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Lectures, Problems and Solutions
for
Ordinary Differential Equations
Second Edition
Yuefan Deng
Stony Brook University, USA
World Scientific
10602hc_9789813226128_tp.indd 2 28/4/17 11:28 AM

Published by
World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224
USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601
UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
LECTURES, PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS FOR ORDINARY

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Second Edition
Copyright © 2018 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
ISBN 978-981-3226-12-8
ISBN 978-981-3226-13-5 (pbk)
Printed in Singapore
EH - 10602 - Lectures, Problems and Solutions.indd 1 24-07-17 1:42:20 PM

Preface
This book, Lectures, Problems and Solutions for Ordinary
Differential Equations, results from more than 20 revisions of lectures,
exams, and homework assignments to approximately 6,000 students in the
College of Engineering and Applied Sciences at Stony Brook University over
the past 30 semesters. The book contains notes for 25 80‐minute lectures
and approximately 1,000 problems with solutions. Thanks to a large body
of classics for the topics, creating another ODEs book is probably as
unnecessary as reinventing the wheel. Yet, I constructed this manuscript
differently by focusing on ODE examples from sciences, engineering,
economics, and other real‐world applications of ODEs. These examples,
partly adapted from well‐known textbooks and partly freshly composed,
focus on illustrating the ODE applications. Serendipitously, the examples
motivate students to learn theorem‐proving while mastering the art of
applying them.
While preparing this manuscript, I benefited immensely from many
people including undergraduate students who took the class and graduate
teaching assistants TAs who helped teaching it. C. Han has triple roles:
one of the undergraduate students, a TA, and an editor. Students H. Fan, B.
Hoefer, Y. Hu and M. Nino proofread the latest versions.
I am proud to announce that I’m the receipt of the 2016 State
University of New York Chancellor’s Award of Excellence in Teaching. It
would not have been possible without our collective efforts.
Yuefan Deng
Stony Brook, New York
January 1, 2017
Contents
PREFACE ................................................................................................................................... V
CHAPTER 1 FIRST‐ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS ..................................... 1

1.1 DEFINITION OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS.................................................. 1
1.2 SLOPE FIELDS AND SOLUTION CURVES ...................................................... 10
1.3 SEPARATION OF VARIABLES ..................................................................... 13
1.4 FIRST‐ORDER LINEAR DES ...................................................................... 19
1.5 THE SUBSTITUTION METHODS ................................................................. 27
1.5.1 Polynomial Substitution ........................................................... 27
1.5.2 Homogeneous DEs ....................................................................29
1.5.3 Bernoulli DEs .............................................................................30
1.6 RICCATI DES .......................................................................................... 38
1.7 THE EXACT DES...................................................................................... 43
1.8 SUMMARY............................................................................................... 65
CHAPTER 2 MATHEMATICAL MODELS.................................................................... 68

2.1 NEWTON’S LAW OF COOLING ................................................................... 68
2.2 TORRICELLI’S LAW FOR DRAINING ............................................................ 72
2.3 THE POPULATION MODEL ........................................................................ 79
2.3.1 Introduction ..............................................................................79
2.3.2 General Population Equation ................................................... 80
2.3.3 The Logistic Equation ...............................................................82
2.3.4 Doomsday vs. Extinction .......................................................... 86
2.4 ACCELERATION‐VELOCITY MODEL............................................................ 92
2.4.1 Newton’s Laws of Motion ......................................................... 92
2.4.2 Velocity and Acceleration Models ............................................ 94
2.4.3 Air Resistance Model ................................................................ 95
2.4.4 Gravitational Acceleration ..................................................... 113
2.5 WINDY DAY PLANE LANDING................................................................. 123
2.6 A SWIMMER’S PROBLEM ........................................................................ 131
2.7 RIVER FERRYBOAT‐DOCKING PROBLEM .................................................. 136
2.8 EQUATION FOR COMPOUND INTEREST .................................................... 141
CHAPTER 3 LINEAR DEs OF HIGHER ORDER ......................................................149

3.1 CLASSIFICATIONS OF LINEAR DES .......................................................... 149
3.2 LINEAR INDEPENDENCE......................................................................... 155
3.3 HOMOGENEOUS DES ............................................................................. 164
3.3.1 DEs with Constant Coefficients .............................................. 164
3.3.2 DEs with Variable Coefficients ............................................... 175
3.4 INHOMOGENEOUS LINEAR DES .............................................................. 187
3.4.1 Method of Undetermined Coefficients .................................. 187
3.4.2 Variation of Parameters ......................................................... 197
CHAPTER 4 SYSTEMS OF LINEAR DEs ...................................................................211
4.1 BASICS OF SYSTEM OF DES .................................................................... 211
4.2 FIRST‐ORDER SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS ............................................ 214
4.2.1 One Block and One Spring ...................................................... 214
4.2.2 Two Blocks and Two Springs ................................................. 216
4.2.3 Kirchhoff Circuit Laws ............................................................ 217
4.3 THE SUBSTITUTION METHOD ................................................................. 222
4.4 THE OPERATOR METHOD ...................................................................... 227
4.5 THE EIGEN‐ANALYSIS METHOD ............................................................. 232
4.6 EXAMPLES OF SYSTEMS OF DES .............................................................. 256
4.6.1 Predator‐prey DEs .................................................................. 256
4.6.2 Cascade of Tanks..................................................................... 259
CHAPTER 5 LAPLACE TRANSFORMS ......................................................................262
5.1 LAPLACE TRANSFORMS ......................................................................... 262
5.2 PROPERTIES OF LAPLACE TRANSFORMS .................................................. 264
5.2.1 Laplace Transforms for Polynomials .................................... 265
5.2.2 The Translator Property......................................................... 268
5.2.3 Transforms of Step and Delta Functions ...............................272
5.2.4 The t‐multiplication Property ................................................ 276
5.2.5 Periodic Functions ..................................................................279
5.2.6 Differentiation and Integration Property ..............................280
5.3 INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORMS ............................................................ 285
5.4 THE CONVOLUTION OF TWO FUNCTIONS ................................................. 290
5.5 APPLICATIONS ...................................................................................... 295
APPENDIX A SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS ............................................................... 315

CHAPTER 1 FIRST‐ORDER DES ........................................................................ 315
1.1 Definition of DEs..............................................................................315
1.2 Slope Fields and Solution Curves ................................................... 320
1.3 Separation of Variables ...................................................................321
1.4 First‐Order Linear DEs....................................................................327
1.5 Substitution Methods ......................................................................337
1.6 Riccati DEs .......................................................................................357
1.7 The Exact DEs ..................................................................................364
CHAPTER 2 MATHEMATICAL MODELS .............................................................. 376
2.1 Newton’s Law of Cooling ................................................................376
2.2 Torricelli’s Law for Draining .......................................................... 377
2.3 Population Model ............................................................................385
2.4 Acceleration‐Velocity Model .......................................................... 393
2.5 Windy Day Plane Landing ...............................................................413
2.6 A Swimmer’s Problem.....................................................................422
2.7 River Ferryboat‐Docking Problem ................................................. 424
2.8 Equation for Compound Interest ................................................... 427
CHAPTER 3 LINEAR DES OF HIGHER ORDER ..................................................... 435
3.1 Classification of Linear DEs ............................................................ 435
3.2 Linear Independence ......................................................................437
3.3 Homogeneous DEs ..........................................................................444
3.4 Inhomogeneous Linear DEs............................................................ 458
CHAPTER 4 SYSTEMS OF LINEAR DES ............................................................... 481
4.1 Basics of System of DEs...................................................................481
4.2 First‐Order Systems and Applications........................................... 482
4.3 Substitution Method ....................................................................... 487
4.4 The Operator Method ..................................................................... 493
4.5 The Eigen‐Analysis Method ............................................................ 501
4.6 Examples of Systems....................................................................... 509
CHAPTER 5 LAPLACE TRANSFORMS ................................................................. 510
5.2 Properties of Laplace Transforms ................................................. 510
5.3 Inverse Laplace Transforms ........................................................... 516
5.4 The Convolution of Two Functions................................................ 519
5.5 Applications ..................................................................................... 521
APPENDIX B LAPLACE TRANSFORMS ......................................................................547
SELECTED LAPLACE TRANSFORMS ................................................................... 547
SELECTED PROPERTIES OF LAPLACE TRANSFORMS ............................................ 548
APPENDIX C BASIC FORMULAS ..................................................................................551

APPENDIX D ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................................................553
REFERENCES....................................................................................................................... 557
INDEX..................................................................................................................................... 559
Chapter 1
First‐Order Differential
Equations
1.1 Definition of Differential Equations
A differential equation DE is a mathematical equation that relates

some functions of one or more variables with their derivatives. A DE
is used to describe changing quantities and it plays a major role in
quantitative studies in many disciplines such as all fields of
engineering, physical sciences, life sciences, and economics.
Examples
Are they DEs or not?
0 No
1
Chapter 1 First‐Order Differential Equations
′ 0 Yes Here ′
′ ′ 0 Yes Here ′ and ′
′′ Yes Here ′
To solve a DE is to express the solution of the unknown function the

dependent variable or DV in mathematical terms without the
derivatives.
Examples
0
′ is not a solution
is a solution
In general, there are two common ways in solving DEs: analytically

and numerically. Most DEs, difficult to solve by analytical methods,
must be “solved” by using numerical methods, although many DEs
are too stiff to solve by numerical techniques. Solving DEs by
numerical methods is a different subject requiring basic knowledge
of computer programming and numerical analysis; this book focuses
on introducing analytical methods for solving very small families of
DEs that are truly solvable. Although the DEs are quite simple, the
solution methods are not and the essential solution steps and
terminologies involved are fully applicable to much more
complicated DEs.
Classification of DEs
Classification of DEs is itself another subject in studying DEs. We will
introduce classifications and terminologies to make the contents of
the book flow but one may still need to look up terms undefined here
or abbreviations introduced at the end of the book. First, we
introduce the terms of dependent variables DVs and independent
2
variables IVs of functions. A DV represents the output or effect

while the IV represents the input or the cause. Truly, a DE is an
equation that relates these two variables. A DE may have more than
one variable for each and the DE with one IV and one DV is called an
ordinary differential equation or ODE. The ODE, or simply referred
to as DE, is the object of our book. Continuing, you understand why
this 1‐to‐1 relationship is called ordinary. A DE that has one DV and
2 IVs, 1‐to‐N relationship, is called a partial differential equation
or PDE. Studying PDEs, out of the scope of this book, requires solid
understanding of partial derivatives and, more desirably, full
knowledge of multiple variable calculus. By now, you certainly want
to see two other types of DEs. With 2 DVs and 1 IV, you may
compose an N‐to‐1 system of ODEs. Similarly, with 2 DVs
and 2 IVs, you may compose an N‐to‐M system of PDEs. We
have several other classifications to categorize DEs.
Order of DEs
The order of a DE is determined by the highest order derivative of
the DV and sometimes we interchangeably call it unknown
function . If you love to generalize things, algebraic equations AE
may be classified as 0th order DEs as there are no derivatives for the
unknowns in the AEs.
Examples
Determine the orders of the following DEs.
1st‐order 1st.O DE:
0 1.1
0 1.2
2nd‐order 2nd.O DE:
0 1.3
0 1.4
3
nth‐order nth.O DE:
′′ 0 1.5
5 0 1.6
Definition Examples
ODE:
ODEs ODEs contain only one IV.
vs. PDEs contain two or PDE:
PDEs more IVs.
First‐order
The highest order of the 1st.O :
derivatives of the DVs ′
Order of DEs
determines the order of Second‐order
the DEs 2nd.O :
′′
A DE containing Linear:
Linear
nonlinear term s for the ′
vs. DVs is a nonlinear DE Nonlinear:
regardless of the nature ′′
Nonlinear
of the IVs
4
A 1st‐order 1st.O DE
, ,
0 is Homo DE if both
, and , are 1st.O Homo DE:
homogeneous functions. ′
Otherwise, it is InHomo 1st.O InHomo DE:
Homogeneous DE. ′
vs.
In general, a linear DE of Homo DE:
Inhomogeneous order is a Homo DE if it
cos 0
is of the form InHomo DE:
cos
0
Otherwise, it is InHomo
DE.
Linearity of DEs
DEs can also be classified as linear or nonlinear according to the
linearity of the DVs regardless of the nature of the IVs. A DE that
contains only linear terms for the DV or its derivative s is a linear
DE. Otherwise, a DE that contains at least one nonlinear term for the
DV or its derivative s is a nonlinear DE.
Linear Nonlinear
0 0
0 0
0 0
5
Solutions
A function that satisfies the DE is a solution to that DE. Seeking such
functions is the main objective of the book while composing the DEs,
which may excite engineering majors more, is the secondary
objective of this book.
Solutions can also be classified into several categories, for example,
general solutions GS , particular solutions PS , and singular
solutions SS . A GS, i.e., a complete solution, is the set of all solutions
to the DE and it can usually be expressed in a function with arbitrary
constant s . A PS is a subset of the GS whose arbitrary constant s
are determined by the initial conditions ICs or the boundary
conditions BCs or both. An SS is a solution that is singular. In a less
convoluted definition, an SS is one for which the DE, or the initial
value problem IVP or the Cauchy problem, fails to have a unique
solution at some point in the solution. The set in which the solution
is singular can be a single point or the entire real line.
Examples
Try to guess the solutions of the following DEs:
1 ′ 0
2 ′
3 ′′ 0
4 ′′ sin
5 ′′ sin where, in general,
As briefly mentioned before, there are several methods to find the

solutions of DEs. This book covers the first of the two common
methods, i.e., analytical method and numerical method.
1. To obtain analytical closed form solutions.
Only a small percentage of linear DEs and a few special
nonlinear DEs are simple enough to allow findings of analytical
solutions. There are two major types: the exact methods and the
approximation methods. Examples of the exact methods are 1
6
method of undetermined coefficients MUC ; 2 integrating

factor IF method; 3 method of separation of variables SOV ;
and 4 variation of parameters VOP . The examples of the
approximation but convergent methods are 1 successive
approximations; 2 series methods including power series
methods and the generalized Fourier series methods; 3
multiple scale analysis; and 4 perturbation methods.
2. To obtain numerical solutions.
Most DEs in science, engineering, and finance are too
complicated to allow findings of analytical solutions and
numerical methods are the only viable alternatives for
approximate numerical solutions. Unfortunately, most DEs that
are of vital importance for practical purposes belong to this type.
Indeed, every rose has its thorn. To solve DEs numerically, one
must acquire a different set of skills: numerical analysis and
computer programming. The types of numerical methods for DEs
are too numerous to name. For ODEs, the examples are the Euler
method and the general linear methods such as Runge‐Kutta
methods and the linear multi‐step method. For PDEs, the
examples are finite difference methods and finite element
methods.
This book does not cover any of the numerical methods.
Problems
Problem 1.1.1 Verify by substitution that each given function is a solution

to the given DE. Throughout these problems, primes denote derivatives
with respect to wrt .
3 cos 2 , cos cos 2 , sin cos 2
7
Problem 1.1.2 Verify by substitution that each given function is a solution

to the given DE. Throughout these problems, primes denote derivatives
wrt .
2 0, cos ln , sin ln
Problem 1.1.3 A function is described by some geometric

properties of its graph. Write a DE of the form ⁄ , having the
function as its solution or as one of its solutions . The graph of is
normal to every curve of the form is a constant where they
meet.
Problem 1.1.4 Determine by inspection at least one solution to the

DE 3 . That is, use your knowledge of derivatives to make an
intelligent guess and, then, test your hypothesis.
Problem 1.1.5 Determine by inspection at least one solution to the

DE 0. That is, use your knowledge of derivatives to make an
intelligent guess and, then, test your hypothesis.
Problem 1.1.6 Verify by substitution that the given function is a solution to

the given DE. Primes denote derivatives wrt .
1
2 0,
1
Problem 1.1.7 Verify that satisfies the given DE and determine a value
of the constant so that satisfies the given IC.
3 0, exp , 0 7
tan cos , cos , 0
3 1 , tan , 0 1
8
Problem 1.1.10 Verify that satisfies the given DE and determine a

value of the constant so that satisfies the given IC.
1
3 2 , , 2 1
4
Problem 1.1.11 Verify by substitution that the given functions are

solutions of the given DE. Primes denote derivatives wrt .
9 , exp 3 , exp 3
Problem 1.1.12 Verify by substitution that the given functions are

solutions of the given DE. Primes denote derivatives wrt .
exp 1, ln , 0 0
Problem 1.1.13 Verify that satisfies the given DE and determine a

value of the constant so that satisfies the given IC. In the equation
and its solution, is a given constant.
′ 0, exp , 0 2014
9
1.2 Slope Fields and Solution Curves
Geometrical interpretation is an effective way to help understand the

properties of the DEs and their solutions. A solution can be drawn as
a curve, which is called a Solution Curve. A series of lines with the
same slope for each line , such as a family of curves , for
DE , Figure 1.1 are called Isocline, meaning the same
slope. A line in the ‐plane whose slope is , is called a Slope
Curve and a collection of such slope curves forms a Slope Field
Figure 1.2 , aka, the direction field.
Consider a classical example:
2 1.7
whose GS is
exp 1.8
In the ‐plane, we can draw the isocline by selecting a few
appropriate constant values for the following:
2 1.9
and the solution curves with the given solution by selecting a few
constant values .
10
1.2 Slope Fields and Solution Curves
Figure 1.1 Examples of solution curves exp and isocline .
Example 1
Find the isoclines
sin 1.10
Solution
arcsin
arcsin
Example 2
Find the isoclines
1.11
Solution
The isocline equation
,
It is a circle.
11
Figure 1.2 The isoclines for the two examples.
Problems
Problem 1.2.1 Plot the solution curves and slope field for the DE for the
appropriate ranges for variables and
Problem 1.2.2 Plot the solution curves and slope field for the DE for the
appropriate ranges for variables and
2
12
1.3 Separation of Variables
All 1st.O initial value problem IVP , aka, the Cauchy problem, can be
written as
,
1.12
If , can be written as
1.13
Then, the 1st.O IVP is said to be separable.

Solution
1.14
where is a constant determined by the IC .
Example 1A
Find the PS to the following IVP
6
1.15
0 7
Solution
6
ln 3 ln
exp 3
is the GS to 1.15 as shown in Figure 1.3.
13
Applying the IC 0 7, i.e., 0 exp 0 7, we get 7 and the

PS
7 exp 3
Figure 1.3 The GS exp 3 and the SS 0.
Example 1B
Is 0 a solution to DE 6 ?
Solution
If 0, for the given DE, we have
LHS 0
and
RHS 6 6 ⋅0 0
Thus,
LHS RHS
Therefore,
0
is an SS to 6 .
Example 2
Find the PS to the following IVP
4 2
3 5 1.16
1 3
14
Solution
4 2
3 5
3 5 4 2
Integrating both sides, we get the GS
5 4
Applying the IC 1 3, i.e., 3 15 4 1 , we get 9 and the
PS to the IVP is
5 4 9
Example 3
Find the GS to the following DE
0 1.17
Solution
0
1 1
1 1
1 1
where we selected – , instead of the more common , as the integration

constant for minor convenience. Therefore,
1 1
is the GS to the given DE.
Singular Solutions
A singular solution is a solution for which the IVP fails to have a
unique solution at some point on the solution. The domain on which
a solution is singular is weird as it could be a single point or the
15
entire real line. The SS usually appear s when one divides the DE by
a term that might be zero while solving the DE.
Suppose we have a DE
1.18
To solve 1.18 , we divide it by .
1.19
That gives
1.20
Such division is mathematically allowed if and only if 0.

However,
0 1.21
is a solution to the DE because it indeed satisfies the original DE
1.18 . This solution is peculiar and, thus, it is called SS.
Problems
Problem 1.3.1 Find the GS to the following DE

3 2 1 0
Problem 1.3.2 Find the GS implicit if necessary, explicit if convenient of

the following DE. Prime denotes derivatives wrt .
′ 64

the following DE. Prime denotes derivatives wrt . Hint: Factorize the
RHS.
16
′ 1
Problem 1.3.4 Find the explicit PS to the following IVP
exp
0 1

2 cos 2
0 2014

2√ cos
4
4

2 3 exp
0 5

the following DE. Primes denote derivatives wrt .
′ 1 cos

4 5

2 3
1 1

′ 2 sec
17

tan
2 2

1 tan ′

the following DE
3 2
Problem 1.3.15 Find the PS to the following DE

3
1 1
Problem 1.3.16 Find the PS to the following DE

1 cos
0 1

ln
where and are parameters independent of and . If 0
and →∞ , can you express or or both in terms of and
? If so, do it.
18
1.4 First‐Order Linear DEs
All 1st.O linear DEs can be written as

1.22
If 0, the equation is no longer a DE. Thus, we set 0.
If 0, DE 1.22 becomes
1.23
which is a separable DE.
If 0, DE 1.22 becomes
0 1.24
and, after dividing both sides by , we get
1.25
which is also a separable DE.

For a general 1st.O linear DE, we divide both sides 1.22 by ,
1.26
Let
Now, we have
1.27
Let’s now derive the method to solve the general 1st.O linear DE in
the form of 1.27 . The key idea is to absorb the term to a
19
whole derivative by using an IF whose precise composition will

be introduced shortly.
1.28
If we can make the LHS of 1.28

1.29
a whole derivative, 1.28 can be solved easily in terms of .
Equation 1.29 can be written as
1.30
Cancelling ′ on both sides of DE 1.30 , we have
1.31
which is a separable DE with unknown function . To solve this

DE, we have
1.32
ln
Therefore, we have
exp exp 1.33
Since this function can be multiplied by any non‐zero constant
to serve as a factor, without loss of generality while gaining
simplicity, we set 1. The resulting factor
20
exp 1.34
is called the integrating factor IF of DE 1.27 and this IF satisfies

the condition 1.29 . Plugging 1.29 into 1.28 , we have
1.35
i.e.,
1.36
Integrating both sides of DE 1.36 , we get
1.37
Thus, the GS to the DE 1.27 is

1
1.38
Replacing the IF by the given function , we find the GS to

the general 1st.O linear DE as
exp exp 1.39
Now, we outline the steps to solve the 1st.O linear DEs without
memorizing the formula 1.39 .
Step 1: Convert the DE to the standard form
Step 2: Identify
Step 3: Compute the IF
exp 1.40
Step 4: Multiply both sides of the converted DE by the IF
21
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missionary, who can appreciate thy sacrifice? None but those who have
come from a civilized land, where thou hast passed thy early days, and who
now sees thee among the endless forests with no associates save those
wretched savages, can understand the greatness of thy disinterestedness.
During the short summer, a residence may be tolerable, but when the rivers
and lakes are choaked up by ice, the short glimpse he has obtained of his
fellow man, while whirled past in a steamboat, will be denied him. The roar
of the winter wind will shake his cottage, and the wolf will scare him from
his slumbers. But what are earthly joys or sorrows to a child of Christ? His
meat and drink is to do the will of him that sent him, and in return for the
comforts and pleasures of civilized life, he receives a peace ‘the world
cannot give’—a joy, David in all the glory of his kingly life sighed for,
when he prayed ‘Give me the joy of thy salvation.’ A small settlement is
formed at the mouth of Black river, called Port Huron, which is to be the
termination of another canal across the state.
Here we found another vessel waiting for wind. It was the brig Rocky
Mountain, bound to Green Bay, being attached to our other side we passed
‘doubly armed.’ Near the point where the river leaves lake Huron stands
fort Gratiot, an United States military station whose white walls and
buildings, over which the American flag was waving, looked out brightly
from among the dark forest of the Michigan shore. A line of blue coats were
going through their morning drill; and a few cannons looked out fiercely
upon us. A small white Gothic church, and a cottage stood near; the whole
making a pretty cabinet picture. The river now narrowed to a quarter of a
mile, upon each side a point—the American side crowned by a light-house,
and the Canadian by a cluster of Indian cabins. A bark canoe, paddled by
five Indians, pushed off the shore and came after us with the greatest
rapidity, their long black hair flying wildly behind them. Our two vessels
retarded our motion a little, so that the Indians overtook us, and kept at our
side for some distance. They used their paddles with astonishing quickness,
and we were surprised to see them in their ‘light canoe,’ keep pace with our
large steamboat. It was however for a short distance only—they were soon
fatigued with such great exertion, and turned towards the point, and sprang
out, or rather stepped out with the greatest dignity, drew the canoe to the
shore, and then squatted down upon the bank evidently enjoying their race.
I use the above inelegant word, as being very expressive of their posture.
The Indian never sits down as we do—with his feet close beside each other,
and his body erect, he sinks slowly down—his blanket is then thrown over
his head and around his feet, so that nothing is seen except his dark glaring
eyes. Through the narrow pass before mentioned, between the two points,
the waters of Huron run with a swift current. Here we were furnished with
another evidence of the rise of these waters.
An officer of the army and his wife were our fellow voyagers, very
intelligent and agreeable persons. They had been stationed at fort Gratiot a
few years since, and had frequently roved over the beach around the light-
house in search of the pretty silecious pebbles, agate, camelian, and
calcedony, which are often found upon these shores. To their surprise, they
now found their favorite point, ‘curtailed of its fair proportions’ by a rise of
nearly five feet of water. Our steamboat and its two ‘tenders,’ passed
between the points out of St. Clair river, and we found ourselves at once in
a large and shoreless lake, with nothing in front, between us and the bright
blue sky, which touched the green waters in the far horizon beyond. The
transition is so sudden from the narrow opening, to the boundless lake as to
produce a grand and exciting effect. Once out upon the calm waters of
Huron, our two guests were loosened from their tackles, and spreading their
huge wings, they passed one to each shore, and we soon left them far
behind. About an hour after, the bell of our steamboat startled the still lake
with its clamors, denoting the approach of some vessel. We looked out in
time to see the noble steamboat Great Western rush past us as if upon the
wings of a whirlwind. She was on her way from Chicago to Buffalo. Her
bell answered ours, and the deck was crowded with passengers. One of
these standing alone by himself, and taking his hat off attracted our notice
and we discovered in him an old acquaintance from New York. These
meetings in a distant land are very interesting, carrying our feelings at once
to the home we had left. This steamboat is one of the largest upon the lakes,
is finished in a style of great elegance, and is said to be as long as the
English steamship of the same name.
This whole day since ten o’clock—we have been passing through Huron
under a cloudless sky. The lake is two hundred and fifty-five miles long,
and its waters are of a deeper tint than those we have passed, owing to its
great depth, as we are sailing over nine hundred feet of water, while in some
places it is said to be unfathomable. The color is a dark olive almost black,
and it is only when the sun shines through the waves that we can perceive
they are green. The cause of the various colors of water has produced many
a hypothesis. Sir Humphry Davy tells us the primitive color of water is like
the sky, a delicate azure.[13] He says ‘the finest water is that which falls
from the atmosphere—this we can rarely obtain in its pure state, as all
artificial contact gives more or less of contamination; but, in snow melted
by the sunbeams that has fallen upon glaciers, themselves formed from
frozen snow, may be regarded as in its state of greatest purity. Congelation
expels both salt and air from water whether existing below, or formed in the
atmosphere; and in the high and uninhabited region of glaciers, there can
scarcely be any substances to contaminate. Removed from animal and
vegetable life, they are even above the mineral kingdom.’ Water from
melted snow, then considered as the purest, Sir Humphrey goes on to
describe its color. ‘When a mass is seen through, it is a bright blue, and
according to its greater or less depth of substance, it has more or less of this
color.’ ‘In general when examining lakes and masses of water in high
mountains, their color is the same bright azure. Capt. Parry states that water
in the Polar ice has the like beautiful tint.’ The brown, green, and other
colors of rivers he imputes to substances over which they flow, as peat
bogs, vegetable and mineral substances. He allows the sea cannot be
colored from any thing upon the bottom, but imputes the tint to the infusion
of iodine, and brome which he has detected in sea water, the result of
decayed marine vegetables. Of this primitive water are our lakes formed,
originating as they do in regions of snow and ice. Lake Superior, from
whence they flow, is a vast basin of trap rock, of volcanic origin.[14] It is
the most magnificent body of water in the world, five hundred miles long,
and nine hundred deep, and perfectly pellucid. Into this pure, and originally,
azure primitive water, there flow forty rivers, upon the south side alone,
according to Mr. McKenney of the Indian department, who counted this
number from St. Mary’s to the river St. Louis. These rivers he tells us are
all amber colored. Why then may not these yellow rivers flowing into blue
water, produce green. You see I like to hazard a hypothesis as well as
others. I hope you will not call this absurd. Col. McKenney himself,
imputes the green color to reflection of the ‘rays of light passing through
the foliage of the shores, conveying their own green hue unto the surface of
the water from which they are reflected.’ This might be the case in small
rivers or lakes, but it cannot thus tint such a vast extent of water. A writer in
the American Journal of Science, is of opinion the color of water is
reflected from the sky, and is blue, dull, black, or golden, as the sky may be
—and that ‘green is produced in water, by the yellow light of the sun mixed
with the cerulean blue through which it shines.’ On the contrary the Count
Xavier de Maistre,[15] does not impute the color of water to any infused
substance, nor to reflection from above, but reflection from the surface
below, ‘as the blue color of the sky is owing to reflection from the earth
beneath.’ ‘Limpid waters, when they have sufficient depth,’ says the Count,
reflect like air, a blue color from below,—and this arises from a mixture of
air, which water always contains to a greater or lesser amount. This blue
color, being the primitive hue of water is sometimes clouded or lost by
earthy infusion, or reflections from a colored sky. The green tinge which he
sometimes observed in water, he tells us, is occasioned by reflection from a
white surface below. This he proves by his experiment of a sheet of tin
painted white let down beneath the water—and his description of the water
in the beautiful limestone grotto, on the shore of the Mediteranian at Capri.
The green tint observed in the ocean is only seen when it is so shallow, as to
reflect the sun’s rays from the earth beneath it.
As the States surrounding these lakes are more or less underlaid by
limestone, we may suppose the bottoms of the waters are in some places
paved with it; and from this, or the shores under the water and around it,
may be reflected, according to the Count’s theory, the light which gives the
water a green appearance. But I will not trouble you with any more
speculations; they come with an ill grace from me who only pretend to
describe all that passes before my eyes.
In the afternoon we were off Saginaw bay, an indentation in the coast of
Michigan running seventy or eighty miles deep and forty wide, making the
lake here very broad; in one spot we were out of sight of the land. A river of
the same name flows into the bay, upon which, about twenty-three miles
from its mouth, is a small town. A canal is proposed from this bay, across
the state to lake Michigan, at Grand or Washtenog river. How shall I convey
to you an idea of the loveliness which sat upon earth, air, and water this
afternoon! Certainly that sunset upon lake Huron is the most beautiful I
have ever beheld. The vast and fathomless lake, bounded by the heavens
alone, presented an immense circle, ‘calm as a molten looking-glass,’—to
quote from my favorite Job—surrounded by a band of fleecy clouds,
making a frame work of chased silver. Slowly and gracefully sank the orb,
the white clouds gently dispersing at his approach, and leaving their
monarch a free and glorious path. As he drew near that chrystal floor, all
brilliancy faded from the face of the lake, save one bright pathway from the
sun to us—like the bridge of Giamschid leading from earth to heaven. The
sun which I had always been accustomed to see above, was now below me,
near the water, on the water, under the water! A veil of purple is thrown
over it, and now the sun sleeps on lake Huron. The gold and rose which
painted the western sky have gone. Darkness has stolen over the world
below, and we turn our eyes above. What a high and noble dome of
loveliest blue! Upon one side there hangs a crescent of the purest pearly
white, while at its side steals forth one silver star, soon followed, as, saith
Ezekiel, by ‘all the bright lights of heaven,’ until night’s star-embroidered
drapery is canopied around us. What bosom is insensible to this gorgeous
firmament? Who hath not felt the ‘sweet influence of the Pleiades’ while
gazing at this starry roof above? I wish I could make you a piece of poetry
upon this subject, but as there is enough already composed upon the stars, I
will send you a bit of Byron and tell you—
Blue roll the waters—blue the sky
Spreads like an ocean hung on high,
Bespangled with those isles of light,
So wildly spiritually bright,
Whoever gazed upon them shining,
And turned to earth without repining.
Do you remember that little hymn our old nurse used to teach us in our
childhood:
Twinkle, twinkle, pretty star

Can’t you tell us what you are,
Up above the world so high
Like a diamond in the sky.
Yes, from childhood to manhood, we wish to penetrate into the mysteries of

those golden regions, and ever ask them to tell us ‘what you are.’ We see
them gem the night with their lustrous beauty; we watch them as they pace
their azure courts, and lose ourselves in high imaginings, too vast for us,
while earth still keeps our souls its prisoner. How much deeper must be the
interest with which the astrologer of old followed them in their ‘golden
tracks.’ In them he read his destiny, and thought to see the scenes of earth
reflected in their light. How must he have gazed upon them, as their rays
paled or brightened, while reading in them ‘the fate of man and empires.’
Man’s efforts to penetrate the mysteries of these glorious creations have not
been all in vain. The Almighty architect, from time to time, graciously
bestows upon him, knowledge of ‘parts of his ways.’ How much more has
been vouchsafed to us than to the early nations. Looking back through the
vista of the past, we shall see great men appear, as ‘stars to rule the night’ of
our darkness and tell us of creation’s mysteries. Solomon, Ptolemy,
Gallileo, Copernicus, Tycho Brahe, Paschal, Newton, Herschel, with a host
of satellites, have been graciously shown the book of knowledge, to light
man’s pathway through the earth, and enlarge his ideas of the magnificence
and the benevolence of his Creator. ‘In the beginning,’ it did not enter into
God’s purpose to tell mankind more of the starry host, than that they were
‘lights to rule the night,’ and for ‘signs and for seasons;’ now see what
amazing things have been shown to us. We know they are worlds like our
own, filled with mountains and seas; having night and day, summer and
winter. We see their fields, now white with snow, now dark with returning
vegetation. How our hearts bound with hopes of future knowledge; and
imagine the time will come, when we can gaze upon their landscapes, and
‘listen to the hum of their mighty population.’[16] We have seen nature in all
its power and grandeur, while tossed on Erie’s waves, or listening to the
thunder of Niagara; but here she is at rest in all her quiet loveliness; and
would her worshippers behold her in her fairest mood, let them come and
gaze at evening on lake Huron.
July 4th.—The sun and I arose at the same time. When I left my state-
room, as if waiting to greet me, it arose majestically from the bosom of the
water, flooding the lake with light. No land was descried upon the east, but
we were near the Michigan shore off Thunder bay. The Shanewaging
islands which stretch across it were distinctly visible, and presented various
beauties of shape and tint. All trace of man has now disappeared, for the
northern part of Michigan has never been settled owing to the intense cold
of the winters. We have passed a long line of coast without any inhabitant
(except a forlorn woodman’s hut in one spot) stretching for two hundred
and fifty miles, covered with boundless forests, in whose green recesses
there are paths ‘which no fowl knoweth, and which the vultures eye hath
not seen.’ Here is the home of the bear, the elk, and the moose-deer—and
upon the aspen, oak, and maple trees, sport the blue bird, the robin, and
yellow hammer, undisturbed by the foot of man. We have now past the
bounds of civilization, and our vessel is the only spot of life in this vast
region of forest and water.
From the entrance of Lake Huron to Mackinac, there were but two
places where man was visible. At the mouth of the Zappa river soon after
entering the lake, there is a cabin where a woodman resides in the summer
season to supply the steamboats; and at Presque Isle where we stopped in
the afternoon there is another cluster of cabins, and woodpiles. Our Captain
did not stop at this latter place, as he did not like their wood, it being chiefly
swamp ash. The shore is low, covered with trees, having below, a beach of
yellow sand, until just before coming in sight of Michilimackinac when the
land becomes a little elevated. Ten miles this side of the last mentioned
place, we passed Boisblanc, a large wooded island, taking its name of
‘white wood’ from the silver barked birch tree. This island belongs to
government, and its only inhabitants, save a few straggling Ottowas are the
family of the light-house keeper whose pretty tenement, and stately light-
house, appear upon a projecting point. There is also a farm upon the island
given by government to the Missionaries of Michilimackinac, who
sometimes maintain a farmer upon it. O Mackinaw, thou lonely island, how
shall I describe thy various beauties! certainly for situation, history, and
native loveliness, it is the most interesting island in our States. We approach
it through an avenue of islands, Drummond and Manitoulin, dimly seen on
our east, and Boisblanc, and Round, in our western side. Stretching across
our path, far away in front of us, is Mackinaw, painted against the clear blue
sky. The island of Michilimackinac, or Mackinaw, or Mackinac as it is
commonly spelt and pronounced, is a high and bold bluff of limestone
about three hundred feet above the water, covered with verdure. Its name
signifies in the Indian tongue great turtle, as it is something of the figure of
this animal. At the foot of the bluff are strewed the buildings of the town.
Among the most conspicuous of these are, the agency house and gardens,
residence of Mr. Schoolcraft, Indian Agent—and the church and mission
house. Along the beach were several Indian wigwams, while numerous
pretty bark canoes were going and coming, as this is the Indian stopping
place. A very beautiful, and conspicuous object was the United States fort,
presenting at a distance the appearance of a long white line of buildings
inserted, into the top of the island high above the town. As we approached,
its picturesque block-houses and the pretty balconied residences of the
officers, came out to view, having the banner of the ‘stripes and stars’
waving over them. While gazing at this fair picture, suddenly a brilliant
flame, and volumes of white smoke arose above the fort, while a booming
sound told us they were firing their mid-day salute in honor of the day. This
added much to the beauty and grandeur of the scene. As our boat was to
remain there for some hours, we disembarked and ascended to the fort to
visit our friends the commanding officer and his family. We found them
sitting upon their balcony, looking down upon the newly arrived steamboat.
After the first greetings and mutual enquiries were over, we were shown all
it was thought would interest us.
The view from our friend’s balcony was beautiful in the extreme. The
bay in front, the lovely islands around covered with a luxurious vegetation
—the town spread out at our feet—the Indian lodges, and the canoes
skimming the bright waters, each called forth our expressions of
admiration. Passing into the interior of the fort, and through the fine parade
ground and a large gateway, we found ourselves upon the summit of the
island. Our path lay through copses of white birch, maple, and various other
trees, and over green sward covered with strawberries and a variety of wild
flowers. Our friends kindly gathered for me a variety of these, among which
was a fine scarlet lilium superbum, blue bells, and kinni kanic, or Indian
tobacco, and a pretty plant called Indian strawberry. Suddenly the silver
tones of woman’s voice, sounded near, and in a fairy dell we came upon a
tent, surrounded by a party of ladies and gentlemen, busily engaged
preparing for a fete in honor of the day. Among them was the daughter of
our host, and some of the celebrated family of S——t. We were presented
to the party, and were quite chagrined our limited time would not permit us
to accept their invitation to remain and partake of their festivities. The grace
and beauty of Mrs. S——t made great impression upon us. To me she was
peculiarly interesting from the fact of her being descended from the native
lords of the forest; for you know I have always taken the greatest interest in
the fate of our Indian tribes. From the accent, the deep brunette of her
smooth skin, and her dark hair and eyes, I should have taken her for a
Spanish lady. From the tent we wound our way up to a high peak of the
island. When near the summit, we left a grove, and saw before us one of the
most picturesque and singular objects imaginable. It was a high arched rock
of white limestone, stretching across a chasm before us, making a pretty
natural bridge, through which we gazed far down into the waves of Huron,
at least two hundred feet below. The surprise, the beauty and novelty of this
striking object, brought forth expressions of admiration from us. The white
arch was adorned with tufts of wild flowers, and shrubbery. Ascending the
arch, we gazed down upon the white beach below, whose pebbles could be
here distinctly seen under the limpid water although many feet deep—and
out upon the fair waters, and the pretty islands, which
“——Like rich and various gems inlay

The unadorned bosom of the deep.”
We were obliged to be satisfied with a hasty view of this charming

scene, as our time was limited; and we turned reluctantly towards our boat,
without visiting the ruins of fort Holmes, upon the high summit of the
island. While passing through the town we observed several antique houses
which had been erected by the French, who first settled this place in sixteen
hundred and seventy three.
These are frail delapidated buildings, covered with roofs of bark. Upon
the beach a party of Indians had just landed, and we stood while they took
down their blanket sail, and hauled their birch bark canoe about twenty feet
long, upon the shore. These are the Menominies or wild rice eaters, the
ugliest Indians I had ever seen—also Winebagoes, with dark skin, low
foreheads and shaggy hair, and having no pretentions to dress. I saw a chief
however afterwards who was gaily bedizened with tinsel, beads, and paint,
having one side of his face a light pea green, and the other cheek scarlet.
We watched them erect their lodges which was done very soon—a few
poles were placed in a circle, one end of each stood in the earth, while the
others met at the top—coarse matting was folded around these, leaving an
opening for a door, over which a blanket was hung. Some matting being
spread upon the floor inside, the children and moveables were placed
inside, and the canoe drawn up near it. We visited some of the shops and
laid up a store of Indian articles, which are made by these poor people and
sold here. Among them were small baskets called Mococks, made of birch
bark embroidered with porcupine quills, stained different colors—this was
filled with maple sugar. It is pleasant to meet friends so far from home, but I
think the pleasure is almost counterbalanced by the pain of parting. This we
felt keenly, when the planks had withdrawn, and our friends had been
forced to leave us, as we gazed after them winding their way up to the fort,
the shores, and waters around seemed more desolate, more lonely than
before.
Just before the steamboat started we had an opportunity of judging of the
boasted transparency of this water, its depth having prevented this on our
voyage. I looked down into it from the boat, where it was twenty feet deep,
and could scarcely believe there was anything but air between us and those
shining pebbles below. We had also an opportunity of hearing some Indian
music. Upon the shore sat a group of unearthly beings, one of whom struck
several taps upon a sort of drum, accompanied by the others, in what
sounded like a wolf recitative—at the end of this all united in a yell which
dyed away over the lake, much in the style of a howling blast accompanied
by the shrieks of a drowning traveller. Our fishing party left us here to go
up the Sault St. Mary, into lake Superior, spending their summer days
among the picturesque scenery of that magnificent lake. We bade adieu with
much regret to this pretty island, whose green terraces, fort and picturesque
town, Indian lodges, and light canoes, made a beautiful scene—but the most
interesting point in the view, was that white handkerchief waving farewell
from the fortress balcony.
This island is 615 miles from Buffalo; 319 from Detroit. There are water
marks upon the rocks 200 feet above the lake, proving the water had once
stood so high. The scenery here has been prettily described by an author of
talent, Mrs. Jameson; but, as much pleased as I was with her book, I must
regret she came here under such circumstances. It is with reluctance I
censure one so gifted, but it is with a view of warning you, and my young
friends to whom I know you will show my letters, against errors to which
the very witchery of her genius would blind you. However passionate a
desire you may entertain for the picturesque, I hope you may never leave
the protection of your friends and wander in search of it alone. May your
curiosity to see great men never lead you to invade the retreat of a world
hating bachelor; and may you never stray in wild forests, through storms
and tempests, with no companion save a rude Indian, or a ‘bronzed,
brawney, unshaven, back-woodsman,’ ‘very much like a bear upon his hind
legs,’ and you ‘a poor, lonely, shivering woman.’ I quote her words. You
had better be a ‘tarry at home traveller,’ or write ‘voyages around my own
room.’ If you do thus, you must expect the ladies where you visit will look
‘formal and alarmed,’ as she tells us the ladies of Toronto looked upon her.
But now I have done scolding and will pursue my journey. Upon a green
slope of the Michigan shore, a pile of ruins were pointed out as the site of
old fort Mackinac, which was taken by Pontiac with a stratagem and
afterwards every one within were massacred. How must those unfortunates
have felt, upon this desolate shore, hundreds of miles away from their
country, and at the mercy of savages. A band of Chippewa’s or Ojibwa’s
were just passing in canoes thirty feet in length. This tribe stands higher in
rank than the others, and their language, like the French, is the polite tongue
among the Indian tribes. They have a ruler whose office has been hereditary
for ages. He is called Mudjikiwis, and they pride themselves much upon his
and their own rank and lineage. There is an anecdote, related by
Schoolcraft, of one of this tribe, which, if you have never seen, will amuse
you. Chi Waishki, alias the Buffalo, was presented by the commissioners of
the treaty of Fond du Lac, with a medal as a badge of distinction. ‘What
need have I of this?’ he said haughtily. ‘It is known whence I am
descended!’ These canoes are the prettiest and lightest things imaginable.
They are formed of the bark of the birch tree, sewn together with a thread
made from fine roots of cedar split. The bark is soaked to make it more
pliable. Sometimes they are very gaily painted and ornamented. The
paddles are of light wood. Our Captain placed before us at dinner a very
fine lake trout, which he had purchased at Mackinaw. It was two feet long,
and very delicious. Fine salmon are also taken in these lakes. We were now
upon the great lake Michigan, which stretches from here three hundred and
twenty miles, to the Illinois shore, and is nine hundred feet deep. Our
course lay near the Michigan shore, which presented high bluffs and points
of limestone, with banks of pebbles, and high jagged hills, or dunes of sand.
These pebbles and sand are said to be thrown up by the north-western
winds, but I should rather imagine them left up by the floods which have
swept over the land. Upon our right were Fox and Beaver isles, beyond
which, Green bay runs into Wisconsin, one hundred and three miles. This
northern shore of Michigan is uninhabited, and covered with dense forests.
The ledges and masses of white limestone upon some of these islands
looked like fortresses or other buildings.
July 5th.—Sunday upon the lake. When I left my cabin, I found the
morning was misty, and the sun looking like the yolk of an egg, was
bobbing up and down upon the water. It had just peeped above the waves,
which, dashing about, sometimes obscured it from our view. We were lying
at one of the Manitou islands, taking in wood. This is a pretty crescent
shape islet, covered with trees. In the centre we were told is a lake which is
unfathomable, and supposed to be connected with lake Michigan. It is filled
with the large trout, salmon and white fish of the lakes. There is a
woodman’s hut, and several large piles of wood upon the shore. ‘Oh that the
woodman would spare those trees.’ Soon the pretty island will be denuded
and forlorn. It is a sacred island—the Indians imagining it to be the
residence of their Manitou, never dare to land there, as they believe such an
intrusion would be followed by the anger of their Deity. One Indian, who
despised such superstition ventured upon the shore, and was never heard of
since. The forests and lake in the interior, they imagine is the abode of the
blessed after death, whose hours will there pass in hunting and fishing. The
Manitoulin islands in lake Huron, are also sacred; but they are much larger
than these, one of them being fifty-five miles in length. I secured a handful
of pebbles from the shore, which, like those of other lakes, are agate,
chalcedony and other sileceous minerals. Upon the shores of lake Superior
these are found very fine, mixed with trachte, lava, and other volcanic
rocks, and with masses of native copper. I had brought with me a package
of well selected tracks, which I opened this morning, and laid a few upon
the table of the ladies saloon. Soon after, a pretty little girl knocked at my
state-room door, saying her mother wished to know if I had any more tracts,
as she should like to read one. I asked her where were those I laid upon the
table? those, she replied, some ladies were reading. I gave her several. The
chambermaid next appeared begging for some; and then the cabin boy came
with the same request. While I was selecting one which I thought might suit
him, I observed a brawny dusky figure, with his shirt sleeves rolled up, and
his person begrimed with soot and smoke, gazing earnestly towards us.
‘That’s Tom, one of the fire-men,’ said the cabin boy with a snigger; ‘he
heard you had books to lend and wants one dreadfully.’ I beckoned to him,
and he came forward with alacrity, while behind him I discerned several
other ‘grim visaged’ beings peeping out from their compartment towards
us. I gave him a package to distribute among his fellows; and during the day
had the pleasure of observing the greater part of the crew and passengers
busily engaged with my books. During our long voyage, those who had
books had read them out, and those who had none, were getting very weary,
so that they eagerly received any thing in the shape of reading. But some of
them, I trust, read them for the sake of the benefit they hoped to receive
from their contents. It was a source of great satisfaction to behold so many
persons engaged in themes of high import to their soul’s best interest. These
seeds were sown with a prayer for their success; and who can tell what
immortal plants may spring up in some of their hearts, growing to a tree of
life, and bearing fruit to flourish in the garden of paradise. Let me urge you
never to travel without these, or other useful books to distribute on your
way—like the girl in the fairy tale of our youth, shedding gems and
treasures in your path. There is no library in this boat as upon our Hudson
and Eastern steamboats, and we were often amused with the alacrity with
which our books were snatched up when we laid them down for a strole, or
to look at some object upon the shores. When we returned we were always
sure to receive them again, and felt no vexation, as we knew they meant no
impoliteness, and would be willing to lend us their own in return. My
companion had never been used to such socialisms in his country, and was
quite amused at this free and easy sort of thing. Our books were some of
them French, and upon one occasion we found them in the hands of a
simple hearted son of the forest, to whom books were so rare a treasure he
could not resist examining them. He returned it with a smile, and said,
shaking his head, ‘how you can make any sense out of that I can’t see, for I
cannot read a word of it.’
We lost sight of the Michigan shore at ten o’clock, and stretched across
the lake towards the Wisconsin coast, which we first saw at four o’clock P.
M., thus being nearly all day out of the sight of land. This may give you an
idea of the vastness of these lakes. Wisconsin, or Ouisconsin, or Wiskonsan,
here presents a high bank, called ‘red banks,’ from the color of the soil,
covered with forests, and showing no trace of man, except at the mouth of
the river Sheboygan, two hundred and twenty miles from Mackinaw, where
is a small settlement called by the name of the river.
Fifty miles from Sheboygan we stopped at the town of Milwaukie,
towards which the tide of emigration has been rapidly flowing. As the bay
is crossed by a bar, our large boat could not enter, and a small steamboat
took from us much of our merchandise and most of our emigrants. We did
not go on shore, but contented ourselves with seeing the town from the
boat. It looked neat, with some comfortable dwellings, several shops, hotel,
court house, &c. It stands upon the Milwaukie river. Its population is 1,000.
Several rail-roads and canals are in contemplation from this place across the
territory, as rail-roads to Winnebago lake; from Belmont to Dubuque; from
Belmont to Dodgeville in the mine district; a canal from Milwaukie to the
Black river, and another through the Fox and Wisconsin to the Mississippi.
Wisconsin will be soon covered with a dense population, as it is now a
favorite point for emigration. The soil is very rich, from one to ten feet
deep, the surface undulating prairie and woodland, consisting of 100,000
square miles of fertile land. The grassy plains make fine pasture lands, and
the lakes and rivers produce abundance of fish, and give great
manufacturing power. Lakes Superior and Michigan, and the river
Mississippi surround three sides, thus enabling them to send their produce
to market. Flour, rye, corn, barley, white-fish, and many other articles have
been exported this year. Their lead mines are very rich, and their valuable
forests of pine trees will be another source of wealth. These growing to the
height of one hundred and eighty or two hundred feet, crown the heights of
the northern region of the country, which is mountainous, containing
several waterfalls, one of which is two hundred and fifty feet in height. The
scenery is very picturesque. Madison, the capital, is a pretty, thriving town,
surrounded by four transparent lakes, upon the shore of one of which it is
situated; it sometimes goes by the poetical appellation of ‘city of the four
lakes.’ When the roads and canals are formed, Wisconsin will soon become
a thoroughfare to the Mississippi and the vast regions beyond; and those
who have ‘the world before them,’ cannot make a better choice than this.
Here we left our Buffalo hunters. Racine is a town twenty-two miles below
Milwaukie. The houses looked new, and were arranged in rows upon the
high green bank. The court-house was quite showy, having a portico in
front, with pillars reaching to the roof, which was painted red, surmounted
by a tin cupola. It stands at the mouth of Root river. We were now again in
sight of Michigan, as the lake grows narrower towards the end. We have
passed completely around this state, it being in the shape of a triangle. It is
destined to be a great and flourishing State, surrounded as it is by the lakes,
crossed by rivers, canals, and railroads, and covered by a rich soil. It is two
hundred and eighty miles long by one hundred and eighty, and covers
40,000 square miles. It has only been admitted into the Union as a State in
1837, and now possesses a population of 211,705. The country is level,
except a table land in the center from which the rivers flow into lakes St.
Clair, Huron, and Michigan. The remainder is covered with grassy prairie
land, with transparent lakes, and tracts of woodland. Here grows the
valuable maple from which they obtain their sugar; the white birch, whose
bark is used for making canoes, roofing houses, or even when split fine, in
writing letters by the early settlers; the oak, the beech, the hickory,
sassafras, and various other valuable trees. Its energetic inhabitants are
busily engaged laying out canals and rail-roads to intersect it in every
direction, as means of conveying their produce to its market. One hundred
and thirty-one miles of rail-road has been contracted for, but only forty-four
miles finished, from Detroit to Ann Arbor. Over this 41,896 barrels of flour
were conveyed this year to Detroit. Three years since the inhabitants of this
state sent to Ohio for their flour, and now they export 125,000 barrels of
flour this year. Education is not neglected; the legislature have appropriated
1,200,000 acres of land as a school fund, which, as the land is rapidly
rising, will be of great value. The celebrated Schoolcraft tells us, it was
deemed so inaccessible from swamps, that in 1818, it was not thought fit for
the soldiers bounty lands. This was, however, soon discovered to be a
mistake. He further informs us, the soil is an argillaceous soil, mellowed
with sands and pebbles, underlaid with schistose and calcareous rocks,
clothed with an open growth of oaks and hickories, the ridges covered with
walnut, ash, beech, and maple, while the valleys are first rate corn land,
diversified with limpid lakes, grassy prairies and pebbly bottomed brooks.
July 6th.—When approaching Chicago, the ‘haven where we would be,’

I did not so much watch for the appearance of that famed town, as look
back with regret at the beautiful lake I was leaving, for I was well assured ‘I
ne’er should look upon its like again.’ Two days and two nights I had been
sailing over it, never tired of gazing at its varied shores, or beauteous
waters. Those who have never beheld these masses of pellucid, brilliant,
green waters, can never imagine the extraordinary loveliness of the scene.
They cover a surface of 150,000 square miles, and contain nearly half the
fresh water upon the surface of the globe. That the water is fresh, is of great
importance to those who dwell upon their shores, as it can be of more use
for household purposes, and machinery. The valley in which the lakes
repose, is said to have been hewed out by the deluge, leaving the deep
chasms in which the waters lie; this is called the valley of the St. Lawrence,
and very properly; but I must object to this immense chain of lakes, four
and five hundred miles long, and nine hundred deep, being called the ‘river
St. Lawrence,’ as some fashionable tourists have of late. The St. Lawrence
river is an outlet, but is no more entitled to this designation, than is Niagara
or St. Clair river. These lakes all lie in a valley which interposes between
the primitive and secondary formations. The northern shores are granite
rocks, sterile, and scarcely inhabited; while the southern is rich alluvion,
covering sandstone and limestone.
The bustle of arrival aroused me from these reflections, and we were
soon seated in the parlor of the Lake Hotel, in the famous state of Illinois,
and town of Chicago. The rapid growth of this place you have heard of: in
1833 it could only count three frame dwellings and two hundred and fifty
inhabitants; and now enumerates six churches, one hundred shops, several
hotels, dwelling houses, and ware-houses, and between six and seven
thousand inhabitants. Chicago, or Tshicawgo, as the inhabitants and Indians
call it, is divided by a river of the same name into two parts, between which
is a free ferry and a bridge. The shops are upon one side, and the dwellings
upon the other. These last are in the style of country residences, enclosed
with white palings, surrounded by piazzas and gardens; some of brick, but
many of wood and neatly painted. Every thing looks quite new, as indeed it
might; for where now the town stands, was, as late as 1833, a fort, before
which was encamped seven thousand Indians. Fort Dearborn was erected
for the purpose of protecting the frontier. It was attacked in 1812 by the
Indian tribes, and their allies, and those who escaped massacre, sought
protection in fort Wayne. Another fort was built in 1818, but is now
deserted and let out for tenements. There are houses of worship here for
several denominations; among them the Presbyterian church is most
conspicuous. It is of brick and neatly finished. Part of the money required
for its erection, was acquired by the ladies in a Fair. The Lake House is a
very good hotel, situated among the dwelling houses. It is built of brick,
painted white, which, with its green blinds, gives it a pleasant appearance;
every thing within was comfortable and good of its kind. According to our
usual practice, we ascended to the cupola of the hotel, where is a lovely
view of the cottages and gardens at our feet, the broad prairies beyond, and
the bright waters of Michigan behind us. This town is beautifully situated
upon the borders of the lake, through which it holds constant
communication with Buffalo and the east. The other route I mentioned,
from Detroit continues over the rail-road at that city, and by cross roads to
St. Joseph’s upon the lake, from which place steamboats are continually
plying to Chicago. It is a shorter road, and gives the traveller a view of the
interior of Michigan. The Illinois and Michigan canal commences here,
which is to be carried to Peru on the Illinois river, a distance of one hundred
miles, thus opening a communication with the Mississippi and the Gulf of
Mexico. It is six feet deep and sixty feet wide, and is nearly finished. The
climate here is variable. In the summer the wind will one day blow over the
surface of the prairies, and the weather will become very hot; but the next
day, perhaps, it will come from the lake and cool it again. In consequence of
the vicinity of the lake there is not much snow, and it is not very cold.
We spent here one day only, but were able to see every thing in and
about the town, and in conversation with those friends residing here,
obtained every information. We intended making a longer stay, but learned
that the regular line of stages left town that evening, which obliged us to go
on or to stay longer than our time would admit. Before reaching here, it was
our intention to go to Michigan City, which is in Indiana, upon the shores of
the lake, and from thence cross Indiana to Madison, upon the Ohio, through
a fine succession of rail and Macadamized roads. Our friends here,
however, seemed to think it so monstrous a thing to return without
beholding the celebrated Mississippi, when within a few hundred miles
only, that we determined to alter our course and go down the Illinois river.
At nine o’clock at night we entered a commodious stage drawn by four
good horses, which was to take us to Peoria, upon the Illinois, one hundred
and fifty-seven miles distant, for which we were to pay twenty-two dollars,
eleven each, bed and board included. Beside us were two other passengers.
Crossing the bridge, we took up the mail at the post office, and then drove
through a long range of cheerfully lighted shops until we found ourselves
out of town. Here the road crossed the wet prairie, as it is called, which, in
some seasons, when the lake is high, is overflown. Through this wet land
we went splash, splash, nearly half the night. A rail-road is proposed here,
which will render travelling more pleasant. Hour after hour passed away,
my companions all dozing while I sought sleep in vain. The vast plain over
which we were moving, seen through the dusk of a cloudy night, seemed a
fitting place for dark deeds—a fine Hounslow heath, or Indian lurking
place. But there are no bandits here, and the Indians were all over the
Mississippi, and I was bidding such idle fears avaunt, when suddenly a low
plaintive wail sounded over the waste, startling my companions from their
slumbers. ‘What was that unearthly cry?’ I asked. ‘Only a prairie wolf
madam.’ ‘Dear me!’ exclaimed the other passenger, a youth. ‘I hope there
are not many of them, for sometimes wolves attack horses.’ ‘Not in these
prairies, sir,’ replied the other passenger, ‘they are rather shy, and afraid of
us.’ ‘I am glad, at least, to see a light,’ returned the youth, ‘there must be a
house yonder.’ ‘Yes, a bower in the rushes, nothing else,’ replied the other
man. ‘If you follow that light it will lead you a pretty chase through the
marshes; it is a jack-o’lantern.’ The hour, seen by the light of the coach
lamp, proved to be twelve, and each settled in his corner for another doze.
A sudden halt of the stage awakened us. The coachman took down a lamp
and began to search for something on the ground. ‘Halo, driver, what have
you lost?’ asked the youth. ‘Only my road sir,’ he replied. ‘Lost your road!’
exclaimed the youth in dismay; ‘Lost in these lonely moors among
wolverines and jack-o’lanterns! Here’s a pretty fix!’ ‘Driver you ought to
keep the skin off your eyes in such a dark night, I guess,’ said the other
passenger. I only wondered he could ever keep his road, as there was no
house or tree to mark his course even in the day, and one might easily pass
over the worn pathway in these grassy plains. The driver soon resumed his
seat, having discovered his path; and gave us the agreeable intelligence, he
had gone three miles out of his way. A few hours after this, a huge body
suddenly appeared before the window—it turned out to be a tree, a sign we
were approaching a river. Soon after we found ourselves before the door of
a small house, upon the banks of a narrow but deep and placid stream
fringed with trees. This was the Des Plaines, a river which rises so near lake
Michigan, that in times of its overflow, boats have passed from one to
another. This interlocking of waters which flow different ways, Darby
considers ‘an astonishing hydrographical anomaly.’ All the waters we had
passed, have fallen into the Atlantic, while those we were now following
find their way into the gulf of Mexico. The Des Plaines is called a branch of
the Illinois, which joins with the Kankakee, and afterwards the Fox, and the
united streams take the name of the Illinois. Many modern writers consider
this as the Illinois, and drop the name of Des Plaines, which I should judge
a proper arrangement. We awakened the drowsy owner of the house,
procured some refreshment, and with fresh horses resumed our journey.
July 7th.—I fell asleep, and when I was awakened at dawn this morning,
by my companion, that I might not lose the scene, I started with surprise
and delight. I was in the midst of a prairie! A world of grass and flowers
stretched around me, rising and falling in gentle undulations, as if an
enchanter had struck the ocean swell, and it was at rest forever. Acres of
wild flowers of every hue glowed around me, and the sun arising from the
earth where it touched the horizon, was ‘kissing with golden face the
meadows green.’ What a new and wonderous world of beauty! What a
magnificent sight! Those glorious ranks of flowers! Oh that you could have

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Lectures, Problems And Solutions For

Ordinary Differential Equations: Second

Ordinary Differential Equations and Boundary Value

Handbook of Ordinary Differential Equations: Exact

Modelling with Ordinary Differential Equations Dreyer

Ordinary differential equations : an introduction to

From Ordinary to Partial Differential Equations 1st

A Course in Differential Equations with Boundary Value

Elementary differential equations Second Edition

Ordinary Differential Equations Principles and

10602hc_9789813226128_tp.indd 2 28/4/17 11:28 AM

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

LECTURES, PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS FOR ORDINARY

EH - 10602 - Lectures, Problems and Solutions.indd 1 24-07-17 1:42:20 PM

CHAPTER 1 FIRST‐ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS ..................................... 1

CHAPTER 2 MATHEMATICAL MODELS.................................................................... 68

CHAPTER 3 LINEAR DEs OF HIGHER ORDER ......................................................149

APPENDIX A SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS ............................................................... 315

APPENDIX C BASIC FORMULAS ..................................................................................551

1.1 Definition of Differential Equations

A differential equation DE is a mathematical equation that relates

To solve a DE is to express the solution of the unknown function the

In general, there are two common ways in solving DEs: analytically

variables IVs of functions. A DV represents the output or effect

1st‐order 1st.O DE:

nth‐order nth.O DE:

As briefly mentioned before, there are several methods to find the

method of undetermined coefficients MUC ; 2 integrating

This book does not cover any of the numerical methods.

Problem 1.1.1 Verify by substitution that each given function is a solution

Problem 1.1.2 Verify by substitution that each given function is a solution

Problem 1.1.3 A function is described by some geometric

Problem 1.1.4 Determine by inspection at least one solution to the

Problem 1.1.5 Determine by inspection at least one solution to the

Problem 1.1.6 Verify by substitution that the given function is a solution to

Problem 1.1.10 Verify that satisfies the given DE and determine a

Problem 1.1.11 Verify by substitution that the given functions are

Problem 1.1.12 Verify by substitution that the given functions are

Problem 1.1.13 Verify that satisfies the given DE and determine a

1.2 Slope Fields and Solution Curves

Geometrical interpretation is an effective way to help understand the

Figure 1.1 Examples of solution curves exp and isocline .

Figure 1.2 The isoclines for the two examples.

1.3 Separation of Variables

Then, the 1st.O IVP is said to be separable.

where is a constant determined by the IC .

Applying the IC 0 7, i.e., 0 exp 0 7, we get 7 and the

Figure 1.3 The GS exp 3 and the SS 0.

where we selected – , instead of the more common , as the integration

is the GS to the given DE.

Such division is mathematically allowed if and only if 0.

Problem 1.3.1 Find the GS to the following DE

Problem 1.3.2 Find the GS implicit if necessary, explicit if convenient of

Problem 1.3.3 Find the GS implicit if necessary, explicit if convenient of

Problem 1.3.4 Find the explicit PS to the following IVP

Problem 1.3.5 Find the explicit PS to the following IVP

Problem 1.3.6 Find the explicit PS to the following IVP

Problem 1.3.7 Find the explicit PS to the following IVP

Problem 1.3.8 Find the GS implicit if necessary, explicit if convenient of