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English Language 03
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Social Studies 06 & 07
Information Technology 08 & 09
Human and Social Biology 10
Principles of Business 11
Principles of Accounts 12
Integrated Science 13 & 14
English Literature
Career Talk
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THE DAILY OBSERVER Tuesday, November 29, 2016 Page 02
PRODUCTION TEAM CONTRIBUTORS
ENGLISH LANGUAGE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY HUMAN & SOCIAL BIOLOGY INTEGRATED SCIENCE
Shawnette Myers-Lawrence Shandeen Robinson-White Leroy Munroe Marlene Grey-Tomlinson
MATHEMATICS COMMUNICATION STUDIES PRINCIPLES OF BUSINESS ENGLISH LITERATURE

EDITOR : Debra-Gail Williamson Kamau Karenga Janet Hendricks Hilary Bassaragh Simone Gibbs
•
ASSOCIATE EDITOR – DESIGN : Rorie Atkinson
• SOCIAL STUDIES CARIBBEAN STUDIES PRINCIPLES OF ACCOUNTS CAREER TALK
GRAPHIC ARTIST / PAGINATOR : Roy France Charmaine Fuller-Wallace Sharraine Rowe Tedmore Clarke HEART/NTA
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ENGLISH
JOL LECTURE SERIES
Jamaica Observer Limited
LANGUAGE LESSON 11
with Shawnett Myers-Lawrence
DESCRIPTIVE WRITING
Hello, readers. For the past few weeks we have been looking at ▶ Use precise words ▶ Use similes and metaphors
items that appear on Paper 1 of the examination. We will now focus In most cases, you will use adjectives and adverbs to make Another useful technique for setting a mood with your
once again on Paper two. Before we get into our discussion of your writing more detailed for the reader. Example: Instead descriptive writing is to use similes and metaphors. A simile
descriptive writing, let us look at the answers to last week’s activity. of ‘The cat is sleeping’ you would say, ‘The fluffy grey cat is is a phrase comparing two unlike things, using ‘like’ or ‘as’
sleeping soundly on the plush red sofa’. The use of ‘fluffy,’ in order to make a description more vivid. You have
‘grey,’ ‘soundly,’ ‘plush’ and ‘red’ assists the reader in probably heard the phrase, ‘running like the wind’. This is
ANSWERS TO ACTIVITY IN LESSON #10, visualizing the event and what the cat looks like. This an example of a simile. Rather than saying, ‘running really
NOVEMBER 22, 2016 process will allow the reader to create a mental image fast,’ you replace the speed with something that
through your word choice. communicates rapid movement, like the wind.
▶ Use sensory details

Synonyms: 1. D 2. C 3. D 4. A 5. B A metaphor has the same function as a simile, but the
comparison between the two things is implicit, meaning
Antonyms: 6. B 7. C 8. A 9. C 10. A It is important to paint a picture with your words. One of
there is no ‘like’ or ‘as’ used to signal the comparison. Here
the best ways to do this is through appealing to the five
is an example of a metaphor from Shakespeare: ‘All the
senses. This will engage your audience and make your world’s a stage and the men and women merely players.’
Descriptive writing is tested in section C of the examination. This writing generally appealing. By using taste, smell, hearing, Rather than saying life is just like a play, he compares the
question is not compulsory as you may choose between a sight and touch, you are creating an opportunity for the world to where a play is enacted.
descriptive essay and a narrative. As we saw in earlier lessons, reader to develop an emotional connection to your writing.
description is a separate discourse from narrative. Remember: your readers might not have had a particular Similes and metaphors are another tool to help make your
experience, visited a certain place, tasted a type of dish or descriptions more vivid. They paint a more detailed picture
Why are both tested in the same section of the exam? The answer is
met that sort/kind of person. It is up to you to help your for your reader, making it easier for them to understand
fairly simple. Both are examples of creative or artistic writing. Let
reader to have these experiences through the details that what you are saying. Your writing will also be more
me hasten to say that descriptive discourse is not exclusively
artistic. Description is also scientific and you are required to employ you provide. Read the following: interesting, because you are showing them what you have
descriptive skills in your other subjects. For example, writing in in your mind’s eye, rather than just telling them.
▶ Organize your ideas

science gives you an opportunity to describe observations and ‘As the waves gently collided with the shore, I could hear
scientific phenomena, and can help you to comprehend new the delicate lapping of the water as it caressed the sand.
material by having to explain it in your own words. Additionally, in The tangy scent of salt in the air tickled my nose as the Although descriptive essays allow for a lot more creativity
social studies or history, descriptive writing can help you to warm afternoon wind wafted through the sky. Slowly, I than other types of essays, it is important to recognize the
describe an important historical figure or event more clearly. awoke from my slumber, cuddled in a hammock that need for organization; this is essential for every type of
Writing rich in detail will create vivid depictions of people and essay. You can have any number of ideas within your
surrounded me like a cocoon. The warm sun brightly
places and help make history come alive. If you are writing up a lab descriptive essay but without an appropriate
shone on my face beckoning me to come and bask in its
report, describing a mountain range or a car engine, you will have organizational pattern, your ideas will not flow. Of course,
to employ description. The English A syllabus focuses on artistic golden rays.’
your essay must have the requisite introduction, body and
description; only this type will be discussed in this lesson. conclusion, but depending on what you are describing you
Based on this paragraph, where is the narrator and what is
may choose to structure those details in the most logical
Descriptive discourse is the use of vivid details to create a picture in taking place in this scene? Thanks to the five senses, you can
way. You may choose chronological order, starting with the
the reader’s mind of a person, place, thing, idea or feeling. Writers gather that he or she is just waking up from what seems general and getting to the specific or spatial arrangement.
use the descriptive essay to create a vivid picture of a person, place, like a really peaceful nap in a hammock on a beach Whichever pattern you use be sure to select one that
or thing. Unlike a narrative, which reveals meaning through a story, somewhere. How do we know this?
the purpose of a descriptive essay is to reveal the meaning of a creates the effect that you want.
subject through detailed, sensory observation. The descriptive essay
From the description, we can see a wave hitting the shore
employs the power of language and all the human senses to bring
as the tide comes in, hear the water as it hits the sand, ACTIVITY
a subject to life for the reader. If readers come away from a
descriptive essay with the feeling that they have really met a smell the salty air, and feel the warm sun. You can see how
Directions: Revise the following sentences to make them more
person, gone to a particular place, or held a certain object, the the senses use concrete things we have all probably
descriptive.
writer has done a good job. If readers also feel an emotional experienced to some degree in our own lives to help the
connection and deep appreciation for the subject’s significance, the reader to visualize a new scene. This descriptive paragraph
1. My father’s car is parked outside.
writer has done a great job. uses things we are familiar with through our five senses to
take us to a tropical paradise. 2. The student gave her book to the teacher.
Students often have difficulty with the descriptive essay as it can be
▶ ‘Show’ instead of ‘tell’
difficult to find things to say about an event, a setting or a situation
in 400 – 450 words. Many times students do not possess the 3. Cows are grazing in the field.
vocabulary or the creativity to do so. It is necessary to build your A description helps set a mood by using more vivid
vocabulary through exposure to writing by others. This also serves language to complement the sensory-based description. 4. This movie is very interesting.
the function of giving you an example that you could imitate in your You must show the readers, rather than tell them, what the
own writing while you build your own style. afternoon on a beach is like. 5. The room is very hot.
Some students are not distinguishing between the narrative and Rather than saying, ‘I heard the waves as the tide came 6. Your brother has a nice face.
the description. The main difference between the two discourses is in,’ the writer invites the reader to experience the scene.
that the narrative has a plot, while the descriptive essay does not. 7. She made a bad tasting cake.
The extra details really help us to visualize the scene that
However, both contain characters, setting and point of view.
the author is trying to create. The description shows the
reader what it’s like to be out there on the beach when 8. I am hungry.
DESCRIPTIVE WRITING STRATEGIES the tide comes in during the afternoon, rather than just
▶ Choose your topic carefully

giving information. 9. Look at the big dog.
In a classroom setting you may be given a choice of topics to 10. The music is too loud.
The same vivid language also helps to create a mood for this
write about. In this case you must select carefully since you
description. We can begin to experience the same
are better able to write about topics that are familiar to you. Next week we will look at some sample essays. Until then, take care.
In the examination, there is no choice since only one of the peacefulness through the use of words like ‘gently’ and
questions in Section C calls for a descriptive essay. When you ‘delicate.’ Again, rather than just telling us it was a really
decide what you are going to write about, you can begin to relaxing and peaceful day, the writer lets the descriptive Shawnett Myers-Lawrence is on the staff of St. Hugh’s High School
add details about the specific event, object or person. language show us. Email: [email protected]
JOL LECTURE SERIES
MATHEMATICS LESSON 11
with Kamau Karenga
GEOMETRY
Greetings, in the name of Geometry! This is a vast topic in 4. The base angles of an isosceles triangle are equal.
Mathematics and an important topic in CSEC Maths. Geometry is
BASIC LAWS OF GEOMETRY
Triangle OML is isosceles
concerned with questions of shape, size and position of objects in
base angles ∡𝑂𝑀𝐿 = ∡𝑂𝐿𝑀

side OM = OL (both are radii of the circle)
are equal: ∡𝑎 = ∡𝑐 and ∡b = ∡d
space. It is a fairly old branch of mathematics which can be traced 1. Where two straight lines intersect, vertically opposite angles
back to the Greek mathematician Thales, some 2,600 years ago.
Further development of modern Geometry came 300 years later
through the Greek mathematician, Euclid. It is said that when the
ruler of the time asked “Is there a shorter route to learn Geometry
than through Euclid’s writings?” Euclid responded, “There is no
royal road to Geometry”. This question is still being asked by
students and teachers today respond:
“...There is no shortcut to learning Mathematics; you have to

PRACTISE, PRACTISE, PRACTISE.”
Before we enter the world of Geometry, let us look at last week’s

evaluation question.
SOLUTION TO EVALUATION IN LESSON #10,

NOVEMBER 22, 2016
2. Where two parallel lines meet a transverse line:
i) To complete the Venn diagram:
– First, place the x at the intersection of V and B.
This is in the space common to both circles V and
B.
5. a) The sum of interior angles in a triangle is 180°
– Next, place the 5 outside of the two circles, and
inside the rectangle.
– Inside the V circle and outside of the intersection b) The sum of interior angles in a 4-sided figure (quadrilateral)
is the area called ‘Venezuela ONLY’. Since x is 360° (2 x 180°)
students visited BOTH, then Venezuela only must
be 18 – x.
– Within the B circle and outside of the c) The sum of interior angles in a 5-sided figure (pentagon) is
intersection, we find ‘Bolivia ONLY’. Again, x 540° (3 x 180°)
students visited both, so those that visited
∡𝑏 = ∡𝑓; ∡𝑐 = ∡𝑔 ;
‘Bolivia ONLY’ will be 14 – x. a) corresponding angles are equal,
d) The sum of interior angles in a figure with n sides is
Below is the completed Venn diagram. ∡𝑎 = ∡𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∡𝑑 = ∡ℎ { (n-2) x 180°}
U
∡ 𝑎 = ∡ 𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑
b) alternate angles (Z angle) are equal, Let us see how these laws apply to a few examples.
∡𝑑=∡𝑓
V B
Example 1
∡𝑎 + ∡𝑓 = 180° and ∡ 𝑑 + ∡𝑔 = 180°
c) co-interior angles are supplementary; they add up to 180°
pentagon. ∢LKO = 108° , ∢NOK = 80°, ∢KLM = 90°, ∢KNM = 57°

18 – x x 14 – x In the diagram shown below, not drawn to scale, KLMNO is a
∡𝑃 + ∡𝑄 = 180°
3. a) The sum of angles on a straight line is 180°
and KO is parallel to MN.
ii) The expression in x will be the sum of all the terms within
the Universal set represented by the rectangle. The
expression is not an equation and will not carry an equal
sign.
Answer: (18 – x) + (x) + (14 – x) + (5)
Brackets added for emphasis.
iii) Set the expression above equal to the given total, which is
∡𝑎 + ∡𝑏 + ∡𝑐 + ∡𝑑 = 360°
b) The sum of angles at a point is 360°
33.
Answer: 18 – x + x + 14 – x + 5 = 33
iv) To calculate how many students visited both Venezuela Calculate, giving reasons for your answer, the value of
and Bolivia, solve the equation.
a) ∢NOK
18 – x + x + 14 – x + 5 = 33
Group like terms  18 + 14 + 5 – x + x – x = 33 b) ∢x
 37 – x + x – x = 33 [– x + x cancel each other] c) ∢y

 37 – x = 33  37 – 33 = x
Answer: x = 4
JOL MATHEMATICS continues on Page 05
JOL MATHEMATICS continued from Page 04
Solution 1 Solution 2
The strategy for a problem like this is to look at the ‘big picture’. GEOMETRY
Study the diagram and make note of the outstanding features. Note Let’s take a look at the ‘big picture’. Note the isosceles triangles PMN The mathematics of the properties, measurement,
the parallel lines and the various ‘alternate angles’, including KNM
and PKL. and relationships of points, lines,
and NKO. Note also the four sided figure KLMN. You may make notes
on the diagram.
angles, surfaces, and solids.
a) ∢NKO = 57° It is an alternate angle to ∢KNM

Note: the parallel lines, co-interior angles LKM and KMN, co-interior
angles KLN and LNM;
angles. ∢x = 180° – (57° + 80°)

b) Triangle NKO has a sum of 180° and we know two of the
EVALUATION:
Therefore, ∢ x = 43° Note: corresponding angles PLK and LNM, corresponding angles PKL
c) ∢LKN can be calculated by 108° − 57° = 51°. and KMN. In the diagram below, not drawn to scale, there are three parallel
We can now use the 4-sided figure KLMN to calculate y. lines. Find the angles marked a, b, c, d, e, f. Give reasons for your
∢y is therefore 360° – ( 51° + 90° + 57°)  y = 162°.

The sum of interior angles in a 4-sided figure is 360°. answers. The side DE is parallel to the opposite side.
i) a) ∢MPN is the apex of an isosceles triangle with base angles
Example 2 equal to 50° each.
∢MPN = 180 – (2 × 50)
∢MPN = 80°
In the diagram below, not drawn to scale, PMN is an isosceles
triangle with PM = PN and angle PMN = 50°.
b) ∢PLK is the base angle of an isosceles triangle with the

KL is parallel to MN.
apex angle ∢KPL = 80°

∴ ∢PLK = 50°
c) ∢LKM is a co-interior angle with ∢KMN

∴ ∢LKM = 180° – 50°  ∢LKM = 130°
Next Week: We continue into the wonderful world of GEOMETRY.
ii) Triangles PKL and PMN are similar because they have equal Peace and love.
angles: apex angle 80° and base angles of 50°.
a) ∢MPN b) ∢PLK c) ∢LKM
i) Calculate, giving a reason for your answer, the measure of:
Kamau Karenga is on the staff of Portmore Community College
ii) Explain why triangles PKL and PMN are similar but not The triangles are not congruent because the lengths of the sides Email: [email protected]
congruent. are different.
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SOCIAL
JOL LECTURE SERIES
STUDIES LESSON 11
with Charmaine Fuller-Wallace
REGIONAL INTEGRATION
Students, this week we will look at SECTION B: PART II of the ▶ A country’s stage of development is dependent on its physical
Objectives: Syllabus. resources, how they are utilized, and the available human
resources.
▶ In order for integration to be possible, cooperation by all

Caribbean Regional Integration has to do with a number of
countries in the Caribbean region coming together as a single
At the end of this lesson students should be able to: unit, cooperating with each other functionally, economically countries involved in the process is necessary.
and politically. Regional integration is the way forward if
countries in the region intend to achieve advancement,
1. Explain and use correctly concepts related to
development and progress.
REASONS FOR INTEGRATION
▶ Regional integration aims to produce benefits to the region as
regional integration.
1. The resources of countries in the region are limited. It is hoped
that the pooling of resources will see more efficient use of
2. State at least TWO reasons why regional well as to each country that is a part of this integration process.
resources and less duplication of effort and expenditure.
▶ All countries in the Caribbean region are developing countries
integration is necessary and important.
and most are referred to as small island developing states 2. Countries in the region have a similar history and culture.
3. Examine at least FIVE factors which promote (SIDS).
▶ Countries in the Caribbean region are at different stages of

regional integration. 3. Integration will allow them to have a more powerful voice and
trading stance on the global stage.
development; some are referred to as less developed countries
(LDCs) and others as more developed countries (MDCs). 4. It will assist countries in the development of their human resources.
ACTIVITY 1: CONCEPTS RELATED TO REGIONAL INTEGRATION

Instruction: Match each of the following terms with the correct definition.
Bilateral Agreement Economic Shocks Free Trade Agreement Import Substitution Multinational Corporations Trade Barriers
Caribbean Regional Integration Economic Union Free Trade Area Less Developed Country Regional Integration Trade Liberalisation
Common Market Food Security Integration More Developed Country Regionalism Trading Blocs
Economic Integration Free Trade Intra-regional Trade Multilateral Agreement Tariffs Trans-national Corporations
1. TERM MEANING
1. This is an agreement among three or more groups, countries, states or nations.
This is where all members combine all their economic policies for growth and development and act as though they are economically one country.
2.
Therefore all countries who are members (e.g. CARICOM members) would follow the same economic strategies for growth.
3. The removal of all barriers, tariffs and duties that prevent free competition between countries on all products.
An agreement between states, regions or countries to reduce or eliminate barriers to trade (tariff and non-tariff) between/among the participating countries
4.
or states.
An agreement allowing the free flow of capital and labour among member countries or signatories to the agreement.
5.
In the Caribbean region, this agreement also involves common trade, fiscal and monetary policies.
6. An agreement where member countries/signatories remove tariffs or non-tariff barriers to trade among themselves
Intra-regional free trade and the harmonisation of fiscal policies and tariffs among member countries – combining policies and using a similar policy for
7.
economic growth, removal of tariffs and intra-regional free trade.
8. A strategy implemented to replace imported goods/products with those locally produced.
9. A situation where enough food is available for a population or group.
10. A group of countries in the same geographic space formalising themselves into one unit.
11. Organisations with interests and facilities/branches in a number of countries (also called MNCs)
12. This is an agreement between two groups, countries, states or nations.
This describes a country with a wide variety of business activities/industries and is in a more advanced stage of development when compared to countries
13.
that are less developed or developing.
14. An organisation that is registered, is functional (operates) and has assets or facilities in more than one country or nation at a time.
15. This is a relatively poor country that is trying to increase trade and industry.
16. Trade within a region or a particular geographic space/area.
17. Any geographic area/region where barriers to trading among countries in that area/region are removed
18. The removal or reduction of trade barriers/restrictions on the free exchange of goods and services between nations.
This is when a group of countries or states agree to work closely together and develop a formal agreement in order to upgrade cooperation through common
19.
institutions, so as to achieve peace, stability and wealth.
20. The process of harmonising political and economic actions in a particular region or geographical zone
21. A merger: the coming together of nations, countries or business organisations
Measures that governments introduce to make imported goods or services less competitive than locally produced goods and services.
22.
Examples: Tariff (duties, export subsidies and surcharges) and non-tariff obstacles such as licensing rules and quotes.
23. A tax (called a duty/custom duty/import duty/ import fee) imposed on imports and exports.
An unexpected or unpredictable event which originates from outside the country that causes a sudden drastic change in an economy.
24.
The change can be positive/negative or temporary/permanent.
JOL SOCIAL STUDIES continues on Page 07

JOL SOCIAL STUDIES continued from Page 06
6. Common International Problems – Most countries in the region:

FACTORS PROMOTING AND HINDERING REGIONAL FACTORS – have difficulty accessing loans from multinational
CARIBBEAN REGIONAL INTEGRATION PROMOTING REGIONAL INTEGRATION lending agencies.
– have difficulty accessing international markets to trade
We will now look at: 1. Limited Human and Physical Resources: This encourages the goods and services
pooling of resources as well as the sharing/trading of resources – face exploitation by international business
(1) a summary of factors promoting and hindering Caribbean for the development of the region. organisations
regional integration. – face pressure from multilateral corporations, such as the
2. Population Size: The populations of the different countries are World Trade Organization (WTO), the International
(2) brief explanations of the regional factors which promote relatively small and often it is difficult to influence internal Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank (WB). A united
organisations on decisions whether social, political or approach is therefore necessary when dealing with
integration.
economic. Therefore, it is necessary to have a large regional international problems.
body that negotiates on behalf of all countries.
FACTORS PROMOTING FACTORS HINDERING 7. Economic Shocks: The economies of the Caribbean are relatively
3. Similar History and Cultural Heritage: Most persons in the
small. The countries are therefore vulnerable to economic
Caribbean have ancestors from Africa, Europe or Asia. These
▶ Limited Human and

shocks because they do not have reserves of commodities
▶ Differences in stages of
Regional Factors Regional Factors different groups brought with them their beliefs, values,
during periods of difficulty. This has resulted in many Caribbean
traditions and customs which today are evident in the countries
▶ Population Size
Physical Resources countries favouring integration as it is hoped that during
▶ Similarity in products
growth and development of the region. Because of this similarity, the sharing of goals and
▶ Similar History and

values becomes easier. Communication is also easier because periods of economic shocks the impact will be lessened.
English is the language used by most member states of the Examples of economic shocks include: rapid increase in the cost
▶ Geography of the region

produced
▶ Close Proximity
Cultural Heritage Caribbean region. of importing products, decrease in the value of products to be
▶ Similar social, political ▶ Unequal distribution of

4. Close Proximity: Some countries in the Caribbean region are exported, and increase in the price of oil.
relatively close to each other; people and goods are transported
▶ Common International
8. Natural Disasters: The countries in the region share the
▶ Intra-regional
and economic problems resources to various countries by sea and air in a relatively short time.
experiences of natural disasters such as hurricanes. This has led
▶ Economic shocks
Problems competition/competition
5. Similar Social, Political and Economic Problems to countries being more willing to work towards disaster
▶ Natural disasters
– Similar social problems include unemployment, preparedness and dealing with the after-effects of these events.
▶ Absence of a common
between countries
teenage pregnancy and crime and violence.
– The political climate of most countries in the region is
ACTIVITY 2
▶ The establishment of ▶ Absence of a common
External Factors currency also similar.
– Most countries depend on tourism and/or agriculture
for economic growth. In terms of agriculture, many Instruction: Explain the external factors, listed in the previous
▶ Territorial interests,
trading blocs by strategy for development
table, which promote regional integration.
▶ Challenges countries face
developed countries countries have failed to utilise technological
innovations which would allow mass production at a
demands and loyalties Next week we will continue to look at Regional Integration.
as a result of faster pace and cheaper rate than developed countries.
▶ Challenges faced as a
globalisation Because of this, a large variety of food products is
▶ Influence of multinational
External Factor imported from countries outside the region. Caribbean
Charmaine Fuller-Wallace is on the staff of
result of trade countries understand the problems that they all
St. Andrew Technical High School
liberalisation agencies encounter and this encourages cooperation in dealing
Email: [email protected]
with the issues faced.
LECTURE SERIES
English Language ♦ Information Technology ♦ Spanish
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INFORMATION
JOL LECTURE SERIES
TECHNOLOGY LESSON 11
with Shandeen Robinson-White
DATABASE MANAGEMENT – SBA GUIDELINES

As you continue to work on your SBA, I will provide guidelines for the completion of the database Let us look at it this way – Designing a Query
management section. According to the syllabus, you should be able to:
1. create a database Here’s an example of a query in Design View in Microsoft Access.
2. modify a table structure
3. sort a database
4. query a database using multiple search conditions
5. determine the results of a search on a database, given multiple conditions
6. generate reports to the screen, printer and files.
NOTE: Lesson #10 demonstrated how to create a database and a table within the database. Review
that lesson and let us begin.
QUERYING A DATABASE
Today I will explain how to query a database. This skill will be tested in the SBA and on Paper 2. Make
sure you have mastered the skill before going into the examination. Review the Jamaica Observer
Information Technology Lecture series, 3rd edition for more details.
To query a database means to retrieve data from the database. It is a request for information.
There are rules on how to create the question (so that MS Access will understand and return the desired
information). Retrieve your SBA database or any other database you have created.
To start any query, you need to go to the query design. See diagram below:
When you run a query like this, the database system actually uses SQL (behind the scenes) to generate
the query.
Query design icon in MS Access 2013
You will see that there are not many differences between 2007 and 2013; and most of the tasks are
carried out the same way. It is a matter of getting familiar with the Ribbons. The icons may have been The Query Results
moved around slightly.
Regardless of the method you use to query the database, the results will usually be displayed in tabular
A show table dialog box will appear showing the tables available in your database. See example below:
format.
Show table
This database dialog box
has one table
Query design grid
At this point you will select the table(s) that has (have) the answer to your question, i.e. the information
you are requesting. JOL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY continues on Page 09
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Studies C2
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Studies C3 & C4
We welcome
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ALPHA LADIES
WEBSTER MEMORIAL CHURCH, ST. ANDREW: Ladies from Convent of Mercy Academy
• Call: 936-9458 or 384-2810 “Alpha” smiled for the camera following their performance at the Carol Service
• Email: [email protected] put on by the Spanish Embassy. (PHOTO: GARFIELD ROBINSON)
LECTURE SERIES (3 rd
Edition)
English Language and Information Technology
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COMMUNICATION
JOL LECTURE SERIES
STUDIES LESSON 11
with Janet Hendricks
SPEECH/SPEAKING, CONTINUED
Hello, everyone. This week we will continue to look at Speech.
ELEMENTS THAT ENHANCE DELIVERY
Non-verbal elements often enhance speech delivery when appropriately utilised. Too much gesticulation
Objectives: and too many hand movements can be distracting to the audience and can affect speech delivery.
The following elements are often used to enhance speech delivery:
▶ Body language: appropriate posture and movement. The speaker’s stance can always convey the
At the end of this lesson students should be able to:
• Identify different methods of speech delivery level of confidence.
• Note non-verbal elements that enhance speech ▶ Eye contact: Maintain eye contact; do not stare at one person or look at only one section of the
audience. It is best to make eye contact while uttering the spoken words.
▶ Facial expressions: Ensure that your facial expressions are in line with the words you express so
• Identify common flaws in speech delivery
• Note tips for successful speech delivery that the audience is not confused.
▶ Gestures with hands: Limit the movements of the hands; excess movement is distracting.
SPEECH DELIVERY ▶ Movement: If you deliver your speech from a podium your movements will be restricted. If there
is no podium, feel free to walk across the stage. This keeps the audience engaged and adds
variety.
▶ Artefacts: These may include posters, visual aids, clothing, jewellery, etc. Ensure that these
The delivery of a speech relates to the actions and mannerisms used to address an audience. There are
four primary types of speech delivery:
enhance the presentation and do not create a distraction for the audience.
▶ Voice use: Volume is most important in the effective use of the voice. It is necessary to moderate
1. Extemporaneous
pitch so that your voice is loud enough to be heard but you are not shouting. It is important to
2. Impromptu vary pitch and pace in order to avoid sounding monotonous. Maintaining a conversational tone
is good.
▶ Pronunciation of words: Clear pronunciation of words is important to the quality of the speech
3. Manuscript
4. Memorized delivery.
Extemporaneous delivery: FLAWS IN SPEECH DELIVERY

Here are some common flaws which have negative effects on speech delivery:
▶ Malapropism ▶ Nervousness
This style is usually structured and delivered from notes written in point form. The speaker has the
opportunity to shape the speech as he/she goes along. This type of delivery is usually of a
▶ Poor eye contact

conversational style which allows you to hold your audience.
▶ Speech defects
▶ Monotone
Impromptu delivery:
▶ Absence of humour
▶ Fidgeting
This is delivered without preparation; most times the speaker is not advised beforehand. Usually an
eloquent and confident speaker is selected in such a situation as often times the speaker is able to
maintain the audience’s interest. ▶ Poor voice quality ▶ Limited vocabulary
Manuscript delivery: Now let’s summarise with some techniques for effective speech delivery.
This form of delivery entails reading directly from a written script. The speaker does not divert from the TIPS FOR SPEECH DELIVERY
▶ Effective speakers use clear and appropriate language for the subject matter and audience.
script and there is the risk of sounding monotonous if it is read in a concentrated manner. The speaker
must be able to adapt the script to the situation. Reading directly from a script limits audience
▶ Adopt a normal conversational tone.

engagement and there is usually little or no eye contact.
Memorized delivery: ▶ Be prepared and be confident; this aids in the delivery.
As the name suggests, the speaker commits the content of the speech to memory. This at times can ▶ Affect the emotions of your audience.
▶ Control your delivery.

prove difficult.
▶ Use your voice; pause for emphasis and effect.

Below are examples of opposite reaction to a presentation.
▶ Establish a relationship with your audience via eye contact.
▶ Use appropriate posture and movements.
Take care until next week.
Janet Hendricks is on the staff of Wolmer’s High School for Girls

Engaged audience Distracted audience
CARIBBEAN
JOL LECTURE SERIES
STUDIES LESSON #11
with Sharraine Rowe
CHARACTERISTICS OF CARIBBEAN SOCIETY AND CULTURE

Good day, everyone. Today we will look at the various models of • Cultural plurality is not evident where the majority of b. Interculturation – this is a symbiotic and mutual
Caribbean society and culture and determine which best describes people in a territory belong to the same ethnic group. mixing of the cultural traits of different cultural
the Caribbean. groups.
– In Jamaica where the majority is Afro-Caribbean,
distinct cultural plurality is absent. 4. The process was uneven as the Europeans had greater
PLURAL SOCIETY MODEL – The reverse is likely though where different ethnic influence in determining the acceptable or the ideal
groups are similar in size. Cultural plurality is more culture. Consequently:
evident in Trinidad and Guyana for example, due a. Expressive aspects of the culture, such as music,
COUNTRY A tend to reflect more influence from the minority
largely to the similar sizes of the major ethnic
groups in each territory. groups.
b. Formal institutional culture, such as official
language, tends to reflect greater European
Evidence in the Caribbean: influence.
Cultural
Group Y • Distinct language and political differences across the four
– Arranged subsections of the Caribbean – Hispanic, Francophone, 5. Cultural traits (and by extension cultural groups) are ranked
marriages Anglophone and Dutch in a hierarchy where some cultural traits are considered
– Village ideal (usually European).
exogamy • There is often insularity and conflict as is seen in our
– Y religion CARICOM operations. 6. Despite (and arguably due to) European cultural dominance,
– Y language
the process of adaptation allows for common values and
Cultural Group Z • Individual countries could also be seen as plural groups
Cultural Group X institutions to emerge and form a value consensus.
– Government each having their own set of social and cultural institutions
– Arranged officials and citizens with a strong sense of nationalism.
marriages – Marriage Evidence for creole society model
– Endogamy based on • Mixing takes place in economic spheres through bodies such
(ethnicity love as the Association of Caribbean States that includes a wider
and class) – Z religion
– X religion range of countries than CARICOM.
– Z language In individual countries:
– X language Capitalist
On the other hand:
Economy
• The idea of creole culture is evident in every aspect of
• There are avenues for meaningful cultural sharing in the the cultures across the Caribbean including cuisine,
Caribbean. CARIFESTA, the UWI, and the West Indies cricket
music, language, religion and government.
team are three such examples. It may be argued though
that these pertain only to the Anglophone Caribbean.
• Many people are also creole as they are the result of
• We cooperate in international arrangements such as miscegenation (racial hybridisation).
the CARIFORUM.
The plural society model as proposed by M. G. Smith posits that: • The ideal or official cultural institutions of most
CREOLE SOCIETY MODEL Caribbean countries reflect the European norm
1. All Caribbean societies are plural societies. such as:
– Official languages – French, Spanish,
2. A plural society is one characterised by multiple “cultural Dutch, English
groups” which “mix but do not combine”. Cultural Group A Cultural Group B
– Official religion – Christianity
– Government system
3. They do not “combine” or share cultural traits because they Religion Religion
– Education
Language Government Language
do not share cultural institutions such as religion and
Family/Marriage Economy Family/Marriage
marriage. For example, Afro-Caribbean people practise In the Caribbean:
Music Religion Music
spirit and ancestral-based worship forms such as obeah, Dance Dance
Language
while Euro-Caribbean people practise Christianity (mainly Literature Music Literature • There are some ideas, beliefs, norms, symbols and
Anglicanism or Catholicism). Dance even artefacts that are common across the region.
Marriage – Most have dialects which mix a variety of
4. Institutions (cherished ideas, values and beliefs) form the Literature Asian, European and African languages.
core of a group’s culture. Without meaningful sharing – Many territories have dynamic music forms
between groups, the institutions remain unaltered or static. that combine the rhythm and instruments of
a variety of ethnic groups.
5. Despite the divisions, society is kept stable by the Particularistic Universalistic/ Particularistic – Christianity and democracy reflect beliefs
government, which is usually dominated by the small Values Shared Values Values
held by most countries in the region.
European elite. – European ideals colour the stratification
systems in most territories.
6. Light mixing occurs in the market place/economy as people Creolisation, according to Edward K. Brathwaite, is the mixing of old
work, buy and sell. However, in many ways the economy world (mainly European and African) cultures, as both groups adjust
• On the other hand, there are some particularistic
also reflects a division of labour along ethnic/cultural lines. to their situation in the ‘new world’.
traditions or traditions that are specific to
1. Creolisation is a process of adaptation by Europeans and each territory.
Evidence of the model in individual countries: Africans to the new world.
• Most countries do not reflect the rigid cultural divide 2. The product of their attempt to adapt is Creole and by
proposed by the original theory. extension, Caribbean. On a whole, we can say that the Caribbean as a society has features
of the creole model in terms of both particularistic and
3. Creolisation takes two forms:
• Many however, reflect social plurality with members of universalistic values, and cultural forms that result from adaptation
a. Acculturation – this occurs when mixing results
the elite classes enjoying different lifestyles from the rest through cultural mixing.
from the dominant group (Europeans) forcing a
of society. The model has been adjusted to account for cultural trait on the subordinate group
this reality. (enslaved Africans) JOL CARIBBEAN STUDIES continues on Page C 4
JOL CARIBBEAN STUDIES continued from Page C 3
3. George Beckford describes plantation societies as “those Evidence of the plantation society model
PLANTATION SOCIETY MODEL countries where the internal and external dimensions of the in the Caribbean
(George Beckford) plantation system dominate the country’s economic, social and
political structures and its relations with the rest of the world”. To what extent can Caribbean territories be considered
plantation societies?
GOVERNMENT
4. Simply put, these are societies whose structures have been There is no doubt that our economies, demographic structures,
shaped by the plantation system – structures such as ethnic composition and social stratification systems were shaped by
the plantation system. We see this in:
government, education, and social stratification.
• The popularity of democracy and European political
a. Bringing people from different ethnic groups and parts structures in the Caribbean
of the world created ethnic and cultural diversity; • The preponderance of departments and overseas territories
EDUCATION of European countries in the region
RELIGION
• The continued preference for or value attributed to
STR SOCIA CULTURE b. The need for systems of rigid control of large enslaved European cultural traits, such as language and the Catholic
ATI
FIC L populations resulted in rigid systems of social or Anglican Christian denominations
ATI •
ON stratification; Continued though diminished importance of race and
FAMILY colour in various social spheres
• Continued dependence on a narrow range of industrial
EC O c. The need to reinforce European standards influenced activities and export-oriented economies
NOM • Insularity and close relationships within political and/or
Y the formation of institutions that insisted on European
EM language groups.
PLANTATION SYST ideals, resulting in acculturation in areas such as
language and religion. Having examined the various models, how can we classify the
Caribbean as a society?
TIPS: ▶ There is no one right answer; simply be able to defend

1. The essence of the plantation society model is that the In a way, this model helps us to understand why both the plural
plantation system led to the development of plantation
▶ There is no one model that completely explains the
society model and the creole society model are relevant to your answer with credible evidence.
societies and continues to influence the economic, cultural and
understanding the Caribbean.
social structure of the contemporary Caribbean. Caribbean reality. As revealed, a combination of all
three tells us why the Caribbean social structure is the
• On one hand, by explaining issues of power and control, the way it is and how to interpret it.
2. Defining features of the plantation as an economic system
include: model helps us to see why social divisions emphasised by
the plural society model were important. NEXT WEEK
a. Use of cheap or forced labour (chattel slavery or
indentureship); Look for the answers to activities in Lesson #10.
• On the other hand, the model helps to highlight the
context of adaptation and the process of defining our ideal
b. Large scale, ‘monocrop’ agriculture for export; Sharraine Rowe is on the staff of Wolmer’s Girls’ School
cultural institutions; thereby giving support to the plural
c. Ideological control of labour force. society model.
LECTURE
SERIES
(3rd Edition)
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JOL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY continued from Page 08
Here is another Simple Query Compound criteria queries include AND & OR. That is, all of the criteria need to be met.
If instead you wish to use OR criteria (that means that any of the criteria can be met), then put the
This database table is storing information on books. criteria on different rows or use the word ‘OR’.
In our case, we want to only see books where the Title starts with ‘S’, and the rating is better than 2.
For demonstration purposes, I will be using a database with 2 tables: Books and Author. The primary The ‘S’ criteria also includes what is known as a wild card. That is, the title needs to start with the letter
keys are set and the relationship is established. [CXC expects you to create Relational databases for your S, but anything can come after the ‘S’.
SBA and will be asking you questions on them as well.]
Numeric criteria are allowed to be defined as limits, rather than specific values, so in the case we can
Query/Question: List the books where the Title starts with ‘S’, and the rating is better than 2. use the ‘>’ operator.
The diagram below shows the Book table being selected for this query.
The area where the

query will be designed. The ‘*’ represents the wildcard
Now that we have defined the question we wish to ask, we can pose it to Access, and view the answer.
Click the Run button in the ribbon.
The view button could also be used to toggle between the datasheet view (showing the results
of the query) and the query design.
These
are the
At this point you choose which of the fields in the table you want to either ask questions about, or wish records
to include in the answer. To choose, double-click the field, or drag it to the grid below. that
satisfy
For our example we want to choose Author, Title & Rating. [The fields to include are usually given; if the
not, you choose the fields based on the answer you want.] criteria.
It’s important to note that as a general rule, the datasheet view from a query is live. That is, if you make
changes to the table data, then you make changes to the query results.
Saving the query

Note all
the fields Finally, you can save the query for later. There is some confusion with this at times. Saving the query
selected saves the question, not the answer. So that means that next time you run the query, if the data in the
are from table has changed, then the answer might also change.
The checked box means one table.
that the field will show This often Click the Save button in the quick access toolbar at the top left of
in the result. happens the Access window. Remember that queries are saved along with
with simple the tables inside the one Access file on your hard drive
queries. (or the location you selected when it was being created).
For your SBA you need to print your queries. I also recommend that you print the design view.
Once you have the fields in the grid, there are a lot of choices to make. They work line by line. However, you do not need to print the SQL.
We have already chosen the fields, and the tables are added automatically. The next thing is the sort. To
sort the books by rating for instance, click in the sort box for that column, and change the setting to EXAMINATION TIP
Ascending or Descending.
Candidates tend to regard database as the most challenging of all the applications. Make sure you
understand how to:
You can sort by multiple columns. The priority is from left to right; so if you wanted to sort by Rating
and then Title, you would need to rearrange the columns. You can just select by the grey bar at the top 1. explain the concept of a database
and drag them around. See diagram below:
2. use the terminologies associated with a database
3. state the advantages and limitations of a database
The sort row 4. query a database

in the 5. generate reports using more than one table
design grid.
This query Next Week: We will look at querying a database and creating reports. Keep practising.
will be sorted
by rating Criteria row. Here is where you specify Word for the wise: Good, better, best. Never let it rest.
and Title. what you want in your answer/result. Until your good is better and your better is best.
Shandeen Robinson-White is on the staff of Maths Unlimited and Hillel Academy.

The Criteria row is a little more complex, but it’s very easy to use once you get used to it. Criteria are • Email: [email protected]
specifications for which records (rows) from the table to show.
HUMAN & SOCIAL
JOL LECTURE SERIES
BIOLOGY LESSON 11
with Leroy Munroe
NUTRITIONAL DISORDERS
Persons with kwashiorkor have extremely thin arms
Objectives: OBESITY BULIMIA and legs, liver enlargement and swollen abdomen
caused by the accumulation of fluid. They are usually
Obesity is associated with excessive accumulation Bulimia is a psychological and potentially severe lethargic and their hair may turn red or yellow. Other
At the end of this lesson students and storage of body fat, which presents a risk to a life-threatening eating disorder associated with symptoms include: diarrhoea, anaemia, inability to
should be able to: person’s health. An obese person is well above excessive eating called ‘binging’. This is usually react to stimulation, slow conduction of impulses in
his/her normal body weight. Obesity can result followed by purging; that is, trying to get rid of the the body. There may also be skin changes (including
1. Define a balanced diet. from the lack of exercise or physical activities (a large amount of food by unusual means. Bulimia is red or purple patches), pigment loss, cracking, peeling
2. Define malnutrition and identify sedentary lifestyle) and persistent consumption of usually associated with young women, but it can and skin sloughing. The body’s immune system is
some diseases that are associated calories that are stored as fat in the cells. In this affect anyone irrespective of age, gender and usually weakened, thus causing frequent infections;
with it. condition excess body fat has accumulated to the lifestyle. A person who suffers from bulimia is self- behavioural development is slow and mental
3. Explain and calculate Body Mass extent that it may have a severe effect on one’s conscious about distorting their body image and retardation can occur. Children may grow to normal
Index (BMI). health, leading to reduced life expectancy. has an obsessive desire to lose weight. height but are abnormally thin.
Obesity results when a person takes in more
For some young women, the social pressure to Marasmus
calories than he or she can burn off. The body is
maintain thinness may come from family, friends, or
WHAT IS A BALANCED DIET? able to burn off calories as energy needed
the social activities in which they participate. For
Marasmus is a severe form of malnutrition that is
throughout the day; but if the energy is not caused from inadequate intake of protein and energy
burned away, it will be stored as fat. In a few cases instance, models, dancers and people who do foods (carbohydrates and fats). Since the body breaks
A balanced diet means combining the right
the condition may be genetic; it can pass from gymnastics tend to emphasize the importance of down its own tissues to use as calories, persons with
amount of carbohydrates, protein, fats, mineral
parents to children. However, each person has body size and shape. The methods of purging include: marasmus lose their body fat and muscle strength.
salts, vitamins and dietary fibre (roughage) in
his/her own metabolic rate; the rate at which self-induced vomiting, abuse of laxatives, taking The body uses protein in the tissues to supply energy.
the correct proportions in order to obtain all
calories are used or burned off within the body. diuretics (a drug that promotes the formation and Persons with marasmus may show the following
the nutrients for maintaining good health.
excretion of urine), excessive exercise and fasting. symptoms: diarrhoea that may be chronic, dizziness,
Having a healthy diet means eating a wide An imbalance of nutrients in the diet can make This is followed by feelings of guilt, depression or fatigue, severe weight loss, change in the level of
variety of foods and consuming the right food obesity a form of malnutrition. When a person is mood swings, and self-condemnation. consciousness, paralysis of legs, loss of bowel and
and drink (in correct proportions) to maintain a obese it increases the chances of having various
bladder control, lethargy, delay in the healing of
healthy body weight. A diet that includes a diseases: heart or cardiovascular disease, type 2
Bulimia may affect a person in the following ways: wounds, growth retardation, poor or low muscle
variety of different foods is most likely to diabetes, breathing difficulties (especially when
• becomes anaemic (lacking in red blood tone and distended abdomen.
provide the essential nutrients. No one food can the person is sleeping), and hypertension or high
cells)
provide all the nutrients that the body needs to blood pressure. A person is considered to be obese
function efficiently. if they are twenty per cent above their normal
• irregular heartbeat and heart failure BODY MASS INDEX (BMI)
• weakened heart muscles
body weight. Regular exercise and a healthy diet Body Mass Index (BMI) is a measurement that
• low pulse and blood pressure
A diet that is lacking in essential nutrients can lead can prevent obesity. shows the amount of fat in a person’s body, based
• dehydration, dizziness
to health challenges, which can range from on their height and weight; BMI is a measurement
• irregular bowel movement, constipation
tiredness and lack of energy to serious problems ANOREXIA NERVOSA • bloating, abdominal cramps of body weight. It is an approximate measure of
with the function of vital organs, retarded growth whether someone is over or underweight, and is
Anorexia nervosa is a psychological and potential • gum disease, teeth sensitive to hot and
and development. A balanced diet will contain foods calculated by dividing the person’s weight in
life-threatening eating disorder. It is usually cold foods
from the basic six food groups. The food groups kilograms by the square of their height in metres.
associated with females in their late teens or early • cavities, erosion of tooth enamel
include starches (carbohydrates), foods from
twenties. Persons who are anorexic are obsessed • sore/irritated throat and oesophagus Formula for Body Mass Index:
animals (proteins), fats (oil), green leafy vegetables,
about their weight and the food they eat. They • irregular or no menstrual period
vitamins and fruits. A balanced diet should be low in Weight in (kg)
attempt to maintain a weight that is far below • ulcers in the stomach, pain BMI = ––––––––––––––
cholesterol, saturated fat, sugar, salts and alcohol. Height2 (m)
their normal age and height. In order not to gain • broken blood vessels within the eyes
Emphasis should be placed on the intake of fruits,
weight these persons may starve themselves, • swelling and soreness of the cheeks Example: A man weighs 70 kg; his height is
vegetables, whole grains, dairy products and animal
exercise excessively or severely restrict the • anxiety, depression, low self-esteem 172cm. Calculate his Body Mass Index. First,
protein such as fish and meat.
amount of food they eat. Some persons may binge convert the centimetres to metres (m). Hence,
and purge (see bulimia). These persons control 172cm = 172 ÷ 100 = 1.72m [172cm is divided by
MALNUTRITION the amount of food they eat by vomiting after
PROTEIN-ENERGY MALNUTRITION 100 because 100cm is equal to 1m.]
eating, using laxatives and diuretics. They may (PEM) 70 kg 70 kg
Malnutrition is a condition that occurs when an suffer physically and psychologically. BMI = –––––––– = ––––––––
individual consumes a diet in which nutrients are The term protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) applies 1722 m 1.72m x 1.72m
Physical effects include:
either not enough (he/she is undernourished) or to a group of related disorders that include 70 kg
• extreme weight loss = ––––––– = 23.9 kg/m2
too much (over-nourished), such that it causes marasmus, kwashiorkor and intermediate states of
• dizziness or fainting 2.96m
health problems. Malnutrition means ‘poor marasmus-kwashiorkor (a condition where an
nutrition’; it develops when the body does not get • fatigue individual has both conditions at the same time). BMI = 23.9 kg/m2
the correct amount of food nutrients – protein, • inability to sleep This is a form of malnutrition where there is
carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals – to inadequate intake of protein and calories. It This man is normal because his BMI is 23.9 kg/m2.
• rapid or irregular heartbeat
maintain healthy tissues and organ functions. develops in children and adults whose consumption Examine the table below.
• constipation
of protein and energy (calories) is insufficient to
• absence of menstruation Category BMI Index range – kg/m2
Over-nutrition results from eating too much, satisfy their nutritional needs. PEM may also occur in
eating too many of the wrong foods, not having • dry skin persons who are unable to absorb vital nutrients or Severely
underweight Less than 16.5 kg/m2
enough exercise, taking too many vitamins or • intolerance to cold convert them to energy essential for healthy tissue
other dietary supplements. The main sign of over- • abnormal blood count formation and organ functions. Underweight 16.5 – 18.4 kg/m2
nutrition is being obese or overweight. • low blood pressure Normal 18.5 – 24.9 kg/m2
Kwashiorkor
• hair that thins, breaks or falls out Overweight 25 – 29.99 kg/m2
Under-nutrition is the result of consuming too
little of the essential nutrients or using and/or Psychological effects include: Kwashiorkor is a protein deficiency disease caused Obese class 1 30 – 34.9 kg/m2
excreting them faster than they are replaced in • refusal to eat and denial of hunger by inadequate intake of protein. It means that Obese class 2 35 – 39.99 kg/m2
the body. Children who are undernourished can persons are not having enough protein in their
• excessive exercise Obese class 3 40 kg/m2 and above
suffer from protein-energy malnutrition (PEM); diet. The condition may develop in a young child
• lying about the amount of food
this means there is inadequate intake of protein in whose mother has discontinued breast-feeding. It
the diet. People who are malnourished may find it consumed can also develop during a child’s early years. It Leroy Munroe is on staff of the
difficult to maintain normal growth and to resist • reduced interest in sex causes fluid retention known as ‘oedema’, dry Trench Town Polytechnic College
disease. • depression and social withdrawal peeling skin and hair discoloration. Email: [email protected]
PRINCIPLES OF
JOL LECTURE SERIES
BUSINESS LESSON 11
with Hilary Bassaragh
MOTIVATIONAL THEORIES, CONTINUED

This week we will continue to examine motivation. We discuss the Theory Y Management Implications
theories of Frederick Herzberg and Douglas McGregor.
THEORY X AND THEORY Y
Douglas McGregor proposed two theories by which to view If Theory Y holds, the firm can do many things to harness the
HERZBERG’S TWO-FACTOR THEORY employee motivation. He avoided descriptive labels and simply motivational energy of its employees:
▶ Decentralization and Delegation – If firms decentralize

called the theories, Theory X and Theory Y. Both theories begin with
To better understand employee attitudes and motivation, Frederick the foundation that management’s role is to assemble the factors of
Herzberg performed studies to determine which factors in an production, including people, for the economic benefit of the firm. control and reduce the number of levels of management,
employee’s work environment caused satisfaction or dissatisfaction. After this point, the two theories differ. each manager will have more subordinates. Consequently,
The studies included interviews in which employees were asked the manager will be forced to delegate some responsibility
what pleased and displeased them about their work. Theory X and decision making to them.
Herzberg found that the factors causing job satisfaction (and This theory assumes that the average person: ▶ Job Enlargement – Broadening the scope of an employee’s
presumably motivation) were different from those which caused job ▶ Dislikes work and attempts to avoid it. job will add variety and opportunities to satisfy ego needs.
▶ Has no ambition, wants no responsibility, and would rather ▶ Participative Management – Consulting employees in the
dissatisfaction. He developed the motivation-hygiene theory to
explain these results. He called the satisfiers motivators and factors
that caused dissatisfaction, hygiene factors. The term ‘hygiene’ is follow than lead. decision-making process taps their creative capacity and
▶ Is self-centred and therefore does not care about
used in the sense that they are considered maintenance factors that provides them with some control over their work
are necessary to avoid dissatisfaction, but by themselves they do environment.
organizational goals.
▶ Resists change. ▶ Performance Appraisals – Have the employee set objectives
not provide satisfaction.
▶ Is gullible and not particularly intelligent.

Motivational Factors are intrinsic (built-in) to the job and include: and participate in the process of evaluating how well they
▶ Achievement were met.
▶ Recognition
Essentially, Theory X assumes that people work only for money and
security. If properly implemented, such an environment would result in a
▶ Advancement
high level of motivation as employees work to satisfy their higher
Theory X: The Hard Approach and Soft Approach
level personal needs through their jobs.
▶ Pleasure in the work itself
Under Theory X, management approaches can range from a hard
▶ Responsibility
approach to a soft approach. SUMMARY
The hard approach relies on coercion, implicit threats, close
McGregor presented two contrasting views of how managers view
Managers found that specific job conditions tend to motivate the supervision, and tight controls; essentially, an environment of
the average person and their relationship to work. The principles
average person to greater effort, but their absence will not cause command and control.
are outlined in the table below:
the person to be less motivated. The soft approach is to be permissive and seek harmony, with the
hope that in return employees will cooperate when asked to do so.
The job conditions that lead to greater performance are: THEORY X THEORY Y
▶ Challenging work/jobs
However, neither of these extremes is optimal. The hard approach
results in hostility, purposely low output, and hard-line union
▶ Opportunity to use one’s knowledge and skills to the fullest

demands. The soft approach results in ever-increasing requests for The average person inherently
more rewards in exchange for ever-decreasing work output. dislikes work and must be The average person enjoys
▶ Learning from performance feedback McGregor makes the point that a command and control environment coerced into performing work.
▶ Opportunity to interact with high-level personnel

is not effective because it relies on lower needs as levers of adequately.
motivation, but in modern society those needs are already satisfied
and thus are no longer motivators. In this situation, one would The average person is
Hygiene or Maintenance Factors are job conditions that do not The average person seeks
expect employees to dislike their work, avoid responsibility, have no unambiguous, irresponsible,
necessarily result in high job performance but their absence will responsibility.
interest in organizational goals, resist change, etc., thus making lazy and not to be trusted.
cause dissatisfaction. These include:
Theory X a self-fulfilling prophecy.
▶ Adequate salary
The average person will
From this reasoning, McGregor proposed an alternative: Theory Y. The average person is self-
exercise self-direction and
▶ Job security
centred and indifferent to
self-control to accomplish
Theory Y achieving the organizational
▶ Working conditions
objectives to which they are
goals.
The higher-level needs of esteem and self-actualization are committed.
▶ Status
continuing needs in that they are never completely satisfied. As
such, it is these higher-level needs through which employees can The average person has to be The average person does not
▶ Clear company policies and administration

best be motivated. controlled. wish to be controlled.
▶ Good interpersonal relationships with supervisors and

Theory Y makes the following general assumptions:
▶ Work can be as natural as play and rest.
The average person desires Workers’ desires are to satisfy
peers job security and economic social and self-actualizing
▶ People will be self-directed to meet their work objectives if

rewards above all others. needs.
In order for employees to stay with the firm, there should be a
pleasant physical environment; opportunities for social interaction, they are committed to them.
e.g. sports clubs; good fringe benefits and adequate salary; pleasant ▶ People will be committed to their objectives if rewards Use of Theory X and Theory Y in the Workplace
working relationships; and promotion and status symbols. address higher needs such as self-fulfilment.
▶ Under these conditions, people will seek responsibility.
Managers should realize that universal motivational strategies
SUMMARY would not be effective in the workplace. Motivational strategies
Frederick Herzberg examined the actions taken by organizations ▶ Most people can handle responsibility because creativity must be tailored to suit the individual worker. Incentives such as
and ingenuity are common in the population. money may be a motivator to some workers. However, others may
that were intended to increase motivation by satisfying the
need more responsibility, challenging and problem-solving tasks.
perceived needs of employees. He found that there were factors
Under these assumptions, there is an opportunity to align personal Managers also need to examine the level of supervision given to
that motivated employees to improved performance. He called
goals with organizational goals by using the employee’s own quest workers. Some may need to be closely supervised, while others may
these motivational factors. Others that simply maintained
for fulfilment as the motivator. McGregor stressed that Theory Y work best if given a certain degree of freedom.
employee’s satisfaction but did not motivate them to improved
management does not imply a soft approach.
performance, he referred to as hygiene factors. Herzberg reasoned
that because the factors causing satisfaction are different from McGregor recognized that some people may not have reached the Hilary Bassaragh is a Business Education teacher.
those causing dissatisfaction, the two feelings cannot simply be level of maturity assumed by Theory Y and therefore may need Email: [email protected]
treated as opposites. tighter controls. These can be relaxed as the employee develops.
PRINCIPLES OF
JOL LECTURE SERIES
ACCOUNTS LESSON 11
with Tedmore Clarke
DEPRECIATION OF FIXED ASSETS

Fixed Assets refer to long-term assets bought for use in a business and not specifically for resale. Since
these assets will not be used up in their entirety in any one trading year, it would be incorrect to charge
EXERCISE
their full cost to the profit and loss account in a single year. Depreciation, representing the ‘used-up’ On January 1 2013, P. Simpson, a trader purchased a machine for $40,000; he paid by cheque. The rate
portion of a fixed asset, is used to allocate the cost of fixed assets to the profit and loss account (income of depreciation being charged on the machine is 20% per annum, using the straight-line method.
statement) over their useful lives and is therefore an expense of the firm.
Assuming that the financial year-end is December 31, annually, prepare the following for the first
DEPRECIATION CALCULATIONS THREE years:
a) the Machinery Account c) the Profit and Loss Account (Income Statement) Extracts
There are two main methods for calculating depreciation:
1. The Straight-Line (or Fixed Installment) Method b) the Provision for Depreciation Account d) the Balance Sheet Extracts
2. The Reducing (or Diminishing) Balance Method
The Straight-Line Method

SOLUTION
This method assumes that a constant proportion of the cost of each fixed asset is used up each year. The Books of P. Simpson
Hence, a fixed amount is charged as depreciation for each period, calculated as:
Cost - Disposal Value . Straight Line Depreciation = 20% of $40,000
Depreciation = = $8,000 per annum
No. of Years (Life of the Asset)
NOTE: Disposal value (also known as residual, scrap, or salvage value) is the value of the asset at
the end of its useful life.
Where the asset has NO disposal value, the formula becomes:
Depreciation = Cost .
Life of the Asset
Alternatively, straight-line depreciation may be calculated as a fixed percentage of original cost.
The Reducing Balance Method

This method assumes that a decreasing portion of the asset is used up each period. A fixed
percentage is used and depreciation is calculated on the balance on the asset for each period. In
the first year the percentage is applied on the original cost, but thereafter the book value (also
called the ‘written down value’) is used. This means that the charge for depreciation will become
smaller each year for each asset.
EXERCISE
S. Gilbert, a retailer, purchased a motor van for $200,000 cash. It is expected that this van will have an
effective working life of four years, with an estimated scrap value of $48,020.
Show your calculation of the figures for depreciation and the resulting book value for each of the four
years, using:
a) the Straight-Line Method b) the Reducing Balance Method, with a rate of 30% per annum.
SOLUTION
NOTE: Each year, the credit side of the Provision for Depreciation Account should be prepared BEFORE
The Books of S. Gilbert
the debit side.
For the Straight-Line Method: Annual Depreciation = Cost – Disposal Value
Life
= $200,000 - $48,020
4
= $37,995
NOTE: In order to demonstrate the double entry principle, it is necessary to use the horizontal format
for the profit and loss account.
DOUBLE ENTRY RECORDS FOR DEPRECIATION

The asset account records the asset at its original cost. Depreciation is then recorded in a Provision for
Depreciation Account, where the depreciation accumulates each year.
To Record Depreciation: DR Profit and Loss
CR Provision for Depreciation
Have a great week.
At the end of the trading period, the balance (c/d) on the provision for depreciation account
(representing the accumulated depreciation at that date) is subtracted from the original cost of the Tedmore Clarke is on the staff of Quality Academics • Email: [email protected]
asset on the balance sheet.
INTEGRATED
JOL LECTURE SERIES
SCIENCE LESSON 11
with Marlene Grey-Tomlinson
TEMPERATURE CONTROL, CONTINUED

This is a continuation of the lesson that was started last week. We conclude this lesson by describing the features of thermometers and the
principles by which they work.
THE THERMOMETER
Temperature is a measure of the degree of hotness of a body. A thermometer is the instrument used to measure temperature. There are
several types of thermometers; the type used depends on a number of factors.
Parts of the Thermometer
Laboratory Thermometer
Clinical Thermometer
A thermometer is made of a long narrow glass tube; with a bulb at one end. The bulb may contain mercury or alcohol. These are the two
liquids used in thermometers. Mercury is a metal which is liquid at room temperature and expands or contracts easily at the slightest
change in temperature. Hence, mercury is usually used in thermometers. The bulb is typically made of glass, but some thermometers may
have bulbs made of stainless steel. Magnified glass makes up the outside of the thermometer, which is called the stem. A thin bore inside
the stem gives the mercury or alcohol a route of travel as it expands and contracts. The thin bore is also called the capillary tube. A scale
on the outside of the stem gives the temperature reading. Air inside the capillary must have a place to collect as the mercury rises. The
expansion chamber is a small widening of the bore on the end opposite to the bulb, and it provides the necessary space. Air compresses
inside the expansion chamber until the mercury flows back down the bore and into the bulb as temperatures fall.
Maximum-Minimum Thermometer
The constriction or kink in the clinical thermometer is a bend in the bore, which stops the flow of mercury back into the bulb for an
extended time. The person using the thermometer must shake it to get the mercury back into the bulb.
Read the marker at the bottom point.
Table 1: Comparison of Mercury and Alcohol in the Thermometer
The right-hand scale, for the maximum temperature, is the
MERCURY ALCOHOL ‘normal’ way up. The larger numbers are at the top. The left-hand
scale, for recording the minimum temperatures, is reversed. The
• It is a good conductor of heat and therefore the whole larger numbers are at the bottom. The negative numbers are
liquid reaches the temperature of the surroundings quickly. above the zero.
• Alcohol expands uniformly.
• It does not wet or cling to the sides of the tube.
ADVANTAGES
Return to the diagrams above of the laboratory and clinical

• It has a low freezing point; therefore it is suitable to measure thermometers and then read the table below which compares the
• It has a high boiling point, so can be used to measure high
very low temperatures.
temperatures. two thermometers.
• It is easily available, cheap and safe to use.
• It expands uniformly. Table 2: Comparing Clinical and Laboratory Thermometers
• Its silvery surface makes mercury easily seen (visible). CLINICAL THERMOMETER LABORATORY THERMOMETER
• It wets the tube. Used to find body Used to find temperature in a

• Mercury is very poisonous.
DISADVANTAGES
temperature. laboratory.
• It has a low boiling point; therefore it cannot be used to
• It is expensive.
measure very high temperatures.
Scale generally ranges from Scale generally ranges from
• It has a high freezing point; therefore it cannot be used to 35°C to 42°C. –10°C to 110°C.
• It does not react quickly to changes in temperature.
measure very low temperatures.
• It needs to be dyed, since it is colourless.
Types of Thermometers There is a bulb of alcohol at the top of the tube on the left. The Mercury is prevented from
falling by the kink.
alcohol expands or contracts as the temperature changes. It then Mercury falls freely without any
Mercury level is lowered by
The thermometers that we usually use in our daily life are the liquid ‘jerks’.
pushes round the indicator liquid to show the temperature. So that making ‘jerks’ of the
in glass thermometers. These thermometers work on the
thermometer.
underlying fact that liquid expands as the temperature increases, the maximum (hottest) and minimum (coldest) temperatures can
and contracts when the temperature decreases. Three such
be recorded, there are two small steel pins or markers. When the
thermometers are the clinical, laboratory and the maximum- Can be removed from the body Must be kept in the source to
minimum thermometers. temperature rises, the marker in the right-hand column is moved. It
to read the scale. read the temperature.
will stay there until it is reset. The bottom of the marker is read.
Maximum-Minimum Thermometer: It is used to measure the highest
and the lowest temperatures reached daily. These temperatures are When the temperature falls, the marker in the left-hand column will
generally used in weather reports. be moved to show the minimum temperature. JOL INTEGRATED SCIENCE continues on Page 15
JOL INTEGRATED SCIENCE continued from Page 14

13
ACTIVITY ANSWERS
INSTRUCTION: Answer the following questions. 1. A – stem, B – bore/capillary tube, C – bulb
1. From the diagram of the thermometer provided,

name the parts identified as A, B and C. 2. A laboratory thermometer
2. Which type of thermometer is shown? 3. Mercury and alcohol
3. Name TWO liquids that may be used in this thermometer. 4. a) clinical thermometer b) it stops the movement of mercury back into the bulb
4. a) Which type of thermometer has a bend?

5. a) maximum-minimum thermometer b) clinical thermometer c) laboratory thermometer
b) What is the function of this bend?
6. [Refer to Table 1 in text]
5. What type of thermometer would you use to find:
a) the highest and lowest temperature reached over a week Until next week and a new lesson, have fun learning!
b) the temperature of a person feeling unwell
c) the boiling point of water in a school experiment
Marlene Grey-Tomlinson is on the staff of Excelsior High School
6. Identify TWO advantages and TWO disadvantages when considering using Email: [email protected]
alcohol in a thermometer.
LECTURE SERIES
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T ODAY !
ENGLISH
JOL LECTURE SERIES
LITERATURE LESSON 11
with Simone Gibbs
THINGS FALL APART, CONTINUED

Good day to you all. Thanks for joining us again this week. Last The time came, however, when one of the Umoufian gods decided Later, when the white man’s religion comes, Nwoye is attracted to it.
week we started a discussion on the significance of a title, what Ikemefuna’s fate should be: he should be killed. The men He is impressed by the compassion that the church has for those whom
concentrated on Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart, and showed how would take him outside of the village, as was customary, and the clan belittled and mistreated. He was attracted by this religion that
Okonkwo’s life was falling apart. This week I will continue to commit the act. It was Ogbuefi Ezuedu, one of the oldest men in told him about the unconditional love of a heavenly father; something
illustrate other “things” which disintegrate. Umoufia who had brought the news to Okonkwo. In his youth he he had not experienced from his own father. He begins to attend the
was a fearless warrior. Ezuedu had also advised him that he should church without his father’s knowledge or consent.
not participate in the murder, as Ikemefuna called him ‘father’.
OKONKWO’S PLAN FOR HIS FIRSTBORN SON Having received permission from this respected elder not to go on One morning, Amikwu, one of Okonkwo’s cousins sees Nwoye at the
this ill-fated trip, Okonkwo could have excused himself from going.
In Umoufia, as was the case in other clans in Africa, a man’s church and reports it to Okonkwo. When Nwoye arrives at home,
Nobody would have considered it as strange if he chose not to go.
firstborn son was most important. He was the first sign of a man’s Okonkwo, in a fit of rage, grabs a piece of stick and begins to beat
Instead, Okonkwo accompanied the men on this deathly journey. He
strength. He held the position of favour with his father and in his the young man. The women in Okonkwo’s compound scream and
had told the unsuspecting youth that they were taking him back to
father’s household; unlike his sisters, he would be trained (along his village. Ikemefuna was very happy about this, as he had missed beg him to stop, but it was not until Uchendu, Okonkwo’s uncle,
with his brothers) in the art of war. He would be the first to his mother and sister. The unfortunate lad did not suspect that his commands him to let Nwoye go, that he stops the beating.
accompany his father on various matters of business. Okonkwo had life was about to end. Nwoye, however, had his suspicions about Thereafter, Nwoye leaves and goes to the church. They are more
great plans for his first son, Nwoye. He wanted him to be a brave what was going to happen. When his father and the other men than happy to receive him as a convert. He never returned to his
and fearless warrior like him. Sadly, however, Nwoye was not like returned without his beloved ‘brother’, he knew that his fears had father’s house after this incident.
his father. Instead, he was more like his grandfather, Unoka, who been realised. After this, Nwoye began to think differently about life
was despised by Okonkwo although he was his father. and about his father. He didn’t admire him as much nor did he feel Clearly, Okonkwo’s dream for his firstborn son would not be
that he was obligated to do as his father said. realised. His dreams for his son “fall apart”.
Unoka was lazy, lacked ambition and lived only to enjoy the present.
Consequently, he was poor and his wife and children never had UMOUFIAN TRADITIONS AND BELIEFS
enough food to eat. As if that were not bad enough, Unoka was a
coward who hated the sight of blood, which was not typical of the
men in his warlike village. He had not taken any of the titles that
the men in the village strove to acquire. These titles ranged from
lowest to highest. They were marks of distinction which set a man
apart from other men.
Still, there were positive aspects to his character. Firstly, he was

easy-going and was quick to laugh. Secondly, he enjoyed singing
and watching kites being flown. Another positive characteristic was
that Unoka loved to play his flute and he played it very well.
Unfortunately, these characteristics were not qualities that were
admired by his clansmen and many considered him to be a failure.
During his lifetime he was the laughing-stock of the village and
when he died he was in great debt.
Okonkwo noticed that Nwoye was soft and gentle like Unoka and it
infuriated him. Consequently, he was very harsh on Nwoye; he
disliked what he thought was weakness in the boy. Despite Nwoye’s
obvious liking for womanly things, Okonkwo made every effort to Throughout the novel, Achebe goes to great lengths to give details The Europeans established their structure of law and order and
ensure that Nwoye would become the kind of man that he wanted about the various cultural practices of the African people. It is forced the people to adhere to it. What was worse, they used men
him to be. As a result, the relationship between the father and son evident that the society is organised. The people are governed by from other clans to infiltrate and undermine the authority of the
was a difficult one. Things changed, however, when Ikemefuna an established hierarchical structure which holds the society in Africans. Further, their new religion affirmed many of the
place. Further, they are a polytheistic society as the people believe ‘castaways’ and even men of honour abandoned their religion and
came to live in Okonkwo’s household.
in and serve many gods. Additionally, the cultural traditions of the
converted to Christianity. The whites had wealth, fancy gadgets,
Umoufians have been passed down from generation to generation;
The young man, Ikemefuna had come to live with Okonkwo’s as such, they are deeply ingrained in the society. trinkets and other representations of Europe that appealed to the
family by chance. He was from a neighbouring village called Africans. Their message to the people that the indigenous customs
Mbaino. Previously, a woman from Okonkwo’s village, the wife of Unfortunately, however, some of the cultural practices of Umoufia and traditions were backward and that there was a better
Ogbuefi Udo, had been murdered in Mbaino and so the people in are hurtful to its inhabitants. Examples of these practices include: (civilised) way to live, took root. A divisive force had planted itself
Okonkwo’s village were out for blood. In order to appease them leaving twin babies in the evil forest to die, due to the belief that in Umoufia; fear and confusion had led to a society that was
and to prevent war, the people of Mbaino decided to send two twins are an abomination; the casting out of members of the clan beginning to “fall apart”.
young people – a male and a female – to the bloodthirsty villagers. because they were considered worthless (efulefu); and promoting
and rewarding men with titles based on their physical abilities. In an act of anger and frustration, Okonkwo uses his machete to
The girl, to whom the writer does not give a name, is given to
Ogbuefi Udo as a replacement for his dead wife and Okonkwo is chop off the head of one of the white man’s messengers. He knows
When the white men came to Umoufia, not only did they come with
asked to keep the young man, Ikemefuna until their gods decide force, but they also came with their own system of government and that he will not get the support of his clansmen and that he will be
what his fate would be. religion which had their foundations in Europe. The Europeans punished by the new system of government that had been
simply ignored the Africans’ cultural practices, citing these as established. Instead of yielding to their authority, Okonkwo takes
Ikemefuna lived with Okonkwo’s family for three years. During that backward and barbaric, and they encouraged the people to abandon his own life by hanging himself from a tree, an act that is considered
time he lived in the household of Okonkwo’s first wife. Although he these traditions. In cases where the people did not comply to be an abomination in Umoufia. His clansmen cannot even touch
was only two years older than Nwoye, Ikemefuna had a great willingly, they were forced to do so or jailed and even killed, as in his body in order to take it down from the tree. When his body is
impact on him. Ikemefuna helped Nwoye. He was patient with him the case of a village called Abame which was completely wiped out eventually removed from the tree, it is done by outsiders who are
and advised him on the ways that he should behave, instead of because they had killed a white man. agents of the white man; it will be thrown into the evil forest to rot.
being harsh and impatient with him as his father was. He will not receive the honourable burial that men of distinction in
The structure of Umoufian society was beneficial to men like
Okonkwo. If they worked hard enough, they would earn the his clan would normally get. Consequently, his life ends in disgrace.
Further, he acted as a buffer between father and son whenever adoration and respect of the people. They could rise and become Clearly, his dream of being recognised and rising to the highest
Okonkwo grew impatient with Nwoye and wanted to vent his anger one of the lords of the clan. They did not want the existing order to pinnacle in his clan had not been realised.
on him. In addition, Okonkwo grew to love Ikemefuna because he be disturbed. When the Europeans came, however, this is exactly
saw signs of bravery and manhood in him. The relationship what happened. Have a good week.
between them was of such that Ikemefuna called him ‘father’. Of
course Okonkwo did not vocalize his feelings, but his admiration for
Simone Gibbs is on the staff of Calabar High School. • Email: [email protected]
Ikemefuna could be seen in the way he treated him.
with Career Development Services

THE NATIONAL TRAINING AGENCY
ARTICLE 11
INTERVIEWS
When you apply for a job or to enter a tertiary educational If you have no specific experience: Suggested responses:
institution, you will have submitted to the company or institution “My background includes __________ (name related skills and – Describe a positive attribute that you know you have;
an application form and/or a letter of application and a résumé. In training). I learn quickly, and I take pride in meeting the goals for example, state that it’s important to you to meet
response to these documents, you may be invited to attend an and standards of an organisation. Once trained in your specific timelines; maintain high standards; satisfy the
interview. In article #10 we covered the steps you should take __________ (product, service), I feel I would be an asset to your customer; maintain equipment; or see that all
when preparing for an interview. In today’s article, we will look at firm.” messages are answered. Then continue with a
some of the dialogue that may occur during the interview which statement of reassurance such as: “I have to really make
includes suggested responses by the interviewee. 3. Interviewer: Why do you want to work here? myself be patient or diplomatic when I see that this is
not happening.” Be ready to describe such a situation
Purpose: and how you effectively handled it.
INTERVIEW DIALOGUE – To find out what you know and like about the OR
INCLUDING SUGGESTED RESPONSES organisation. – Honestly state an obvious weakness or disability, and
– To see if your work qualifications fit their requirements then describe factors that compensate for it. Remember
1. Interviewer: Tell me about yourself. and approach. that once you have raised a doubt, you have to explain
– To find out if you are genuinely interested in it immediately.
Purpose: contributing to the company or only want the security,
benefits or prestige they offer. Example:
– To put you at ease and to get to know you – “I’m so enthusiastic that I want to do 10 things at once,
– To learn from you why you think you should be hired Suggested responses: so I have to sit down and make a list of priorities and
– To find out if your mind is on what you can offer the – Describe what you know about the organisation. If you plan a schedule..”
employer or on personal concerns that may interfere can honestly compliment the company on such points – “I’m eager to have computer training, so I’m enrolling
with your work performance in evening courses for next term.”
as its reputation, service, product, location, quality or
appearance, do so.
Suggested responses: 7. Interviewer: What are your long-range goals?
– Indicate the interest and care you have put into
Briefly touch on the following three areas:
collecting background information. Purpose:
– Your qualifications and experience related to the
position for which you have applied – Make “you” statements, not “I need” statements. – To discover whether you will stay with the company
– Your attributes, including your ability to get along with Example: “Your organisation has a reputation for ___________ – To see if your goals fit in with the company’s goals
others (give examples) and I’m really interested in
– Some appropriate personal information to indicate utilising my skills here and growing with the Suggested responses:
stability and a well-rounded character; for example, – Keep your answer work-related, with this company in
company.”
personal interests, community involvement and fitness mind.
– State your interest in and commitment to staying and
4. Interviewer: What kind of salary do you
Example: “In terms of my work experience, I offer a solid growing in this field of work.
__________ (name your field) background that need/expect?
includes __________ (give a brief qualifications 8. Interviewer: Are there any questions you
Purpose:
benefit statement).
– To find out how close you come to what they are willing would like to ask me?
In terms of my personal attributes, I am __________
to pay and if you are realistic about current salary Purpose: To indicate that the interview is almost over.
and __________ (mention a few of your attributes)
ranges and rates.
and I really enjoy this field of work.
– To get an idea of your own sense of self-worth. Suggested responses:
On a personal note, I __________ (name a physical
– Keep questions brief and watch for non-verbal signals
activity), I __________ (name a hobby or interest) and Suggested responses: from the interviewer that it is time to end the
enjoy __________ as a (family/community) activity.” – Politely say: “I’m really interested in finding out what interview.
salary range you are offering.” – Be confident but not demanding or self-seeking.
NOTE: Be prepared for further questions from the interviewer about – Express your interest in working for them and request – Show that you have listened to the interviewer and that
the interesting points you have made.
more specific information about the job description (if you have already researched the company.
you need it), stating that your responsibilities will
2. Interviewer: Tell me about your experience influence the salary.
Examples:
with this type of work. If not previously raised in the interview, you could ask the
– If the employers are obviously interested in hiring you,
following questions:
or insist on an answer, name an amount or range that
– What are the main duties of this position?
Purpose: To find out if you can do the job. you know is realistic.
– What characteristics do you look for in people doing
this job?
Suggested responses: 5. Interviewer: What are your greatest strengths? – Is this a new position?
– If you have done this type of work prior to the
– Who are the staff I would be dealing with in this
interview, state where and give examples of your Purpose:
position?
achievements. – To discover reasons for hiring you. – Do you have any plans for expansion?
– If you have done related work or had related training, – To find out how well you know and believe in yourself. – What area does your market cover?
describe these and list your transferable skills, – To find out if you are confident that you are the right – I’d be interested in learning more about __________
indicating your interest in the position and willingness person for the position. (some aspect of the company’s operations).
to learn.
– When might you be making your decision about my
– If you have not done this work, mention work-related Suggested responses:
employment?
attributes and skills and quickly indicate your interest Briefly mention that besides the work skills, training and/or
in on-the-job training. experience that you would contribute, you can also offer job- Source: CARICOM Education for Employment Program (C-EFE) Career
related qualities such as (list your attributes.) Development Model and Resource Tool Kit 2014
Example:
If you have had specific experience: 6. Interviewer: What are your weaknesses? Erica Williams, Manager, Career Development Services
“Yes, I worked at __________ (name of company) from _______to HEART Trust/NTA, National TVET Centre,
_________(dates). The duties I performed were __________ (name Purpose:
Gordon Town Road, Kingston.
duties) and my achievements were __________ (name special To discover if you are wrong for the job due to such reasons E-mail: [email protected].
results/achievements). My training in this field includes as a lack of experience or training, poor people skills, poor Telephone: 977-1700-5, 970-2139 • Website: www.heart-nta.org
_________. attitude or inability to cope under pressure.

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PRODUCTION TEAM CONTRIBUTORS

MATHEMATICS COMMUNICATION STUDIES PRINCIPLES OF BUSINESS ENGLISH LITERATURE

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▶ Choose your topic carefully

base angles ∡𝑂𝑀𝐿 = ∡𝑂𝐿𝑀

“...There is no shortcut to learning Mathematics; you have to

Before we enter the world of Geometry, let us look at last week’s

SOLUTION TO EVALUATION IN LESSON #10,

pentagon. ∢LKO = 108° , ∢NOK = 80°, ∢KLM = 90°, ∢KNM = 57°

Group like terms  18 + 14 + 5 – x + x – x = 33 b) ∢x

 37 – x + x – x = 33 [– x + x cancel each other] c) ∢y

JOL MATHEMATICS continued from Page 04

a) ∢NKO = 57° It is an alternate angle to ∢KNM

angles. ∢x = 180° – (57° + 80°)

∢y is therefore 360° – ( 51° + 90° + 57°)  y = 162°.

b) ∢PLK is the base angle of an isosceles triangle with the

apex angle ∢KPL = 80°

c) ∢LKM is a co-interior angle with ∢KMN

▶ In order for integration to be possible, cooperation by all

▶ Countries in the Caribbean region are at different stages of

ACTIVITY 1: CONCEPTS RELATED TO REGIONAL INTEGRATION

JOL SOCIAL STUDIES continues on Page 07

JOL SOCIAL STUDIES continued from Page 06

6. Common International Problems – Most countries in the region:

▶ Limited Human and

▶ Similar History and

▶ Geography of the region

▶ Similar social, political ▶ Unequal distribution of

DATABASE MANAGEMENT – SBA GUIDELINES

1. create a database Here’s an example of a query in Design View in Microsoft Access.

2. modify a table structure

4. query a database using multiple search conditions

5. determine the results of a search on a database, given multiple conditions

6. generate reports to the screen, printer and files.

Query design icon in MS Access 2013

Query design grid

The following elements are often used to enhance speech delivery:

• Identify different methods of speech delivery level of confidence.

Extemporaneous delivery: FLAWS IN SPEECH DELIVERY

▶ Poor eye contact

▶ Adopt a normal conversational tone.

Memorized delivery: ▶ Be prepared and be confident; this aids in the delivery.

▶ Control your delivery.

▶ Use your voice; pause for emphasis and effect.

▶ Establish a relationship with your audience via eye contact.

▶ Use appropriate posture and movements.

Take care until next week.

Janet Hendricks is on the staff of Wolmer’s High School for Girls

CHARACTERISTICS OF CARIBBEAN SOCIETY AND CULTURE

JOL CARIBBEAN STUDIES continued from Page C 3

TIPS: ▶ There is no one right answer; simply be able to defend

JOL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY continued from Page 08

The area where the