PDF One of Ten Billion Earths How We Learn About Our Planets Past and Future From Distant Exoplanets First Edition Karel Schrijver Ebook Full Chapter
PDF One of Ten Billion Earths How We Learn About Our Planets Past and Future From Distant Exoplanets First Edition Karel Schrijver Ebook Full Chapter
PDF One of Ten Billion Earths How We Learn About Our Planets Past and Future From Distant Exoplanets First Edition Karel Schrijver Ebook Full Chapter
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OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 24/4/2018, SPi
ONE OF TEN
BILLION
EARTHS
How We Learn about Our Planet’s Past
and Future from Distant Exoplanets
Karel Schrijver
1
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 24/4/2018, SPi
3
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© Karel Schrijver 2018
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First Edition published in 2018
Impression: 1
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OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 24/4/2018, SPi
Preface
vi Preface
Preface vii
The technical details and quotes found in the book are sup-
ported by a “further reading” section for each chapter at the end
of the book. Many of the references in these sections are published
in the professional literature, written by and for astrophysicists.
Often access is restricted to those with library subscriptions or
granted only after payment. However, many modern-day authors
submit copies of their work to preprint servers where they can
be accessed for free, although generally in a form that predates
the final editing. The one most commonly used in astrophysics is
https://arxiv.org; where available, the reading list entry includes
the link to the arχ iv entry. The astrophysical literature can be
searched most readily with the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data
System (http://www.adsabs.harvard.edu), which enables a look
through the papers that it references and papers that cite it. As
added benefit, it provides one-click access to any papers that were
submitted to the arχ iv preprint server.
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 24/4/2018, SPi
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 24/4/2018, SPi
Contents
x Contents
Contents xi
Plate 1 Earth and Moon from a million miles away (see Figure 1.2 on
page 7)
Plate 3 Earthrise over the Smyth’s Sea region on the near side of the
Moon (see Figure 3.1 on page 65)
Plate 5 Sun, Jupiter, Earth, and Ceres to scale (see Figure 3.3 on
page 75)
3
4
Plate 7 Moons of the Solar System (see Figure 3.4 on page 77)
Plate 8 Solar System planets to scale (see Figure 5.9 on page 212)
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 18/4/2018, SPi
Plate 9 Apollo 17 Lunar Roving Vehicle at Shorty Crater (see Figure 3.7
on page 86)
Plate 11 Galaxies Messier 51A and B (see Figure 5.1 on page 171)
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 18/4/2018, SPi
Plate 14 Stellar disk with gaps around HL Tauri (see Figure 5.4 on
page 187)
Plate 16 Planetary nebula NGC 2440 (see Figure 5.6 on page 197)
Plate 22 Surfaces in the Solar System: Itokawa, Moon, Venus (see Figure
9.1 on page 306)
Plate 23 Aurora seen from space (see Figure 10.5 on page 362)
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 18/4/2018, SPi
Plate 24 Surfaces in the Solar System: Mars, Titan, Earth (see Figure 9.2
on page 307)
Plate 28 The Sun in visible light (see Figure 10.3 on page 358)