysis
2.3.3 Re-Lift Circuit
2.3.3.1 Circuit Description
2.3.3.2 Other Average Currents
2.3.3.3 Variations of Currents and Voltages
2.3.3.4 Instantaneous Value of the Currents and Voltages
2.3.3.5 Discontinuous Conduction Mode
2.3.3.6 Stability Analysis
2.3.4 Multiple-Lift Circuits
2.3.4.1 Triple-Lift Circuit
2.3.4.2 Quadruple-Lift Circuit
2.3.5 Summary
2.3.6 Discussions
2.3.6.1 Discontinuous Conduction Mode
2.3.6.2 Output Voltage Vo versus Conduction Duty Cycle k
2.3.6.3 Switching Frequency f
2.4 N/O Luo-Converters
2.4.1 Elementary Circuit
2.4.1.1 Circuit Description
2.4.1.2 Average Voltages and Currents
2.4.1.3 Variations of Currents and Voltages
2.4.1.4 Instantaneous Values of Currents and Voltages
2.4.1.5 Discontinuous Mode
2.4.2 Self-Lift Circuit
2.4.2.1 Circuit Description
2.4.2.2 Average Voltages and Currents
2.4.2.3 Variations of Currents and Voltages
2.4.2.4 Instantaneous Value of the Currents and Voltages
2.4.2.5 Discontinuous Mode
2.4.3 Re-Lift Circuit
2.4.3.1 Circuit Description
2.4.3.2 Average Voltages and Currents
2.4.3.3 Variations of Currents and Voltages
2.4.3.4 Instantaneous Values of the Currents and Voltages
2.4.3.5 Discontinuous Mode
2.4.4 Multiple-Lift Circuits
2.4.4.1 Triple-Lift Circuit
2.4.4.2 Quadruple-Lift Circuit
2.4.5 Summary
2.5 Modified P/O Luo-Converters
2.5.1 Elementary Circuit
2.5.2 Self-Lift Circuit
2.5.3 Re-Lift Circuit
2.5.4 Multiple-Lift Circuit
2.5.5 Application
2.6 Double-Output Luo-Converters
2.6.1 Elementary Circuit
2.6.1.1 Positive Conversion Path
2.6.1.2 Negative Conversion Path
2.6.1.3 Discontinuous Mode
2.6.2 Self-Lift Circuit
2.6.2.1 Positive Conversion Path
2.6.2.2 Negative Conversion Path
2.6.2.3 Discontinuous Conduction Mode
2.6.3 Re-Lift Circuit
2.6.3.1 Positive Conversion Path
2.6.3.2 Negative Conversion Path
2.6.3.3 Discontinuous Conduction Mode
2.6.4 Multiple-Lift Circuit
2.6.4.1 Triple-Lift Circuit
2.6.4.2 Quadruple-Lift Circuit
2.6.5 Summary
2.6.5.1 Positive Conversion Path
2.6.5.2 Negative Conversion Path
2.6.5.3 Common Parameters
Bibliography
7. Ultra-Lift Luo-Converter
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Operation of Ultra-Lift Luo-Converter
7.2.1 Continuous Conduction Mode
7.2.2 Discontinuous Conduction Mode
7.3 Instantaneous Values
7.3.1 Continuous Conduction Mode
7.3.2 Discontinuous Conduction Mode
7.4 Comparison of the Gain to Other Converters’ Gains
7.5 Simulation Results
7.6 Experimental Results
7.7 Summary
Bibliography
The first edition of this book was published in 2004. Since then, we have received a great deal of
feedback from readers around the world. In this second edition, we would like to retrench and
update the contents to include new techniques developed over the past 12 years, improve the book
based on readers’ suggestions, and correct some typographical errors.
Super-lift technique is an outstanding achievement in DC/DC conversion technology. As new
developments, the ultra-lift technique and hybrid split capacitor/split inductor applied in super-lift
Luo-converters are introduced in Chapters 7 and 8 in this edition. They are superior to the super-
lift technique in achieving higher-voltage transfer gain. Some industrial applications demonstrate
their versatile and powerful characteristics.
Mathematical modeling for power DC/DC converters is a historical problem accompanying
DC/DC conversion technology since the 1940s. Traditional mathematical modeling is not available
for complex structure converters because the differential equation order of these converters is
very high. We have theoretically defined a new concept—the energy factor (EF)—and
demonstrated the relations between EF and the mathematical modeling for power DC/DC
converters and applied the modeling method in two converters in Chapter 9. This investigation is
very helpful for the system design and the prediction of DC/DC converter characteristics.
The purpose of this book is to provide up-to-date information on advanced DC/DC converters that
is both concise and useful for engineering students and practicing professionals. It is well
organized in 748 pages with 320 diagrams to introduce more than 100 topologies of the advanced
DC/DC converters originally developed by the authors. EMI/EMC reduction and various DC
voltage sources are also illustrated in this book. All prototypes represent novel approaches and
great contributions to modern power engineering.
Power engineering is the method used to supply electrical energy from a source to its users. It
is of vital importance to the industry. It is likely that the air we breathe and the water we drink are
taken for granted until they are not there. Energy conversion technique is the main focus of power
engineering. The corresponding equipment can be divided into four groups:
1. AC/AC transformers
2. AC/DC rectifiers
3. DC/DC converters
4. DC/AC inverters
From recent reports, the production of DC/DC converters occupies the largest percentage of the
total turnover of all conversion equipment production. DC/DC conversion technology is
progressing rapidly. According to incomplete statistics, there are more than 500 topologies of
DC/DC converters existing, with new topologies created every year. It is a lofty undertaking to
treat the large number of DC/DC converters. The authors have sorted these converters into six
generations since 2001. This systematical work is very helpful for DC/DC converter’s evolution
and development. The converters are listed as follows:
A review of the DC/DC conversion technique development reveals that the idea was induced
from other equipment. Transformers successfully convert an AC source voltage to other AC
output voltage(s) with very high efficiency. Rectifier devices such as diode, transistor, and thyristor
effectively rectify an AC source voltage to DC output voltage. Nearly eight decades ago people
sought to invent equipment to convert a DC source voltage to another DC output voltage(s) with
high efficiency. Unfortunately, no such simple apparatus, such as a transformer and/or rectifier,
was found for DC/DC conversion purpose.
High-frequency switch-on and switch-off semiconductor devices paved the way for chopper
circuits. This invention inspired the idea for DC/DC conversion. Therefore, the fundamental
DC/DC converters were derived from the corresponding choppers. At present, the fundamental
converters—buck converter, boost converter, and buck-boost converter—are still the basic circuits
for DC/DC conversion technique in research and development.
The voltage-lift technique is a popular method that is widely applied in electronic circuit design.
Applying this technique effectively overcomes the effects of parasitic elements and greatly
increases the output voltage. Therefore, these DC/DC converters can convert the source voltage
into a higher output voltage with high power efficiency, high power density, and simple structure. It
is applied in the periodical switching circuit. Usually, a capacitor is charged during switch-on by a
certain voltage. This charged capacitor voltage can be arranged on top-up to output voltage during
switch-off. Therefore, the output voltage can be lifted. A typical example is the sawtooth-wave
generator with a voltage-lift circuit.
The voltage-lift technique has been successfully employed in the design of DC/DC converters.
However, its output voltage increases in arithmetic progression, stage by stage. The super-lift
technique is a great achievement in DC/DC conversion technology. It is more powerful than the
voltage-lift technique; the output voltage transfer gain of super-lift converters can be very high,
which increases in geometric progression, stage by stage. It effectively enhances the voltage
transfer gain in power series. Four-series super-lift converters created by the authors are
introduced in this book. Some industrial applications verified their versatile and powerful
characteristics.
Multiple-quadrant operation is often required in industrial applications. Most publications in the
literature concentrate on the single-quadrant operation. This fact is reasonable since most novel
approaches were derived from its simple structure. To compensate for these losses, the authors
have spent much time and spirit to develop multiple-quadrant converters and positive-negative
converters in various generations.
This book is organized into 18 chapters. The DC/DC conversion technique is introduced in
Chapter 1 and the voltage-lift converters in Chapter 2. Chapters 3, 4, 5 and 6 introduce the four-
series super-lift converters. Chapter 7 introduces the second-generation converters and Chapter 8
the third-generation converters. Chapters 9 and 10 introduce the two-series multiple-lift push-pull
switched-capacitor converters. Chapter 11 introduces the fourth-generation converters and
Chapter 12 the fifth-generation converters. Chapters 13, 14, 15 and 16 introduce the sixth-
generation converters. Chapter 17 introduces various DC voltage sources, and Chapter 18
introduces the gating-signal generator, EMI/EMC, and some applications.
The authors are pioneers in DC/DC conversion technology. They have devoted many years to
this research area and created a large number of outstanding converters, including world-
renowned series DC/DC converters, namely, Luo-converters, which cover all six-generation
converters. Super-lift converters are our favorite achievement in our 20-year research fruits. Our
biographies and information are provided on the following page.
We acknowledge the executive editor for this book.
We sincerely appreciate our readers and the executive editor for this book.
Dr. Hong Ye
Nanyang Technological University
Singapore, Singapore
Authors
Fang Lin Luo is a professor at Anhui University (AHU), Hefei, China, and the director of the
Research Institute of Renewable Energy and Power Electronics, AHU. He also holds a joint
professional position at the Nanyang Technological University (NTU). He was an associate
professor at the School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, NTU, from 1995 to 2012. He
earned a BS, first class with honors (magna cum laude), in radio-electronic physics at Sichuan
University, Chengdu, China, and a PhD in electrical engineering and computer science at the
University of Cambridge, England, United Kingdom, in 1986.
After graduation from Sichuan University, he joined the Chinese Automation Research Institute
of Metallurgy, Beijing, China, as a senior engineer. He then went to Enterprises Saunier Duval,
Paris, France, as a project engineer from 1981 to 1982. He was with Hocking NDT Ltd., Allen-
Bradley IAP Ltd., and Simplatroll Ltd. in England as a senior engineer after earning a PhD at the
University of Cambridge. He is a fellow of the Cambridge Philosophical Society and a senior
member of IEEE. He has published 15 books and more than 300 technical papers in IEE/IET
Proceedings and IEEE Transactions and attended various international conferences. His research
interest lies in power electronics; DC and AC motor drives with computerized artificial intelligence
control; digital signal processing; AC/DC, DC/DC, and AC/AC converters and DC/AC inverters;
renewable energy systems; and electric vehicles.
He is currently associate editor of the IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics and associate
editor of IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. He is also international editor of the
international journal Advanced Technology of Electrical Engineering and Energy. Professor
Luo was the chief editor of the international journal Power Supply Technologies and
Applications from 1998 to 2003. He is the general chairman of the First IEEE Conference on
Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA’2006) and the Third IEEE Conference on
Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA’2008).
Hong Ye (S’00-M’03) earned a BS, first class, in 1995; an ME at Xi’an Jiaotong University,
China, in 1999; and a PhD at Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore, in 2005.
She was with the R&D Institute, XIYI Company, Ltd., China, as a research engineer from
1995 to 1997. She has been with NTU since 2003 as a research associate, a research fellow, and
currently a core facility manager.
Dr. Ye is an IEEE member and has coauthored 15 books. She has published more than 100
technical papers in IEEE Transactions, IEE Proceedings, and other international journals and
attended various international conferences. Her research interests are on power electronics and
conversion technologies, signal processing, operations research, and structural biology.
1
Introduction
Conversion technique is a major research area in the field of power electronics and has
applications in industry, research and development, government organizations, and daily life. It can
be divided into four technologies:
1. AC/AC converters
2. AC/DC rectifiers
3. DC/DC converters
4. DC/AC inverters
According to an incomplete statistics, there have been more than 800 prototypes of DC/DC
converters developed in the past seven decades. All existing DC/DC converters were designed to
meet the requirements of certain applications. They are usually named by their function, for
example, buck converter, boost converter, and buck-boost converter, and zero-current-switching
(ZCS) and zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) converters. The large number of DC/DC converters had
not been evolutionarily classified until 2001, by the authors of this book. The authors have
systematically classified DC/DC converters into six generations according to their characteristics
and sequence of development, to be introduced in this chapter. This categorizes all existing
DC/DC converters and new prototypes. Since the DC/DC converter family tree was built in 2001,
this classification has been recognized worldwide. Following this categorization, it is now easy to
sort and allocate DC/DC converters and assess their specific technical features.
"Kaiketi nyt ensin tuonne mäelle, kun eivät onkeni vielä ole
kunnossa."
Sen sijaan Katri jo oli käynyt talosta tinkimässä minkä mitäkin illan
tarpeiksi. Muhkealta kanalta oli hän sitte armotta kaulan katkaissut ja
istui nyt puuliiterissä saalistansa höyhentämässä ja kynimässä.
"Mitä minä huolin kellosta. Miina, vie pois lapset!" Miina tietysti
totteli eikä lehtori lasten tähden ruvennut peruuttamaan rouvansa
käskyä.
Mari kantoi ulos kaksi tuolia ja ilmoitti samalla, että aamiainen oli
valmis.
Rouva Lajunen joutui hämilleen. Kuinka nyt selvitä vieraista?
Väittelyä kesti vielä kauankin ja siinä tuli ilmi, että rehtori ei ollut
ikänänsä vielä pitänyt kädessään kirvestä, eipä edes
partaveistäkään, jonka tähden hän nytkin aikoi antaa partansa
kasvaa syksyyn asti, ja että rouva Lajunen ompelutti Miinalla kiinni
kaikki ratkenneet hakasensa, puhumattakaan lasten napeista, joiden
kunnossa pito tietysti oli Miinan asia; mutta tuota työttömyyttään
rouva sentään tuntui vähän ikään kuin häpeävän, kun näet oli
lueskellessaan huomannut nykyajan vaativan työtä ja tointa
jokaiselta, ken tahtoi pystyssä pysyä. Rehtori sitä vastoin aivan
kerskailemalla julisteli suoraan kaiken muun työn halveksimistansa
kuin opin taonnan poikain päähän.
Rehtori oli aivan sulaa kiittelemisiinsä ja söi kuin aika mies. Sen
sijaan lehtori näytti vähän neuvottomalta, ja rouva Streng, mitään
virkkamatta, ainoastaan vähän maistoi kutakin lajia.
"Et siis aio joskus tarjota parempaakin kuin eilen, jos minä
tahdon."
III.
Sen sijaan rouva Lajunen aivan oli ikävään menehtyä. Ensi päivät
hän koetti makaella — tekeehän kostea ilma ihmisen uneliaammaksi
— mutta eipä se sekään ajan pitkään oikein sujunut.
Rouva nyt ensin ihastui, että sai niin hyvän tilaisuuden uudistaa
vanhoja tuttavuuksia ässäin, kuningasten ja rouvain kanssa. Kauan
näet oli hän niitä saanut kaivata, hänen miehensä kun ei kärsinyt
kortteja talossaan, eikä niitä myöskään naisien seuroissa näkynyt
siinä piirissä, jossa he nyt eleskelivät.
Tällä välin oli rouva Streng kaatanut kahvia ja rouva Lajunen purki
koristansa kaikenlaista kahvileipää, huulet omituisessa hymyssä.
Kaloja oli kertynyt siksi paljo, että niistä riitti jakaakin. Rouva
Streng itse kantoi osansa kotiin, jota vastoin rouva Lajunen vasta
pitkän lunastuksen jälkeen jätti saman sopimattoman työn miehensä
tehtäväksi sitte, kuin hän ensin ripusti verkot haarukkeihinsa.
"Mikäs vaara siinä olisi ollut, kun minä ammensin pois veden",
kehui rehtori urhotyötään. "Ja muuten siinä oli odottamaton
hauskuutensakin. Aamiainen ei ole pitkään aikaan maistunut niin
hyvin kuin nyt, vaikka olikin aikainen."