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English Literature
Career Talk
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ST. GEORGE'S DAB
WEBSTER MEMORIAL CHURCH, ST. ANDREW: The St. George's College choir
We welcome did a group 'dab' after an excellent performance at Webster
comments and suggestions
• Call: 936-9458 or 384-2810
Memorial Church for National Spanish Carol Service on Tuesday,
• Email: [email protected] November 22, 2016. (PHOTO:GARFIELD ROBINSON)
LECTURE SERIES (3 rd
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ENGLISH LANGUAGE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY HUMAN & SOCIAL BIOLOGY INTEGRATED SCIENCE
Shawnette Myers-Lawrence Shandeen Robinson-White Leroy Munroe Marlene Grey-Tomlinson
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ENGLISH
JOL LECTURE SERIES
Jamaica Observer Limited
LANGUAGE LESSON 11
with Shawnett Myers-Lawrence
DESCRIPTIVE WRITING
Hello, readers. For the past few weeks we have been looking at ▶ Use precise words ▶ Use similes and metaphors
items that appear on Paper 1 of the examination. We will now focus In most cases, you will use adjectives and adverbs to make Another useful technique for setting a mood with your
once again on Paper two. Before we get into our discussion of your writing more detailed for the reader. Example: Instead descriptive writing is to use similes and metaphors. A simile
descriptive writing, let us look at the answers to last week’s activity. of ‘The cat is sleeping’ you would say, ‘The fluffy grey cat is is a phrase comparing two unlike things, using ‘like’ or ‘as’
sleeping soundly on the plush red sofa’. The use of ‘fluffy,’ in order to make a description more vivid. You have
‘grey,’ ‘soundly,’ ‘plush’ and ‘red’ assists the reader in probably heard the phrase, ‘running like the wind’. This is
ANSWERS TO ACTIVITY IN LESSON #10, visualizing the event and what the cat looks like. This an example of a simile. Rather than saying, ‘running really
NOVEMBER 22, 2016 process will allow the reader to create a mental image fast,’ you replace the speed with something that
through your word choice. communicates rapid movement, like the wind.
Some students are not distinguishing between the narrative and Rather than saying, ‘I heard the waves as the tide came 6. Your brother has a nice face.
the description. The main difference between the two discourses is in,’ the writer invites the reader to experience the scene.
that the narrative has a plot, while the descriptive essay does not. 7. She made a bad tasting cake.
The extra details really help us to visualize the scene that
However, both contain characters, setting and point of view.
the author is trying to create. The description shows the
reader what it’s like to be out there on the beach when 8. I am hungry.
DESCRIPTIVE WRITING STRATEGIES the tide comes in during the afternoon, rather than just
In a classroom setting you may be given a choice of topics to 10. The music is too loud.
The same vivid language also helps to create a mood for this
write about. In this case you must select carefully since you
description. We can begin to experience the same
are better able to write about topics that are familiar to you. Next week we will look at some sample essays. Until then, take care.
In the examination, there is no choice since only one of the peacefulness through the use of words like ‘gently’ and
questions in Section C calls for a descriptive essay. When you ‘delicate.’ Again, rather than just telling us it was a really
decide what you are going to write about, you can begin to relaxing and peaceful day, the writer lets the descriptive Shawnett Myers-Lawrence is on the staff of St. Hugh’s High School
add details about the specific event, object or person. language show us. Email: [email protected]
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JOL LECTURE SERIES
Jamaica Observer Limited
MATHEMATICS LESSON 11
with Kamau Karenga
GEOMETRY
Greetings, in the name of Geometry! This is a vast topic in 4. The base angles of an isosceles triangle are equal.
Mathematics and an important topic in CSEC Maths. Geometry is
BASIC LAWS OF GEOMETRY
Triangle OML is isosceles
concerned with questions of shape, size and position of objects in
∡𝑏 = ∡𝑓; ∡𝑐 = ∡𝑔 ;
‘Bolivia ONLY’ will be 14 – x. a) corresponding angles are equal,
d) The sum of interior angles in a figure with n sides is
Below is the completed Venn diagram. ∡𝑎 = ∡𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∡𝑑 = ∡ℎ { (n-2) x 180°}
U
∡ 𝑎 = ∡ 𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑
b) alternate angles (Z angle) are equal, Let us see how these laws apply to a few examples.
∡𝑑=∡𝑓
V B
Example 1
∡𝑎 + ∡𝑓 = 180° and ∡ 𝑑 + ∡𝑔 = 180°
c) co-interior angles are supplementary; they add up to 180°
∡𝑃 + ∡𝑄 = 180°
3. a) The sum of angles on a straight line is 180°
and KO is parallel to MN.
ii) The expression in x will be the sum of all the terms within
the Universal set represented by the rectangle. The
expression is not an equation and will not carry an equal
sign.
Answer: (18 – x) + (x) + (14 – x) + (5)
Brackets added for emphasis.
iii) Set the expression above equal to the given total, which is
∡𝑎 + ∡𝑏 + ∡𝑐 + ∡𝑑 = 360°
b) The sum of angles at a point is 360°
33.
Answer: 18 – x + x + 14 – x + 5 = 33
iv) To calculate how many students visited both Venezuela Calculate, giving reasons for your answer, the value of
and Bolivia, solve the equation.
a) ∢NOK
18 – x + x + 14 – x + 5 = 33
Solution 1 Solution 2
The strategy for a problem like this is to look at the ‘big picture’. GEOMETRY
Study the diagram and make note of the outstanding features. Note Let’s take a look at the ‘big picture’. Note the isosceles triangles PMN The mathematics of the properties, measurement,
the parallel lines and the various ‘alternate angles’, including KNM
and PKL. and relationships of points, lines,
and NKO. Note also the four sided figure KLMN. You may make notes
on the diagram.
angles, surfaces, and solids.
c) ∢LKN can be calculated by 108° − 57° = 51°. and KMN. In the diagram below, not drawn to scale, there are three parallel
We can now use the 4-sided figure KLMN to calculate y. lines. Find the angles marked a, b, c, d, e, f. Give reasons for your
ii) Triangles PKL and PMN are similar because they have equal Peace and love.
angles: apex angle 80° and base angles of 50°.
a) ∢MPN b) ∢PLK c) ∢LKM
i) Calculate, giving a reason for your answer, the measure of:
Kamau Karenga is on the staff of Portmore Community College
ii) Explain why triangles PKL and PMN are similar but not The triangles are not congruent because the lengths of the sides Email: [email protected]
congruent. are different.
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SOCIAL
JOL LECTURE SERIES
Jamaica Observer Limited
STUDIES LESSON 11
with Charmaine Fuller-Wallace
REGIONAL INTEGRATION
Students, this week we will look at SECTION B: PART II of the ▶ A country’s stage of development is dependent on its physical
Objectives: Syllabus. resources, how they are utilized, and the available human
resources.
and most are referred to as small island developing states 2. Countries in the region have a similar history and culture.
3. Examine at least FIVE factors which promote (SIDS).
1. TERM MEANING
1. This is an agreement among three or more groups, countries, states or nations.
This is where all members combine all their economic policies for growth and development and act as though they are economically one country.
2.
Therefore all countries who are members (e.g. CARICOM members) would follow the same economic strategies for growth.
3. The removal of all barriers, tariffs and duties that prevent free competition between countries on all products.
An agreement between states, regions or countries to reduce or eliminate barriers to trade (tariff and non-tariff) between/among the participating countries
4.
or states.
An agreement allowing the free flow of capital and labour among member countries or signatories to the agreement.
5.
In the Caribbean region, this agreement also involves common trade, fiscal and monetary policies.
6. An agreement where member countries/signatories remove tariffs or non-tariff barriers to trade among themselves
Intra-regional free trade and the harmonisation of fiscal policies and tariffs among member countries – combining policies and using a similar policy for
7.
economic growth, removal of tariffs and intra-regional free trade.
8. A strategy implemented to replace imported goods/products with those locally produced.
9. A situation where enough food is available for a population or group.
10. A group of countries in the same geographic space formalising themselves into one unit.
11. Organisations with interests and facilities/branches in a number of countries (also called MNCs)
12. This is an agreement between two groups, countries, states or nations.
This describes a country with a wide variety of business activities/industries and is in a more advanced stage of development when compared to countries
13.
that are less developed or developing.
14. An organisation that is registered, is functional (operates) and has assets or facilities in more than one country or nation at a time.
15. This is a relatively poor country that is trying to increase trade and industry.
16. Trade within a region or a particular geographic space/area.
17. Any geographic area/region where barriers to trading among countries in that area/region are removed
18. The removal or reduction of trade barriers/restrictions on the free exchange of goods and services between nations.
This is when a group of countries or states agree to work closely together and develop a formal agreement in order to upgrade cooperation through common
19.
institutions, so as to achieve peace, stability and wealth.
20. The process of harmonising political and economic actions in a particular region or geographical zone
21. A merger: the coming together of nations, countries or business organisations
Measures that governments introduce to make imported goods or services less competitive than locally produced goods and services.
22.
Examples: Tariff (duties, export subsidies and surcharges) and non-tariff obstacles such as licensing rules and quotes.
23. A tax (called a duty/custom duty/import duty/ import fee) imposed on imports and exports.
An unexpected or unpredictable event which originates from outside the country that causes a sudden drastic change in an economy.
24.
The change can be positive/negative or temporary/permanent.
▶ Population Size
Physical Resources countries favouring integration as it is hoped that during
▶ Similarity in products
growth and development of the region. Because of this similarity, the sharing of goals and
▶ Close Proximity
Cultural Heritage Caribbean region. of importing products, decrease in the value of products to be
▶ Common International
8. Natural Disasters: The countries in the region share the
▶ Intra-regional
and economic problems resources to various countries by sea and air in a relatively short time.
experiences of natural disasters such as hurricanes. This has led
▶ Economic shocks
Problems competition/competition
5. Similar Social, Political and Economic Problems to countries being more willing to work towards disaster
▶ Natural disasters
– Similar social problems include unemployment, preparedness and dealing with the after-effects of these events.
▶ Absence of a common
between countries
teenage pregnancy and crime and violence.
– The political climate of most countries in the region is
ACTIVITY 2
▶ The establishment of ▶ Absence of a common
External Factors currency also similar.
– Most countries depend on tourism and/or agriculture
for economic growth. In terms of agriculture, many Instruction: Explain the external factors, listed in the previous
▶ Territorial interests,
trading blocs by strategy for development
table, which promote regional integration.
▶ Challenges countries face
developed countries countries have failed to utilise technological
innovations which would allow mass production at a
demands and loyalties Next week we will continue to look at Regional Integration.
as a result of faster pace and cheaper rate than developed countries.
▶ Challenges faced as a
globalisation Because of this, a large variety of food products is
▶ Influence of multinational
External Factor imported from countries outside the region. Caribbean
Charmaine Fuller-Wallace is on the staff of
result of trade countries understand the problems that they all
St. Andrew Technical High School
liberalisation agencies encounter and this encourages cooperation in dealing
Email: [email protected]
with the issues faced.
LECTURE SERIES
English Language ♦ Information Technology ♦ Spanish
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INFORMATION
JOL LECTURE SERIES
Jamaica Observer Limited
TECHNOLOGY LESSON 11
with Shandeen Robinson-White
3. sort a database
NOTE: Lesson #10 demonstrated how to create a database and a table within the database. Review
that lesson and let us begin.
QUERYING A DATABASE
Today I will explain how to query a database. This skill will be tested in the SBA and on Paper 2. Make
sure you have mastered the skill before going into the examination. Review the Jamaica Observer
Information Technology Lecture series, 3rd edition for more details.
To query a database means to retrieve data from the database. It is a request for information.
There are rules on how to create the question (so that MS Access will understand and return the desired
information). Retrieve your SBA database or any other database you have created.
To start any query, you need to go to the query design. See diagram below:
When you run a query like this, the database system actually uses SQL (behind the scenes) to generate
the query.
You will see that there are not many differences between 2007 and 2013; and most of the tasks are
carried out the same way. It is a matter of getting familiar with the Ribbons. The icons may have been The Query Results
moved around slightly.
Regardless of the method you use to query the database, the results will usually be displayed in tabular
A show table dialog box will appear showing the tables available in your database. See example below:
format.
Show table
This database dialog box
has one table
At this point you will select the table(s) that has (have) the answer to your question, i.e. the information
you are requesting. JOL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY continues on Page 09
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INSIDE
Communication
Studies C2
Caribbean
Studies C3 & C4
We welcome
comments and suggestions
ALPHA LADIES
WEBSTER MEMORIAL CHURCH, ST. ANDREW: Ladies from Convent of Mercy Academy
• Call: 936-9458 or 384-2810 “Alpha” smiled for the camera following their performance at the Carol Service
• Email: [email protected] put on by the Spanish Embassy. (PHOTO: GARFIELD ROBINSON)
LECTURE SERIES (3 rd
Edition)
The most comprehensive collection of CSEC study guides:
English Language and Information Technology
NOW
AVAILABLE
Available at JAMAICA OBSERVER LIMITED: • Kingston – 926-7655
• Ocho Rios – 795-3632 • Montego Bay – 979-2401 • Mandeville – 963-0515
Also available at bookstores islandwide.
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COMMUNICATION
JOL LECTURE SERIES
Jamaica Observer Limited
STUDIES LESSON 11
with Janet Hendricks
SPEECH/SPEAKING, CONTINUED
Hello, everyone. This week we will continue to look at Speech.
ELEMENTS THAT ENHANCE DELIVERY
Non-verbal elements often enhance speech delivery when appropriately utilised. Too much gesticulation
Objectives: and too many hand movements can be distracting to the audience and can affect speech delivery.
▶ Body language: appropriate posture and movement. The speaker’s stance can always convey the
At the end of this lesson students should be able to:
• Note non-verbal elements that enhance speech ▶ Eye contact: Maintain eye contact; do not stare at one person or look at only one section of the
audience. It is best to make eye contact while uttering the spoken words.
▶ Facial expressions: Ensure that your facial expressions are in line with the words you express so
• Identify common flaws in speech delivery
• Note tips for successful speech delivery that the audience is not confused.
▶ Gestures with hands: Limit the movements of the hands; excess movement is distracting.
SPEECH DELIVERY ▶ Movement: If you deliver your speech from a podium your movements will be restricted. If there
is no podium, feel free to walk across the stage. This keeps the audience engaged and adds
variety.
▶ Artefacts: These may include posters, visual aids, clothing, jewellery, etc. Ensure that these
The delivery of a speech relates to the actions and mannerisms used to address an audience. There are
four primary types of speech delivery:
enhance the presentation and do not create a distraction for the audience.
▶ Voice use: Volume is most important in the effective use of the voice. It is necessary to moderate
1. Extemporaneous
pitch so that your voice is loud enough to be heard but you are not shouting. It is important to
2. Impromptu vary pitch and pace in order to avoid sounding monotonous. Maintaining a conversational tone
is good.
▶ Pronunciation of words: Clear pronunciation of words is important to the quality of the speech
3. Manuscript
4. Memorized delivery.
▶ Malapropism ▶ Nervousness
This style is usually structured and delivered from notes written in point form. The speaker has the
opportunity to shape the speech as he/she goes along. This type of delivery is usually of a
▶ Speech defects
▶ Monotone
Impromptu delivery:
▶ Absence of humour
▶ Fidgeting
This is delivered without preparation; most times the speaker is not advised beforehand. Usually an
eloquent and confident speaker is selected in such a situation as often times the speaker is able to
maintain the audience’s interest. ▶ Poor voice quality ▶ Limited vocabulary
Manuscript delivery: Now let’s summarise with some techniques for effective speech delivery.
This form of delivery entails reading directly from a written script. The speaker does not divert from the TIPS FOR SPEECH DELIVERY
▶ Effective speakers use clear and appropriate language for the subject matter and audience.
script and there is the risk of sounding monotonous if it is read in a concentrated manner. The speaker
must be able to adapt the script to the situation. Reading directly from a script limits audience
As the name suggests, the speaker commits the content of the speech to memory. This at times can ▶ Affect the emotions of your audience.
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CARIBBEAN
JOL LECTURE SERIES
Jamaica Observer Limited
STUDIES LESSON #11
with Sharraine Rowe
• Most countries do not reflect the rigid cultural divide 2. The product of their attempt to adapt is Creole and by
proposed by the original theory. extension, Caribbean. On a whole, we can say that the Caribbean as a society has features
of the creole model in terms of both particularistic and
3. Creolisation takes two forms:
• Many however, reflect social plurality with members of universalistic values, and cultural forms that result from adaptation
a. Acculturation – this occurs when mixing results
the elite classes enjoying different lifestyles from the rest through cultural mixing.
from the dominant group (Europeans) forcing a
of society. The model has been adjusted to account for cultural trait on the subordinate group
this reality. (enslaved Africans) JOL CARIBBEAN STUDIES continues on Page C 4
THE DAILY OBSERVER Tuesday, November 29, 2016 Page C 4
3. George Beckford describes plantation societies as “those Evidence of the plantation society model
PLANTATION SOCIETY MODEL countries where the internal and external dimensions of the in the Caribbean
(George Beckford) plantation system dominate the country’s economic, social and
political structures and its relations with the rest of the world”. To what extent can Caribbean territories be considered
plantation societies?
GOVERNMENT
4. Simply put, these are societies whose structures have been There is no doubt that our economies, demographic structures,
shaped by the plantation system – structures such as ethnic composition and social stratification systems were shaped by
the plantation system. We see this in:
government, education, and social stratification.
• The popularity of democracy and European political
a. Bringing people from different ethnic groups and parts structures in the Caribbean
of the world created ethnic and cultural diversity; • The preponderance of departments and overseas territories
EDUCATION of European countries in the region
RELIGION
• The continued preference for or value attributed to
STR SOCIA CULTURE b. The need for systems of rigid control of large enslaved European cultural traits, such as language and the Catholic
ATI
FIC L populations resulted in rigid systems of social or Anglican Christian denominations
ATI •
ON stratification; Continued though diminished importance of race and
FAMILY colour in various social spheres
• Continued dependence on a narrow range of industrial
EC O c. The need to reinforce European standards influenced activities and export-oriented economies
NOM • Insularity and close relationships within political and/or
Y the formation of institutions that insisted on European
EM language groups.
PLANTATION SYST ideals, resulting in acculturation in areas such as
language and religion. Having examined the various models, how can we classify the
Caribbean as a society?
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Here is another Simple Query Compound criteria queries include AND & OR. That is, all of the criteria need to be met.
If instead you wish to use OR criteria (that means that any of the criteria can be met), then put the
This database table is storing information on books. criteria on different rows or use the word ‘OR’.
In our case, we want to only see books where the Title starts with ‘S’, and the rating is better than 2.
For demonstration purposes, I will be using a database with 2 tables: Books and Author. The primary The ‘S’ criteria also includes what is known as a wild card. That is, the title needs to start with the letter
keys are set and the relationship is established. [CXC expects you to create Relational databases for your S, but anything can come after the ‘S’.
SBA and will be asking you questions on them as well.]
Numeric criteria are allowed to be defined as limits, rather than specific values, so in the case we can
Query/Question: List the books where the Title starts with ‘S’, and the rating is better than 2. use the ‘>’ operator.
The diagram below shows the Book table being selected for this query.
Now that we have defined the question we wish to ask, we can pose it to Access, and view the answer.
Click the Run button in the ribbon.
The view button could also be used to toggle between the datasheet view (showing the results
of the query) and the query design.
These
are the
At this point you choose which of the fields in the table you want to either ask questions about, or wish records
to include in the answer. To choose, double-click the field, or drag it to the grid below. that
satisfy
For our example we want to choose Author, Title & Rating. [The fields to include are usually given; if the
not, you choose the fields based on the answer you want.] criteria.
It’s important to note that as a general rule, the datasheet view from a query is live. That is, if you make
changes to the table data, then you make changes to the query results.
For your SBA you need to print your queries. I also recommend that you print the design view.
Once you have the fields in the grid, there are a lot of choices to make. They work line by line. However, you do not need to print the SQL.
We have already chosen the fields, and the tables are added automatically. The next thing is the sort. To
sort the books by rating for instance, click in the sort box for that column, and change the setting to EXAMINATION TIP
Ascending or Descending.
Candidates tend to regard database as the most challenging of all the applications. Make sure you
understand how to:
You can sort by multiple columns. The priority is from left to right; so if you wanted to sort by Rating
and then Title, you would need to rearrange the columns. You can just select by the grey bar at the top 1. explain the concept of a database
and drag them around. See diagram below:
2. use the terminologies associated with a database
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HUMAN & SOCIAL
JOL LECTURE SERIES
Jamaica Observer Limited
BIOLOGY LESSON 11
with Leroy Munroe
NUTRITIONAL DISORDERS
Persons with kwashiorkor have extremely thin arms
Objectives: OBESITY BULIMIA and legs, liver enlargement and swollen abdomen
caused by the accumulation of fluid. They are usually
Obesity is associated with excessive accumulation Bulimia is a psychological and potentially severe lethargic and their hair may turn red or yellow. Other
At the end of this lesson students and storage of body fat, which presents a risk to a life-threatening eating disorder associated with symptoms include: diarrhoea, anaemia, inability to
should be able to: person’s health. An obese person is well above excessive eating called ‘binging’. This is usually react to stimulation, slow conduction of impulses in
his/her normal body weight. Obesity can result followed by purging; that is, trying to get rid of the the body. There may also be skin changes (including
1. Define a balanced diet. from the lack of exercise or physical activities (a large amount of food by unusual means. Bulimia is red or purple patches), pigment loss, cracking, peeling
2. Define malnutrition and identify sedentary lifestyle) and persistent consumption of usually associated with young women, but it can and skin sloughing. The body’s immune system is
some diseases that are associated calories that are stored as fat in the cells. In this affect anyone irrespective of age, gender and usually weakened, thus causing frequent infections;
with it. condition excess body fat has accumulated to the lifestyle. A person who suffers from bulimia is self- behavioural development is slow and mental
3. Explain and calculate Body Mass extent that it may have a severe effect on one’s conscious about distorting their body image and retardation can occur. Children may grow to normal
Index (BMI). health, leading to reduced life expectancy. has an obsessive desire to lose weight. height but are abnormally thin.
Obesity results when a person takes in more
For some young women, the social pressure to Marasmus
calories than he or she can burn off. The body is
maintain thinness may come from family, friends, or
WHAT IS A BALANCED DIET? able to burn off calories as energy needed
the social activities in which they participate. For
Marasmus is a severe form of malnutrition that is
throughout the day; but if the energy is not caused from inadequate intake of protein and energy
burned away, it will be stored as fat. In a few cases instance, models, dancers and people who do foods (carbohydrates and fats). Since the body breaks
A balanced diet means combining the right
the condition may be genetic; it can pass from gymnastics tend to emphasize the importance of down its own tissues to use as calories, persons with
amount of carbohydrates, protein, fats, mineral
parents to children. However, each person has body size and shape. The methods of purging include: marasmus lose their body fat and muscle strength.
salts, vitamins and dietary fibre (roughage) in
his/her own metabolic rate; the rate at which self-induced vomiting, abuse of laxatives, taking The body uses protein in the tissues to supply energy.
the correct proportions in order to obtain all
calories are used or burned off within the body. diuretics (a drug that promotes the formation and Persons with marasmus may show the following
the nutrients for maintaining good health.
excretion of urine), excessive exercise and fasting. symptoms: diarrhoea that may be chronic, dizziness,
Having a healthy diet means eating a wide An imbalance of nutrients in the diet can make This is followed by feelings of guilt, depression or fatigue, severe weight loss, change in the level of
variety of foods and consuming the right food obesity a form of malnutrition. When a person is mood swings, and self-condemnation. consciousness, paralysis of legs, loss of bowel and
and drink (in correct proportions) to maintain a obese it increases the chances of having various
bladder control, lethargy, delay in the healing of
healthy body weight. A diet that includes a diseases: heart or cardiovascular disease, type 2
Bulimia may affect a person in the following ways: wounds, growth retardation, poor or low muscle
variety of different foods is most likely to diabetes, breathing difficulties (especially when
• becomes anaemic (lacking in red blood tone and distended abdomen.
provide the essential nutrients. No one food can the person is sleeping), and hypertension or high
cells)
provide all the nutrients that the body needs to blood pressure. A person is considered to be obese
function efficiently. if they are twenty per cent above their normal
• irregular heartbeat and heart failure BODY MASS INDEX (BMI)
• weakened heart muscles
body weight. Regular exercise and a healthy diet Body Mass Index (BMI) is a measurement that
• low pulse and blood pressure
A diet that is lacking in essential nutrients can lead can prevent obesity. shows the amount of fat in a person’s body, based
• dehydration, dizziness
to health challenges, which can range from on their height and weight; BMI is a measurement
• irregular bowel movement, constipation
tiredness and lack of energy to serious problems ANOREXIA NERVOSA • bloating, abdominal cramps of body weight. It is an approximate measure of
with the function of vital organs, retarded growth whether someone is over or underweight, and is
Anorexia nervosa is a psychological and potential • gum disease, teeth sensitive to hot and
and development. A balanced diet will contain foods calculated by dividing the person’s weight in
life-threatening eating disorder. It is usually cold foods
from the basic six food groups. The food groups kilograms by the square of their height in metres.
associated with females in their late teens or early • cavities, erosion of tooth enamel
include starches (carbohydrates), foods from
twenties. Persons who are anorexic are obsessed • sore/irritated throat and oesophagus Formula for Body Mass Index:
animals (proteins), fats (oil), green leafy vegetables,
about their weight and the food they eat. They • irregular or no menstrual period
vitamins and fruits. A balanced diet should be low in Weight in (kg)
attempt to maintain a weight that is far below • ulcers in the stomach, pain BMI = ––––––––––––––
cholesterol, saturated fat, sugar, salts and alcohol. Height2 (m)
their normal age and height. In order not to gain • broken blood vessels within the eyes
Emphasis should be placed on the intake of fruits,
weight these persons may starve themselves, • swelling and soreness of the cheeks Example: A man weighs 70 kg; his height is
vegetables, whole grains, dairy products and animal
exercise excessively or severely restrict the • anxiety, depression, low self-esteem 172cm. Calculate his Body Mass Index. First,
protein such as fish and meat.
amount of food they eat. Some persons may binge convert the centimetres to metres (m). Hence,
and purge (see bulimia). These persons control 172cm = 172 ÷ 100 = 1.72m [172cm is divided by
MALNUTRITION the amount of food they eat by vomiting after
PROTEIN-ENERGY MALNUTRITION 100 because 100cm is equal to 1m.]
eating, using laxatives and diuretics. They may (PEM) 70 kg 70 kg
Malnutrition is a condition that occurs when an suffer physically and psychologically. BMI = –––––––– = ––––––––
individual consumes a diet in which nutrients are The term protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) applies 1722 m 1.72m x 1.72m
Physical effects include:
either not enough (he/she is undernourished) or to a group of related disorders that include 70 kg
• extreme weight loss = ––––––– = 23.9 kg/m2
too much (over-nourished), such that it causes marasmus, kwashiorkor and intermediate states of
• dizziness or fainting 2.96m
health problems. Malnutrition means ‘poor marasmus-kwashiorkor (a condition where an
nutrition’; it develops when the body does not get • fatigue individual has both conditions at the same time). BMI = 23.9 kg/m2
the correct amount of food nutrients – protein, • inability to sleep This is a form of malnutrition where there is
carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals – to inadequate intake of protein and calories. It This man is normal because his BMI is 23.9 kg/m2.
• rapid or irregular heartbeat
maintain healthy tissues and organ functions. develops in children and adults whose consumption Examine the table below.
• constipation
of protein and energy (calories) is insufficient to
• absence of menstruation Category BMI Index range – kg/m2
Over-nutrition results from eating too much, satisfy their nutritional needs. PEM may also occur in
eating too many of the wrong foods, not having • dry skin persons who are unable to absorb vital nutrients or Severely
underweight Less than 16.5 kg/m2
enough exercise, taking too many vitamins or • intolerance to cold convert them to energy essential for healthy tissue
other dietary supplements. The main sign of over- • abnormal blood count formation and organ functions. Underweight 16.5 – 18.4 kg/m2
nutrition is being obese or overweight. • low blood pressure Normal 18.5 – 24.9 kg/m2
Kwashiorkor
• hair that thins, breaks or falls out Overweight 25 – 29.99 kg/m2
Under-nutrition is the result of consuming too
little of the essential nutrients or using and/or Psychological effects include: Kwashiorkor is a protein deficiency disease caused Obese class 1 30 – 34.9 kg/m2
excreting them faster than they are replaced in • refusal to eat and denial of hunger by inadequate intake of protein. It means that Obese class 2 35 – 39.99 kg/m2
the body. Children who are undernourished can persons are not having enough protein in their
• excessive exercise Obese class 3 40 kg/m2 and above
suffer from protein-energy malnutrition (PEM); diet. The condition may develop in a young child
• lying about the amount of food
this means there is inadequate intake of protein in whose mother has discontinued breast-feeding. It
the diet. People who are malnourished may find it consumed can also develop during a child’s early years. It Leroy Munroe is on staff of the
difficult to maintain normal growth and to resist • reduced interest in sex causes fluid retention known as ‘oedema’, dry Trench Town Polytechnic College
disease. • depression and social withdrawal peeling skin and hair discoloration. Email: [email protected]
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PRINCIPLES OF
JOL LECTURE SERIES
Jamaica Observer Limited
BUSINESS LESSON 11
with Hilary Bassaragh
Herzberg found that the factors causing job satisfaction (and This theory assumes that the average person: ▶ Job Enlargement – Broadening the scope of an employee’s
presumably motivation) were different from those which caused job ▶ Dislikes work and attempts to avoid it. job will add variety and opportunities to satisfy ego needs.
▶ Has no ambition, wants no responsibility, and would rather ▶ Participative Management – Consulting employees in the
dissatisfaction. He developed the motivation-hygiene theory to
explain these results. He called the satisfiers motivators and factors
that caused dissatisfaction, hygiene factors. The term ‘hygiene’ is follow than lead. decision-making process taps their creative capacity and
▶ Is self-centred and therefore does not care about
used in the sense that they are considered maintenance factors that provides them with some control over their work
are necessary to avoid dissatisfaction, but by themselves they do environment.
organizational goals.
▶ Resists change. ▶ Performance Appraisals – Have the employee set objectives
not provide satisfaction.
▶ Recognition
Essentially, Theory X assumes that people work only for money and
security. If properly implemented, such an environment would result in a
▶ Advancement
high level of motivation as employees work to satisfy their higher
Theory X: The Hard Approach and Soft Approach
level personal needs through their jobs.
▶ Pleasure in the work itself
Under Theory X, management approaches can range from a hard
▶ Responsibility
approach to a soft approach. SUMMARY
The hard approach relies on coercion, implicit threats, close
McGregor presented two contrasting views of how managers view
Managers found that specific job conditions tend to motivate the supervision, and tight controls; essentially, an environment of
the average person and their relationship to work. The principles
average person to greater effort, but their absence will not cause command and control.
are outlined in the table below:
the person to be less motivated. The soft approach is to be permissive and seek harmony, with the
hope that in return employees will cooperate when asked to do so.
The job conditions that lead to greater performance are: THEORY X THEORY Y
▶ Challenging work/jobs
However, neither of these extremes is optimal. The hard approach
results in hostility, purposely low output, and hard-line union
▶ Status
continuing needs in that they are never completely satisfied. As
such, it is these higher-level needs through which employees can The average person has to be The average person does not
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PRINCIPLES OF
JOL LECTURE SERIES
Jamaica Observer Limited
ACCOUNTS LESSON 11
with Tedmore Clarke
EXERCISE
S. Gilbert, a retailer, purchased a motor van for $200,000 cash. It is expected that this van will have an
effective working life of four years, with an estimated scrap value of $48,020.
Show your calculation of the figures for depreciation and the resulting book value for each of the four
years, using:
a) the Straight-Line Method b) the Reducing Balance Method, with a rate of 30% per annum.
SOLUTION
NOTE: Each year, the credit side of the Provision for Depreciation Account should be prepared BEFORE
The Books of S. Gilbert
the debit side.
For the Straight-Line Method: Annual Depreciation = Cost – Disposal Value
Life
= $200,000 - $48,020
4
= $37,995
NOTE: In order to demonstrate the double entry principle, it is necessary to use the horizontal format
for the profit and loss account.
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INTEGRATED
JOL LECTURE SERIES
Jamaica Observer Limited
SCIENCE LESSON 11
with Marlene Grey-Tomlinson
THE THERMOMETER
Temperature is a measure of the degree of hotness of a body. A thermometer is the instrument used to measure temperature. There are
several types of thermometers; the type used depends on a number of factors.
Laboratory Thermometer
Clinical Thermometer
A thermometer is made of a long narrow glass tube; with a bulb at one end. The bulb may contain mercury or alcohol. These are the two
liquids used in thermometers. Mercury is a metal which is liquid at room temperature and expands or contracts easily at the slightest
change in temperature. Hence, mercury is usually used in thermometers. The bulb is typically made of glass, but some thermometers may
have bulbs made of stainless steel. Magnified glass makes up the outside of the thermometer, which is called the stem. A thin bore inside
the stem gives the mercury or alcohol a route of travel as it expands and contracts. The thin bore is also called the capillary tube. A scale
on the outside of the stem gives the temperature reading. Air inside the capillary must have a place to collect as the mercury rises. The
expansion chamber is a small widening of the bore on the end opposite to the bulb, and it provides the necessary space. Air compresses
inside the expansion chamber until the mercury flows back down the bore and into the bulb as temperatures fall.
Maximum-Minimum Thermometer
The constriction or kink in the clinical thermometer is a bend in the bore, which stops the flow of mercury back into the bulb for an
extended time. The person using the thermometer must shake it to get the mercury back into the bulb.
Read the marker at the bottom point.
Table 1: Comparison of Mercury and Alcohol in the Thermometer
The right-hand scale, for the maximum temperature, is the
MERCURY ALCOHOL ‘normal’ way up. The larger numbers are at the top. The left-hand
scale, for recording the minimum temperatures, is reversed. The
• It is a good conductor of heat and therefore the whole larger numbers are at the bottom. The negative numbers are
liquid reaches the temperature of the surroundings quickly. above the zero.
• Alcohol expands uniformly.
• It does not wet or cling to the sides of the tube.
ADVANTAGES
• Its silvery surface makes mercury easily seen (visible). CLINICAL THERMOMETER LABORATORY THERMOMETER
temperature. laboratory.
• It has a low boiling point; therefore it cannot be used to
• It is expensive.
measure very high temperatures.
Scale generally ranges from Scale generally ranges from
• It has a high freezing point; therefore it cannot be used to 35°C to 42°C. –10°C to 110°C.
• It does not react quickly to changes in temperature.
measure very low temperatures.
• It needs to be dyed, since it is colourless.
Types of Thermometers There is a bulb of alcohol at the top of the tube on the left. The Mercury is prevented from
falling by the kink.
alcohol expands or contracts as the temperature changes. It then Mercury falls freely without any
Mercury level is lowered by
The thermometers that we usually use in our daily life are the liquid ‘jerks’.
pushes round the indicator liquid to show the temperature. So that making ‘jerks’ of the
in glass thermometers. These thermometers work on the
thermometer.
underlying fact that liquid expands as the temperature increases, the maximum (hottest) and minimum (coldest) temperatures can
and contracts when the temperature decreases. Three such
be recorded, there are two small steel pins or markers. When the
thermometers are the clinical, laboratory and the maximum- Can be removed from the body Must be kept in the source to
minimum thermometers. temperature rises, the marker in the right-hand column is moved. It
to read the scale. read the temperature.
will stay there until it is reset. The bottom of the marker is read.
Maximum-Minimum Thermometer: It is used to measure the highest
and the lowest temperatures reached daily. These temperatures are When the temperature falls, the marker in the left-hand column will
generally used in weather reports. be moved to show the minimum temperature. JOL INTEGRATED SCIENCE continues on Page 15
THE DAILY OBSERVER Tuesday, November 29, 2016 Page 14
ACTIVITY ANSWERS
INSTRUCTION: Answer the following questions. 1. A – stem, B – bore/capillary tube, C – bulb
3. Name TWO liquids that may be used in this thermometer. 4. a) clinical thermometer b) it stops the movement of mercury back into the bulb
LECTURE SERIES
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ENGLISH
JOL LECTURE SERIES
Jamaica Observer Limited
LITERATURE LESSON 11
with Simone Gibbs
Okonkwo noticed that Nwoye was soft and gentle like Unoka and it
infuriated him. Consequently, he was very harsh on Nwoye; he
disliked what he thought was weakness in the boy. Despite Nwoye’s
obvious liking for womanly things, Okonkwo made every effort to Throughout the novel, Achebe goes to great lengths to give details The Europeans established their structure of law and order and
ensure that Nwoye would become the kind of man that he wanted about the various cultural practices of the African people. It is forced the people to adhere to it. What was worse, they used men
him to be. As a result, the relationship between the father and son evident that the society is organised. The people are governed by from other clans to infiltrate and undermine the authority of the
was a difficult one. Things changed, however, when Ikemefuna an established hierarchical structure which holds the society in Africans. Further, their new religion affirmed many of the
place. Further, they are a polytheistic society as the people believe ‘castaways’ and even men of honour abandoned their religion and
came to live in Okonkwo’s household.
in and serve many gods. Additionally, the cultural traditions of the
converted to Christianity. The whites had wealth, fancy gadgets,
Umoufians have been passed down from generation to generation;
The young man, Ikemefuna had come to live with Okonkwo’s as such, they are deeply ingrained in the society. trinkets and other representations of Europe that appealed to the
family by chance. He was from a neighbouring village called Africans. Their message to the people that the indigenous customs
Mbaino. Previously, a woman from Okonkwo’s village, the wife of Unfortunately, however, some of the cultural practices of Umoufia and traditions were backward and that there was a better
Ogbuefi Udo, had been murdered in Mbaino and so the people in are hurtful to its inhabitants. Examples of these practices include: (civilised) way to live, took root. A divisive force had planted itself
Okonkwo’s village were out for blood. In order to appease them leaving twin babies in the evil forest to die, due to the belief that in Umoufia; fear and confusion had led to a society that was
and to prevent war, the people of Mbaino decided to send two twins are an abomination; the casting out of members of the clan beginning to “fall apart”.
young people – a male and a female – to the bloodthirsty villagers. because they were considered worthless (efulefu); and promoting
and rewarding men with titles based on their physical abilities. In an act of anger and frustration, Okonkwo uses his machete to
The girl, to whom the writer does not give a name, is given to
Ogbuefi Udo as a replacement for his dead wife and Okonkwo is chop off the head of one of the white man’s messengers. He knows
When the white men came to Umoufia, not only did they come with
asked to keep the young man, Ikemefuna until their gods decide force, but they also came with their own system of government and that he will not get the support of his clansmen and that he will be
what his fate would be. religion which had their foundations in Europe. The Europeans punished by the new system of government that had been
simply ignored the Africans’ cultural practices, citing these as established. Instead of yielding to their authority, Okonkwo takes
Ikemefuna lived with Okonkwo’s family for three years. During that backward and barbaric, and they encouraged the people to abandon his own life by hanging himself from a tree, an act that is considered
time he lived in the household of Okonkwo’s first wife. Although he these traditions. In cases where the people did not comply to be an abomination in Umoufia. His clansmen cannot even touch
was only two years older than Nwoye, Ikemefuna had a great willingly, they were forced to do so or jailed and even killed, as in his body in order to take it down from the tree. When his body is
impact on him. Ikemefuna helped Nwoye. He was patient with him the case of a village called Abame which was completely wiped out eventually removed from the tree, it is done by outsiders who are
and advised him on the ways that he should behave, instead of because they had killed a white man. agents of the white man; it will be thrown into the evil forest to rot.
being harsh and impatient with him as his father was. He will not receive the honourable burial that men of distinction in
The structure of Umoufian society was beneficial to men like
Okonkwo. If they worked hard enough, they would earn the his clan would normally get. Consequently, his life ends in disgrace.
Further, he acted as a buffer between father and son whenever adoration and respect of the people. They could rise and become Clearly, his dream of being recognised and rising to the highest
Okonkwo grew impatient with Nwoye and wanted to vent his anger one of the lords of the clan. They did not want the existing order to pinnacle in his clan had not been realised.
on him. In addition, Okonkwo grew to love Ikemefuna because he be disturbed. When the Europeans came, however, this is exactly
saw signs of bravery and manhood in him. The relationship what happened. Have a good week.
between them was of such that Ikemefuna called him ‘father’. Of
course Okonkwo did not vocalize his feelings, but his admiration for
Simone Gibbs is on the staff of Calabar High School. • Email: [email protected]
Ikemefuna could be seen in the way he treated him.
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