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Advances in
Integrated Design
and Production
Proceedings of the 11th International
Conference on Integrated Design and
Production, CPI 2019, October
14–16, 2019, Fez, Morocco
Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering
Series Editors
Francisco Cavas-Martínez, Departamento de Estructuras, Universidad Politécnica
de Cartagena, Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
Fakher Chaari, National School of Engineers, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
Francesco Gherardini, Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università di Modena e Reggio
Emilia, Modena, Italy
Mohamed Haddar, National School of Engineers of Sfax (ENIS), Sfax, Tunisia
Vitalii Ivanov, Department of Manufacturing Engineering Machine and Tools,
Sumy State University, Sumy, Ukraine
Young W. Kwon, Department of Manufacturing Engineering and Aerospace
Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering and Applied Science, Monterey,
CA, USA
Justyna Trojanowska, Poznan University of Technology, Poznan, Poland
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Mohamed Haddar
Editors
Advances in Integrated
Design and Production
Proceedings of the 11th International
Conference on Integrated Design and
Production, CPI 2019, October 14–16, 2019,
Fez, Morocco
123
Editors
Abdelmjid Saka Jean-Yves Choley
Ecole Nationale des Sciences Appliquées Institut supérieur de mécanique de Paris
Fès, Morocco Saint-Ouen, France
Mohamed Haddar
National School of Engineers of Sfax
Sfax, Tunisia
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface
Design and manufacturing represent the technical activities that have played a
fundamental role in creating and shaping products and systems.
Starting in the mid-90s, the CPI conference attempts to provide answers to
current questions in the fields of design and manufacturing.
CPI2019 was the 11th in a series of biennial events in the field of integrated
design and manufacturing. The general objective of this conference is to contribute
and discuss the fundamental principles, applications and experiences in the field of
new technologies such as industry 4.0, cyber-physical systems and the Internet of
things.
CPI2019 has been organized in cooperation with the Laboratory of Engineering
Systems and Applications, ENSA, Fez, Morocco, the Mechanics, Modeling and
Production Research Laboratory, ENIS, Sfax, Tunisia and the QUARTZ, SupMéca,
Paris, France, from October 14 to 16, 2019.
CPI2019 offered again an exciting technical program as well as networking
opportunities. Outstanding scientists and industry leaders accepted the invitation for
keynote speeches:
• Professor Jean Yves CHOLEY, Laboratory QUARTZ, SUPMECA, Paris,
France.
• Professor Aiguo MING, Department of Mechanical and Intelligent Systems
Engineerings, UEC Tokyo, Japan.
• Professor Nacer HAMZAOUI, Laboratory Vibration and Acoustic, INSA Lyon,
France.
• Professor Samir LAMOURI, Ecole Supérieure des Arts et Métiers, Paris,
France.
• Professor Ahmed Rahmani, Center de Recherche en Informatique, Signale et
Automatique, École centrale de Lille, France.
• Professor Mohamed Najib ICHCHOU, Laboratory of Tribology and System
Dynamic, Ecole centrale de Lyon, France.
• Professor Marc ZOLGHADRI, Laboratory QUARTZ, SUPMECA, Paris,
France.
v
vi Preface
Due to the time and conference schedule restrictions, we could finally accept
only the best 120 submissions for presentation. The conference had again about 160
participants from different countries from all continents.
The following submission types have been accepted:
• Full paper, short paper
• Work in progress, poster
• Special sessions
• Workshops, tutorials
The proceedings essentially consist of full paper submissions by proposed by the
moderators of the sessions after oral presentation of the paper.
Finally, the epilogue brings the proceedings to a conclusion. It discusses many
of the challenges in designing and manufacturing in the context of new
technologies.
We would like to thank the organizing committee, scientific committee and all
participants coming from Tunisia, Algeria, France, Saudi Arabia, Spain and
Portugal. Thanks to Springer for support of CPI2019.
This conference would not have appeared without the support of several persons
and companies. We are grateful to Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University for the
support. Special thanks also to the National School of Applied Sciences of Fez
mainly to the Director who support greatly the conference. We thank also
Association Marocained’Ingénierie et de Développement (AMID). And finally, of
course, great thanks to all the others sponsors.
Abdelmjid Saka
Jean-Yves Choley
Jamel Louati
Zakaria Chalh
Maher Barkallah
Mohammed Alfidi
Mounir Ben Amar
Fakher Chaari
Mohamed Haddar
Contents
ix
x Contents
1 Introduction
Car suspension plays a vital rule in handling of a vehicle, it must not only guide
the wheels to ensure optimal contact between the wheel and the road, but also
it must be able to filter effectively unevenness of the road for the comfort of
the occupants of the vehicle. Traditional car suspensions have been the subject
of much research to optimize their performance. In recent years, several studies
have shown that the most realistic way to improve the performance of modern
suspensions is the addition of active suspension systems [11]. Many approaches
have been presented such as robust H∞ approach [5,12], and [18], H∞ control
[4,7,20], and [21], and Fuzzy logic control [8,13,15], and [16]. More attention has
been devoted to the H∞ control of active suspension.
However, active suspension systems may only belong to certain frequency
bands, and driving comfort is known to be sensitive to the frequency. From
the ISO-2631 standard. The most important objective for vehicle suspension
systems is the improvement of driving comfort. In other words, the main task
is to design a controller that stabilizes the vertical movement of the vehicle
body and thus isolating the force transmitted to passengers [1], and [14]. These
results can actually achieve performance of suspension of the desired vehicle,
in particular driving comfort. It’s worth it mention that most approaches are
considered in the frequency domain [3,6,7,15–17], and [19]. Recently, various
control approaches have been proposed for vehicle systems. For example, Control
For Vehicle Active Suspension Systems In Finite Frequency Domain [21]. The
same work was done here for the half-vehicle model including pitch and heave
modes was invented to simulate ride characteristics of a simplified whole vehicle,
which leads to significant improvement in ride and handling [2], and [8].
The Kalman−Yakubovich−Popov lemma (KYP) [9,10]. It only applicable
for the finite frequency band and it allows us to characterize various properties
of dynamical systems in the frequency domain in terms of LMI.
Here, we searched the H∞ control problem over finite frequency ranges for
vehicle active suspension systems. The generalized Kalman−Yakubovich−Popov
(KYP) lemma, gives sufficient conditions that are established to ensure that the
associated error system is stable and satisfies a prescribed H∞ performance in
finite frequency domain. The theoretical results provided as LMIs can be solved
with numerical example to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Notations : A>0 and A<0 denote positive definiteness and negative definite-
ness, ∗ denote the symmetric terms in symmetric matrix, I denote the identity
matrix with appropriate dimension.
where x(t) ∈ R8 is the state vector; u(t) is the input vector; and w(t) is the
disturbance input. With
⎡ ⎤
0 1 0 0 0 −1 0 0
⎢ −ksf a1 −csf a1 −ksr a2 −csr a2 0 csf a1 0 csr a2 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 −1 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ −ksf a2 −csf a2 −ksr a3 −csr a3 0 csf a2 0 csr a3 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
R=⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢ k0 0 0 0 0 1 0 ⎥
⎢ sf csf −ktf −csf
0 ⎥
⎢ muf muf
0 0 muf muf
0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 ⎦
ksr csr −ktr −csr
0 0 muf muf
0 0 mur mur
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
0 0 0 0
⎢ a1 a2 ⎥ ⎢ 0 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 0 ⎥ ⎢ 0 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ a2 a 3 ⎥ ⎢ 0 0 ⎥
⎢
N =⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
0 ⎥ , M = ⎢ −1 0 ⎥ (2)
⎢ −1 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢m ⎥ ⎢ 0 0 ⎥
⎢ uf 0 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 0 ⎦ ⎣ 0 −1 ⎦
0 m−1 ur
0 0
and
1 l2 1 l1 l2 1 l2
a1 = + 1 ; a2 = − ; a3 = + 1.
ms Iθ ms Iθ ms Iθ
In the longitudinal half-vehicle model, the two pitching movements θ̈(t) and the
vertical acceleration center-of-mass z̈c (t) are chosen as the control output z1 (t).
So to improve ride comfort it is mandatory to keep the transfer function as
small as possible over the frequency band (4–8) Hz and we should ensure the
firm uninterrupted contact of wheels to road and the dynamic tire load should
be small. That are
(6)
Taking account of (6), the vehicle suspension control system is described by:
ẋ(t) = Rx(t) + M w(t) + N u(t)
z1 (t) = S1 x(t) + F1 u(t)
z2 (t) = S2 x(t) + F2 u(t) (7)
where R, M , and N are defined in (2), and
−k −c csf
1
sf sf −ksr −csr csr 1
0 0 ms ms
S1 = l1mksfs ms ms ms
l1 csf −l2 ksr −l2 csr
ms
−l1 csf
ms
−l2 csr , F 1 = −l1 −l2
Iθ Iθ Iθ Iθ 0 Iθ 0 Iθ Iθ Iθ
⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
zf max 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
⎢ 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢ zrmax ⎥ ⎢
0
⎥
⎢ ktf ⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢ 0 0 0 0 Ff 0 0 0 ⎥ ⎢
0
⎥
S2 = ⎢ ⎥ , F2 = ⎢ 0 0 ⎥ (8)
⎢ 0 0 0 0 0 0 ktr 0 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ Fr ⎥ ⎣u 1 0 ⎦
⎣ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0⎦ f max
1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 urmax
Denote G(jω) as the transfer function. The finite frequency H∞ control problem
is to design a controller such that the closed-loop system guarantees
supω1 <ω<ω2 G(jω)∞ < γ (9)
where γ > 0. From the safety and mechanical structure, the following constraints
should be guaranteed.
|uf (t)|≤uf max
|ur (t)|≤urmax (10)
3 Controller Design
Lemma 1 (Generalized KYP Lemma)[10]: consider the linear system(Ā, B̄, C̄,
D̄). Given a symmetric matrix Π, the following statements are equivalent:
Where
w1 + w2 −Q P + jwc Q I 0
wc = , Π = , Ξ =
2 P − jwc Q −w1 w2 Q 0 −γ 2 I
where
R̄ M̄ R + NK M
= , S̄2 = S2 + F2 K (18)
S̄ D̄ S 1 + F1 K 0
Theorem 1: Giving positive scalars γ, and ρ. And leaving the state return con-
troller of the form (16) exists. The closed−loop system in (17) is asymptotically
stable and satisfies supω1 <ω<ω2 G(jw)∞ < γ, while the constraints in (10) and
(11) are guaranteed, if there are symmetric matrices P , P1 > 0, Q > 0 and
matrix T satisfying
−T T − T P1 + T R̄ − T T
<0 (19)
∗ R̄T T T + T R̄
⎡ ⎤
−Q − T − T T T 1 T M̄ 0
⎢ ∗ T 2 T M̄ S̄1T ⎥
⎢ ⎥<0 (20)
⎣ ∗ ∗ −γ 2 I 0 ⎦
∗ ∗ ∗ −I
T 1 = P + jwc Q + T R̄ − T T
T 2 = −w1 w2 Q + R̄T T T + T R̄
√
−P1 ρK
≤0 (21)
∗ −u2max I
√
−P1 ρ{S2 }i
< 0, i = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. (22)
∗ −I
Proof 1: By using schur complement inequality (20) can be written in the form:
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
−Q − T − T T P + jwc Q + T R̄ − T T T M̄ 0 0 0
⎣ ∗ −w1 w2 Q + R̄T T T + T R̄ T M̄ ⎦ + ⎣ 0 S¯1 T S¯1 0⎦ < 0 (23)
∗ ∗ −γ 2 I 0 0 0
Which is equivalent to
T T
R̄ M̄ −Q P + jwc Q R̄ M̄ S̄1 S̄1 0
+ <0 (26)
I 0 P − jwc Q −w1 w2 Q I 0 0 −γ 2 I
Hence; we obtain the condition (13). By Lemma (1), the finite frequency (12) is
verified.
Now, condition (19) can be written as,
0 P1 T −I T T
+ −I R̄ + T T <0 (27)
P1 0 T R̄T
The condition (28), implies that the system (17) is asymptotically stable when
ω(t) = 0.
From (10) and (16) we have, consider
−1/2 −1/2
≤ ρ.λmax (P1 K T KP1 )≤u2max (29)
8 L. Mrabah et al.
−1/2 −1/2
ρP1 {S2 }Ti {S2 }i P1 ≤ I, i = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 (32)
By schur complement (31), and (32), are equivalent to (21), and (22) respec-
tively. This completes the proof.
Remark 1: The resulting feasibility problem on the Theorem 1 is nonlinear,
it cannot be directly addressed by optimisation LMI. In order to solve the
problem of non−linearity, we carry out a transformation for the inequalities
(19)-(22) with the matrices V1 = diag{T −1 , T −1 }, V2 = diag{T −1 , T −1 , I, I},
V3 = diag{I, T −1 }.
Theorem 2: Giving positive scalars γ, and ρ. And leaving the state return con-
troller of the form (16) exists. The closed−loop system in (17) is asymptotically
stable and satisfies supω1 <ω<ω2 G(jw)∞ < γ, while the constraints in (10) and
(11) are guaranteed, if there are symmetric matrices P , P1 > 0, Q > 0 and
matrices T, K̄ satisfying
−T̄ T − T̄ P¯1 − T̄ + RT̄ T + N K̄ T
<0 (33)
∗ RT̄ T + N K̄ + T̄ RT + K̄ T N T
⎡ ⎤
T1 T2 M 0
⎢ ∗ T3 M T4⎥
⎢ ⎥ < 0, (34)
⎣ ∗ ∗ −γ 2 I 0 ⎦
∗ ∗ ∗ −I
T 1 = −Q̄ − T̄ T − T̄
T 2 = P̄ + jwc Q̄ + RT̄ T + N K̄ − T̄
T 3 = −w1 w2 Q̄ + T̄ RT + K̄ T N T + RT̄ T + N K̄
T 4 = T̄ S1T + K̄ T F1T
√
−P¯1 ρK̄
≤ 0, (35)
∗ −u2max I
√
−P¯1 ρ{S2 }i T̄
< 0, i = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. (36)
∗ −I
Half Vehicle 9
K = K̄ T̄ −1 . (37)
If we take Q̄ = (T −1 )T QT −1 , P̄ = (T −1 )T P T −1 , P¯1 = (T −1 )T P1 T −1
K̄ = KT −1 , and T̄ = T −1 .
We get the inequalities (33)–(36) of the Theorem 2. This completes the proof.
Remark 2: Note that the linear matrix inequality (34) has complex variables.
The LM I (34) can be converted into a larger dimension LM I of real variables.
be addressed like the inequality S1 + jS2 < 0 that is
The inequality (34) can
S1 S2
equivalent to < 0.
−S2 S1
4 Numerical Example
Longitudinal half-vehicle vertical model parameters with active suspension sys-
tem are listed in the Table 1 [2].
Settings Values
ms 575 kg
muf , mur 60 kg
ksf , ksr 16812 N/m
ktf , ktr 190000 N/m
csf , csr 1000 N.s/m
l1 1.38 m
l2 1.36 m
Iθ 769 kg.m2
zf max , zrmax 0.08 m
uf max , urmax 1500 N
Ff 4014.5 N
Fr 3580.5 N
10 L. Mrabah et al.
By the simulation, the responses of the open−loop system and the closed−loop
system are compared in Fig. 2.
Settings Values
F.F γmin = 1.2849
F.E γmin = 3.1287
Half Vehicle 11
5 Conclusion
In this article, we have studied problem of H∞ control of automotive active sus-
pension system for the half−vehicle model of longitudinal type in the Finite Fre-
quency domain, by using the generalized lemma of Kalman−Yakobovich−popov,
the mechanical structure performance and safety constraints are guaranteed
within their allowable limits and driving comfort has been improved in the
specific frequency band [4–8] hz. Simulation results are given to illustrate the
results.
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Double Frequency Filtering in One
Dimensional Comb-Like Phononic Structure
Containing a Segment Defect
Abstract. In this paper, we show theoretically that we can obtain double fre-
quencies filtering using one dimensional comb-like phononic structure contain-
ing one defect at the segment level. The proposed structure is built of segment
periodicity and grafted in each site by a finite number of resonators. The trans-
mission spectrum and the band structure of this phononic system are theoretically
presented using the Green functions approach based on the formalism of the
interface response theory for acoustic waves propagating in comb-like structure
which present a wide band gap. The presence of a defect in this such structure
creates filtered frequencies which strongly depend on the defect length, the
number of cellules N and the position of defect J. These characteristics of the
considered structure give rise to a good information for the design of ultra-fine
frequency phononic filters situated inside the large comb-like band gaps.
1 Introduction
The study of acoustic and elastic wave propagation in periodic band gap materials,
known as phononic crystals, was receiving a growing interest during the last decades.
Phononic crystals represent periodic artificial structures that have been proposed to
control the propagation of acoustic waves. These materials exhibit the pass bands
separated by large phononic band gaps in which the acoustic waves cannot propagate.
The presence of a defect in this structure gives rise to limited states (defect modes)
inside gaps. Potential applications of these defected structures as very selective fre-
quency filters were studied theoretically and experimentally especially in 1D, quasi 1D
and 2D structures [1–3]. Studies of one-dimensional periodic layered media [4, 5] are
conducted as analogs of 2D and 3D systems. These structures are feasible at any
wavelength scale, and they involve only straightforward analytical calculations.
Some researchers are interested in the propagation of elastic waves in the 1D
phononic structure; this system is composed of an infinite 1D segment along which
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
A. Saka et al. (Eds.): CPI 2019, LNME, pp. 13–21, 2021.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62199-5_2
14 I. El Kadmiri et al.
finite sites of resonators are grafted periodically. Abdelkrim Khelif et al, present a novel
way of forming phononic crystal waveguides by coupling a series of line defect res-
onators, the dispersion proprieties of these coupled-resonator acoustic waveguides
CRAW (finite length of CRAW structure acts as an efficient selective acoustic filter)
can be engineered by using their geometrical parameters [6]. J. M. Escalante et al.
studied the dispersion of an acoustic crystal waveguide formed by the evanescent
coupling of a defective cavity chain and supported the propagation of slow waves.
These acoustic cavity-coupled waveguides (CRAW) are similar to optical cavity-
coupled waveguides formed in photonic crystals. The dispersion of the CRAW can be
controlled by increasing the distance between the cavities, thereby reducing its cou-
pling and smoothing the dispersion ratio [7]. Y. Pennec et al. demonstrated theoreti-
cally the simultaneous existence of phoxonic band gaps in a periodic silicon strip
waveguide. The unit-cell of this one-dimensional waveguide contains a hole in the
middle and two symmetric stubs on the sides. The insertion of a cavity inside the
perfect structure provides simultaneous confinement of phononic and optical waves
suitable to enhance the phonon-photon interaction [8]. M. S. Kushwaha et al. present
the structure of the band and the transmission coefficient for the propagation of the
acoustic wave in a system composed of N′ dangling lateral branches (DSB) periodically
grafted into each of the N equidistant sites in a thin tube. A periodic schematic of large
gaps for aerating DSB in a thin water tube is obtained. The design of the system with
open tubes allows to achieve the lowest space below a threshold frequency and extends
to zero, which provides a completely discrete band structure and transmission spectrum
[9]. Z. G. Wang et al. present an analytical calculation for the propagation of the sound
wave in phononic crystals containing Helmholtz resonators. The band structures, the
transmission spectra and defect modes are investigated for different geometries using
the interface response theory based on the green function. They showed that the
acoustic band structure of the model differs fundamentally from conventional acoustic-
elastic cases and richer due to the coexistence of resonance and Bragg gaps. They
showed that the presence of a defective resonator in the system can lead to resonance
modes within the gaps [10]. Chen Shen et al. reported that in space and time modulated
cascaded resonators, acoustic transmission does not reciprocate. An analysis method
based on mode expansion was proposed and showed strong irreversibility in two
resonator systems with spatially biased modulation phase. The theory has been
numerically verified by a finite-difference time-domain simulation (FDTD) and only
one resonator has a unidirectional isolation coefficient greater than 25 dB [11]. Arturo
Santillan et al. show that the acoustic transparency and slow sound propagation can be
carried out with detuned acoustic resonators (DAR), which mimics the effect of elec-
tromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in atomic physics. Sound propagation in a
pipe with a series of laterally connected DARs is studied, with neighboring DAR units
separated by a distance that is much smaller than the wavelength [12]. They also
exhibit the phenomenon of sound transparency, which greatly reduces the propagation
of sound from a series of paired DAR coupled laterally to the waveguide. By orga-
nizing four identical DAR pairs along the waveguide, the wavelength spacing between
adjacent pairs is equal, and they show that this arrangement has unique narrow-band
transmission characteristics and strong dispersion. They show that there is a direct
coupling between each pair of DARs, which cannot be explained by the interference of
Double Frequency Filtering 15
waves radiated by these resonators. For smaller detuned values and if the cross-
sectional area of the cavity is increased, this destructive coupling will become apparent
[13]. A. Khettabi et al. studied a periodic structure formed by Helmholtz resonators
(HR). They use two methods of analysis: the Transfer Matrix Method (TMM) and the
Interface Response theory [14]. Also, they present a structure composed of a number of
identical structural components. Each cell is formed by a simple expansion chamber.
the expansion chamber is often used to reduce noise in automotive [15]. The size of the
band gap in these composites structures is a critical role for various device applications.
Some of the authors reported that the electromagnetic transmission spectrum of 1D
comb-like structures exhibit enormous gaps. These structures are composed of an
infinite or finite 1D segment of the length d1, along which N′ side resonators of the
height d2 are grafted on each site. Y. Ben Ali et al. studied new filters based on the
defect modes by using a resonator defect in this structure which containing left-handed
materials [16]. They also showed the possibility of filtering two electromagnetic fre-
quencies by the presence of one defective segment in a 1D photonic comb-like
structure [17]. Moreover, they studied the effect of the presence of a resonator defect in
a one-dimensional photonic comb-like structure which contains a finite number of
resonators defect [18].
In this work, we show that there is a double frequency filtering based on two defect
modes in an enormous gap by causing a defect at the segment level in the one-
dimensional phononic comb-like structure, this is presented in Fig. 1(b). This structure
has potential applications as acoustic filters or waveguides, etc.
Fig. 1. (a) One-dimensional comb-like phononic structure containing N periods. (b) Same as (a)
except that there is a segment defect of the length d01 located in the middle of the periodic
structure.
In this work, we illustrate the acoustic band structure and the transmission coefficient
for a phononic comb-like structure containing a defect at the segment level. For the
ideal structure, we operate the following geometrical parameters: the length of
the segment and the height of the resonator are respectively, d1 = 1D and d2 = 0.5d1.
While, the length of the defective segment is indicated d01, and it is placed between
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— Au début, dit-il, j’eus la tristesse d’un vigneron qu’on charge de
façonner une vigne morte ; j’ai prié seul dans le sanctuaire et j’ai
attendu. Le premier dimanche, il est venu deux femmes et une
petite ; j’ai chanté la grand’messe, tour à tour à l’autel et à
l’harmonium, bien que ce ne soit pas très liturgique ; je leur ai parlé,
elles ont été contentes. Le dimanche suivant, elles étaient cinq ;
nous arrivons à neuf aujourd’hui. J’ai pu mettre la main sur un vieux
chantre et deux enfants de chœur, je les forme au chant grégorien.
J’atteindrai certainement quelques jeunes filles ; il y a toujours, dans
une paroisse, des malades, des pauvres, des abandonnés ; je vais
les voir, ils me reçoivent bien. Ne fût-ce pas des lépreux, des
paralytiques et des aveugles qui écoutèrent les premiers l’Évangile ?
— Ça ne te mènera jamais loin, contesta M. Ardel. C’est honteux
qu’on relègue en un trou un garçon de ton mérite ! Tu devrais
comprendre que les religions ont fait leur temps et chercher ailleurs.
Hier, à l’heure des vêpres, nous avons visité la cathédrale : elle était
vide. D’après ce que j’entends dire, tes confrères ici ne pensent qu’à
se chamailler ; vous n’avez même plus l’énergie du ralliement contre
l’adversaire. Vos cloches ont bien raison de sonner leur glas
monotone, le glas de Rome et du Christ, le glas des songes qui ne
recommenceront plus !
L’abbé serra fortement son chapeau entre ses doigts ; mais, sans
trop d’impatience, l’œil tendu sur Victorien, il rédargua :
— Attends à demain, mon pauvre ami, et tu seras confus d’avoir
si mal prophétisé. L’Église n’est pas une chose qui, étant née tel
jour, finira tel autre ; l’Église est, elle est dans le Christ éternel. Elle a
terrestrement ses traverses d’angoisse, mais ce sont des veilles de
triomphe. Le précédent siècle fut plus religieux que son aîné, le
vingtième présage une ère de foi splendide ; ce sera un grand siècle
eucharistique. Toi qui es historien, dis-moi donc si jamais, depuis le
moyen âge, la Papauté fut plus haute qu’aujourd’hui. Il fallait que le
monde épuisât l’expérience de l’erreur. Maintenant, c’est fait ; la
libre-pensée a vidé le fond de son sac ; sur tout ce qu’il importe aux
hommes de savoir, vous n’offrez que des ignorances et des
abstractions. Vous avez l’air de soldats sans pain mordant leurs
cartouches pour tromper leur faim. Cela, tu ne te l’avouerais pas, ou
tu le sens moins que d’autres, parce que tu as de la moelle
chrétienne plein les os ; mais si tu voyais, comme moi, chez mes
paysans, la bestialité plate et sordide, des foyers sans enfants, et en
tout l’abjecte médiocrité, ta conclusion loyale serait un cri d’effroi…
L’abbé s’échauffait dans son éloquence, lorsqu’il discerna sur la
mine de Victorien une maussaderie croissante ; il se leva,
s’approcha de lui :
— Je compte, fit-il, changeant de propos, qu’un de ces jeudis
vous arriverez me surprendre ; vous partagerez mon repas d’ermite.
C’est moi qui suis mon cuisinier ; Pauline me donnera des conseils…
Voyons, quel jour viendrez-vous ?
— Écoute, objecta M. Ardel en se croisant les bras, j’aime mieux
te parler tout rond. Des rapports durables sont-ils possibles entre
nous, alors que nous n’avons plus une idée commune ?
— Et le sang, qu’en fais-tu ? s’écria l’abbé. Mon père est pourtant
le tien !
Il montrait contre la tapisserie le portrait au crayon d’un vieillard à
la barbe foisonnante, dont le front se gonflait de rides sinueuses,
avec d’épais sourcils, des joues creusées, une gravité morose,
comme le Léonard de Vinci dessiné par lui-même en ses derniers
ans.
— Je le revois, dans cette alcôve du quai des Célestins, mort, et
si beau que les femmes du voisinage amenaient leurs enfants pour
le contempler. Avant de mourir, tu te souviens, il nous avait dit : Mes
fils, aimez-vous ; soyez fidèles à Dieu et à votre nom…
— Je le sais, répliqua M. Ardel, sourdement irrité. Mais ne t’en
prends qu’à toi si entre nous deux se dressent d’enfantins concepts
théologiques que tu mets au-dessus de la famille, au-dessus de tout.
Périsse la nature humaine plutôt qu’un dogme, voilà votre principe à
vous autres prêtres. Vous faites, en sens adverse, comme nos
primaires férus de leur morale laïque. Vous n’êtes que des cuistres
enjuponnés.
L’abbé, d’une moue railleuse, rétorqua sur l’agrégé cette épithète
de cuistre ; il n’en sentit pas moins l’intention méprisante, et, plus vif,
répliqua :
— Si j’étais un cuistre, tu ne me verrais pas chez toi. Je suis ton
frère qui t’aime, qui ai voulu te le dire, malgré ta dureté et tes
injustices. Quand vous serez dans la peine, vous saurez où me
trouver. Ma cuistrerie à moi, c’est de bénir !
Ici, par une faute trop explicable, il abandonna la partie au
moment où il allait peut-être la gagner. S’il avait insisté dix minutes
de plus, Victorien, affamé de tendresse en dépit de ses allures
grincheuses, sentimental sous ses raideurs de positiviste bourru,
serait aisément parti d’un sanglot et lui eût ouvert ses bras. Mais
l’abbé jugea contraire à sa dignité d’essuyer de nouveaux affronts ;
en prolongeant sa visite, il courait le risque d’une brouille sans
retour ; ses nerfs que, jusque-là, il avait pu maîtriser, frémissaient
d’être surtendus. Il mit sa main dans celle de son frère qui la prit
assez froidement ; il la tendit aussi à Pauline ; elle donna la sienne
avec une bonne grâce attendrie.
— Au revoir, Victorien, dit-il de son air affable, comme sûr, malgré
tout, de l’avenir.
— Adieu, Jacques ; rappelle-toi que de ta moelle chrétienne,
dans mes os, il n’y a plus rien, rien !
Pauline ouvrit la porte de la rue ; déjà dehors, l’abbé retourna la
tête vers sa nièce, lui envoya, de ses longs doigts, un salut
affectueux ; une larme avivait ses yeux brûlants ; il s’éloigna d’un pas
pressé. Deux heures, au même instant, sonnèrent à la cathédrale ;
M. Ardel sursauta :
— Deux heures ! Un peu plus, il me faisait manquer ma classe !
III