PDF Cultural Anthropology The Human Challenge 15Th Edition Dana Walrath Ebook Full Chapter
PDF Cultural Anthropology The Human Challenge 15Th Edition Dana Walrath Ebook Full Chapter
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Cultural
Anthropology
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Fifteenth Edition
Cultural
Anthropology
The Human Challenge
W I L L I A M A . H AV I L A N D
Professor Emeritus, University of Vermont
HARALD E. L . PRINS
Kansas State University
BUNNY McBRIDE
Kansas State University
DA NA WA L R AT H
University of Vermont
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Cultural Anthropology: The Human © 2017, 2014 Cengage Learning
Challenge, Fifteenth Edition WCN: 02-200-202
William A. Haviland, Harald E. L. Prins,
Bunny McBride, Dana Walrath ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may
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DEDICATION
in a lecture hall at Kansas State University. May the deeper insights—born of unbiased
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Putting the World
in Perspective
vi
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Putting the World in Perspective vii
square kilometers), whereas Europe is shown as equal in The Robinson Projection, which was adopted by
size to South America, which actually has nearly twice the National Geographic Society in 1988 to replace the
the landmass of Europe. Van der Grinten, is one of the best compromises to
A map developed in 1805 by Karl B. Mollweide date between the distortions of size and shape. Al-
was one of the earlier equal-area projections of the world. though an improvement over the Van der Grinten,
Equal-area projections portray landmasses in correct the Robinson Projection still depicts lands in the
relative size, but, as a result, distort the shape of con- northern latitudes as proportionally larger at the same
tinents more than other projections. They most often time that it depicts lands in the lower latitudes (repre-
compress and warp lands in the higher latitudes and senting most Third World nations) as proportionally
vertically stretch landmasses close to the equator. smaller. Like European maps before it, the Robinson
Other equal-area projections include the Lambert Projection places Europe at the center of the map with
Cylindrical Equal-Area Projection (1772), the Hammer the Atlantic Ocean and the Americas to the left, em-
Equal-Area Projection (1892), and the Eckert Equal-Area phasizing the cultural connection between Europe
Projection (1906). and North America, while neglecting the geographic
The Van der Grinten Projection (1904) was a com- closeness of northwestern North America to north-
promise aimed at minimizing both the distortions of eastern Asia.
size in the Mercator and the distortion of shape in The following pages show four maps that each con-
equal-area maps such as the Mollweide. Although an vey quite different cultural messages. Included among
improvement, the lands of the northern hemisphere them is the Gall-Peters Projection, an equal-area map
are still emphasized at the expense of the southern. For that has been adopted as the official map of UNESCO
example, in the Van der Grinten, the Commonwealth (the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and
of Independent States (the former Soviet Union) and Cultural Organization), and a map made in Japan,
Canada are shown at more than twice their relative size. showing us how the world looks from the other side.
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
The Robinson Projection
The map below is based on the Robinson Projection, less than most other projections. Still, it places Europe at
which is used today by the National Geographic Society the center of the map. This particular view of the world
and Rand McNally. Although the Robinson Projection has been used to identify the location of many of the
distorts the relative size of landmasses, it does so much cultures discussed in this text.
INUIT
INUPIAT
ESKIMO NETSILIK INUIT
YUPIK
ESKIMO TLINGIT
SCOT
INUIT TORY
NASKAPI (INNU) ISLANDER DUTCH
BELLA COOLA
CREE SWISS
KWAKIUTL ABENAKI MONTAGNAIS (INNU)
OJIBWA
BLACKFEET MALISEET
CROW IROQUOIS CR
ARAPAHO MI’KMAQ FRENCH
N. PAIUTE LAKOTA MESKWAKI PENOBSCOT
SHOSHONE BASQUE
POMO OMAHA PEQUOT
CHEYENNE AMISH
MORMON UTE COMANCHE
S. PAIUTE ORTHODOX JEWISH
HOPI NAVAJO
CHEROKEE
PUEBLO PUEBLO MEXICAN
ZUNI APACHE
YAQUI
GOMERAN
HAITIAN
HUICHOL AZTEC
MAYA PUERTO RICAN
HAWAIIAN JAMAICAN TUAREG
ZAPOTEC FUL
CARIBBEAN
YORUBA
MENDE BAULE FON BENIN
IBIB
IGBO
SHUAR KPELLE
Y˜ NOMAMI EGBU
GA
YAKO
CANELA ASHANTI
MUNDURUCU
SHERENTE
CINTA-LARGA
MEKRANOTI KAYAPO
KAYAPO
SAMOAN PITCAIRN KUIKURO
QUECHUA JU/’H
ISLANDER NAMBIKWARA
TAHITIAN
RAPANUI AYMARA BUS
AYOREO
BUSHMAN
GUARANI
MAPUCHE
YAGHAN
viii
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SÁMI
NENETS
YUPIK
KHANTY ESKIMO
RUSSIAN TUVAN
S
SLOVAKIAN
MONGOLIAN
ROAT SERB CHECHEN
BOSNIAN UYGHUR
ARMENIAN
TURK UZBEK
TAJIK
KURD
JAPANESE
SYRIAN KUCHI KOHISTANI
BAKHTIARI NYINBA TIBETAN
HAN CHINESE
PASHTUN
AWLAD 'ALI
BEDOUIN
BAHRAINI
MOSUO TAIWANESE
KAREN
TRUK
SHAIVITE
LANI
NUER TIGREAN HANUNÓO
NAYAR ANDAMAN
DINKA AFAR SOMALI
KOTA AND VEDDA
AZANDE ACHOLI KURUMBA PINGELAP ISLANDER
BIO ACEH WAPE
TURKANA MALDIVIAN TODA AND
BADAGA KAPAUKU ENGA
MBUTI NANDI
KIKUYU MINANGKABAU TSEMBAGA
HUTU MAASAI
GUSII BUGIS SOLOMON ISLANDER
TUTSI TIRIKI
HADZA ARAPESH
BALINESE
TROBRIANDER
DOBU
HOANSI
SHMAN
SWAZI
ABORIGINAL
ZULU
BASUTO
MAORI
TASMANIAN
ix
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
The Gall-Peters Projection
The map below is based on the Gall-Peters Projection, by a ratio of 2 to 1), the Gall-Peters Projection does
which has been adopted as the official map of show all continents according to their correct relative
UNESCO. Although it distorts the shape of continents size. Though Europe is still at the center, it is not shown
(countries near the equator are vertically elongated as larger and more extensive than the Third World.
AUSTR
GREENLAND GERMANY
ICELAND DENMARK
UNITED NORWAY
STATES NETHERLANDS
BELGIUM
UNITED
KINGDOM
CANADA
IRELAND
FRANCE
SWITZERLAND
IT
AL
Y
SPAIN
PORTUGAL
UNITED STATES SLOVEN
TUNISIA
O
CC
RO
MO
ALGERIA
BAHAMAS
MEXICO
WESTERN
SAHARA
A
NI
HAITI
ITA
CUBA
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
UR
MA
JAMAICA MALI
BELIZE NIGER
A
GUINEA
RI
COSTA RICA
GE
NI
PANAMA VENEZUELA FRENCH GUIANA SIERRA LEONE
LIBERIA
EQUATORIAL GUINEA
BRAZIL
PERU
BOLIVIA
PARAGUAY
CHILE
ARGENTINA
URUGUAY
ANTARCTICA
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
RIA CZECHOSLOVAKIA
EN
ED
SW FINLAND
RUSSIA
ESTONIA AZERBAIJAN
LATVIA
LITHUANIA ARMENIA
POLAND BELARUS GEORGIA
KAZAKHSTAN
ROMANIA
UKRAINE KYRGYZSTAN
HUNGARY MOLDOVA
TAJIKISTAN MONGOLIA
SERBIA UZ NORTH
BULGARIA BE KOREA
MONTENEGRO KI
ST
TU AN
MACEDONIA SOUTH
RK
NIA ALBANIA ME KOREA
GREECE TURKEY NI
ST PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC
AN
BOSNIA-
HERZEGOVINA SYRIA OF CHINA
CROATIA AFGHAN-
LEBANON IRAN ISTAN JAPAN
IRAQ
ISRAEL
BHUTAN
AN
BAHRAIN I ST NEPAL
JORDAN K
PA
LIBYA KUWAIT
EGYPT
MYANMAR
INDIA
QATAR TAIWAN
SAUDI OMAN
ARABIA
UNITED
ARAB BANGLA- LAOS
R EMIRATES DESH
CHAD
SUDAN N
ME THAILAND
YE
VIETNAM PHILIPPINES
DJIBOUTI CAMBODIA
SOUTH ETHIOPIA
CENTRAL SUDAN BRUNEI
AFRICAN
REPUBLIC MALAYSIA
SRI LANKA
LIA
MA
CAMEROON PAPUA
SO
SINGAPORE NEW
UGANDA GUINEA
GABON
CONGO INDONESIA
KENYA
RWANDA
BURUNDI
DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA
CONGO
MALAWI
ANGOLA
ZAMBIA
MADAGASCAR
NAMIBIA
ZIMBABWE
BOTS-
WANA
AUSTRALIA
MOZAMBIQUE
SWAZILAND
LESOTHO
SOUTH
AFRICA
NEW ZEALAND
ANTARCTICA
xi
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Japanese Map
Not all maps place Europe at the center of the world, world, this map has the virtue of showing the geographic
as this Japanese map illustrates. Besides reflecting the proximity of North America to Asia, a fact easily
importance the Japanese attach to themselves in the overlooked when maps place Europe at their center.
GREENLAND
GREENLAND
NORWAY
NORWAY
ICELAND
ICELAND GERMANY
GERMANY
DENMARK
DENMARK
ED N
EN
SWEDE
NETHERLANDS
NETHERLANDS
LA D
ND
SW
BELGIUM
BELGIUM
FINLAN
RUSSIA
RUSSIA
FIN
ESTONIA
ESTONIA
UNITED
UNITED LATVIA
LATVIA
KINGDOM
KINGDOM
LITHUANIA
LITHUANIAARMENIA
ARMENIA
IRELAND
IRELAND POLAND
POLAND BELARUS GEORGIA
BELARUS GEORGIAAZERBAIJAN
AZERBAIJAN
HUNGARY
HUNGARY KAZAKHSTAN
KAZAKHSTAN
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
CZECHOSLOVAKIA ROMANIA
ROMANIA
AUSTRIA
AUSTRIA UKRAINE
UKRAINE KYRGYZSTAN
KYRGYZSTAN
SWITZERLAND
SWITZERLAND MOLDOVA
MOLDOVA
MONGOLIA
MONGOLIA
FRANCE
FRANCE SERBIA
SERBIA TAJIKISTAN
TAJIKISTAN NORTH
NORTH
UZ UZ
ITA
ITALY
BULGARIA
BULGARIA BE BE KOREA
KOREA
LY
KI KI
SPAIN
SPAIN TU TU ST ST
PORTUGAL
PORTUGAL SLOVENIA
SLOVENIA MACEDONIA
MACEDONIA R R
KMKM A A
N N SOUTH
SOUTH
CROATIA
CROATIA GREECE
GREECE TURKEY
TURKEY ENEN KOREA
KOREA
ISTIST PEOPLE’S
PEOPLE’S
REPUBLIC
REPUBLIC
ANAN
BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA
BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA ALBANIA
ALBANIA SYRIA
SYRIA OFOF
CHINA
CHINA
TUNISIA MONTENEGRO
TUNISIA MONTENEGRO LEBANON
LEBANON IRAN
IRAN AFGHAN-
AFGHAN-
IRAQ
IRAQ JAPAN
JAPAN
MOROCCO
MOROCCO ISRAEL
ISRAEL KUWAIT ISTAN
KUWAIT ISTAN
AN AN NEPAL
NEPAL
BHUTAN
BHUTAN
BAHRAIN
BAHRAIN ST ST
ALGERIA
ALGERIA JORDAN
JORDAN AKIAKI
LIBYA
LIBYA EGYPT
EGYPT P P
WESTERN
WESTERN MYANMAR
MYANMAR
SAUDI
SAUDI INDIA
INDIA
SAHARA
SAHARA ARABIA
ARABIA TAIWAN
TAIWAN
QATAR
QATAR UNITED
UNITED
O AN
AN
MAURITANIA
MAURITANIA SUDAN
SUDAN ARABARAB
M
M
MALI NIGER
MALI NIGER CHAD BANGLA-
BANGLA- VIETNAM
VIETNAM
O
CHAD EMIRATES
EMIRATES
SENEGAL
SENEGAL ENEN DESH
DESH LAOS
LAOS PHILIPPINES
PHILIPPINES
GAMBIA
GAMBIA CENTRAL
CENTRAL YEM
YEM
GUINEA-
GUINEA- AFRICAN
AFRICAN DJIBOUTI
DJIBOUTI THAILAND
THAILAND
NIGERIA
NIGERIA REPUBLIC
REPUBLIC SOMALIA
SOMALIA
BISSAU
BISSAU SOUTH
SOUTHETHIOPIA CAMBODIA
CAMBODIA BRUNEI
BRUNEI
ETHIOPIA
GUINEA
GUINEA SUDAN
SUDAN MALAYSIA
MALAYSIA
SIERRA
SIERRA LEONE
LEONE SRISRI
LANKA
LANKA PAPUA
PAPUA
DEMOCRATIC
DEMOCRATIC NEW
NEW
LIBERIA
LIBERIA REPUBLIC
REPUBLIC OFOF KENYA
UGANDA
UGANDA SINGAPORE
SINGAPORE
KENYA GUINEA
GUINEA
CÔTE
CÔTE D’IVOIRE
D’IVOIRE CONGO
CONGO INDONESIA
INDONESIA
BURKINA
BURKINA FASO
FASO RWANDA
RWANDA
GHANA
GHANA TANZANIA
TANZANIA
BURUNDI
BURUNDI
TOGO
TOGO CONGO
CONGO
MALAWI
MALAWI
BENIN
BENIN
CAMEROON
CAMEROON ANGOLA
ANGOLA ZAMBIA
ZAMBIA
EQUATORIAL
EQUATORIAL MADAGASCAR
MADAGASCAR
GUINEA
GUINEA NAMIBIA
NAMIBIA ZIMBABWE
ZIMBABWE
GABON
GABON
AUSTRALIA
AUSTRALIA
BOTSWANA
BOTSWANA MOZAMBIQUE
MOZAMBIQUE
SWAZILAND
SWAZILAND
SOUTH
SOUTH
AFRICA
AFRICA LESOTHO
LESOTHO
ANTARCTICA
ANTARCTICA
xii
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
GREENLAND
GREENLAND
UNITED
UNITED
STATES
STATES
CANADA
CANADA
UNITED
UNITED STATES
STATES
BAHAMAS
BAHAMAS
MEXICO
MEXICO HAITI
HAITI
DOMINICAN
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
REPUBLIC
CUBA
CUBA
JAMAICA
JAMAICA
BELIZE
BELIZE NICARAGUA
NICARAGUA
GUATEMALA
GUATEMALA
EL EL SALVADOR
SALVADOR VENEZUELA
VENEZUELA FRENCH
FRENCH GUIANA
GUIANA
HONDURAS
HONDURAS
COSTA
COSTA RICA
RICA COLOMBIA
COLOMBIA
PANAMA
PANAMA
GUYANA
GUYANA
ECUADOR
ECUADOR SURINAM
SURINAM
BRAZIL
BRAZIL
PERU
PERU
BOLIVIA
BOLIVIA
PARAGUAY
PARAGUAY
CHILE
CHILE
ARGENTINAURUGUAY
ARGENTINA URUGUAY
NEW
NEW ZEALAND
ZEALAND
ANTARCTICA
ANTARCTICA
xiii
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The Turnabout Map
The way maps may reflect (and influence) our thinking is things upside-down may cause us to rethink the way North
exemplified by the Turnabout Map, which places the South Americans regard themselves in relation to the people of
Pole at the top and the North Pole at the bottom. Words Central America.
and phrases such as “on top,” “over,” and “above” tend © 1982 by Jesse Levine Turnabout Map™—Dist. by Laguna Sales, Inc.,
to be equated by some people with superiority. Turning 7040 Via Valverde, San Jose, CA 95135
xiv
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Brief Contents
xv
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Features Contents
xvi
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Contents
xvii
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xviii Contents
Chapter 5
Chapter 4 Language and
Becoming Human—The Origin Communication 111
and Diversity of Our Species 75
Linguistic Research and the Nature of
Humans and Other Primates 75 Language 114
An African Perspective on Great Apes 76 Descriptive Linguistics 114
Europeans Classify Apes as Humanlike Phonology 115
Animals 77 Morphology, Syntax, and Grammar 115
Linnaeus Orders the Natural System 77 Historical Linguistics 116
A Short History of Research on Evolution Processes of Linguistic Divergence 117
and Genetics 78 Language Loss and Revival 117
Darwin as Father of Evolutionary Theory 78 Language in Its Social and Cultural Settings 119
Mendel as Father of Genetics 79 Sociolinguistics 119
A Microscopic Perspective on Biological Ethnolinguistics 122
Evolution 79 Language Versatility 123
Molecular Clock 79 Beyond Words: The Gesture–Call System 124
Genetic Mapping 80 Nonverbal Communication 124
Evolution Through Adaptation 80 Paralanguage 126
Primate Anatomical Adaptation 81 Tonal Languages 126
Primate Behavioral Adaptation 83 Talking Drums and Whistled Speech 126
Human Ancestors 86 The Origins of Language 127
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Contents xix
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xx Contents
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Contents xxi
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xxii Contents
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Contents xxiii
Economic Hard Power 379 Biocultural Connection: Toxic Breast Milk Threatens
Soft Power: A Global Media Environment 380 Arctic Culture 387
Problems of Structural Violence 380 Anthropologist of Note: Paul Farmer (b. 1959) 390
Poverty 381
Hunger, Obesity, and Malnutrition 382 Chapter Checklist 391
Pollution and Global Warming 384 Questions for Reflection 392
Reactions to Globalization 386 Digging into Anthropology 393
Ethnic Minorities and Indigenous Peoples: Struggles
for Human Rights 386 Glossary 394
Anthropology’s Role in Meeting the Challenges Bibliography 401
of Globalization 389
Index 414
Anthropology Applied: Anthropologist S. Ann Dunham,
Mother of a U.S. President 382
Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Preface
For the last edition of this textbook, we did some se- into the rich diversity of humans as a culture-making
rious housecleaning—sorting through the contents species. Recognizing the wide spectrum of students en-
“clear down to the bottom to determine what should rolled in entry-level anthropology courses, we cover
be kept and what should be tossed to make room for the fundamentals of the discipline in an engaging, il-
new material that warrants a place in a limited space.” lustrative fashion—providing a broad platform on
Our efforts resulted in a book more thoroughly revised which teachers can expand the exploration of concepts
than any new edition since Bill Haviland took on coau- and topics in ways that are meaningful to them and to
thors at the turn of the century. For the current edition their particular group of students.
of Cultural Anthropology: The Human Challenge—the fif- In doing this, we draw from the research and ideas
teenth—we continued our paring down efforts, reduc- of a number of traditions of anthropological thought,
ing the overall narrative by nearly 10 percent in order exposing students to a mix of theoretical perspectives
to give more space to stimulating visuals and other and methodologies. Such inclusiveness reflects our
pedagogical enhancements. Once again, our own on- conviction that different approaches offer distinctly
going research fueled our efforts, as did vital feedback important insights about human biology, behavior,
from students and anthropology professors who have and beliefs.
used and reviewed previous editions. Once again, we If most students start out with only a vague sense
scrutinized the archetypal examples of our discipline of what anthropology is, they often have even less
and weighed them against the latest innovative re- clearly defined (and potentially problematic) views
search methodologies, archaeological discoveries, ge- concerning the position of their own species and cul-
netic and other biological findings, linguistic insights, tures within the larger world. A second task for this
ethnographic descriptions, theoretical revelations, and text, then, is to encourage students to appreciate the
significant examples of applied anthropology. richness and complexity of human diversity. Along
And then, this team of veteran coauthors took an with this goal is the aim of helping them to understand
entirely new turn. Working closely with our publisher, why there are so many differences and similarities in
we adapted our newly trimmed text to MindTap—a the human condition, past and present.
personalized digital learning solution that engages stu- Debates regarding globalization and notions
dents with interactivity while also offering them and of progress; the “naturalness” of the mother, father,
instructors choices in content, platform devices, and child(ren) nuclear family; new genetic technologies;
learning tools. So it is that the fifteenth edition of this and how gender roles relate to biological variation
Haviland et al. anthropology textbook weds depth of all benefit greatly from the distinct insights gained
experience to cutting-edge learning innovations. More through anthropology’s wide-ranging, holistic perspec-
than a traditional textbook, it has become a holistic tive. This aspect of the discipline is one of the most
learning tool that presents both classical and fresh mate- valuable gifts we can pass on to those who take our
rial in variety of ways designed to stimulate student in- classes. If we as teachers (and textbook authors) do our
terest, stir critical reflection, and prompt aha moments. jobs well, students will gain a wider and more open-
minded outlook on the world and a critical but con-
structive perspective on human origins and on their
own biology and culture today. To borrow a favorite
Our Mission line from the famous poet T. S. Eliot, “The end of all
our exploring will be to arrive where we started and
Most students enter an introductory anthropology know the place for the first time” (“Little Gidding,”
class intrigued by the general subject but with little Four Quartets).
more than a vague sense of what it is all about. Thus, We have written this text, in large part, to help
the first and most obvious task of our text is to provide students make sense of our increasingly complex world
a thorough introduction to the discipline—its founda- and to navigate through its interrelated biological and
tions as a domain of knowledge and its major insights cultural networks with knowledge, empathy, and skill,
xxv
Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
xxvi Preface
whatever professional path they take. We see the book plays an important role in the learning process—from
as a guide for people entering the often-bewildering clarifying and enlivening the material to revealing rel-
maze of global crossroads in the 21st century. evancy and aiding recall.
MindTap
Organization and Unifying This all-encompassing innovation heads the inventory
Themes of pedagogical perks in this new edition. MindTap is
a customizable digital learning solution that contains
In our own teaching, we recognize the value of mark- all the material for the course in one easy-to-use on-
ing out unifying themes that help students see the big line interface. On top of an array of tools and apps that
picture as they grapple with the vast array of material help students understand the text, the MindTap for
involved with the study of human beings. In Cultural Cultural Anthropology: The Human Challenge offers
Anthropology: The Human Challenge we employ three several dynamic activities for students that illustrate
such themes: chapter concepts—including photo analysis exercises,
engaging videos, interactive GIS story maps, fieldwork
1. Systemic adaptation. We emphasize that every
activities, and “Mastery Training,” an adaptive learning
culture, past and present, like the human species
study tool that helps students master core concepts.
itself, is an integrated and dynamic system of
adaptation that responds to a combination of
internal and external factors, including influences of Accessible Language
the environment. and a Cross-Cultural Voice
2. Biocultural connection. We highlight the
integration of human culture and biology in In the writing of this text, we consciously cut through
the steps humans take to meet the challenges unnecessary jargon to speak directly to students. Manu-
of survival. The biocultural connection theme script reviewers have recognized this, noting that even
is interwoven throughout the text—as a thread the most difficult concepts are presented in straight-
in the main narrative and in boxed features that forward and understandable prose for today’s first- and
highlight this connection with a topical example second-year college students. Where technical terms
for every chapter. are necessary, they appear in bold type with a clear def-
3. Globalization. We track the emergence of inition in the narrative. The definition appears again
globalization and its disparate impact on various in the running glossary at the bottom of our pages, as
peoples and cultures around the world. European well as in a summary glossary at the end of the book.
colonization was a global force for centuries, To make the narrative more accessible to students,
leaving a significant and often devastating we deliver it in chewable bites—short paragraphs. Nu-
footprint on the affected peoples in Asia, Africa, merous subheads provide visual cues to help students
and the Americas. Decolonization began about track what has been read and what is coming next.
200 years ago and became a worldwide wave in Accessibility involves not only clear writing en-
the mid-1900s. However, since the 1960s, political hanced by visual cues, but also an engaging voice or
and economic hegemony has taken a new and fast- style. The voice of Cultural Anthropology: The Human
paced form: globalization (in many ways a process Challenge is distinct among introductory texts in the
that expands or builds on imperialism). Attention discipline because it has been written from a cross-
to both forms of global domination—colonialism cultural perspective. We avoid the typical Western “we/
and globalization—runs through Cultural they” voice in favor of a more inclusive one to make
Anthropology: The Human Challenge, culminating sure the narrative resonates with both Western and
in the final chapter where we apply the concept non-Western students and professors. Also, we high-
of structural power to globalization, discussing it light the theories and work of anthropologists from all
in terms of hard and soft power and linking it to over the world. Finally, we have drawn the text’s cul-
structural violence. tural examples from industrial and postindustrial soci-
eties as well as nonindustrial ones.
Compelling Visuals
Pedagogy The Haviland et al. texts garner praise from students
Cultural Anthropology: The Human Challenge features a and faculty for having a rich array of visuals, including
range of learning aids, in addition to the three unifying maps, photographs, and figures. This is important be-
themes described previously. Each pedagogical piece cause humans—like all primates—are visually oriented,
Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Preface xxvii
and a well-chosen image may serve to “fix” key infor- In addition, every Biocultural Connection essay
mation in a student’s mind. Unlike some competing ends with a probing question designed to help stu-
texts, nearly all of our visuals are in color, enhancing dents grapple with and firmly grasp that connection.
their appeal and impact. Also, the Globalscape features conclude with a Global
Twister question, which asks students to think more
Photographs deeply about the issue presented in the essay.
Our pages feature a hard-sought collection of arrest-
ing, content-rich photographs. Large in size, many
of them come with substantial captions composed Integrated Methods: Digging
to help students do a “deep read” of the image. Each into Anthropology
chapter features more than a dozen pictures, including
our popular Visual Counterpoints—side-by-side photos New to this edition is our Digging into Anthropol-
that effectively compare and contrast biological or cul- ogy feature, presented at the end of every chapter, just
tural features. after the Questions for Reflection. These hands-on as-
signments offer students an opportunity to delve into
Maps each chapter’s content through mini fieldwork projects
designed to integrate methodology throughout the
Map features include our “Putting the World in Per-
book and prod students in exploring topics in their
spective” map series, locator maps, and distribution
own culture.
maps that provide overviews of key issues such as pol-
lution and energy consumption. Of special note are the
Globalscape maps and stories, described in the boxed
features section a bit further on.
Integrated Theory:
Barrel Model of Culture
Challenge Issues Past and present, every culture is an integrated and dy-
namic system of adaptation that responds to a combi-
Each chapter opens with a Challenge Issue and accom- nation of internal and external factors. A pedagogical
panying photograph, which together carry forward the device we refer to as the “barrel model” of culture il-
book’s theme of humankind’s responses through time lustrates this. Depicted in a simple but telling drawing
to the fundamental challenges of survival within the (Figure 2.7), the barrel model shows the interrelated-
context of the particular chapter. ness of social, ideological, and economic factors within
a cultural system along with outside influences of envi-
ronment, climate, and other societies. Throughout the
Student Learning Objectives, book examples are linked to this point and this image.
Knowledge Skills,
and Chapter Checklists Integrated Gender Coverage
Each chapter features a set of learning objectives (pre- In contrast to many introductory texts, Cultural Anthro-
sented just after the Challenge Issue and photograph). pology: The Human Challenge integrates coverage of gender
These objectives focus students on the main goals, throughout the book. Thus, material on gender-related
identifying the knowledge skills they are expected to issues is included in every chapter. As a result of this ap-
have mastered after studying each chapter. The main proach, gender-related material in this text far exceeds
goals are incorporated in a closing Chapter Checklist, the single chapter that most books devote to the subject.
which summarizes the chapter’s content in an easy-to- We have chosen to integrate this material because
follow format. concepts and issues surrounding gender are almost al-
ways too complicated to remove from their context.
Spreading this material through all of the chapters has a
Thought-Provoking Questions pedagogical purpose because it emphasizes how consid-
Each chapter closes with four Questions for Reflection, erations of gender enter into virtually everything peo-
including one that relates back to the Challenge Issue ple do. Gender-related material ranges from discussions
introduced in the chapter’s opening. Presented right af- of gender roles in evolutionary discourse and studies
ter the Chapter Checklist, these questions ask students of nonhuman primates to intersexuality, homosexual
to apply the concepts they have learned by analyzing identity, same-sex marriage, and female genital mutila-
and evaluating situations. They are designed to stimu- tion. Through a steady drumbeat of such coverage, this
late and deepen thought, trigger class discussion, and edition avoids ghettoizing gender to a single chapter
link the material to the students’ own lives. that is preceded and followed by resounding silence.
Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Another random document with
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XI LUKU.
Karjankierroksen jälkeen.
»Älä turhia!» vastasi poika ihaillen. »Enpä luule sinun olevan noin
vain pudotettavissa. Tulin kertomaan sinulle, että olemme saaneet
vieraan», hän lisäsi heidän ratsastaessaan rinnatusten kotia kohden.
Nyt Kittyn oli pakko kääntyä pois. Veräjällä hän tapasi Patchesin,
joka palasi laitumelta.
»Saisitte hävetä», hän torui. Mutta siitä huolimatta hänen silmänsä
nauroivat.
»Niin juuri! Näittehän, millä silmin hän katseli minua. Totta puhuen,
neiti Reid, enhän voinut tuottaa hänelle niin suurta pettymystä. Enkö
ollut juuri sellainen kuin hän toivoi minun olevan? Luulin teidän
kiittävän minua! Enkö tehnyt sitä sangen hyvin?»
Ilta oli jo kulunut pitkälle, kun viimeinen eläin oli saatu junaan.
Curlyn ja Bobin oli määrä seurata karjan mukana. Toisten tuli jäädä
Skull Valleyhin seuraavaan aamuun hajaantuakseen sitten eri
suunnille
koteihinsa. Phil ilmoitti lähtevänsä kotimatkalle vielä samana iltana.
»Mistä hyvästä?»
»Kenties, kenties ei», vastasi Patches. »Eihän Reid kai vielä ole
saanut ostajaa kartanolleen?»
»Minusta?»
»Mutta, hyvä herra, mitä minä olen tehnyt? Tai pikemminkin, mitä
olen jättänyt tekemättä?»
»Oh!»
»Neiti Reid, aion pyytää teillä suosionosoitusta — oikein suurta
suosionosoitusta.»
»Niinkö?»
»Niin.»