Textbook Iet Wiring Regulations Wiring Systems and Fault Finding For Installation Electricians 7Th Ed Seventh Edition Scaddan Ebook All Chapter PDF
Textbook Iet Wiring Regulations Wiring Systems and Fault Finding For Installation Electricians 7Th Ed Seventh Edition Scaddan Ebook All Chapter PDF
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18th Edition
IET Wiring Regulations
Wiring Systems and Fault Finding
for Installation Electricians
This book deals with an area of practice that many students and non-
electricians find particularly challenging. It explains how to interpret cir-
cuit diagrams and wiring systems, and outlines the principles of testing
before explaining how to apply this knowledge to fault finding in electrical
circuits.
A handy pocket guide for anybody who needs to be able to trace faults in
circuits, whether in domestic, commercial or industrial settings, this book
will be extremely useful to electricians, plumbers, heating engineers and
intruder alarm installers.
▪ Fully up to date with the 18th Edition IET Wiring Regulations 2018.
▪ Covers all the principles and practice of testing and fault diagnosis
in a way that is clear for students and non-electricians.
▪ Expert advice from an engineering training consultant, supported
with colour diagrams and key data.
7th Edition
Brian Scaddan
Routledge
ROUTLEDGE
and by Routledge
52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017
The right of Brian Scaddan to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by
him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act
1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in
any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter
invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
PREFACE���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� vii
CHAPTER 1 Diagrams������������������������������������������������������������������������������������1
BS EN 60617 Symbols�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������1
Diagrams������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������5
Circuit Convention�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������9
Constructing and Interpreting Circuit Diagrams����������������������������������������������������10
Heating and Ventilation System���������������������������������������������������������������������������12
Relay Logic��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������14
Programmable Logic Controllers��������������������������������������������������������������������������16
Drawing Exercises����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������21
v
vi Contents
Functional Testing���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������79
Prospective Fault Current�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������81
APPENDIX 3 Solutions��������������������������������������������������������������������������������109
Quiz Controller (Chapter 1)�����������������������������������������������������������������������������109
INDEX�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������111
Preface
The aim of this book is to help the reader to approach the drawing and
interpretation of electrical diagrams with confidence, to understand the
principles of testing and to apply this knowledge to fault finding in elec-
trical circuits.
The new edition has been brought fully in line with the 18th Edition IET
Wiring Regulations.
Brian Scaddan
vii
Taylor & Francis
Taylor & Francis Group
http://taylorandfrancis.com
CHAPTER 2
1
Diagrams
Important terms/topics covered in this chapter:
▪ BS EN 60617 symbols
▪ Diagrams
▪ Circuit convention
▪ Relay logic
By the end of this chapter the reader should:
▪ be aware of the correct symbols to be used on diagrams,
▪ know the different types of diagrams in general use and why they
are used,
▪ understand circuit convention and its importance in interpreting
diagrams,
▪ understand simple relay logic and its application to PLCs.
This is an area often overlooked or even ignored. The IET Wiring
Regulations require that ‘diagrams, charts, tables or equivalent forms
of information are made available’ to the installer and inspector and tester.
BS EN 60617 SYMBOLS
BS EN 60617 gives the graphical symbols that should be used in all
electrical/electronic diagrams or drawings. Since the symbols fall in line
with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) document
617, it should be possible to interpret non-UK diagrams. Samples of the
symbols used in this book are shown in Figure 1.1.
18th Edition IET Wiring Regulations: Wiring Systems and Fault Finding for Installation Electricians. 978-1-138-60611-1.
© Brian Scaddan. Published by Taylor & Francis. All rights reserved. 1
2 Diagrams
DIAGRAMS
The four most commonly used diagrams are the block diagram, inter-
connection diagram, the circuit or schematic diagram and the wiring or
connection diagram.
Block diagrams
These diagrams indicate, by means of block symbols with suitable notes,
the general way in which a system functions. They do not show detailed
connections (Figures 1.2a and b).
Interconnection diagrams
In this case, items of equipment may be shown in block form but with
details of how the items are connected together (Figure 1.3).
FIGURE 1.2 (a) Security system, (b) Intake arrangement for domestic installation.
6 Diagrams
FIGURE 1.4
in that system. For example, a pair of contacts which form part of, say,
a timer may appear in a different and quite remote part of the diagram
than the timer operating coil that actuates them. In this case some form
of cross-reference scheme is needed (e.g. T for the timer coil and T1, T2,
T3, etc. for the associated contacts).
FIGURE 1.5
Note how, in Figure 1.6c, each termination is referenced with the destina-
tion of the conductor connected to it. Also note how much more easily a
circuit diagram makes the interpretation of the circuits function.
CIRCUIT CONVENTION
It is probably sensible at this point to introduce the reader to circuit
convention. This is simply a way of ensuring that circuit diagrams are
more easily interpreted, and is achieved by drawing such diagrams in a
de-energized state known as normal.
Hence, if we take a new motor starter out of its box, all of the coils,
timers, overloads and contacts are said to be in their normal posi-
tion. Figures 1.7a–d illustrate this convention as applied to relays and
contactors.
Electronic valet
You work hard every day and return home late every evening. When you
come in you look forward to a smooth scotch, a sit down and then a
relaxing soak in a hot bath. If you were acquainted with electrical control
systems you could arrange for these little luxuries to be automated as
shown in Figure 1.8.
This system is, of course, very crude. It will work but needs some
refinement. What if you arrive home early – surely you need not stay dirty
12 Diagrams
and thirsty? How do you take a bath during the day without using the
door key and having a drink? What about the bath water temperature?
And so on. If you have already begun to think along these lines and can
come up with simple solutions, then circuit/schematic diagrams should
present no real problems to you.
Quiz controller
Here is another system to consider. Can you draw a circuit/schematic
diagram for it? (A solution is given at the end of the book.)
From the diagram it is relatively simple to trace the series of events that
occur in this section of the system.
Clearly, there are four pumps: two boiler pumps and two variable
temperature pumps. One of each of these pairs is a standby in the
event of failure of the other; this will become clear as we interpret the
scheme.
FIGURE 1.9 Heating and ventilation schematic diagram.
14 Diagrams
RELAY LOGIC
In the last few pages we have investigated the use of relays for control
purposes. Whilst this is perfectly acceptable for small applications, their
use in more complex systems is now being superseded by programmable
logic controllers (PLCs). However, before we discuss these in more detail,
it is probably best to begin with a look at relay logic.
And gates
If several N/O contacts are placed in series with, say, a lamp (Figure 1.10),
it will be clear that contacts A and B and C must be closed in order for the
lamp to light. These are known as AND gates.
Or gates
If we now rewire these contacts in parallel (Figure 1.11), they are con-
verted to OR gates in that contact A or B or C will operate the lamp.
Combined gates
A combination of AND and OR systems is shown in Figure 1.12, and
would be typical of, say, a remote start/stop control circuit for a motor. A
or B or C will only operate the contactor coil if X and Y and Z are closed.
FIGURE 1.13
the operation of a switch or sensor, the logic by relays, coils, timers, etc.,
and the outputs in the form of lamps, heaters, sounders, contactors, etc.
FIGURE 1.15
Motor control
Figure 1.15 illustrates a ladder logic diagram for a motor control circuit
(no PLC involved here). Closing the N/O contacts X0 gives supply to the
motor contactor coil Y0 via N/C stop buttons X1 and X2. Y0 is held on
via its own N/O contact Y0 when X0 is released. The motor is stopped by
releasing either X1 or X2.
Packing control
Figure 1.16 shows the basic parts of a packing process. An issuing machine
ejects rubber balls into a delivery tube and thence into boxes on a turnta-
ble. A photoswitch senses each ball as it passes. Each box holds 10 balls
and the turntable carries 10 boxes.
Clearly, the issuing machine must be halted after the 10th ball,
and time allowed for all balls to reach their box before the turntable
revolves to bring another box into place. When the 10th box has been
18 Diagrams
FIGURE 1.16
filled, the system must halt and a warning light must be energized to
indicate that the process for that batch is completed. When new boxes
are in place the system is restarted by operating an N/C manual reset
button.
This system is ideal for control by a PLC with its integral counters and
timers. Figure 1.17 shows an example of the ladder logic for this system
using the following:
Fault location
Another major advantage of the use of PLCs for controlling systems is the
relative ease of fault location. In the event of system failure, the keyboard
and screen unit is plugged into the PLC and the condition of the system
is displayed in ladder logic on the screen. Then, for example, any contact
that is in the wrong position will show up.
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princes, but we will try, according to our ability, to preserve for ever
and ever, unbroken and undisturbed, the amity which we profess
both in words and in writing under oath. Likewise you Greeks shall
preserve the same love to our illustrious Russian princes and to all
who are under the rule of our illustrious Prince unpolluted and
unchanged for ever and all time.
Under the head which is called damages we will agree as follows:
Whatever may be made manifest in regard to a grievance, let the
information of such grievance be accurate, and let not him be
believed who begins the action; and let not that party take an oath if
he deserve no belief; but if one swear according to his religion, let
there be a punishment if perjury be found.
If a Russian kill a Christian, or a Christian a Russian, let him die
where the murder has been committed. If he who has committed
murder run away, then if he be possessed of property, let the nearest
in kin to the murdered person receive that part which is his by law,
and let the wife of the murderer have as much as belongs to her by
law. If he who has committed the murder be destitute and have run
away, let the case stand against him until he be found, and then he
shall die.
If anyone strike another with a sword or beat him with a drinking
vessel, let him for such striking or beating pay five litras of silver
according to the Russian law. If the offender be destitute, let him pay
as much as he can, and let him take off his upper garment which he
wears, and besides let him swear according to his religion that there
is no one to help him, and let the case against him forthwith be
dropped.
If a Russian steal something from a Christian, or a Christian from a
Russian, and the thief at the time when he commits the theft be
caught by him who has lost the article, and the thief struggle and be
killed, let not his death be avenged by either Christians or Russians,
but let him who has lost take back what belongs to him. If a Russian
despoil a Christian, or a Christian a Russian, by torture or by a show
of force, or if he take anything away from a member of the druzhína,
let him pay back threefold.
If a boat be cast by a great wind upon a strange shore, where
there be any of our Russians, and someone come to furnish the boat
with its belongings, we will take the boat through all dangerous
places until it has smooth sailing. If such a boat cannot be returned
to its place, on account of storm or impassable places, we Russians
shall see the oarsmen off safe with their goods, if the accident
happens near Greek land. But if the same happen near Russian
land, we will take the boat to Russian territory, and let them sell the
belongings of the boat and what else of the boat they can sell, and
when we Russians shall go to Greece, with merchandise or with an
embassy to your Emperor, the proceeds from the sale of the
belongings of the boat shall be forwarded without hindrance. Should
any man of the boat be killed, or beaten, by us Russians, or should
anything be taken away, the wrongdoers shall be punished as
above.
Should a Russian slave be stolen, or run away, or be sold by
force, and a Russian make complaint of it, and the fact be
ascertained in regard to the slave, then let him be returned to
Russia. And if the merchants should lose a slave and make
complaint thereof, let them search for him and let him be returned;
should anyone prevent making such a search, then the local
magistrate shall be responsible for him.
If a criminal should return to Greece from Russia, let Russia
institute a complaint to the Christian Empire, and let the same be
returned to Russia, even against his will.
All these things the Russians are to do to the Greeks, wherever
such things may happen. To make the peace established between
the Christians and Russians firm and lasting, we ordered this
document to be written by John upon two charts and to be signed by
the Emperor’s and our own hand before the blessed cross and in the
name of the holy Trinity and our one, true God, and to be proclaimed
and to be delivered to our ambassadors. And we have sworn to your
Emperor according to the law and custom of our nation, as being
God’s own creatures, not to depart, or let anyone else of our land
depart, from the established treaty of peace and amity. This
document we gave to your Empire in order to confirm the treaty on
both sides and to confirm and proclaim the peace in your country,
September the second, the fifteenth week, in the year from the
creation of the world 6024 (911).
Luká Zhidyáta. (First half of XI. century.)
Luká Zhidyáta or Zhiryáta, was bishop of Nóvgorod from
1036-1060. All we have from him is his Instruction, which is
written in a coarse, unadorned style, and is nothing more than
a sententious statement of gospel teachings. The Nóvgorod
style, as it appears in its chronicles, is always laconic and
businesslike. Zhidyáta was evidently instructing a
congregation that had not long been converted and that was
not yet firm in the fundamental teachings of Christianity.
FOOTNOTES:
FOOTNOTES:
[10] Karamzín remarks that the dead were always taken away
in sleighs, whether in winter or summer.
[11] Volodár; Prince of Peremýshl, and Vasílko, Prince of
Terebóvl.
[12] Karamzín surmises that he knew Greek, Norse, Pólovts
(Cumanian) and Hungarian, besides Russian.
[13] In the Government of Yaroslávl.
[14] A Slavic tribe settled on the river Oká.
[15] Burgomasters.
Abbot Daniel, the Palmer. (Beginning of XII.
century.)
Pilgrimages to the Holy Land began in Russia soon after
the introduction of Christianity, but Daniel the abbot is the first
who has left an account of his wanderings. Nothing is known
of the life of this traveller, but from internal evidence it may be
assumed that he visited Palestine soon after the first crusade,
from 1106-1108. From his mention of none but princes of the
south of Russia it is quite certain that he himself belonged
there. In a simple, unadorned language, Daniel tells of his
wanderings from Constantinople to the Holy Land and back
again. Characteristic is his patriotic affection for the whole
Russian land and his mention of all the Russian princes in his
prayers,—a rather surprising sentiment for the period when
Russia was nothing but a heterogeneous mass of appanages.
None of the Western accounts of pilgrimages to Palestine
surpass in interest that of the Russian palmer of that period, if
they at all equal it.
Here is what God has shown to me, His humble and unworthy
servant, Daniel the monk, for I have in truth seen with my own sinful
eyes how the holy light descends on the life-giving grave of the Lord
our Saviour, Jesus Christ. Many pilgrims do not tell rightly about the
descent of the holy light: for some say that the Holy Ghost descends
to the Sepulchre of the Lord in the shape of a dove, and others say
that a lightning comes down and lights the lamps over the Sepulchre
of the Lord. But that is not true, for nothing is to be seen, neither
dove, nor lightning, but the divine Grace descends invisibly, and the
lamps over the Sepulchre of the Lord are lit by themselves. I shall tell
about it just as I have seen it.
On Good-Friday after vespers they rub the Sepulchre of the Lord
clean, and wash the lamps that are above it, and fill them with pure
oil without water, and put in the wicks which are not lit, and the
Sepulchre is sealed at the second hour of night. And not only these
lights, but those in all the other churches in Jerusalem are
extinguished.
On that very Good-Friday I, humble servant, went in the first hour
of the morning to Prince Baldwin and made a low obeisance to him.
When he saw me making the obeisance, he called me kindly to him
and said to me: “What do you wish, Russian abbot?” for he had
known me before and loved me much, being a good and simple
man, and not in the least proud. And I said to him: “Sir Prince, I beg
you for the sake of the Lord and the Russian princes, let me also
place my lamp over the Holy Sepulchre for all our princes and for all
the Russian land, for all the Christians of the Russian land!”
The Prince gave me permission to place my lamp there and
readily sent his best man with me to the œkonomos of the Holy
Resurrection and to him who has charge of the Sepulchre. Both the
œkonomos and the keeper of the keys to the Holy Sepulchre
ordered me to bring my lamp with the oil. I bowed to them with great
joy, and went to the market-place and bought a large glass lamp
which I filled with pure oil without water, and carried it to the
Sepulchre. It was evening when I asked for the keeper of the keys
and announced myself to him. He unlocked the door of the
Sepulchre, told me to take off my shoes, and led me bare-footed to
the Sepulchre with the lamp which I carried with my sinful hands. He
told me to place the lamp on the Sepulchre, and I put it with my sinful
hands there where are the illustrious feet of our Lord Jesus Christ. At
his head stood a Greek lamp, on his breast was placed a lamp of St.
Sabbas and of all the monasteries, for it is a custom to place every
year a Greek lamp and one for St. Sabbas. By the grace of God the
lower lamps lighted themselves, but not a single one of the lamps of
the Franks, which are hung up, was lighted up. Having placed my
lamp upon the Sepulchre of our Lord Jesus Christ, I bowed before
the worshipful grave, and with love and tears kissed the holy and
glorious place where lay the illustrious body of our Lord Jesus Christ.
We came out of the Holy Sepulchre with great joy, and went each to
his cell.
Next day, on the Holy Saturday, in the sixth hour of the day, people
gather before the church of the Resurrection of Christ; there is an
endless number of people from all countries, from Babylon and
Egypt and Antioch, and all the places about the church and about
the crucifixion of the Lord are filled. There is then such a crowd
inside and outside the church that many are crushed while waiting
with unlit candles for the church doors to be opened. Within, the
priests and people wait until Prince Baldwin’s arrival with his suite,
and when the doors are opened all the people crowd in, and fill the
church, and there is a large gathering in the church and near
Golgotha and near Calvary and there where the Lord’s cross had
been found. All the people say nothing else, but keep repeating:
“Lord, have mercy upon us!” and weep aloud so that the whole place
reverberates and thunders with the cries of these people. The faithful
shed rivers of tears, and if a man’s heart were of stone, he could not
keep from weeping, for then everybody looks within himself,
remembers his sins, and says: “Perchance on account of my sins the
Holy Ghost will not descend!” And thus all the faithful stand with
tearful countenances and contrite hearts. Prince Baldwin himself
stands there in great fear and humility, and a torrent of tears issues
from his eyes; and his suite stand around him, opposite the grave
and near the great altar.
In the seventh hour of the Saturday Prince Baldwin started with his
suite from home for the Sepulchre, and they all walked barefooted.
The Prince sent to the abbey of St. Sabbas for the abbot and his
monks. And I went with the abbot and the monks to the Prince, and
we all bowed before him. He returned the abbot’s greeting. The
Prince ordered the abbot of St. Sabbas and me, humble servant, to
come near him, and the others to walk before him, but the suite
behind him. We arrived at the western doors of the church of the
Lord’s Resurrection, but such a mass of people barred the way that I
could not enter. Then Prince Baldwin ordered his soldiers to drive the
crowd away by force, and they opened a way through the mass of