Advances in Industrial Design:

Proceedings of the AHFE 2020 Virtual

Conferences on Design for Inclusion,
Affective and Pleasurable Design,
Interdisciplinary Practice in Industrial
Design, Kansei Engineering, and
Human Factors for Apparel and Textile
Engin Giuseppe Di Bucchianico
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Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing 1202

Giuseppe Di Bucchianico ·
Cliff Sungsoo Shin · Scott Shim ·
Shuichi Fukuda · Gianni Montagna ·
Cristina Carvalho Editors

Advances in
Industrial Design
Proceedings of the AHFE 2020 Virtual
Conferences on Design for Inclusion,
Affective and Pleasurable Design,
Interdisciplinary Practice in Industrial
Design, Kansei Engineering, and
Human Factors for Apparel and Textile
Engineering, July 16–20, 2020, USA
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing

Volume 1202

Series Editor
Janusz Kacprzyk, Systems Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences,
Warsaw, Poland

Advisory Editors
Nikhil R. Pal, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
Rafael Bello Perez, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Computing,
Universidad Central de Las Villas, Santa Clara, Cuba
Emilio S. Corchado, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
Hani Hagras, School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering,
University of Essex, Colchester, UK
László T. Kóczy, Department of Automation, Széchenyi István University,
Gyor, Hungary
Vladik Kreinovich, Department of Computer Science, University of Texas
at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
Chin-Teng Lin, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chiao
Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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of Technology, Tijuana, Mexico
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Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Ngoc Thanh Nguyen , Faculty of Computer Science and Management,
Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland
Jun Wang, Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering,
The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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on theory, applications, and design methods of Intelligent Systems and Intelligent
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Giuseppe Di Bucchianico•

Cliff Sungsoo Shin Scott Shim

• •

Shuichi Fukuda Gianni Montagna

• •

Cristina Carvalho
Editors

Advances in Industrial
Design
Proceedings of the AHFE 2020 Virtual
Conferences on Design for Inclusion, Affective
and Pleasurable Design, Interdisciplinary
Practice in Industrial Design, Kansei
Engineering, and Human Factors for Apparel
and Textile Engineering, July 16–20, 2020, USA

123
Editors
Giuseppe Di Bucchianico Cliff Sungsoo Shin
Dipartimento di Architettura Department of Industrial Design
Università degli Studi “G.d’Annunzio” University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign
Pescara, Pescara, Italy Champaign, IL, USA

Scott Shim Shuichi Fukuda

University of Notre Dame System Design and Management
Indiana, IN, USA Keio University
Tokyo, Japan
Gianni Montagna
Faculty of Architecture Cristina Carvalho
University of Lisbon Faculty of Architecture
Lisbon, Portugal University of Lisbon
Lisbon, Portugal

ISSN 2194-5357 ISSN 2194-5365 (electronic)

Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing
ISBN 978-3-030-51193-7 ISBN 978-3-030-51194-4 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51194-4
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Advances in Human Factors
and Ergonomics 2020

AHFE 2020 Series Editors

Tareq Z. Ahram, Florida, USA
Waldemar Karwowski, Florida, USA

11th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics and the
Affiliated Conferences

Proceedings of the AHFE 2020 Virtual Conferences on Design for Inclusion,

Affective and Pleasurable Design, Interdisciplinary Practice in Industrial Design,
Kansei Engineering, and Human Factors for Apparel and Textile Engineering,
July 16–20, 2020, USA

Advances in Neuroergonomics and Cognitive Hasan Ayaz and Umer Asgher

Engineering
Advances in Industrial Design Giuseppe Di Bucchianico, Cliff Sungsoo
Shin, Scott Shim, Shuichi Fukuda,
Gianni Montagna and Cristina Carvalho
Advances in Ergonomics in Design Francisco Rebelo and Marcelo Soares
Advances in Safety Management and Human Pedro M. Arezes and Ronald L. Boring
Performance
Advances in Human Factors and Ergonomics in Jay Kalra and Nancy J. Lightner
Healthcare and Medical Devices
Advances in Simulation and Digital Human Daniel N Cassenti, Sofia Scataglini,
Modeling Sudhakar L. Rajulu and Julia L. Wright
Advances in Human Factors and Systems Isabel L. Nunes
Interaction
Advances in the Human Side of Service Jim Spohrer and Christine Leitner
Engineering
Advances in Human Factors, Business Jussi Ilari Kantola, Salman Nazir and
Management and Leadership Vesa Salminen
Advances in Human Factors in Robots, Drones Matteo Zallio
and Unmanned Systems
Advances in Human Factors in Cybersecurity Isabella Corradini, Enrico Nardelli and
Tareq Ahram
(continued)

v
vi Advances in Human Factors and Ergonomics 2020

(continued)
Advances in Human Factors in Training, Salman Nazir, Tareq Ahram and
Education, and Learning Sciences Waldemar Karwowski
Advances in Human Aspects of Transportation Neville Stanton
Advances in Artificial Intelligence, Software and Tareq Ahram
Systems Engineering
Advances in Human Factors in Architecture, Jerzy Charytonowicz
Sustainable Urban Planning and Infrastructure
Advances in Physical, Social & Occupational Waldemar Karwowski, Ravindra S.
Ergonomics Goonetilleke, Shuping Xiong,
Richard H.M. Goossens and Atsuo
Murata
Advances in Manufacturing, Production Beata Mrugalska, Stefan Trzcielinski,
Management and Process Control Waldemar Karwowski, Massimo Di
Nicolantonio and Emilio Rossi
Advances in Usability, User Experience, Wearable Tareq Ahram and Christianne Falcão
and Assistive Technology
Advances in Creativity, Innovation, Evangelos Markopoulos, Ravindra S.
Entrepreneurship and Communication of Design Goonetilleke, Amic G. Ho and Yan
Luximon
Preface

Industrial design has been one of the fastest growing and demanding areas which
made significant contributions to our lives and societies. Traditionally, industrial
designers focus on the aesthetics of products’ form and style as well as ergonomics.
This tradition has expanded its boundary to other subject matters such as service
design, human–computer interaction and user experience design, sustainable design
and virtual & augment reality. This is a strong indication that interdisciplinary
collaboration across disciplines became an essential and critical practice in design.
This book covers five unique but overlapping design topics, namely: design for
inclusion, interdisciplinary practice in industrial design, affective and pleasurable
design, Kansei engineering and human factors for apparel and textile engineering.
This book has two underlying messages, the emerging importance of the social
issue of inclusion and human diversity in contemporary society, and the increasing
awareness that there is no such thing as a ‘standard human being.’ The first question
has to do with inequality and social disparity as a necessary milestone toward
economic revival, among other things, while a vital role in the strategies adopted by
the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Framework Program is played by the ones that
focus on strengthening equality, participation and accessibility for all to goods,
services and what Dahrendorf called ‘life chances.’ What this means is that the
issue of social inclusion of diversity and for equality is firmly on political agendas
all over the world, not least because of increasing awareness that new visions, new
strategies, new tools and new approaches are needed, if we are to tackle the
challenges arising from recent phenomena of economic and cultural globalization,
demographic change, economic migration from poorer countries and an aging
population in wealthier countries, phenomena that are destined to upset the entire
planet’s micro- and macroeconomic and social structures in years to come. The
second issue tackled in this book is more technical in nature, since the paradigm
change from ‘designing for standards’ and ‘inclusive products and service design’
to the enlightened awareness that there are no such concepts to fit the standard
human being, this has immediate, direct repercussions on the specialized dimension
of designing. The realization is at last taking hold not only that those individuals are
physically, psychologically and culturally ‘diverse,’ but they also have widely

vii
viii Preface

diversified skills, abilities, aspirations and desires that make each one of us unique
and not at all replicable. Since the diversity of individuals is the rule, not the
exception, it makes sense to consider it as a resource, not as a limiting factor or a
restriction on design, while equality between individuals, communities and peoples
should be treated as fundamental strategic inputs to the sustainable development of
contemporary society, where everybody should have the same opportunities to
experience places, products and services. Numerous design approaches have been
adopted to facilitate social and cultural inclusion in recent decades: design for
disability, universal design, inclusive design and design for all. All of these
philosophies, approaches and methodologies aim to build value on all aspects of
human diversity, from psychophysical to cultural issues, and to offer equal
opportunity to everyone in order to experience places, products, services and sys-
tems. With this in mind, this book sets out to forge a climate conducive to dis-
cussion and comparison between these approaches, without any prejudice in favor
or against any one of them, but attempting to identify the elements they hold in
common and to build each one’s heritage of originality, because we are convinced
that the true resource of design for inclusion may well be found in this very
diversity of opinions.
The Interdisciplinary Practice in Industrial Design (IPID) aims at exploring and
broadening the practice in industrial Interdisciplinary design process. The confer-
ence includes discussions on 1) a theoretical investigation as well as professional
practice to foster interdisciplinary collaboration across disciplines, 2) design pro-
jects through interdisciplinary collaboration, 3) design process with external public
and private sector partners with a solid record of interdisciplinary development
experience and 4) design methods and techniques to investigate productive and
effective interdisciplinary collaboration in design.
This book also focuses on an apparel and textile engineering along with positive
emotional approach in product, service and system design and emphasizes aes-
thetics and enjoyment in user experience. This book provides dissemination and
exchange of scientific information on the theoretical and practical areas of affective
and pleasurable design for research experts and industry practitioners from multi-
disciplinary backgrounds, including industrial designers, emotion designers,
ethnographers, human–computer interaction researchers, human factors engineers,
interaction designers, mobile product designers and vehicle system designers.
A total of seventeen sections are presented in this book:
Section 1 Products and Services for an Inclusive Society
Section 2 Design for Inclusion: Future Strategies and Challenges
Section 3 Design for Disability and Social Inclusion
Section 4 Designing for Inclusion in the Information Society
Section 5 Design for Inclusion in the Living Environment
Section 6 Interdisciplinary Design Education
Section 7 Interdisciplinary Approach to Industrial Design
Section 8 Interdisciplinary Approach to Digital Design
Section 9 Interdisciplinary Approach to Design Innovation
Preface ix

Section 10 Interdisciplinary Approach to Design Manufacturing

Section 11 Human Factors Research Methods for Hand and Tool Design
Section 12 Kansei Engineering
Section 13 Human Factors for Textile and Society
Section 14 Apparel Design and Textile Engineering
Section 15 Coordinating for Emotional Satisfaction
Section 16 Affective Value and Kawaii Engineering
Section 17 Sensory Engineering and Emotion
Sections 1–5 cover topics in design for inclusion, Sections 6–11 cover topics in
interdisciplinary practice in industrial design, Section 12 covers topics in Kansei
engineering, Sections 13 and 14 cover topics in textile design and engineering, and
Sections 15–17 cover topics in affective and pleasurable design.
Each section contains research papers that have been reviewed by members
of the International Editorial Board. Our sincere thanks and appreciation go to the
Board Members as listed below:
Design for Inclusion
C. Aceves Gonzales, Mexico
A. Accolla, China
D. Al Thani, Qatar
D. Busciantella Ricci, Italy
R. Gheerawo, UK
N. Ivanova, UK
K. Kawahara, Japan
P. Kercher, Italy
T. Liu, USA
N. Martins, Portugal
G. Mincolelli, Italy
F. Nickpour, UK
J. Rieger, Australia
M. Zallio, Italy
Interdisciplinary Practice in Industrial Design
Y. Choi, USA
K. Kim, Korea
M. Kim, USA
Y. Kim, USA
J. Park, USA
S. Shim, USA
Human Factors for Apparel and Textile Engineering
L. Almeida, Portugal
A. Broega, Portugal
C. Figueiredo, Portugal
x Preface

S. Heffernan, New Zealand

A. Marr, UK
C. Morais, Portugal
F. Moreira da Silva, Portugal
D. Ramos, Portugal
M. Sbordone, Italy
Affective and Pleasurable Design
A. Aoussat, France
S. Bahn, Korea
L. Chen, Taiwan
K. Cho, Korea
S. Choi, USA
D. Coelho, Portugal
O. Demirbilek, Australia
M. Feil, USA
A. Freivalds, USA
Q. Gao, China
R. Goonetilleke, Hong Kong
B. Henson, UK
A. Ho, Hong Kong
W. Hwang, Korea
Y. Ji, Korea
E. Jung, Korea
J. Kim, Korea
K. Kim, Korea
K. Kotani, Japan
S. Minel, France
K. Morimoto, Japan
M. Ohkura, Japan
T. Park, Korea
P. Rau, China
S. Schutte, Sweden
D. Shin, USA
A. Warell, Sweden
M. Yun, Korea
Kansei Engineering
A. Lokman, Malaysia
Y. Matsubara, Japan
T. Tsuchiya, Japan
Special thanks to Professors Mitsuo Nagamachi and Shigekazu Ishihara for their
valuable contribution to the research track focusing on Kansei engineering.
Preface xi

We hope that this book, which is the international state of the art in the industrial
design, will be a valuable source of theoretical and applied knowledge enabling
human-centered design of variety of products, services and systems for global
markets.

July 2020 Giuseppe Di Bucchianico

Cliff Sungsoo Shin
Scott Shim
Shuichi Fukuda
Gianni Montagna
Cristina Carvalho
Contents

Products and Services for an Inclusive Society

Human Centered Design Methodologies Applied to Complex Research
Projects: First Results of the PLEINAIR Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Giuseppe Mincolelli, Gian Andrea Giacobone, Silvia Imbesi,
and Michele Marchi
Envisioning the Future and Going Back: A Human-Centered Strategy
to Develop the Styling of a Sports Car . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Gian Andrea Giacobone and Giuseppe Mincolelli
The DfA Quality Label: Design for All Practical Evaluation
Experiences for Inclusive Design Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Giuseppe Di Bucchianico
Social Innovation in Fashion Design: Can Design Provide
Opportunities of Inclusion to Refugees in Greece? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Giovanni Maria Conti and Maria Angeliki Panagiotidou
Fashion and Inclusive Design: Assistive Technologies
Applied to Clothing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Grazyella C. O. Aguiar, Leonardo M. Rincon, Miguel A. F. Carvalho,
Christian Mailer, Fabieli D. Breier, and Fernando B. Ferreira
Analysis of the Sensorial Characteristics of Materials
for Inclusive Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Stefania Camplone and Emidio Antonio Villani
User Friendly Eco Bag for Everyday Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Stefania Camplone, Giuseppe Di Bucchianico, and Grazia Ventrella

xiii
xiv Contents

Design for Inclusion: Future Strategies and Challenges

Exploring Boundaries and Synergies Between Inclusive Design
and Service Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Daniele Busciantella-Ricci, Libertad Rizo-Corona,
and Carlos Aceves-Gonzalez
Evaluating Possibilities in Chinese Market and Media for Strategic
Design for Sustainable Development and Inclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Avril Accolla, Ziquan Wang, and Huichan Liu
Employing the Inclusive Design Process to Design for All . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Jenna Mikus, Victoria Høisæther, Carmen Martens, Ubaldo Spina,
and Janice Rieger
Using AI to Enable Design for Diversity: A Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Fang Li, Hua Dong, and Long Liu
Design for Inclusion and Diversity: Developing Social Competencies
in Engineering Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Claudia Lizette Garay-Rondero, David Ernesto Salinas-Navarro,
and Ericka Zulema Rodríguez Calvo

Design for Disability and Social Inclusion

Design for Inclusion in the Nautical Field. DfA Guideline
for Small Motorboats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Jessica Lagatta
Diary Methods Used in Research on Visually Impaired People . . . . . . . 103
Dawoon Jeong and Sung H. Han
Designing Accessible Maps on Mobile Devices for Blind
and Visually Impaired Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Tania Calle-Jimenez, Sergio Luján-Mora, Hugo Arias-Flores,
Carlos Ramos-Galarza, and Isabel L. Nunes
Balance of Considerations Between Technological and Social Factors:
A Case Study on SmartrackTM for the Visually Impaired . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Yi Lin Wong, Kin Wai Michael Siu, and Chi Hang Lo
Design and Development of an All-Terrain Wheelchair
for Rural Areas in Mexico: The First Stage of the Project . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Alberto Rossa-Sierra, Ana Paula Diaz-Pinal, Fabiola Cortes-Chavez,
Felix Maldonado de la Fuente, and Gilberto Carrillo-Alvarado
Contents xv

Designing for Inclusion in the Information Society

Building Communities Through Digital Data Sharing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Soroosh Nazem, Valeria Bruni, Elena Fabris, Alan Marcus, Barbara Melis,
and Graziella Roccella
How to Democratize Internet of Things Devices: A Participatory
Design Study to Improve Digital Literacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Matteo Zallio, John McGrory, and Damon Berry
Talking About Inclusiveness: How Inclusive Are Transportation
App Services? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Adriana Rodríguez-Villaseñor, Patricia Reyna-López,
Alber Duque-Álvarez, Carlos Aceves-González, and Libertad Rizo-Corona
Emotional Design and Human Factors Design as Tool
for Understanding Efficiency in Information Design Process
at Medical Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Mariel Garcia-Hernadez, Fabiola Cortes-Chavez, Marco Marin-Alvarez,
Alberto Rossa-Sierra, and Elvia Luz Gonzalez

Design for Inclusion in the Living Environment

Moving Beyond Visitor and Usability Studies: Co-designing Inclusion
in Museums and Galleries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Janice Rieger
Challenges of Universal Design in Coastal Resort Architecture
and Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Agata Bonenberg
Accessibility to Cultural Heritage from the Urban System
to Museums. Innovative Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Michela Benente, Valeria Minucciani, and Graziella Roccella
Inclusive Museums: From Physical Accessibility
to Cultural Appropriation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Michela Benente and Valeria Minucciani
Bathroom Handrail Requirements for Use by the Elderly . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Yoshiaki Goto, Satoshi Kose, Shinji Tanaka, and Hajime Yada
Beyond Walking: Improving Urban Mobility Equity
in the Age of Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Dadi An, Jiangchao Wang, Puxian Wang, Yuheng Yang, Yunchen Pu,
Haorui Ke, and Yuqin Chen
Acceptable Handrail Diameter for Use by the Elderly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Satoshi Kose, Yoshihide Sugimoto, and Yoshiaki Goto
xvi Contents

A Holistic Approach to Inclusive Mobility Under Resilience

and Sustainability Goals: A Pilot Project in Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Magaly Romao and Anabela Simoes

Interdisciplinary Design Education

“Grit” Assessment of First Year Design Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Benjamin Bush and Chris Arnold
Identity, Wayfinding and Construction for an Underserved Population
in Ecuador . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
David Smith
ID Case Study: The Value of Intellectual Property in Innovative
Product Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Joyce Thomas
PET: Polyethylene Terephthalate – The Ubiquitous 500 ml
Water Bottle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Clark Lundell and Joyce Thomas
Leveraging Design Competitions to Enhance Learning Goals
and Student Motivation Within a Studio Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Wendell Wilson and Young Mi Choi
Strategic Pathways for Interdisciplinary Design Education . . . . . . . . . . 261
William Bullock
A Student Driven Model for Creative Pedagogy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Angie Fahlman and Lois Frankel
Steps to Safer and More Sustainable Industrial Design Studios . . . . . . . 277
George K. Chow
Project Pilot Run 2.ZeRo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
Adam Feld
Industrial Design + Horticulture: A Collaborative Approach
to Greenhouse Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Carlton R. Lay
Designer Thinking, A Unique Combination of Cognitive Modes . . . . . . 299
Paul Skaggs

Interdisciplinary Approach to Industrial Design

Redefining User Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
James Rudolph
Contents xvii

The Role of Design in Consumer Behaviour: How Design Can

Influence Consumer Decision Making at a Point of Purchase . . . . . . . . 316
Ruzbeh Irani and Lois Frankel
Designing an Experience Ecosystem on Campus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Scott Shim
Ageless Design: A Design Method of Product Longevity
for Cross-Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
Yong-Gyun Ghim and Cliff Shin
Analysis of Design Elements of Automatic Household Food Waste
Composting Machine Based on Perceptual Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
Chuyi Zhao and Huabin Wang
Have the Display Illumination Design Misled Customers on Color
Perception? A Study on Differences of Color Caused by LED Lighting
on Leather Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
Cong Xu, Chih-Fu Wu, Dan-Dan Xu, and Ying-Shan Lai
The Development Trend of Personalized Bank Card Design
from a New Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
Xinxiong Liu and Jingyang Du
A Conceptual Model for Designing Sustainable City Development . . . . . 360
Amira Ashraf and Thomas Garvey
The Challenges of Interdisciplinary Participation
and Anti-oppressive Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
Dawson Clark and Lois Frankel
A Dimensional Themes’ Matrix for Identifying Design Problem
Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
Dabin Lee, Sangjin Joo, Soyoon Park, Hwang Kim, and KwanMyung Kim
Reconstructing Social Identity Through Physical Attractiveness . . . . . . 385
Young Ae Kim and Qiuwen Li
Happiness Participatory Media: Cultural Differences in Happiness
on Instagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
Qiuwen Li and Young Ae Kim
Collaboration to Improve Experience in Hospital Environments . . . . . . 403
Kayla Daigle and Lois Frankel
Research on Emotional Interaction Design
in Landscape Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
Jiang Yuhao
xviii Contents

Exploring the Potential Uses of Ocean Plastic and Public Engagement

Activities for Raising Awareness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
Xingyu Tao

Interdisciplinary Approach to Digital Design

Application of Typical Technical Features in Industry 4.0 for Product
Innovation Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
Huabin Wang and Zhanwen Gan
Effects of Industry 4.0 on Human Factors/Ergonomics Design
in 21st Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
Manutchanok Jongprasithporn, Nantakrit Yodpijit,
Chanakamon Phaisanthanaphark, Yotsuda Buranasing,
and Teppakorn Sittiwanchai
Human-Machine Interaction Design Process for Complex Product
Systems as Spacesuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
Gang Liu, Li Huang, Mengyin Jiang, and Yi Su
Integration of Multi-domain-Simulation into the Design
of Cyber-Physical Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
Tanja Steinbach, Yübo Wang, Vladimir Kutscher, and Reiner Anderl
Integrated Keyword Mapping Process: Bridging User Research
to Style Concept Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
Sangjin Joo, Dabin Lee, Soyoon Park, Hwang Kim, and KwanMyung Kim
Emotional Interaction Design for Driverless Food Truck Under
Campus Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
Ming Yan, Jianmin Wang, and Wenjuan Wang

Interdisciplinary Approach to Design Innovation

An Interdisciplinary Approach to Accessible Museum Exhibitions . . . . 475
Carla Ayukawa and Lois Frankel
An Interdisciplinary Framework for Designing
Adaptive Snowsports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
Lindsay McCauley and Lois Frankel
Case Study of Cultural Design Innovation Enabling Brand
Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
Huabin Wang and Lei Han
Innovation’s DNA in Postmodern Society Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498
Ekaterina Barcellos, Galdenoro Botura Jr., and Lívia Inglesis
Contents xix

Exploration and Practice of Industry-Education Integration

in Design Schools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506
Wei Ding, Xinyao Huang, and Dadi An
Research and Practice of Whole Process Product Design Innovation
Theory System Based on Service Design Thinking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514
Wei Ding, Defang Chen, and Junnan Ye
Product Design Education for Circular Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
José Vicente

Interdisciplinary Approach to Design Manufacturing

Analysis of the Components of the Scene System and Its
Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529
Yan Wang and Jiadong Han
Sound Design for Electric Vehicles: Lessons and Requirements
Learned from a Chinese Automobile Manufacturer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537
Yang Zhao, Hua Dong, and Long Liu
Design of Doll’s Arm Based on Shape Memory Alloy Actuator . . . . . . . 544
Danying Liu, Xifan Ding, Mingjiang Jin, and Shanang He
Integration of Consumer Electronics Products Designed in Mexico . . . . 551
Carlos Garnier-Ortiz, Alberto Rossa-Sierra, and Fabiola Cortes-Chavez
Extracting Contour Shape of Passenger Car Form in Front Quarter
View Based on Form Similarity Judgement by Young
Chinese Consumers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558
Chunrong Liu, Yuchun Shi, and Minghua Zhang

Human Factors Research Methods for Hand and Tool Design

Lend a Hand for 3D Scans: Scanning Methodology and Data
Collection for Tool and Glove Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567
Bethany Juhnke, Colleen Pokorny, Linsey Griffin, and Susan Sokolowski
Qualitative Survey Methodology and Data Collection for Performance
Glove Design and Fit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575
Susan L. Sokolowski, Linsey Griffin, Bethany Juhnke, Colleen Pokorny,
and Chrissy Bettencourt
How Sport-Specific Hand Positioning Can Inform Glove
and Mitt Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582
Susan L. Sokolowski, Carly Anderson, and Sarah Klecker
A Visible Functional Grasp to Measure the Complete Hand . . . . . . . . . 589
Colleen Pokorny, Bethany Juhnke, and Linsey Griffin
xx Contents

Investigation of 3D Functional Grip Shape to Design Products for Dog

Walking and Hiking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597
Susan L. Sokolowski, Chrissy Bettencourt, and Jennifer Null
Human Factors Design of Digital Information Systems for Inspection
Body (IB) in Industry 4.0 Era . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605
Manutchanok Jongprasithporn, Nantakrit Yodpijit, Danitar Tontoh,
and Teppakorn Sittiwanchai

Kansei Engineering
Pilot Study of Kansei Human Machine Interface for Prevention
System of Unintended Acceleration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615
Toshio Tsuchiya, Kanon Watanabe, Mizuki Hirano, Kotaro Kuma,
and Shintaro Wakamatsu
Meaning and Approach of New Product Designing Through
Kansei Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621
Yuuki Shigemoto
Real, Augmented, Virtual, and Robotic Animals in Smart
and Playable Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627
Anton Nijholt
On the Role of “Muscle Memory” in Interaction Design . . . . . . . . . . . . 634
Miao Liu and Xingchun Yang
UX Design for Mobile Application of E-Commerce Site
by Using Kansei Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641
Yuiko Mimura, Toshio Tsuchiya, Kaho Moriyama, Kanna Murata,
and Sana Takasuka
Research on the Color of Physiotherapy Equipment - Example
of the Lower Limb Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648
Peng Jyun Liu
Young Chinese Consumers’ Perception of Passenger Car Form
in Side View Analyzed with Quantitative and Qualitative Methods . . . . 662
Chunrong Liu, Kui Gao, and Qichang He
Examining the Incidence of Intuitiveness and Cognitive-Affective
States in the Kansei and Rating of Mobile Apps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669
Sandrine Fischer
Research on Hospital Self-service Machine Interaction Design Based
on Kansei Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676
Zhengyu Shi, Huifang Shang, Chuanshun Wang, Zhengyu Wang,
and Meiyu Zhou
Contents xxi

Kansei Evaluation Based on Quantifying the Identity

of Smartphone Shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689
Koki Chiba, Namgyu Kang, Jiuqiang Fu, Dongjin Seo,
Khongthat Thongphun, Liu Jiehong, and Mohd Khairul Hussin
Proposal of System Based on Kansei Evaluation of Influence
of the Margin Ratio of Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 696
Shunsuke Ono and Namgyu Kang
Verification of Effectiveness with Sound Using Metaphor for Typing
on Keyboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703
Noriki Fukatsu and Namgyu Kang
Proposal of Kansei Communication Tool for SNS Based on Combining
Verbal and Non-verbal Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 710
Sadahiro Suzuki and Namgyu Kang
Proposal and Kansei Evaluation of a Garbage Can to Change Human
Behaviour Based on Fun Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717
Masayuki Takahashi and Namgyu Kang

Human Factors for Textile and Society

The Importance of Textiles in the User Experience in Interior
and Furniture Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727
Rui Carreto and Catarina Carreto
The Shape of Desire: Knitwear and the Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733
Gianni Montagna, Cristina Carvalho, Carla Morais,
and Maria Antonietta Sbordone
Ancient Activities Improved by Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 741
Isabel Bieger, Cristina Carvalho, and Gianni Montagna
Long-Line Composite Floating Modular System for Controlled
Growth of Mytilus Galloprovincialis Mussels and the Development
of Crassostrea Gigas Oysters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 748
Alexandra Ene and Carmen Mihai
Design Artisan and Art: Development of a Textile Collection
in Contemporary Fashion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 754
Ana Margarida Fernandes and Isabele Lavado

Apparel Design and Textile Engineering

Hierarchical Model of “Feeling of Luxury:” Genuine
and Artificial Leather Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763
Shuhei Watanabe and Takahiko Horiuchi
xxii Contents

Innovative Filtering Systems for High Temperature

Chemical Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 770
Carmen Mihai and Alexandra Ene
Unique Natural Fibers: Physicochemical Characteristics
of Lignin-Cellulosic Fibers from Aechmea Bromeliifolia Leaves . . . . . . . 777
Rayana Santiago de Queiroz, Ana Cristina Broega,
and António Pedro Garcia Valadares Souto
Underwear in Personal Wardrobe – A Study About Consumption
and Disposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785
Carla Morais, Gianni Montagna, and Ana Sousa
The Senior Target Audience: When the Body Does Not Keep Up
with the Youthful Spirit, the Clothing Design Gives a Reply
Through Comfort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 792
Mariana Dias de Almeida, Ana Cristina da Luz Broega,
and Marizilda dos Santos Menezes
Active Sportswear for Older Consumers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801
Laura Piccinini, Gianni Montagna, and Cristina Carvalho
5D Virtual Model for Thermal Comfort and Ergonomics Assessment
Applied in Clothing Industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809
Consuelo Latorre-Sánchez, Mateo Izquierdo, Alejandro Conde,
Eduardo Parrilla, Alfredo Ballester, Jose Laparra-Hernández,
Juan Carlos Gonzalez, and Sandra Alemany
The Virtualization of the Fashion Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 820
Luís Ricardo Santos, Gianni Montagna, and Maria João Pereira Neto
Effect of the Size of the Covered Area of the Chest Surface
on Pressure Sensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831
Tamaki Mitsuno and Tomomi Aruga
Research on the Body Shape of Clothing for Chinese Adult . . . . . . . . . 841
Linghua Ran, Chaoyi Zhao, Hong Luo, Xin Zhang, and Taijie Liu
Smart Sportswear Design for Down Syndrome Patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . 847
Ying-Chia Huang, Jen-Hau Chen, Guan-Yin Chen, and Kai Fang Tung
Effect of Fatigue of the Protective Clothing Wearer on Body Balance
Performance Caused by Shorten or Prolonged Workload
with Heat Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 856
Suyoung Son and Ken Tokizawa
Textile Historical Sustainability and Innovative Textile Products . . . . . . 862
Eleonora Trivellin, Giuseppe Lotti, Marco Marseglia, Elisa Matteucci,
Margherita Vacca, Irene Fiesoli, Claudia Morea, Alessio Tanzini,
Francesco Cantini, and Lu Ji
Contents xxiii

Coordinating for Emotional Satisfaction

From Control to Coordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 873
Shuichi Fukuda
Color in Glossolalia: Green in Western Culture (Part I) . . . . . . . . . . . . 879
Leonor Ferrão
Predicting Attitudes Towards Advertisement Strategy Based
on Personality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885
Ezekiel B. Skovron and Kim-Phuong Vu
Research and Practice on the Design Method of Cultural Output
for Small Commodities Based on “Without Thought Design” . . . . . . . . 892
Junnan Ye, Siyao Zhu, Menglan Wang, Jingyang Wang, and Xu Liu
The Creation of Aesthetic Conception on Landscape Space Through
Information Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 899
Shuwang Zhao
Motor Control of Hand Force for Visual Indicator Without
Hand Displacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 907
Takashi Oyama and Teruaki Ito
Style and Color Design of Technology Packaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 913
Lung-Wen Kuo, Chih-Chun Lai, and Ming-Chi Hsieh
A Methodology for Designing Meaningful Interactions
in Public Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 920
Liang Tan
Case Study: How Design Students Tailor Their Crowdfunding
Presentation to Different Audiences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 927
Jose Rivera-Chang
Research on the Application of Traditional Cultural Elements
in the Design of Bank Card Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 932
Yun-chen Xi and Xin-xiong Liu
The Construction of Story-Telling Illustration
in Tea Packaging Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 938
Ren Long, Lu Geng, and Chenyue Sun

Affective Value and Kawaii Engineering

Analysis of Factors Affecting Luxury of Images of Cooked Dishes . . . . . 947
Yuri Hamada, Yumi Takei, and Hiroko Shoji
Differences of Image Words for Clothes Depending
on Fashion Brands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 953
Yuri Hamada, Takahiro Tanaka, and Hiroko Shoji
xxiv Contents

Preliminary Study on Color Therapy Effect Evaluation

by the Emotion Estimation Method with Biological Signals . . . . . . . . . . 957
Yohei Kawakami, Makoto Komazawa, Chen Feng, and Midori Sugaya
Comparing Subjective and Objective Evaluations of the Ratio
of Visible Green . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 964
Momoko Kawakami, Masayoshi Tanishita, and Michiko Ohokura
Color Analysis of Popular Lipstick Brands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 971
Peeraya Sripian, Keiko Miyatake, Kejkaew Thanasuan,
and Michiko Ohkura

Sensory Engineering and Emotion

Comparison of Object-Based Three-Dimensional Sound and Ambient
Sound for Straight Walking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 981
Keiichi Muramatsu, Shigekimi Tsukada, Kazunori Kaede,
and Keiichi Watanuki
Chaotic Analysis of Finger Plethysmogram During Aroma
Exposure for Evaluating Emotions and Examination of Optimal
Analysis Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 987
Tomofumi Sakata, Keiichi Watanuki, Kazunori Kaede,
and Keiichi Muramatsu
Exploring User Experience of Music Social Mode - Take NetEase
Cloud Music as an Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 993
Han Wang and RongRong Fu
Evaluation of the Attention Effect of the Fraser-Wilcox Illusion
in a Visual Discrimination Task . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1000
Kota Tokonabe, Keiichi Watanuki, Kazunori Kaede,
and Keiichi Muramatsu
Visualization of Features in Multivariate Gait Data: Use of a Deep
Learning for the Visualization of Body Parts and Their Timing During
Gait Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1007
Yusuke Osawa, Keiichi Watanuki, Kazunori Kaede,
and Keiichi Muramatsu
A Comparative Study on the Communication Effect of Stage
Performance Promotion Platforms Based on User Experience . . . . . . . . 1014
Jingyi Ji, Rongrong Fu, and Jianxin Cheng
The Influence of Video Barrage on the Emotion of Young Users . . . . . . 1022
Shanang He and Fumie Muroi

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1029

Products and Services for an Inclusive
Society
 Human Centered Design Methodologies
Applied to Complex Research Projects:
First Results of the PLEINAIR Project

Giuseppe Mincolelli(&), Gian Andrea Giacobone,

Silvia Imbesi, and Michele Marchi

TekneHub – Dipartimento di Architettura, Università degli Studi di Ferrara,

via Saragat 13, 44124 Ferrara, Italy
[email protected]

Abstract. One of the data that national and international organizations –

including the World Health Organization (WHO) – are observing is regarding
people’s sedentary lifestyle, of all age groups and without distinction of eth-
nicity, social or territorial characteristics. To try to give concrete and possible
solutions, the PLEINAIR (Free and Inclusive Parks in Networks for Recre-
ational and Physical Intergenerational Activity) was developed; a research
project funded under the action 1.2.2 POR FESR 2014–2020. The project
started in July 2019 and will last 24 months. Outdoor parks and recreational
areas are the scope of the project, which aims to improve and design inclusive
contexts to promote the adoption of active lifestyles for all and for all age
groups. The operational tools through which we will try to provide real solutions
are the OSOs (Outdoor Smart Objects): urban furniture, ludic tools or cus-
tomizable inclusive strategies to encourage physical activity, conviviality and
socialization among people.

Keywords: Human Centered Design
Co-design
Health
Wellness
Smart

object outdoor

1 Introduction

“…physical inactivity is worldwide the fourth most important mortality risk factor and
causes 6% of all deaths. About 3.2 million people die each year because they are not
active enough. Insufficiently active people have a mortality risk of 20% to 30% higher
than those engaged in at least half an hour of moderate-intensity physical activity in
most days of the week” [1].
Above an extract of the data transmitted by the World Health Organization. The data
are worrying and constantly growing [2]. According to the WHO, the decrease in
physical activity is due to several factors: some caused by the individual behavior of the
person and others caused by the – real and/or perceived – context where we live. The
latter is perceived as unsafe and with widespread violence (especially in the
evening/night hours), with a massive presence of vehicular traffic that brings bad air
quality; lastly, it is perceived as not very accessible and inclusive with regard to primary
infrastructures such as, for example, sidewalks, sports and recreational facilities.
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license
to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
G. Di Bucchianico et al. (Eds.): AHFE 2020, AISC 1202, pp. 3–9, 2020.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51194-4_1
4 G. Mincolelli et al.

Unfortunately, even at national level, in Italy, the data do not change significantly.
According to the latest ISTAT data [3] in the two-year period 2017–2018, in Italy an
estimated 2 million and 130 thousand children and adolescents are overweight, equal to
25.2% of the population aged 3–17 years (28.5% in 2010–2011). Although registering
a drop on the number of overweight children compared to the previous two-year period,
the data concerning the lack of physical activity in children and adolescents remains
worrisome.
Among the different options and solutions that the WHO proposes, 3 priorities out
of 5 [4] identify the promotion of physical activity as a primary element. Specifically,
the Priority area 2 is focused on children, the Priority area 3 on adults and the Priority
area 4 on the elderly. Therefore, the mission that the WHO [4] proposes is to promote
physical activity with the consequent reduction of sedentary behaviors, to create and
develop inclusive environments for people of different ages, cultures, sex and dis-
abilities, that support physical activity in public and private spaces.
In this scenario, a scientific-industrial research team has developed the PLEINAIR
project. The research is underway and will end in July 2021. The project is addressed to
multigenerational users with the goal of setting up outdoor recreational and ludic
environments that allow the synergistic use by people with skills and characteristics
even very different from each other. The objective is to encourage physical activity
with customized and profiled motivational strategies based on the specific character-
istics and peculiarities of each person who will want to freely enjoy the park and its
equipment. This objective will be possible thanks to the Outdoor Smart Objects (OSOs)
project: sensors/actuators to be integrated with existing equipment or to be realized
from scratch. The OSOs will also be able to monitor (thanks to IA and IoTM tech-
nologies) a series of useful parameters for assessing people’s motor well-being and to
trigger new and innovative ways of socio-recreational interaction between people and
ludic equipment with the aim of improving people’s quality of life (physical and
emotional).

2 Methodology

The research project is complex since the objectives are broad and cross-cutting.
Indeed, the research team has set both the real planning of the OSOs (to reach a
Technological Maturity Level equal to 6 [5]) and the research of innovative virtuous
dynamics that can arise in urban areas among users with very different characteristics
(age, sex, culture, ability/disability, etc.) from each other. The goal is also to understand
the deep and latent needs that lead different people to enjoy an outdoor park; under-
standing what are the possible transversal activities between the different users in order
to be able to develop profiled motivational strategies based on their emotional, func-
tional and social needs.
To achieve the goal, a highly trained and specialized scientific-industrial research
team has been created.
The research group includes: the partners DataRiver, CIRI SDV, Future Technol-
ogy Lab, TekneHub and A.I.A.S. The latter two have a specific expertise regarding
Human Centered Design approaches to conceive and design inclusive and accessible
 Human Centered Design Methodologies 5

services, environments and interfaces. Moreover, TekneHub also manages the specific
aspects of OSOs design and interfaces, in terms of appearance, interactivity, inclu-
siveness and ergonomics. A.I.A.S, thanks to their experience gained over the years, has
great skills in terms of both Assistive Technologies and vulnerable users, with specific
reference to people with disabilities and the elderly, thanks to the management and
coordination – through agreements – of day care centers or residential buildings.
DataRiver, CIRI SDV and Future Technology Lab have an expertise in the fields of
IoT/IoMT, sensors, as well as data management, Machine Learning/Artificial Intelli-
gence, neuro-biomechanics of movement and analysis and development of motor
behavior. The industrial partners, that are important for their real experience of
industrial and experimental operations are: Ergotek s.r.l. (specialized in the production
of wooden seats and furniture), Sarba s.p.a (producer of playground equipment and
urban furniture), mHealth Technologies S.r.l (healthcare furniture sector). The
methodology that is applied to the research is aimed at satisfying people’s needs; they
are the main actors of the project. Therefore, design research tools are adopted together
with the Human Centered Design (HCD) approach. One of the biggest problems when
working within a complex multidisciplinary team as in the PLEINAIR project, may be
the one concerning a problem of language and communication between different
expertise. As verified and confirmed by positive results within the Habitat project [6]
(composed by some scientific-industrial partners that are also part of PLEINAIR),
following HCD approaches [7] and employing application tools such as Quality
Function Deployment [8] (QFD) or co-design [9, 10], can simplify the communication
between partners and make the various planning phases more fluid and clear.
The PLEINAIR project is underway and some research workshops have already
been carried out. The first saw the participation of the entire research partnership
(academic and industrial) and had as objective, the focalization of project objectives
and the beginning of the production of the common and shared material for the sub-
sequent research phases (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1. View of the first workshop

6 G. Mincolelli et al.

The day had a playful-experimental but very structured nature. The event was
divided into two distinct parts; within the first part, through tools such as brainstorming
and cart-sorting [11], some graphic cards were distributed which represented national
and international best practices regarding auxiliary objects and equipment that can be
found in outdoor parks. For convenience of discussion, the audience was divided into
groups of maximum 5–6 units. Each group was composed by at least one reference
person belonging to one of the scientific partners in order to have widespread cross-
cutting and sectorial competences. The goal was to carry out a competitive bench-
marking between the different solutions, being able to gather the strengths and
weaknesses in a PLEINAIR perspective. In the second part, we discussed which
activities could be multi-generational, examining their weak and virtuous points and the
possible changes to be made/integrated. The other two workshops were structured
differently from the first one; in addition to the presence of some scientific partners,
those workshops had the active participation of some Public Administrations of the
Emilia Romagna Region (Bologna, Castenaso, Modena) through the components of the
Municipal Offices responsible for the management of urban garden areas. The days
were useful to understand stakeholders’ needs and expectations regarding the topics
covered by PLEINAIR. An active debate with the PAs was essential in order to
understand the real existing problems concerning playgrounds and to know the virtuous
(or not) ongoing activities. These events were also divided into two distinct parts.
The first part was focused on the state of the art of parks; in fact, considerations
were expressed on the outdoor park environment (accessibility, maintenance, man-
agement,…), the equipment and auxiliary objects (seats, games, carousels,…) and any
existing technologies such as, for example, IoT or monitoring of biomedical data on
motor exercises. The second part was structured on the basis of the conclusions
resulting from the first workshop. Taking into account the best practices, we observed
the spill-over effects in terms of management, maintenance, inclusiveness, identity and
affiliation with regard to the local communities. All with the help of graphic synoptic
tables, gradually completed thanks to the contribution of all the participants. Each
participant had the opportunity to monitor the progress of the work; this resulted in two
immediate advantages (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2. View of the second workshop

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 CRYPTOGAMIC POISONING IN SWINE.

Spoiled foods. Toxic rye. Botulism. Brine poisoning. Flesh of overdriven

(leucomaines). Symptoms: from mouldy bread, brain disorder, gastric, urinary,
hæmatic: from brine, restlessness, convulsions, eructations, vomiting, weakness,
paresis. Lesions: congestion of stomach, bowels and mesenteric glands; with brine,
heart and skin charged with black blood, congestion of brain, kidneys and bladder.
Petechiæ. Treatment: empty stomach, emetics, purgatives, potassium iodide,
antiferments, sedatives, cold to head, enemata, counter-irritants. Prevention.

Causes. Spoiled foods of all kinds such as mouldy bread, musty

meal, spoiled grains of all kinds, or rotten potatoes, or apples are
common causes of poisoning. In specimens of toxic rye Woronin
found four fungi:—fusarium roseum, gilberella Sanbinetti,
belminthosporium, and cladosporium herbarium. Prilleux
and Delacroix have obtained a fifth, endoconidium temulentum.
Rye so affected produced nervous disorder in swine, dogs, birds and
even in man. Pigs often die from botulism, being fed flesh in a more
or less advanced stage of putrefaction. Old meat brine is also a
source of toxin and ptomaine poisoning since its toxic property
increases with age which is not the case with a mere solution of
common salt. Yet this is very deadly to the pig, a half a pint often
proving fatal. Kuhnert records that the flesh of an overdriven horse
proved fatal to the pigs that ate it.
Symptoms. From mouldy bread the pig becomes dull, stupid,
sluggish, stiff, stilty and staggering in his gait, and usually costive.
There are usually signs of colicy pains, inappetence, frothy lips,
champing of the jaws, yawning, retching and vomiting. The mucosæ
become yellow and the urine red and albuminous.
The symptoms caused by old brine are more violent. There are
dullness, prostration, and inclination to lie, but at short intervals the
animal gets up and wanders round, moving stiffly, is seized by
tremors and finally convulsions, in which he falls to the ground,
dashes his head from side to side, champs his teeth, rolls his eyes and
froths at the mouth. There are usually eructations and often vomiting
which does not, however, give the desired relief. The animal becomes
rapidly weaker and though unable to rise has frequent paroxysms of
trembling and other nervous symptoms.
Lesions. With mouldy bread the congestion of the gastric and
intestinal mucosa, and of the mesenteric glands are marked features.
With brine there is in addition the heart gorged with black, tarry
blood, the skin and subcutaneous connective tissue shows a similar
dark congestion, also the brain and its membranes and the kidneys
and bladder. Petechiæ are abundant on the serous membranes and
other parts of the body.
Treatment. Evacuate the stomach by tickling the fauces, giving
tepid drinks, or ipecacuan. Follow with purgative of sulphate of soda
and diuretics especially potassium iodide. Potassium bromide,
sodium salicylate or salol may be given to calm nervous excitement
and check fermentation. Degoix recommends chloral hydrate,
enemata, cold to the head, and counter-irritants and in very
prostrate conditions stimulants may be employed.
The most important measure, however, is the cutting off of the
supply of the poison and the administration of a wholesome diet.
Medicinal treatment is too often unsatisfactory and will seldom pay
for the trouble; prevention is the one rational and economical
measure.
CRYPTOGAMIC POISONING IN CARNIVORA.
Botulism. Racial immunity. Acquired immunity. Gastric secretions, protective.
Bacteria in septic beef, old brine, stale fish, privy air. Symptoms: sudden onset,
colic, nausea, retching, vomiting, septic vomit, fever, tender abdomen, bloody,
fœtid, mucous diarrhœa, prostration, death in three to twenty-four hours. Lesions:
of gastro-enteritis, ingesta fœtid, congestions and petechiæ of other organs.
Treatment: emetic, laxative, diuretics, potassium iodide, antiseptics, demulcents,
stimulants.
Causes. What is called botulism in man is not uncommon in
carnivora. Eating carcasses of animals that have died of disease, of
poisoning, etc., in a raw condition and too often in an advanced state
of putrefaction, they are liable not only to infection by the pathogenic
or poisonous microbes, but also to direct poisoning by the ptomaines
and toxins. There are however certain protective conditions.
Accustomed as this class of animals is to the consumption of such
food, they have by selective evolution acquired an insusceptibility to
many such poisons which would prove deadly to the herbivora. Again
the mature dog or cat has already been subjected to many of these
poisons and having survived them has acquired an immunity which
renders it comparatively safe for the future. The antiseptic power of
the gastric secretion of the dog may be easily shown, by letting him
bolt a moderate piece of putrid meat, and killing him ten or fifteen
minutes later when the mass will be found in the stomach without
odor of decomposition. He succumbs to the poison either when the
quantity ingested is too large, or when the digestion is from any
cause deranged and the gastric secretion impaired. Anthrax flesh
may produce pharyngeal or intestinal anthrax in the dog. In the
animal with temporarily impaired immunity the more virulent
septicæmias may prove infecting. From putrid beef the following
pathogenic bacteria have been isolated: 1. Gärtner and Basenau have
independently isolated bacillus bovis morbificans which forms
clear colonies on the surface of peptonized gelatine, and brownish
ones beneath the surface, and coagulates milk in 24 hours. This is
short with rounded ends, very motile, non-liquefying, and capable of
surviving the freezing temperature. Its toxins are not destroyed by
boiling. It causes enteritis, or, subcutem, debility, somnolence, and
stupor. This bacillus was pathogenic to mice, rats, guinea-pigs,
rabbits, goats and calves but had little effect on dogs or cats. 2. The
bacillus of Poels which produces paralysis. 3. The bacillus of
Gatky which performs very rapid gyratory movements only, and is
not found in the muscles.
Old Brine is as poisonous for the dog as for pigs. Six to nine
ounces proved fatal, (Reynal).
Stale Fish has been known to prove poisonous in the same way.
Three dogs that were made to breathe the air over a foul privy were
seized with vomiting, fever and diarrhœa.
Symptoms. These usually develop six or more hours after a feed.
The earlier symptoms are those of digestive disorder. There is colic,
nausea, retching, vomiting of septic or bilious matter, ardent thirst,
dry mouth, furred tongue, redness of the buccal mucosa, and
tenderness of the abdomen. Diarrhœa sets in early and may become
bloody, fœtid and dysenteric. There is usually much prostration and
debility so that apart from his compulsory movements under the
colics the animal remains most of the time curled up. Fever is usually
slight but the temperature may rise to 105° F. Death may take place
in 3 hours, or may be deferred 24 hours or longer.
Lesions. There is usually gastro-enteritis, the mucosa being
congested, red œdematous, with petechiæ, and congestion and
swelling of Peyer’s patches, the solitary glands, the mesenteric
glands, the liver and kidneys. The contents of the bowel are brownish
red, and an effusion into the peritoneum is common. The spleen is
often engorged and enlarged. Congestions of the lungs and brain are
common.
Treatment. Evacuate the stomach by ipecacuan, etc., and the
bowels by a purgative. Next seek elimination of the toxins by
potassium iodide and other diuretics. Antiseptics (calomel, salol,
naphthalin) to counteract the further formation of toxins, and
demulcents by draught and enema are indicated. In cases of great
prostration, heart and nerve stimulants may be useful.
 DIARRHŒA, SCOURING.
Definition. Concomitant of other affections. Causes: Congestion, effusion from
small and large intestine, irritants in bowels, or blood, chill or other shock acting
as reflex, cold drink and violent exercise, aqueous food, cooked, pulped; irritants,
feculent concretions, parasites, fermentation products, diseased teeth, jaws or
salivary glands, drink after grain, gastric hepatic or pancreatic disease, spoiled
food, purgative agents in food, fever products, purgative waters, rains, dews, damp
stalls, etc., fear, “washy” horses, nervous animals, root diet, œstrum, hepatic
torpor, equine susceptibility. Symptoms: with root diet, with much or little bile,
slight cases do not affect system, in severe cases, tympany, pawing, straining,
fœtor, in infective diseases; complications, laminitis, enteritis, pneumonia.
Treatment: remove or expel cause, demulcents, laxatives, anodynes, antiseptics;
chronic cases, iron, bitters, antiseptics, astringents, dietetics, rest.
Definition. A frequent discharge of fluid or semi-fluid evacuations
from the bowels without excessive griping or painful straining.
This is a common condition attending many diseases, rather than
a specific disease of itself yet it is such a prominent feature of these
various affections, and one so very characteristic that it seems well to
give it a special place, even at the risk of repeating much of what
must necessarily appear elsewhere.
The immediate cause of diarrhœa is a congestion of the intestinal
mucous membrane and a profuse secretion into the intestinal canal.
When such congestion occurs in the small intestine alone, it may be
counterbalanced by increased absorption in the large, so that the
secretion must be excessive to produce liquid alvine discharges.
When on the other hand it occurs in the large intestine or in both
large and small, the product is likely to escape in the liquid form.
In its turn the congestion of the intestinal mucosa may result from
irritants in the bowels, from the presence in the blood of irritant
agents which being secreted stimulate the intestinal glands to
excessive secretion, and from reflex nervous action, starting from a
distant point as in chilling or irritation of the skin or other organ.
Among direct irritants of the intestinal mucosa may be named a
full drink of cold water especially if the horse is trotted or galloped
for twenty minutes immediately after;—soft, juicy, rapidly grown
green food, to which the animal is unaccustomed, as the first grasses
of spring;—cooked or pulped food or ensilage in hard worked
animals;—many irritant and acid plants;—accumulations of hard
feculent masses in the intestines;—irritation caused by intestinal
worms especially the blood-suckers;—the presence in the intestines
of undigested matters, and resulting fermentations, the result of
diseased teeth and jaws and imperfect mastication, of disease of the
salivary glands or ducts and imperfect insalivation, of a drink of
water after a grain feed, washing a part out of the stomach in an
undigested condition, of disease of the stomach, liver or pancreas
interfering with their proper functions; unwholesome and
fermenting food like spoiled grain, or fodder, or decomposed
potatoes, apples, turnips, pumpkins, carrots, cabbages, etc.;—
stagnant and putrid water;—tumors, ulcers, volvulus, invaginations,
adhesions and other serious lesions of the bowels may act in the
same way.
As examples of the secretion of irritant matters from the blood
may be mentioned almost all the different agents used as purgatives,
and purgative agents accidentally taken in, these being as a rule
absorbed and later secreted again on the intestinal surface,
increasing the secretions in their passage:—also the morbid products
of fevers which irritate the intestinal mucosa and glands as they are
thrown out by them (rinderpest, lung plague, Southern cattle fever):
—the purgative waters on certain “scouring lands” act in a similar
way. Under the head of reflex action may be named the chills from
exposure to cold rains, night dews, damp stalls or beds, and damp,
hot buildings, seasons and localities. Under the head of nervous
causes must be included strong emotions as excitement, fear, etc.,
which lead to increase of both secretion and peristalsis. Some horses
are very subject to this and are known as “washy”. These have usually
a slim abdomen and long loin, and scour whenever they are put to
hard work. Other nervous animals with good conformation, but
which fret under saddle or in harness will scour under specially
severe work or under excitement. This is especially common in
young colts while being “broken”, and will occasionally show in
mares which are in heat. Cattle that have been on a specially
succulent diet (turnips, beets, ensilage, grass) are liable to scour
profusely if driven far or fast, and stock men seek to obviate this by
feeding some dry bran, meal, and above all fresh dry brewer’s grains
just before starting. Cows running at large when in heat are very
liable to scour. An exclusive diet of turnips or beets will keep cattle in
a chronic condition of mild diarrhœa, though not enough to interfere
with rapid improvement in flesh. Chronic diseases of the liver by
obstructing the flow of blood through the portal vein, cause intestinal
congestion and predispose to diarrhœa.
Of the various domestic animals horses are the most liable to
superpurgation, from an undue dose of aloes acting on the very large
colon and cæcum. Hence the importance of using such an agent
carefully in the young, fat or debilitated especially, of the avoidance
of cold drinks or exercise to excess after the aloes has been given, and
of keeping from work during its operation or immediately after.
Symptoms. These are of all degrees of severity from the frequent
pulpy evacuations of animals fed exclusively on roots, (beets, turnips,
potatoes), to the excessive and almost constant discharge of a dark
colored liquid mingled with more or less mucus. The discharge may
be of a light color and fœtid, indicating deficiency of bile, or of a dark
yellowish brown and odorless.
Slight diarrhœa does not affect the appetite nor general health, nor
check improvement in condition. In the more severe and continued
forms there is loud rumbling in the abdomen, loss of appetite and
condition, a rapid small pulse, accelerated breathing, pallid mucous
membranes, sunken glassy eye, and increasing debility even to an
unsteady gait. Distension of the abdomen with pawing and other
indications of abdominal pain may appear in bad cases. In the milder
cases due to simple irritation and congestion there is no tenesmus,
no excess of mucus, no formation of bubbles or froth in the stools, as
occurs in active intestinal fermentation and dysentery. In
symptomatic cases on the other hand there are superadded the
marked symptoms of intestinal inflammation, or fermentation, and
the fæces become putrid and offensive, which they do also in the
different infectious diseases (influenza, contagious pneumonia,
rinderpest, lung plague, hog cholera, swine plague, canine distemper,
fowl cholera), when the toxins and waste matters of the food and
decomposing tissues are being thrown off by the bowels.
Diarrhœa may be complicated with other diseases and especially in
the horse with laminitis.
 In mild cases it tends to a spontaneous recovery, and is followed by
some slight costiveness, and if this should prove extreme there may
be some danger of complicating sequelæ such as indigestion,
enteritis, pneumonia or laminitis.
Treatment. The first consideration for the practitioner is to
discover if possible the immediate cause of the diarrhœa. If this is
found to reside in some infectious or other disease aside from the
bowel, the attention must be directed to that even more than to the
diarrhœa. If it depends on an overdose of some purgative agent or of
acrid purgative plants taken with the food, any further laxative is to
be avoided, and yet astringents and other agents which tend to lock
up the offending material in the alimentary canal must be equally
guarded against. An abundance of mucilaginous and demulcent
liquids (mallow, flaxseed gruel, boiled starch, etc.) may be given both
by the mouth and anus, to sheathe and protect the irritable mucous
membrane and to dilute and carry off the irritant contents. Moderate
doses of opium may be required to allay the violence of the spasms
and peristalsis, but this should not be pushed to the extent of locking
up the irritants. Sometimes antiseptics (naphthalin, salol) are useful
to check fermentation, and pepsin may be given to assist digestion.
In ordinary cases due to the presence of an irritant the first object
must be to relieve the bowels of this, and the second to soothe the
irritated mucous membrane. A laxative is usually all that is required,
but it must be a mild one so as not to add to already existing
irritation. Olive or castor oil are to be preferred as a rule (horse and
ox 1 pint; sheep and swine 4 ounces; dog ½ ounce), alone or with a
moderate dose of laudanum. Or rhubarb or aloes may be substituted
if desired. A dose of whisky or brandy, or oil of turpentine will often
do much to allay the secretion and peristalsis. These should be
followed by moderate doses of flaxseed gruel, or solution of slippery
elm or mallow, or simple well boiled gruels.
If the discharge persists after the laxative has had time to operate,
these mucilaginous agents may be replaced by solutions of boiled
starch, or of gum arabic, and small doses of calmatives such as
laudanum (horse or ox 1 ounce, sheep or pig 2 drachms, dog 20
drops), or prussic acid or cyanide of potassium (30 drops of the acid
or grains of the salt for horse or cow). Sub-carbonate of bismuth,
chalk, and carminatives and antiseptics may also be given. According
to the indications the practitioner must combat persistent intestinal
fermentation, or a relaxed adynamic condition of the intestinal
mucosa, or general weakness and exhaustion, with such agents as
seem best adapted to the individual case.
Chronic cases will demand the exercise of much judgment. After a
gentle laxative, salts of iron (sulphate, chloride) and pure bitters may
be given with antiseptics. Or vegetable astringents (catechu, kino)
with freshly burned charcoal and essential oils (peppermint, cloves,
cajeput) may be employed. In some instances calomel and chalk
(1:12) will serve a good end. In others silver nitrate, or arsenite of
copper succeeds. Quinine, nux vomica, pepsin, may be used to
improve tone. The diet is usually all important. Well boiled gruels,
boiled milk, arrowroot, pulped or scraped raw flesh may be
demanded in different cases. The patient should be kept at perfect
rest, and all excitement avoided.
 COLIC, ENTERALGIA, INTESTINAL SPASM.
Definition. Colicy pains from spasm, enteralgia, tympanitic indigestion,
overloading of bowels, impaction, calculi, concretions, sand, foreign bodies,
intestinal and arterial parasites, irritants, enteritis, catarrhal, bacteridian,
protozoan, chemicals, strangulation, adhesion, volvulus, invagination, hernia,
trauma of stomach or intestine, peritonitis, pleuritis, metritis, ovaritis, hepatitis,
biliary calculus, nephritis, urinary calculus, neoplasms, lead poisoning. Causes of
enteralgia or spasm, idiosyncrasy, nervousness, cold, wet, high condition, debility,
cold, rain, dew, perspiration, fatigue, indigestion, rheumatism. Symptoms: horse—
sudden attack, paws, kicks, anxious look at flank, crouches, goes down, rolls, sits,
rises, shakes himself, feeds, repeats at intervals, rumbling, defecations.
Complications. Diagnosis, symptoms violent, transient, completely intermittent,
no fever, no tenderness; from acute indigestion by absence of faulty feed, loaded or
tympanitic abdomen, crepitation, continuous pain, and of careful decubitus; from
constipation by complete intermissions and freer passages; from intestinal worms
by absence of fur on anus, of rubbed rump, and of parasites in stools; from
verminous thrombosis by complete intermissions and absence of prostration, cold
sweats and of bloody stools; from enteritis and other inflammations by absence of
fever; from intestinal anthrax by the intermissions, the absence of brownish
mucosa, and perhaps of anthrax from the district; from hepatitis by absence of
icterus, tender hypochondrium, and fever; from kidney affections by lack of stiff,
straddling gait, tender loins, stretching; from pleurisy by absence of catching
breathing, tender intercostals, and friction sound; ruminants—similar symptoms
except sitting up or rolling; swine—sudden starting with grunt or scream,
vomiting, etc.; Carnivora—frequent moving, yelps, snapping, straining, looking at
flank. Treatment: solipeds, morphia subcutem, anodynes, laxative, friction,
walking, enemata, chloral hydrate: ruminants, walking, enemata, morphia,
laxative; swine, morphia, laxative, antispasmodics, injections, derivatives; dog,—
purgative, injections, chloral hydrate, ether, olive oil.
The term colic is loosely applied to all abdominal pains from
whatever cause they may arise. It is thus allowed to embrace all
diseases of the abdomen. In its more restricted sense in which it will
here be considered it may be held to indicate abdominal pain
without inflammation or any structural lesion.
It may however be well to note the most common causes of
abdominal pain so that the distinction may be more definitely
reached by a process of exclusion.
 1st. Simple spasmodic colic. 2d. Enteralgia or neuralgia of
the intestines. 3d. Colics from indigestion, a tympanitic, b
from overloading with ingesta, c from impaction or
constipation, d from calculi or concretions or from sand, or
gravel taken with the food or from foreign bodies swallowed, e
from worms in the intestines, f from worms in the
mesenteric vessels (thrombo-embolic), g from irritants taken
with the food or otherwise. 4th. Colics from structural lesions
of the intestines; a from inflammation of intestine, b from
bacteridian inflammation of the bowels, c from protozoan
inflammation, d from chemical or other irritants, e from
intestinal strangulations, f from adhesions, g from volvulus, h
from invagination, i from mesenteric omental or phrenic
hernia, j from strangulated inguinal, femoral ventral or
umbilical hernia, k from wounds, ruptures or perforations
of stomach or intestines, l from peritonitis or pleuritis, m
from metritis or ovaritis, n from hepatitis or biliary calculus,
o from pancreatitis or pancreatic calculus, p from nephritis,
nephritic, uretral, cystic or urethral calculus, q from
neoplasms affecting any of the abdominal organs. 5th. Colic
due to lead poisoning.
Causes of enteralgia and spasmodic colic. Enteralgia may be
defined as a neuralgic pain of the bowel which may therefore be free
from spasm or any other appreciable structural or functional change.
Its existence in the lower animal is necessarily somewhat
problematical, as it can only be inferred from the analogy of the
animal with man, and of the enteron with the superficial parts that
are more frequently attacked with neuralgia, and also from the
absence of visible spasmodic contractions in the bowel which has
been the seat of intense pain, yet shows no inflammatory lesion. But
whether this is accepted or not, the occurrence of spasm is
undeniable and as both are functional nervous disorders the same
causative factors will apply to both.
In some nervous animals, especially high bred horses and dogs,
there is undoubtedly an idiosyncrasy which shows itself in a special
susceptibility of the nervous system. In such animals an exposure to
cold or wet, or the presence of a local irritant which would have been
without effect under other circumstances, lights up the nervous
disorder and produces an explosion, it may be as spasm or it may be
as nervous pain. Animals that are kept under the best care, that are
least accustomed to exposure and neglect, that are highly fed, and
maintained in high spirits and are impatient of control are more
susceptible than those that become inured to change and exposure,
yet are kept in moderately good condition. On the other hand the
subject which has become debilitated by overwork, underfeeding,
exhausting disease, or the generation in the system of some
depressing poison is likely to show a similar nervous susceptibility,
so that at the two extremes of plethora and nervous susceptibility, on
the one hand, and anæmia and neurasthenia on the other, we find a
corresponding tendency to nervous disorder under comparatively
slight causes. Thus it happens that a drink of ice cold water, an
exposure to a cold blast or a drenching rain or a heavy night dew may
seem to be the one appreciable cause of the trouble. If the animal has
been perspiring and fatigued the attack is more likely to occur. In
other cases a slight indigestion unattended by impaction or tympany,
or the ingestion of an irritant which on another occasion, or in
another animal would have been perfectly harmless, will induce a
violent nervous colic. In some instances the attack is supposed to be
of a rheumatic nature the causative action of the cold giving color to
the theory.
Symptoms. The attack usually comes on suddenly especially if it
has followed on a drink of cold water or a cold exposure.
Solipeds. The horse leaves off feeding or whatever he may have
been engaged in, paws with his fore feet, moves uneasily with his
hind ones or kicks with them, one at a time against the abdomen or
out backward, he looks back at the abdomen with pinched, drawn,
anxious countenance, bright anxious eye, and dilated nostrils, he
moves uneasily from side to side of the stall or box, crouches for a
few seconds with semi-bent knees and hocks and then throws
himself down violently with a prolonged groan. When down he may
roll from side to side over the back, and struggle in various ways, he
may start to rise, sit for a moment on his haunches, then go down
and roll as before. Or he may get up, shake himself and resume
feeding as if entirely well. Soon the spasms reappear, suddenly as at
first, and after a time subside as before. Thus the disease proceeds,
each succeeding paroxysm diminishing in violence until they
permanently subside, or increasing until the animal dies worn out
with shock, suffering and exhaustion. If the paroxysms are severe the
skin is usually bathed more or less in perspiration. Usually the
peristalsis continues more or less, a rumbling is heard in the bowels
and more or less fæces are passed in small solid balls or semi-liquid.
The course of the disease is usually rapid and followed by recovery.
When prolonged it may become complicated by volvulus,
invagination, indigestion or even enteritis.
Diagnosis. The characteristic symptoms are the suddenness of the
onset, the extreme suffering during the paroxysm, the reckless
manner in which the animal throws himself down, the intermissions
with complete absence of pain, the natural condition of the pulse and
temperature in the intermissions, the comfort with which the patient
shakes himself, and the absence of all abdominal tenderness,
manipulation and friction seeming to give relief rather than
discomfort.
In the colic of acute indigestion there is the previous excessive
or unwholesome meal, or the full drink after feeding; there is
tympany, or a loaded state of the abdomen proving flat on
percussion, there may be crepitation on auscultation, there is
continuous pain with exacerbations (not complete intermissions),
and there is rather a careful mode of lying down.
In intestinal constipation or other obstruction, fæces may be
passed at first in small pellets coated with mucus or they may be at
first passed freely but in steadily lessening quantities until they stop
altogether. The pain is constant but worse at one time than another
and in case of external hernia the swelling will be visible.
In helminthiasis there is the general unthriftiness, irregular
appetite, frizzled broken hair on the base of the tail, a fur of dried
mucus around the anus and the presence of parasites in the
droppings.
In verminous thrombosis, to the symptoms just named there
are added the reckless method of throwing himself down,
hyperthermia, constancy of the pain, rapidly running down pulse,
cold sweats, and profound prostration. When blood is passed per
anum it is all the more significant.
 In enteritis or peritonitis the hyperthermia and the constancy
of the pains are sufficiently pathognomonic.
In intestinal anthrax there are the dusky brownish yellow
mucosæ, the marked prostration, the hyperthermia and the
constancy of the suffering. There is also the fact that the region is
subject to anthrax and bacilli may be present in the blood.
In acute hepatic disease there is hyperthermia, dusky or icteric
mucous membranes, great tenderness when percussion is made over
the short ribs, and sometimes lameness of one shoulder (usually the
right).
In disease of the urinary or generative organs the stiff or
straddling gait, tender loins, and the frequent stretching as if to
urinate, are nearly pathognomonic.
In pleurisy the hyperthermia, the transient duration of the colic,
and the tenderness on manipulating the intercostal spaces will
usually differentiate.
Ruminants. In cattle, as in the horse, the symptoms of
spasmodic colic are restlessness, constant movement, looking round
at the flanks, wriggling of the tail, uneasy lifting of the hind feet,
kicking at the abdomen, and abruptly lying down and rising again.
The animal does not roll on the back nor sit on the haunches. Fæces
may be passed in small quantity or entirely suppressed, and there
may be a slight tympany of the paunch.
Swine. The animal is attacked abruptly, starts with a grunt or
scream, moves around uneasily, lies down, rolls, gets up, and repeats
the motions. Vomiting is not uncommon, and the belly may be tense,
tympanitic and even tender. The bowels may be confined or relaxed.
Carnivora. The colicy dog is very restless, changing from place to
place, sitting on his haunches, lying down curled up, starting up
suddenly with a yelp, and repeating the restless movements. He
looks anxiously at his flank, sometimes bites at it, and cries
plaintively. The bowels are usually torpid, and defecation effected
with straining.
There are distinct intermissions but these are cut short by a new
accession of pain.
The attack is usually transient and ends in recovery.
 Treatment. Solipeds. For nervous colic the hypodermic injection
of sulphate of morphia (2 grs.) is very effective. This will commonly
bring relief in less than five minutes. Should there be no effect at the
end of this time it may be repeated with advantage, but should a
second dose fail, it is well to resort to other measures. Eserine and
barium chloride are contraindicated as being liable to increase the
spasm, and if there is no irritant to expel there is no object in their
exhibition. The old prescriptions of laudanum and turpentine;
laudanum and ether; sweet spirits of nitre with belladonna, or
hyoscyamus, and other stimulants and narcotics are of little avail as
they are not absorbed from the horse’s stomach and cannot operate
until they have reached the duodenum. If given at all, their action
may often be hastened by injecting them into the rectum.
When the morphia fails it is the safest treatment to give a
moderate dose of aloes or other laxative, in combination with extract
of hyoscyamus or chloral hydrate. This takes time to pass into the
duodenum, and be absorbed and secreted anew in order to have its
full effect, and therefore it may be necessary to keep up a moderate
action of the morphia as a palliative. In four hours, however, at the
latest, the aloes can be counted on to bring permanent relief. This
appears to come as soon as the active principles have been absorbed,
the nauseating effect operating at once on the overexcited nerve
centres. The action is more perfect still when a free secretion has
been started from the intestinal mucosa, and the circulation and
innervation in the intestinal walls are essentially changed. This
measure which was long successfully practiced and advocated by the
late Joseph Gamgee, is even more perfectly adapted to the colics of
indigestion and irritation, of impaction and fermentation. There are
of course cases of complete obstruction in which it must fail, but it is
probably the most successful method for colicy affections in general.
In addition to the above, other methods of correcting the
disordered innervation are available. Active friction of the abdomen
with straw wisps is often effective, also fomenting the abdomen with
hot water. Simply leading the animal around acts as a nervous
derivative, and may be employed to prevent his dashing himself
down so suddenly as to injure himself. Then copious injections of
warm water soothe the rectum, solicit its peristalsis and by sympathy
affect the other intestines in the same way. They may often be made
more effective by the addition of antispasmodics (extracts of
belladonna or hyoscyamus or chloral hydrate).
In all cases a soft bed should be provided to secure the animal
against injury in his sudden reckless movements.
Ruminants. Simple spasmodic colic is usually transient and may
be successfully treated by driving around, giving copious warm water
injections, and using morphia subcutem. Frictions to the abdomen
with straw wisps, or with oil of turpentine should be tried. Should
these fail there is a presumption of further trouble and no time
should be lost in giving a laxative (Glauber salts) 1 to 2 pounds, or
castor oil 1 quart, with antispasmodics and stimulants as for the
horse.
Swine. The antispasmodic treatment may be tried on the pig, but
usually it is well to give a purgative at once in combination with the
narcotic. Castor oil 4 ounces, laudanum ½ drachm, or jalap 2
drachms, and extract of hyoscyamus 20 grains in electuary. Warm
injections and embrocations to the abdomen are desirable.
Dog. It is usually well to give a purgative at once (jalap ½
drachm) with 10 to 20 drops laudanum according to size. Copious
injections of warm water and a warm bath may follow. Chloral
hydrate 20 to 60 grains, may be exhibited by the rectum; also ether 1
drachm, in olive oil.
CONSTIPATION FROM INTESTINAL ATONY.
Definition. Symptomatic. Causes: habit of retention in horse, dog and cat,
indigestible matters in colon, calculi, dry food, lack of water, fever, diuresis,
diaphoresis, milking, bleeding, hepatic torpor, verminous thrombi, old age,
debility, nervous disease, matting of hairs, hæmorrhoids, abdominal suffering.
Lesions: dilatation and catarrh of bowel, disease of rectum. Symptoms: solipeds—
small, dry, coated, infrequent stools, straining, inappetence, tympany, colic,
stretching as if to urinate; dog, fruitless straining, or dry, earthy looking fæces,
coated, bloody, fœtid, anus swollen, tender, moist, palpitation, colic, vomiting,
diarrhœa may fruitlessly occur, male urinates like bitch, foul, fœtid mouth; may
last days or months; complications, sequelæ. Treatment: solipeds—exercise,
pasturage, cold water before morning feed, regular regimen, bran, flaxseed,
carrots, turnips, ensilage, common salt, Glauber salts, nux, cold injection,
glycerine, barium chloride, purgative, enemata; dog:—mechanical unloading of the
rectum and colon, injections, exercise, water, regular habits, laxative food, eserine,
oil, calomel, jalap, podophyllin, colocynth, belladonna, nux vomica, abdominal
massage, electricity.
Definition. Constipation consists in dryness, hardness, and undue
retention of the fæces. It has of course many grades and may lay
claim to many different causes, so that it might, like its antithesis
diarrhœa, be held as merely a symptom of another disease. It has
however such a definite character, that it is convenient to retain the
name to designate those cases in which the torpor or atony is the
most prominent and dominating feature, while other forms of
obstruction will be treated under different heads.
Causes. Defecation is immediately due to the active peristaltic
movements of the rectum overcoming the resistance of the sphincter.
There is also the concurrent closure of the glottis and contraction of
the diaphragm and abdominal walls, and it is usually the voluntary
operation of these forces that rouses the rectum to effective
peristalsis. The excitability of the rectum depends greatly on habit,
hence the habitual retention of fæces, gradually dulls that organ and
renders it less and less disposed to respond. In horses this is seen
largely in connection with abundant dry feeding and lack of exercise.
In house dogs and cats on the other hand, inculcated habits of
cleanliness, compels the suppression of the natural instinct, and the
habitually overloaded bowel becomes less and less responsive. The
retained excrements meanwhile give up more and more of their
liquids until they become so dry, and incompressible as well as
massive that they can be expelled only by violent efforts.
Inflammation of the mucosa naturally follows the retention and this
in its turn adds to the weakness and torpor.
Acting in a similar way the partial obstruction, by accumulations of
bones and other undigested matters in the colon, and by calculi,
tends to continued accessions of new material and to gradually
increasing intestinal paresis. So with the other forms of obstruction
which will not be further referred to here.
In all animals dry feeding and a lack of water are potent causes of
inspissation of the ingesta and torpor of the bowels.
All or nearly all febrile affections, leading as they do to suppression
of secretions, cause drying and tardy movement of the contents of
the bowels.
The excessive loss of liquid through other channels,—by diuresis,
by profuse perspirations, by excessive secretion of milk, or by
bleeding—has a similar tendency.
The suppression of the biliary secretion through liver disease, or
obstruction of the biliary duct, withholds from the intestine, the most
important of the stimuli to peristalsis, and tends to constipation,
unless the resulting irritation should cause excessive secretion.
The derangement in the circulation in the intestinal walls caused
by verminous thrombi in the horse, acts in the same way, the
imperfectly nourished walls not only losing the normal power of
peristalsis, but sometimes contracting so as to cause a stricture.
Parasites encysted in the walls of the bowels, like catarrhal and other
inflammations of these parts tend to atony and tardy peristalsis.
A weakness of the nervous system attendant on old age, or debility,
or chronic lead poisoning often tells with force on the alimentary
canal, and the loss of nervous power through disease of the great
nerve centers (ganglionic system, brain, spinal cord) impairs the
vermicular motion. This is notoriously the case in paraplegia, chronic
hydrocephalus, and vertigo.
Finally among the causes of constipation must be noted the
matting of the hairs around the anus (in dogs), and painful affections
of the anus, or the abdominal walls, which render efforts at
defecation painful and deter the animal from attempting them.
Lesions. These are as varied as the diseases which give rise to
constipation, or result from it. Permanent dilatation or sacculation of
the intestine, and the structural changes attendant on intestinal
catarrh are the most common local lesions. But proctitis,
hemorrhoids and ulcers of the anal follicles are met with in canine
patients and ulcers of the colon in the seat of impaction are common.
Symptoms. In Solipeds the fæces are passed, at long intervals, in
small quantity, usually only a very few balls at a time, firm, dry,
moulded smooth and black on the surface, often covered with mucus,
or with streaks of blood. They are passed with unusual effort and
straining, and even with groaning, and one or more balls that may be
exposed in the act are often drawn back and retained by the
inversion of the rectum and closure of the sphincter. It is liable to be
complicated by impaired appetite, tympanies, slight recurrent colics,
and dryness, scurfiness and unthriftiness of the skin. Not
unfrequently the pressure of the impacted colon (pelvic flexure)
irritates the bladder causing stretching as if to urinate, and the
passage of urine often in small quantity. There may be the symptoms
of any one of the different nervous affections that lead to impaired
peristaltic action, or of the local diseases which tend to obstruction of
the bowels.
In dogs there are violent and painful efforts to defecate, which
may be fruitless, or may lead to the expulsion of small masses of dry,
earthy looking fæces, smoothly moulded on the surface, coated with
mucus, streaked it may be with blood and highly offensive in odor.
The anus may be puffy and swollen with mucopurulent secretion
from the anal glands, which soils the hair of the hips and tail. If the
abdomen is flaccid, manipulation with both hands on opposite sides
usually detects a solid mass representing the impacted rectum and
colon, and extending from the pelvis forward, often to the sternum.
The same mass will be reached by the oiled finger introduced into the
rectum. Both methods of exploration are painful and may call forth
cries from the patient. The abdomen is usually distended, largely
from the impacted fæces, in which case it gives a flat sound on
percussion, or from gaseous emanation, in which case it is tense,
resilient and resonant. Colicy pains are liable to appear, and
vomiting at first of food only, then more or less yellow and bilious,
and finally of distinctly feculent matters. For a time appetite may be
retained, but this is gradually lost. There may supervene diarrhœa,
which in favorable cases may lead to expulsion of the impacted mass,
but in others it fails to completely dislodge it. The patient is dull and
spiritless, inclined to lie curled up in dark corners, and when raised
walks slowly and stiffly, with the tail carried straight or slightly to
one side. The male urinates like a bitch without lifting the leg. The
nose is dry, the tongue furred, the teeth usually covered with tartar,
and the breath fœtid. There is at first no hyperthermia, but some rise
of temperature attends on the advance of the disease, and the auto-
poisoning by absorbed products of the putrefaction of retained fæces.
The disease may last a few days only or it may continue for weeks
or months. In the last case intestinal catarrh, ulceration, and
circumscribed necrosis are likely to supervene and the animal may
die of auto intoxication, acute peritonitis or enteritis. Yet the
majority of cases in the dog reach a favorable termination, or recover
with remaining cicatrices, strictures or dilatations.
Treatment. In solipeds accustomed to an idle or pampered life,
plenty of daily exercise will often correct the torpor. A run at pasture
will often effectually counteract the tendency. If the patient must be
kept in the stable a full drink of cold water every morning before
feeding will often succeed. Regularity in feeding and watering is of
the utmost importance, and the addition of a little wheat bran or
flaxseed to the grain is often of material advantage. Next may be
added a moderate allowance of carrots, turnips, or ensilage to
furnish the needed succulence and organic acids. If in addition
medicinal measures are wanted, a small handful of common salt, or
of Glauber salts, in the morning drink to be taken ten or fifteen
minutes before the first feed, will usually operate well. This may be
continued for a length of time if necessary, without the ill effects of
purgatives given at other times. It may be rendered slightly more
effectual by the addition of 10 grains nux vomica on each occasion. A
morning injection of a quart or two of cold water with one or two
ounces of glycerine may be tried. Another resort is 2 or 3 grains of
barium chloride in the morning drink or hypodermically repeated
daily for some time.