End User Development 5th International Symposium IS EUD 2015 Madrid Spain May 26 29 2015 Proceedings 1st Edition Paloma Díaz
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Paloma Díaz · Volkmar Pipek
Carmelo Ardito · Carlos Jensen
Ignacio Aedo · Alexander Boden (Eds.)
LNCS 9083
End-User
Development
5th International Symposium, IS-EUD 2015
Madrid, Spain, May 26–29, 2015
Proceedings
123
Lecture Notes in Computer Science 9083
Commenced Publication in 1973
Founding and Former Series Editors:
Gerhard Goos, Juris Hartmanis, and Jan van Leeuwen
Editorial Board
David Hutchison
Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
Takeo Kanade
Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Josef Kittler
University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
Jon M. Kleinberg
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
Friedemann Mattern
ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
John C. Mitchell
Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
Moni Naor
Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
C. Pandu Rangan
Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India
Bernhard Steffen
TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
Demetri Terzopoulos
University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Doug Tygar
University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
Gerhard Weikum
Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbrücken, Germany
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/7408
Paloma Díaz · Volkmar Pipek
Carmelo Ardito · Carlos Jensen
Ignacio Aedo · Alexander Boden (Eds.)
End-User
Development
5th International Symposium, IS-EUD 2015
Madrid, Spain, May 26–29, 2015
Proceedings
ABC
Editors
Paloma Díaz Carlos Jensen
Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Oregon State University
Leganés Corvallis, Oregon
Spain USA
General Chairs
Paloma Díaz Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain
Volkmar Pipek University of Siegen, Germany
Program Chairs
Full Papers
Carmelo Ardito University of Bari, Italy
Carlos Jensen Oregon State University, USA
Short Papers
Ignacio Aedo Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain
Alexander Boden Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Information
Technology FIT, Germany
EUD-Playground Chairs
Andrea Bellucci Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain
Lily Diaz Aalto University, Finland
Monica Maceli Pratt Institute, School of Information and
Library Science, USA
Workshops Chairs
Daniela Fogli University of Brescia, Italy
Yvonne Dittrich IT University of Copenhagen, Denmark
VIII Organization
Publicity Chairs
Patrick Shih Pennsylvania State University, USA
Teresa Onorati Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain
Steering Committee
Margaret Burnett Oregon State University, USA
Maria Francesca Costabile University of Bari, Italy
Boris de Ruyter Philips Research Europe, The Netherlands
Yvonne Dittrich IT University of Copenhagen, Denmark
Gerhard Fischer University of Colorado Boulder, USA
Anders Mørch University of Oslo, Norway
Antonio Piccinno University of Bari, Italy
Volkmar Pipek University of Siegen, Germany
Mary Beth Rosson Pennsylvania State University, USA
David Redmiles University of California, Irvine, USA
Gunnar Stevens University of Siegen, Germany
Volker Wulf University of Siegen, Germany
Program Committee
Ignacio Aedo Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain
Carmelo Ardito University of Bari, Italy
Barbara Rita Barricelli Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
Andrea Bellucci Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain
Alexander Boden Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Information
Technology FIT, Germany
Margaret Burnett Oregon State University, USA
Federico Cabitza University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy
Organization IX
Additional Reviewers
Buono, Paolo Nolte, Alexander
Daskalopoulou, Athanasia Oleson, Alannah
Desolda, Giuseppe Onorati, Teresa
Hill, Charles Reyero Aldama, Gonzalo
Horvath, Amber Romano, Marco
Kuttal, Sandeep Turchi, Tommaso
Loser, Kai-Uwe Valtolina, Stefano
Keynote Speeches
Programming Ubiquitous Computing
Environments
Albrecht Schmidt
University of Stuttgart
Pfaffenwaldring 5a, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
[email protected]
Keynote Speech
Long Papers
Short Papers
Doctoral Consortium
Workshops
EUD-Playground
Albrecht Schmidt()
1 Introduction
Over the last 20 years ubiquitous computing has become reality. Phones, household
appliances, TVs, cars, and even buildings have essentially become computers.
Interacting with computing technologies has become an integral part of our life [1].
Embedded computers and the software and services running on them more and more
shape how we perceive the world and how we interact with each other. In many cases
computers even determine what we can do or what we can’t do. The opportunities to
create interactive experiences are manifold [2]. As many traditional electro-
mechanical systems include now processing, communication, sensing, and actuation,
designing such cyber-physical systems in a user-centered development process offers
new opportunities and creates new challenges [3].
to be in control? These are just some of the questions we have to ask when moving to
interactive systems that are part of our everyday environments.
Looking at successful ubiquitous computing environments and more specifically at
smart spaces it becomes apparent, that they are developed to fit a certain context, they
are targeted at specific users, and they are designed to support specific activities and
tasks. Developing such systems includes the selection and deployment of hardware
and the development of software. Most of the systems are unique and domain know-
ledge is essential to create useful systems.
Analyzing this it becomes clear (1) end users and domain experts are required in the
development process, and (2) as systems are unique, programming by professionals
will for most cases not be a viable option (at least not economically).
We expect that by lowering the effort required to develop and program ubiquitous
computing environments, the proliferation of such technologies into homes and busi-
nesses can be facilitated. In our view, systems should be designed in a way that they
have a generic functionality that can be customized and programmed by end-users
and domain experts to suit their needs and to provide useful functionality.
1
http://www.motioneap.de/
Programming Ubiquitous Computing Environments 5
the process. Using a projector and monitoring the actions by a new person we can
replay the actions and adaapt them to a new user’s performance. See figure 1 foor a
photo of the system.
Fig. 1. The figure shows the MotionEAP system that allows semantically rich programm ming
by demonstration. The system observes actions and can replay recorded sequences adapted to a
new environment and users with w varying performance. Left: test scenario in the lab; riight:
application in an industrial pro
oduction process (photos curtesy to Markus Funk).
2
http://mesch-projec
ct.eu/
6 A. Schmidt
4 Towards Enviro
onments that Learn from Us
Already now it is amazing how many examples of how to do things are availablee on
YouTube. Changing a tire,, playing the guitar, cooing paella, and repairing a broken
phones screen are well desccribed with hundreds of videos. Here people make a deliibe-
rated effort to record and sh
hare. To us this is just a starting point. Extrapolating thiis to
future interactive cyber-ph hysical environments where capturing is continuous and
multimodal one foresees that examples for everything humans do will become avaaila-
ble [6]. If such recordings are
a not just videos, but include sensor information, we can
imagine to have semanticallly rich recipes for everything mankind does.
References
1. Schmidt, A.: Ubiquitous co omputing: Are we there yet? Computer 43(2), 95–97 (2010)
2. Schmidt, A., Pfleging, B., B Alt, F., Shirazi, A.S., Fitzpatrick, G.: Interacting w with
21st-century computers. IE EEE Pervasive Computing 1, 22–31 (2011)
3. Broy, M., Schmidt, A.: Challenges
C in Engineering Cyber-Physical Systems. Compputer
47(2), 70–72 (2014)
4. Billard, A., Calinon, S., Diillmann, R., Schaal, S.: Robot programming by demonstrationn. In:
Springer handbook of robo otics, pp. 1371–1394. Springer Berlin Heidelberg (2008)
5. Petrelli, D., Ciolfi, L., vaan Dijk, D., Hornecker, E., Not, E., Schmidt, A.: Integraating
material and digital: a new way for cultural heritage. Interactions 20(4), 58–63 (2013)
6. Billinghurst, M., Davies, N.,
N Langheinrich, M., Schmidt, A.: Augmenting Human Memoory-
Capture and Recall in the t Era of Lifelogging (Dagstuhl Seminar 14362). Dagsstuhl
Reports 4, 151–173
Long Papers
Designing for End-User Development
in the Internet of Things
1 Introduction
The Internet of Things (IoT) concept was coined in 1999/2000 by Kevin Ashton and
his team at MIT’s Auto-ID Center [1] and rapidly spread around the world thanks to
the evolution of sensor technology and its use that is becoming more and more mobile
and pervasive [2]. To connect uniquely identified everyday objects in a network al-
lows to send and receive data and at the same time to influence the behavior of the
objects in two ways: automatic, on the basis of the collected data, and semi-
automatic/manual, according to users’ needs and/or preferences. Today, IoT is suc-
cessfully adopted in several application domains and it is estimated that in 2015 the
number of objects connected will be around 12 billion, while in 2020 it will be 50
billion [3][4].
Recent studies [5][6] show that the coming of IoT changed the way people use the
Internet, and mobile and sensor-based devices. This tendency is more relevant in do-
mains that present pervasive characteristics where the integration of data could help in
improving quality of life and in offering an even richer and satisfying experience of
use of everyday objects. This type of integration is what characterizes the so-called
lifelogging: keeping track of the collected data through all the everyday or occasional
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015
P. Díaz et al. (Eds.): IS-EUD 2015, LNCS 9083, pp. 9–24, 2015.
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-18425-8_2
10 B.R. Barricelli and S. Valtolina
activities that may influence people’s quality of life. Lifelogging, initially conceived
in the 70s as a 24/7 broadcasting of self-videos, has become today a wide spreading
phenomenon, called quantified-self movement, that allows people to keep track of
their habits, health conditions, physiological data, and behavior, and to monitor condi-
tions and quality of the environments in which they work and live. Today, a conti-
nuously increasing number of lifelogging devices are on the market and become more
and more affordable to the masses.
In our research, we mainly study applications of lifelogging in three domains:
health, wellness, and domotics. In the health domain, people can collect data gathered
through several devices for monitoring, among all, blood pressure, heart beat rate,
glucose level, and coagulation factor. Lifelogging in the wellness domain allows to
keep track for example of weight, sport/fitness activity, calories intake, and sleep
quality. As to domotics, IoT helps in having better awareness about energy consump-
tion, use of entertainment or work appliances, and even care of gardens/plants. Some
of the most advanced IoT devices offer solutions based on artificial intelligence and
expert systems for avoiding to prompt users too often and risking to bother them with
too many questions. The idea to make objects and environments able to take decisions
on behalf of the users aims at not disturbing and overwhelming people in their every-
day lives. Although these automatic suggestions avoid to bother users by helping
them in managing objects more easily, we believe that the user control over connected
objects is a crucial element for IoT success. In fact, newly created Web, mobile,
wearable, and pervasive applications are today designed in a more user-centered
manner and particular attention is made in taking care of the user experience.
More than 20 years ago, Cypher [7] defined the end user as a “user of an applica-
tion program”, someone who is not a computer programmer and who “uses a comput-
er as part of daily life or daily work, but is not interested in computers per se”. In the
IoT era, this concept evolves because now machines are becoming part of the social
tissue and their use is common in almost every cultural context: with the growing
diffusion of mobile devices, like smartphones and tablets, pervasive computing is
spreading [8]. IoT allows the end users to manage physical devices, interactive sys-
tems, and quantified-self data by deciding how to create new usage scenarios and this
empowers them more than ever, making them evolve, as explained later in the paper,
to become end-user developers [9].
In Section 2, we describe how digital devices have become not only tools to satisfy
the need of getting jobs done but also the key for taking care of social relationships
(real or virtual) and to manage several aspects of personal life (e.g. financial, well-
ness, entertainment). Under this perspective, we describe IoT as an ecosystem of
objects and services that aim at supporting the end users in extracting, merging, ana-
lyzing, visualizing, and sharing data enabling them to unwittingly transforming the
data into information, information into knowledge, and knowledge into wisdom. This
scenario leads towards an innovative point of view on technology and mobility, focus-
ing diversity and agency as central aspects of a socially responsible approach to
mobile computing [10]. According to this consideration, we then discuss the most
consolidated definitions of end user and End-User Development (EUD) with respect
to the IoT domain. Even though the EUD definitions given in scientific literature
remain valid, we claim how the perspective has deeply changed. EUD in IoT is now
focused on how users interact with an ecosystem of elements and how they are able to
Designing for End-User Development in the Internet of Things 11
affect the way data is collected and aggregated. According to this new perspective, in
Section 3 we present the current state of the art of EUD in IoT and in particular we
present applications that enable the users to arrange data coming from IoT devic-
es/sensors and to aggregate it via Social Media, Mobile and Web apps. Finally, in
Section 4 we present the definition of a new EUD paradigm and language in IoT do-
main. Specifically, we propose a sensor-based rule language able to support the end
user in aggregating and combining data originated by several sensors/devices and in
creating personalized use of the quantified self-data. This language aims at enabling
end user for unwittingly developing personalized IoT environments according to spe-
cific temporal, spatial, and fuzzy conditions that may affect the elements in the IoT
environment.
Sensors. The IoT sensors are typically built-in components in electronic devices
aimed at collecting data of various nature. Examples of sensors are those present in
devices for weather stations, activity tracking armbands, or Wi-Fi body scales. IoT
devices can be portable – meant to follow the end user everywhere (e.g. activity
12 B.R. Barricelli and S.
S Valtolina
trackers) – or unmovable – designed for being placed in a specific place and not
moved around (e.g. weatheer stations). Sensors and their devices can autonomouusly
send the data they collect or
o wait for the end user to collect the data when they nneed
to. They typically come witth applications for enable the end user to access them (bboth
settings and data) but can allso present an embedded stand-alone interface.
Applications. Through theem, the end user is able to access the IoT devices. T They
typically are of two types: bundled with specific devices or compatible with seveeral
devices. Applications are ussually designed to be mobile-compliant giving the end uuser
the chance of interacting wiith the devices on remote setting.
Social Media. Those applications built on Web 2.0 principles and technology tthat
allow the end user to sharee content on the Internet. The relationship with IoT is tthat
most of its devices and app plications are equipped with social features that allow the
end user to share the colleccted data with virtual communities (friends, family, or ccol-
leagues in real life or people they just know on the Web).
Other IoT users. Those people who belong to the virtual communities mentioned
before. They typically share with the end user some particular interests, life choices,
or other aspects. Is the end user who chooses the people to be connected with on the
basis of personal searches or suggestions made by the applications (thanks to RSs).
The quantity of different types of IoT devices that are today on the market is conti-
nuously growing and their variety leads to a higher and higher level of complexity in
the IoT ecosystem. To support the integration of new IoT devices and related applica-
tions into the ecosystem and understand how to better empower the end user in becom-
ing unwitting developer of their own IoT environment, we propose a 3-dimensional
model of classification (Figure 2) that is based on three peculiar aspects in IoT: space,
time, and social dimension.
Space. This dimension goes from “settled” to “mobile”. Elements in the “settled” area
of the 3D model are typically constrained to a fixed position (e.g., home, office) and
are not supposed to be used on the move. Examples of such category are devices for
ambient surveillance, weather stations, energy consumption monitoring, water leak
sensors. On the other hand, “mobile” elements are designed to be used in different
places while accompanying the user during their movements. An example of this
category of elements are wearable devices that are used to track activity, calories
burning, and physiological data (e.g., fitness armbands, smartwatches).
Fig. 2. The 3D model for classifying IoT devices according to space, time and soocial
dimension
Such representation allows to identify the position of the elements in terms of oc-
tants of the 3D space. Tablle 1 presents all the octants in the model. The most soccial,
connected, flexible, and mo obile elements are those located in octant 1 (+ + +), whhile
the elements that present less
l degree of flexibility and personalization and do not
follow the users in their soccial and real life are those octant VII (- - -). Given the fllex-
ibility of some IoT devices,, it is important to keep into account that the position off the
elements in the 3D space model
m of classification may change in time because thheir
state can dynamically chan nge according to users’ behavior and preferences. It cann be
used both as a tool for anaalyze an existing IoT ecosystem and to explore and beetter
understand its potentials, or
o as a classification to inform IoT ecosystems design tthat
Another random document with
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It is delightful to witness the care which the swallow manifests
towards her brood. When able to leave the nest, she leads them to
the ridge of the barn, where, settled in a row, and as yet unable to fly,
she feeds them with great assiduity. In a day or two they become
capable of flight, and then they follow their parents in all their
evolutions, and are fed by them while on the wing. In a short time
they commence an independent career, and set up for themselves.
The notes of the swallow, though hurried and twittering, are very
pleasing; and the more so as they are associated in our minds with
ideas of spring, and calm serenity, and rural pleasures. The time in
which the bird pours forth its melody is chiefly at sunrise, when, in
“token of a goodly day,” his rays are bright and warm.
“The breezy call of incense-breathing morn,
The swallow, twittering from the straw-built shed,”
unite alike to call man from his couch of rest, and to praise “the God
of seasons as they roll.”
After the work of rearing the young, ere autumn sears the leaf, the
swallow prepares to depart. Multitudes, from various quarters, now
congregate together, and perch at night in clusters on barns or the
branches of trees, but especially among the reeds of marshes and
fens, round which they may be observed wheeling and sinking and
rising again, all the time twittering vociferously, before they finally
settle. It was from this circumstance that some of the older
naturalists supposed the swallow to become torpid and remain
submerged beneath the water during winter, and to issue forth from
its liquid tenement on the return of spring; a theory utterly
incompatible with reason and facts, and now universally discarded.
The great body of these birds depart about the end of September.
The Holy Scriptures make frequent allusions to this interesting
bird. Jeremiah, reproaching the Jews for their turning away from
God, alludes to the swallow as obeying His laws, while they who
have seen his glory rebelled: “Yea, the stork in the heaven knoweth
her appointed times; and the turtle and the crane and the swallow
observe the time of their coming; but my people know not the
judgment of the Lord.” viii. 7.
The Psalmist notices the partiality of this bird for the temple of
worship, the sanctuary of God: “Yea, the sparrow hath found an
house, and the swallow a nest for herself, where she may lay her
young, even thine altars, O Lord of hosts, my King and my God.”
Psalm lxxxiv. 3. Hezekiah, king of Judah, wrote of himself, “Like a
crane or a swallow, so did I chatter.” Is. xxxviii. 14. In these casual
notices we at least trace out that the habits, migration, and song of
the swallow, were known to the inspired writers; a circumstance of
no little value, since a false assertion that the facts of natural history
are not correctly stated in the Bible, has long been among the weak
engines used by the infidel against the validity of that book, “which
maketh wise unto salvation.”
The Sand Martin, or Bank Swallow, is a most curious bird of this
family. It is the least of the tribe, and the first to arrive, appearing a
week or two before the swallow, and often while the weather is
severe. Its flight is vacillating, but it is equally fond of skimming over
the surface of the water. This bird, unlike its race, mines deep holes
in sand or chalk cliffs, to the depth of two feet, or even more, at the
extremity of which it constructs a loose nest of fine grass and
feathers, artificially put together, in which it rears its brood.
The sand martin is of a social disposition; hence flocks of them
unite to colonize a favorite locality, such as a precipitous bank or
rock, which they crowd with their burrows. Professor Pallas says,
that on the high banks of the Irtish, their nests are in some places so
numerous, that, when disturbed, the inmates come out in vast flocks
and fill the air like flies; and, according to Wilson, they swarm in
immense multitudes along the banks of the Ohio and Kentucky.
What, it may be asked, are the instruments by which this little
creature is able to bore into the solid rock, and excavate such a
chamber? Its beak is its only instrument. This is a sharp little awl,
peculiarly hard, and tapering suddenly to a point from a broad base;
with this tool the bird proceeds to work, picking away from the centre
to the circumference of the aperture, which is nearly circular; thus it
works round and round as it proceeds, the gallery being more or less
curved in its course, and having a narrow funnel-shaped termination.
The author of “The Architecture of Birds” informs us that he has
watched one of these swallows “cling with its sharp claws to the face
of a sandbank, and peg in its bill, as a miner would do his pickaxe, till
it had loosened a considerable portion of the sand, and then tumbled
it down amongst the rubbish below.”
The Human Frame likened to a House.
Man’s body’s like a house: his greater bones
Are the main timbers; and the lesser ones
Are smaller joists; his limbs are laths daubed o’er,
Plastered with flesh and blood; his mouth’s the door;
His throat’s the narrow entry; and his heart
Is the great chamber, full of curious art.
His stomach is the kitchen, where the meat
Is often put, half sod, for want of heat.
His spleen’s a vessel nature does allot
To take the scum that rises from the pot;
His lungs are like the bellows, that respire
In every office, quickening every fire;
His nose the chimney is, whereby are vented
Such fumes as with the bellows are augmented;
His eyes are crystal windows, clear and bright,
Let in the object, and let out the sight;
And as the timber is, or great or small,
Or strong or weak, ’tis apt to stand or fall.
Chinese Spectacles.
Mr. Davis, in his account of China, tells us that the people there
do not make glass that is fine enough for spectacles, and therefore
they use pieces of rock crystal for the purpose. The rims of the
spectacles are of immense size and width, and give a very wise
appearance to the wearer. The spectacles are attached to the head
by silken strings slung over the ears, as represented in the picture.
View of the Bastile.
Story of Philip Brusque;
s h o w i n g t h e n at u r e a n d n e c e s s i t y o f
government and laws.
CHAPTER I.
Early Life of Philip Brusque.—He engages in the French Revolution.
—Is at length suspected by Robespierre, and obliged to fly.—
Enters on board a Ship, and is cast away upon an uninhabited
Island in the Indian Ocean.—Description of the place.—Philip
fancies that he is now happy, having found perfect Liberty.
There once lived in Ireland a sailor, who had a wife and one
child. He was poor, but still he provided a small house for his family,
had it decently furnished, and, as he always brought them money
when he came home from his voyages, they were quite comfortable.
He was very fond of his little boy, and he, too, was very fond of his
father. The sailor used to go in a ship to the West Indies, and, when
he returned, he always brought back some nice oranges and other
good things for his little son.
Well, the Irishman, whose name was Kelly, had once been gone
on a voyage to the West Indies for several months, and his family
were expecting every day that he would return. Whenever the door
was opened, the boy looked up to see if it was not his father who
had come.
Four months passed away, and no news came. And now Mrs.
Kelly had become very much afraid that something had happened to
her husband. She feared that the vessel had been cast away upon
some rocky shore, or that it had sunk in the deep sea, or that some
other misfortune had occurred, by which her husband had perished.
The boy, too, became very uneasy, and was every day expressing
his wonder that his father did not come back. At length, a man, who
lived near by, came into the house, and told Mrs. Kelly that he had
brought sad news. He then went on to tell her that the vessel in
which her husband sailed, had been driven ashore in a gale of wind,
and dashed to pieces upon a rocky island, and it was supposed that
all on board had perished.
Some persons from another vessel had landed upon the island,
and found papers and pieces of the wreck upon the shore, by which
they knew it was the vessel in which Kelly had sailed. The island was
small, and there was no person upon it.
This was sad intelligence to the poor sailor’s wife, and it was long
before she could find it in her heart to break the news to her child.
When he heard it, he shed many tears, and peace returned no more
to the sailor’s home.
Being deprived of the assistance of her husband, Mrs. Kelly was
obliged to make great exertions to support herself and child with
comfort. She was, however, very industrious, and, for a time, she got
along pretty well.
At length she was taken sick, and a little girl was added to her
family. When she was partially recovered, she found herself poor,
and a good deal in debt to her landlord. He was a cruel man; he took
away her furniture for what she owed him, and then turned the
widow and her family into the street.
The poor woman was still unwell; and it was with great difficulty
that she walked about a mile to the house of a farmer, whom she
knew, hoping that he would render her assistance. But he would give
her nothing.
She was now in great distress, and did not know where to find
even shelter. Sad, sick, and almost broken-hearted, she crept toward
a stable, and sat down upon some straw. Here she remained for
some time, with her infant in her arms, and her boy’s head resting on
her lap.
Where could she now look for aid? She had no friends, from
whom she could expect assistance. At length her thoughts turned to
that good Being, who is ever the friend of the poor and the
distressed. To him she prayed fervently, and so deeply was her mind
absorbed in this act of devotion, that she did not notice a man who at
the moment was passing by, on the public road.
He was on foot, and seeing the woman and her children, stepped
toward them, to observe them more carefully. When Mrs. Kelly had
finished her petition and opened her eyes, the man was standing
before her.
She instantly perceived that he was a sailor, and that his
countenance bespoke amazement; and then it struck her that he
seemed to bear a wonderful likeness to her lost husband. At length
he spoke her name, and the poor woman, betwixt fear and joy, would
have fallen through faintness to the ground. Kelly supported her, for
it was he!
When she recovered, mutual explanations took place. She told
her story, and he related his, which was this. The ship in which he
sailed was wrecked upon the island, and all perished save himself
and two others. These were taken off the island, by a vessel going to
the East Indies. As soon as he could, he left this ship, and got into a
vessel that was going to England; and thus, after an absence of
eight months, returned to his country. I need not attempt to describe
the happiness that now filled again the hearts of the sailor’s family.
The Groom and the Horse;
a fa b l e , t o s h o w t h e d i s a d va n ta g e s o f
deception.
A groom, whose business it was to take care of a certain horse,
let the animal go loose into the field. After a while, he wanted to
catch him, but the brute chose to run about at liberty, rather than be
shut up in the stable; so he pranced round the field and kept out of
the groom’s way. The groom now went to the granary, and got the
measure with which he was wont to bring the horse his oats. When
the horse saw the measure, he thought to be sure that the groom
had some oats for him; and so he went up to him, and was instantly
caught and taken to the stable.
Another day, the horse was in the field, and refused to be caught.
So the groom again got the measure, and held it out, inviting the
horse, as before, to come up to him. But the animal shook his head,
saying, “Nay, master groom; you told me a lie the other day, and I am
not so silly as to be cheated a second time by you.”
“But,” said the groom, “I did not tell you a lie; I only held out the
measure, and you fancied that it was full of oats. I did not tell you
there were oats in it.”
“Your excuse is worse than the cheat itself,” said the horse. “You
held out the measure, and thereby did as much as to say, ‘I have got
some oats for you.’”
Actions speak as well as words. Every deceiver, whether by
words or deeds, is a liar; and nobody, that has been once deceived
by him, will fail to shun and despise him ever after.
The Druids.