Sustainable Management of Land

Resources An Indian Perspective 1st

Edition G.P. Obi Reddy
Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://textbookfull.com/product/sustainable-management-of-land-resources-an-indian
-perspective-1st-edition-g-p-obi-reddy/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

Land Use and Spatial Planning Enabling Sustainable

Management of Land Resources 1st Edition Graciela
Metternicht (Auth.)

https://textbookfull.com/product/land-use-and-spatial-planning-
enabling-sustainable-management-of-land-resources-1st-edition-
graciela-metternicht-auth/

An agenda for the Management of contemporary

Sustainable houses 2nd Edition Dr. Ifeanyi Obi *
Department Of Architecture

https://textbookfull.com/product/an-agenda-for-the-management-of-
contemporary-sustainable-houses-2nd-edition-dr-ifeanyi-obi-
department-of-architecture/

Resources Technology and Sustainability An Analytical

Perspective on Indian Agriculture 1st Edition Joydeb
Sasmal (Auth.)

https://textbookfull.com/product/resources-technology-and-
sustainability-an-analytical-perspective-on-indian-
agriculture-1st-edition-joydeb-sasmal-auth/

Indian History Second Edition Krishna Reddy

https://textbookfull.com/product/indian-history-second-edition-
krishna-reddy/
Thermodynamics for Sustainable Management of Natural
Resources 1st Edition Wojciech Stanek (Eds.)

https://textbookfull.com/product/thermodynamics-for-sustainable-
management-of-natural-resources-1st-edition-wojciech-stanek-eds/

An Applied Perspective on Indian Ethics P. K. Mohapatra

https://textbookfull.com/product/an-applied-perspective-on-
indian-ethics-p-k-mohapatra/

Redefining Diversity & Dynamics of Natural Resources

Management in Asia, Volume 1. Sustainable Natural
Resources Management in Dynamic Asia 1st Edition Ganesh
Shivakoti
https://textbookfull.com/product/redefining-diversity-dynamics-
of-natural-resources-management-in-asia-volume-1-sustainable-
natural-resources-management-in-dynamic-asia-1st-edition-ganesh-
shivakoti/

Sustainable Intensification of Crop Production 1st

Edition P. Parvatha Reddy (Auth.)

https://textbookfull.com/product/sustainable-intensification-of-
crop-production-1st-edition-p-parvatha-reddy-auth/

Agro ecological Approaches to Pest Management for

Sustainable Agriculture 1st Edition Dr. P. Parvatha
Reddy (Auth.)

https://textbookfull.com/product/agro-ecological-approaches-to-
pest-management-for-sustainable-agriculture-1st-edition-dr-p-
parvatha-reddy-auth/
 SUSTAINABLE
MANAGEMENT OF
LAND RESOURCES
An Indian Perspective
 SUSTAINABLE
MANAGEMENT OF
LAND RESOURCES
An Indian Perspective

Edited by
G. P. Obi Reddy, PhD
N. G. Patil, PhD
Arun Chaturvedi, PhD
Apple Academic Press Inc. Apple Academic Press Inc.
3333 Mistwell Crescent 9 Spinnaker Way
Oakville, ON L6L 0A2 Canada Waretown, NJ 08758 USA
© 2018 by Apple Academic Press, Inc.
Exclusive worldwide distribution by CRC Press, a member of Taylor & Francis Group
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-77188-517-1 (Hardcover)
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-315-36556-5 (eBook)
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any
electric, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and record-
ing, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher or its
distributor, except in the case of brief excerpts or quotations for use in reviews or critical articles.
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is
quoted with permission and sources are indicated. Copyright for individual articles remains with the authors
as indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable
data and information, but the authors, editors, and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity
of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors, editors, and the publisher have attempted to
trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders
if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowl-
edged, please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Trademark Notice: Registered trademark of products or corporate names are used only for explanation
and identification without intent to infringe.

Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication

Sustainable management of land resources : an Indian perspective / edited by G.P. Obi Reddy,
PhD, N.G. Patil, PhD, Arun Chaturvedi, PhD.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Issued in print and electronic formats.
ISBN 978-1-77188-517-1 (hardcover).--ISBN 978-1-315-36556-5 (PDF)
1. Land use--India--Management. 2. Land use mapping--India. I. Chaturvedi, Arun, author,
editor II. Patil, N. G., author, editor III. Obi Reddy, G. P., author, editor
HD876.5.S87 2017 333.73'130954 C2017-900854-4 C2017-900855-2
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Obi Reddy, G. P., editor. | Patil, N. G., editor. | Chaturvedi, Arun, editor.
Title: Sustainable management of land resources : an Indian perspective / editors, G.P. Obi
Reddy, PhD, N.G. Patil, PhD, Arun Chaturvedi, PhD.
Description: Oakville, ON ; Waretown, NJ : Apple Academic Press, 2017. |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017003365 (print) | LCCN 2017009612 (ebook) | ISBN 9781771885171
(hardcover : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781315365565 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Land use--India. | Land use mapping--India. | Land degradation--Control--India.
Classification: LCC HD876.5 .S87 2017 (print) | LCC HD876.5 (ebook) | DDC 333.730954--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017003365

Apple Academic Press also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears
in print may not be available in electronic format. For information about Apple Academic Press products, visit
our website at www.appleacademicpress.com and the CRC Press website at www.crcpress.com
CONTENTS

List of Contributors..........................................................................................ix
List of Abbreviations....................................................................................... xv
About the Editors........................................................................................... xxi
Foreword......................................................................................................xxiii
Preface.......................................................................................................... xxv

1. Land Resource Inventory, Mapping and Management:

An Indian Perspective.....................................................................................1
G. P. Obi Reddy, S. K. Singh, N. G. Patil, and A. Chaturvedi
2. Soil Management and Land Use Planning: An Indian Perspective .........31
N. G. Patil, S. K. Singh, G. P. Obi Reddy, and A. Chaturvedi

PART I: LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND

CHARACTERIZATION..............................................................................45
3. Land Resource Inventory and Evaluation for Agricultural
Land Use Planning in Semi-Arid Ecosystem of Western India................47
B. P. Bhaskar, A. Chaturvedi, T. Bhattacharyya, and S. S. Gaikwad
4. Characterization and Classification of Soils of the Purna Valley
in the Semi-Arid Region of Central India ..................................................77
R. K. Naitam, V. K. Kharche, V. V. Gabhane, T. Bhattacharyya,
S. M. Taley, and N. M. Konde
5. Evaluation of Shrink-Swell Soils in Semi-Arid Regions of
Central India for Soil Resource Management and
Sustainable Agriculture..............................................................................105
Prakash R. Kadu and V. K. Kharche
6. Mapping and Characterization of Salt Affected Soils
for Reclamation and Management: A Case Study from the
Trans-Gangetic Plains of India..................................................................145
A. K. Mandal, Ranbir Singh, P. K. Joshi, and D. K. Sharma
vi Contents

7. Characterization of Coastal Soils for Enhancement of

Productivity and Livelihood Security: A Case Study from the
Coastal Plains of West Bengal, India.........................................................175
S. K. Gangopadhyay, S. K. Reza, S. Mukhopadhyay, D. C. Nayak,
and S. K. Singh
8. Assessment of Land Degradation Vulnerability: A Case Study
from Part of Western Ghats and the West Coast of India.......................213
K. S. Anil Kumar, M. Lalitha, Sidharam Patil, B. Kalaiselvi,
K. M. Nair, and S. K. Singh
9. Major and Trace Element Geochemistry in Ferruginous
Soils Developed Under the Hot Humid Malabar Region, India.............239
P. N. Dubey, B. P. Bhaskar, P. Chandran, B. Singh,
and B. K. Mishra

PART II: GEOSPATIAL TECHNOLOGIES IN LAND RESOURCE

MAPPING AND MANAGEMENT...........................................................271
10. Geospatial Tools and Techniques in Land Resources Inventory............273
Suresh Kumar
11. Morphometric Analysis Using GIS Techniques: A Case Study
from the Basaltic Terrain of Central India...............................................301
Nisha Sahu, G. P. Obi Reddy, Nirmal Kumar, M. S. S. Nagaraju,
Rajeev Srivastava, and S. K. Singh
12. Digital Terrain Analysis and Geomorphological Mapping Using
Remote Sensing and GIS: A Case Study from Central India..................327
B. S. Manjare, Priti Jambhulkar, M. A. Padhye, and S. S. Girhe
13. Time Series Satellite Data and GIS for Crop Acreage Estimation:
A Case Study from Central India..............................................................347
A. R. Pimpale, P. B. Rajankar, S. B. Wadatkar, and I. K. Ramteke
14. Assessment of Gross Primary Productivity in the Semi Arid
Agricultural Region of Central India Using Temporal
MODIS Data................................................................................................365
Jugal Kishore Mani, A. O. Varghese, and A. K. Joshi
15. Land Suitability Evaluation for Soybean Using Temporal
Satellite Data and GIS: A Case Study from Central India......................387
Nirmal Kumar, G. P. Obi Reddy, S. Chatterji, Rajeev Srivastava,
and S. K. Singh
Contents  

16. Geospatial Technologies in Development of Soil Information

System and Prototype GeoPortal............................................................... 411
G. P. Obi Reddy, S. K. Singh, Nirmal Kumar, C. Mondal,
Rajeev Srivastava, A. K. Maji, and Dipak Sarkar

PART III: SOIL NUTRIENT STATUS AND MANAGEMENT.....................443

17. Geo-Referenced Soil Fertility Monitoring for Optimized Fertilizer
Use: A Case Study from the Semi-Arid Region of Western India..........445
R. N. Katkar, V. K. Kharche, S. R. Lakhe, U. D. Ikhe, A. B. Age,
and D. V. Mali
18. Assessment of Soil Fertility Status in Soybean Growing Soils:
A Case Study from the Semi-Arid Region of Central India....................461
A. S. Gajare and A. S. Dhawan
19. Soil Acidity and Poor Nutrient Status: Emerging Issues for Agricultural
Land Use Planning in Jamtara District of Jharkhand ................................485
A. K. Sahoo, S. K. Singh, D. C. Nayak, S. Mukhopadhyay, T. Banerjee,
D. Sarkar, A. K. Sarkar, B. K. Agarwal, D.K. Shahi, and Arvind Kumar
20. Spatial Distribution of Available Nutrients in Aswagandha (Withania
somnifera) Grown Soils of Farmers’ Fields
in Andhra Pradesh...................................................................................... 511
B. Vajantha, M. Umadevi, M. C. Patnaik, M. Rajkumar, M. Subbarao,
and M. V. S. Naidu
21. Management of Sodic Black Calcareous Soils: A Case Study
from Central India......................................................................................531
A. O. Shirale, V. K. Kharche, R. S. Zadode, R. N. Katkar, B. P. Meena,
and A. B. Age
22. Impact of Land Configuration and Integrated Nutrient
Management on Productivity of Rainfed Cotton in Vertisols
of Central India...........................................................................................555
V. V. Gabhane, Rupali Ghogare, M. B. Nagdeve, M. M. Ganvir,
and A. B. Turkhede
23. Impact of Tank Silt on Soil Quality and Crop Productivity in
Rainfed Areas: A Case Study from Central India....................................581
V. K. Kharche, S. M. Patil, D. V. Mali, S. M. Jadhao, A. O. Shirale,
and R. N. Katkar
viii Contents

24. Impact of Treated Domestic Sewage Water Irrigation on

Soil Properties, Maize Yield and Plant Uptake: A Case Study
from Nagpur City, Central India...............................................................601
A. R. Mhaske, S. M. Taley, and R. N. Katkar

PART IV: LAND USE PLANNING AND LIVELIHOOD SECURITY.........623

25. Status of Land Use Planning in India........................................................625
N. G. Patil and S. K. Singh
26. Land Resource Inventory Towards Village-Level Agricultural
Land Use Planning......................................................................................643
V. Ramamurthy, S. K. Singh, S. Chattaraj, G. P. Obi Reddy,
and S. C. Ramesh Kumar
27. A Decade of Bt Cotton in India: Land Use Changes and Other
Socio-Economic Consequences..................................................................669
M. V. Venugopalan, A. R. Reddy, K. R. Kranthi, M. S. Yadav,
Vandana Satish, and Dhanashree Pable
28. Land Evaluation for Rainfed Cotton: A Case Study
from Central India......................................................................................699
Dhanashree Pable, S. Chatterji, T. K. Sen, M. V. Venugopalan,
and J. D. Giri
29. Nutrient Optima-Based Productivity Zonality and Rationale
of Fertilizer Use in Citrus...........................................................................717
A. K. Srivastava and S. N. Das
30. Impact of Mahatma Gandhi NREGS on Land Use Pattern
and Natural Resource Management in the Drought-Prone
Rayalaseema Region of Andhra Pradesh, India.......................................739
V. Suresh Babu and G. Rajanikanth
Index..............................................................................................................769
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

B. K. Agarwal
Chief Scientist cum Professor, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, BAU, Ranchi –
834 006, Jharkhand, India

A. B. Age
Assistant Professor, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh
Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola – 444 104, India

Arvind Kumar
Assistant Professor, Birsa Agricultural University, Rachi-834 006, India

V. Suresh Babu
Associate Professor, National Institute of Rural Development and Panchayati Raj (NIRD&PR),
Hyderabad – 500 030, India

T. Banerjee
Principal Scientist, ICAR-National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre,
Kolkata – 700 091, India

B. P. Bhaskar
Principal Scientist, ICAR-National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Amravati Road,
Nagpur – 440 033, India
T. Bhattacharyya
Principal Scientist and former Head, ICAR-National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning,
Amravati Road, Nagpur – 440 033, India
P. Chandran
Principal Scientist, ICAR-National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Amravati Road,
Nagpur – 440 033, India

S. Chattaraj
Scientist, ICAR – National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Amravati Road, Nagpur –
440 033, India

S. Chatterji
Pr. Scientist, ICAR – National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Amravati Road, Nagpur
– 440 033, India

A. Chaturvedi
Principal Scientist and Head, ICAR-National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Amravati
Road, Nagpur – 440 033, India

S. N. Das
Director, Maharashtra Remote Sensing Applications Centre, Nagpur, Maharashtra – 440 010, India

A. S. Dhawan
Director of Extension Education, Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Agricultural University, Parbhani – 431 402,
India

P. N. Dubey
Senior Scientist, ICAR-National Research Centre on Seed Spices, Ajmer – 305 206, India
x List of Contributors

V. V. Gabhane
Associate Professor, AICRP for Dryland Agriculture, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola
– 444 104, India

S. S. Gaikwad
Assistant Technical Officer, ICAR-National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Amravati
Road, Nagpur – 440 033, India
A. S. Gajare
Research Scholar, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh
Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola – 444 104, India

S. K. Gangopadhyay
Principal Scientist, ICAR-National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre,
Kolkata – 700 091, India

M. M. Ganvir
Assistant Professor, College of Agriculture, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola – 444 104,
India

Rupali Ghogare
PG Student, Dept. of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi
Vidyapeeth, Akola – 444 104, India

S. S. Girhe
Research Scholar, Department of Geology, RTM, Nagpur University, Nagpur – 440 001, India

J. D. Giri
Senior Scientist, ICAR-National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Amravati Road, Nagpur
– 440 033, India

U. D. Ikhe
Senior Research Fellow, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Dr. Panjabrao
Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola – 444 104, India

S. M. Jadhao
Assistant Professor, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola – 444 104, India

A. K. Joshi
General Manager, Regional Remote Sensing Centre-Central, NRSC, ISRO, Amravati Road, Nagpur,
Maharashtra – 440 033, India

P. K. Joshi
Principal Scientist, ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Zarifa Farm, Karnal, Haryana – 132 001,
India

Prakash R. Kadu
Professor, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi
Vidyapeeth, Akola – 444 104, India

B. Kalaiselvi
Scientist, ICAR-National Bureau of Soil Surve y and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bangalore
– 560 024, India

R. N. Katkar
Associate Professor, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh
Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola – 444 104, India

V. K. Kharche
Professor, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi
Vidyapeeth, Akola – 444 104, India
List of Contributors  

N. M. Konde
Assistant Professor, Department of SSAC, PG Institute, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth,
Akola – 444 104, India

K. R. Kranthi
Director, ICAR-Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur – 400 010, India

K. S. Anil Kumar
Principal Scientist, ICAR-National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre,
Bangalore – 560 024, India

Nirmal Kumar
Scientist, ICAR-National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Amravati Road, Nagpur –
440 033, India

S. C. Ramesh Kumar
Principal Scientist, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning Regional Centre, Bangalore
– 560 024, India

Suresh Kumar
Scientist–SG and Head, Agriculture and Soils Department, Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, 4-Kalidas
Road, Dehradun – 248 001, India

S. R. Lakhe
Research Associate, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh
Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola – 444 104, India

M. Lalitha
Scientist, ICAR-National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bangalore –
560 024, India

A. K. Maji
Ex-Director (Act.), National Bureau of Soil Survey & Land Use Planning, (ICAR), Regional Centre,
Delhi – 110 012, India

D. V. Mali
Assistant Professor, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh
Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola – 444 104, India

A. K. Mandal
Principal Scientist, ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Zarifa Farm, Karnal, Haryana –
132 001, India

C. Mandal
Principal Scientist, National Bureau of Soil Survey & Land Use Planning (ICAR), Amravati Road,
Nagpur – 440 033, India

Jugal Kishore Mani

Scientist, Regional Remote Sensing Centre-Central, NRSC, ISRO, Amravati Road, Nagpur, Maharashtra
– 440 033, India

B. S. Manjare
Assistant Professor, Department of Geology, RTM, Nagpur University, Nagpur – 440 001, India

B. P. Meena
Scientist, ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil Science, Babibagh, Bhopal – 462 038, India

A. R. Mhaske
Associate Professor, College of Agriculture, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Nagpur –
444 104, India
xii List of Contributors

B. K. Mishra
Senior Scientist, ICAR-National Research Centre on Seed Spices, Ajmer – 305206, India

S. Mukhopadhyay
Senior Scientist, ICAR-National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre,
Kolkata – 700 091, India

M. S. S. Nagaraju
Principal Scientist, ICAR-National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Amravati Road,
Nagpur – 440 033, India

M. B. Nagdeve
Chief Scientist, AICRP for Dryland Agriculture, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola –
444 104, India

M. V. S. Naidu
Professor, S. V. Agricultural College, ANGRAU, Tirupathi – 517 502, India

K. M. Nair
Principal Scientist, ICAR-National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre,
Bangalore – 560 024, India

R. K. Naitam
Scientist, ICAR-National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Udaipur –
313 001, India

D. C. Nayak
Principal Scientist & Head, ICAR-National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional
Centre, Kolkata – 700 091, India

Dhanashree Pable
PhD Scholar, ICAR-National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Amravati Road, Nagpur –
440 033, India

M. A. Padhye
Research Scholar, Department of Geology, RTM, Nagpur University, Nagpur – 440 001, India

N. G. Patil
Principal Scientist, ICAR-National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Amravati Road,
Nagpur 440 033, India

S. M. Patil
M.Sc. Scholar, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola – 444 104, India

Sidharam Patil
Research Scholar, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, University of Agricultural
Sciences, Bangalore – 560 065, India

M. C. Patnaik
Principal Scientist, Agricultural Research Institute, Jayshankar Telangana State Agricultural University,
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad – 500 030, India

A. R. Pimpale
Assistant Professor, Section of Agricultural Engineering, College of Agriculture, Nagpur – 440 001, India

Jambhulkar Priti
Research Scholar, Department of Geology, RTM, Nagpur University, Nagpur – 440 001, India
G. Rajanikanth
Associate Professor, National Institute of Rural Development and Panchayati Raj (NIRD&PR),
Hyderabad – 500 030, India
List of Contributors  

P. B. Rajankar
Associate Scientist, Maharashtra Remote Sensing Applications Centre, Nagpur – 440 010, India

M. Rajkumar
Principal Scientist, Fruit Research Station, Sangareddy, Medak, Telangana – 502 001

V. Ramamurthy
Principal Scientist, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bangalore
– 560 024, India

I. K. Ramteke
Scientific Associate, Maharashtra Remote Sensing Applications Centre, Nagpur – 440 010, India

A. R. Reddy
Principal Scientist, ICAR-Agricultural Technology Application Research Institute, Zone V, Hyderabad
– 500 059, India

G. P. Obi Reddy
Principal Scientist, ICAR-National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Amravati Road,
Nagpur – 440 033, India

S. K. Reza
Senior Scientist, ICAR-National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre,
Kolkata – 700 091, India

A. K. Sahoo
Principal Scientist, ICAR-National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre,
Kolkata – 700 091, India

Nisha Sahu
Scientist, ICAR-National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Amravati Road, Nagpur –
440 033, India

A. K. Sarkar
Ex-Dean (Agriculture), Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi – 834 006, Jharkhand, India

Dipak Sarkar
Ex-Director, National Bureau of Soil Survey & Land Use Planning (ICAR), Amravati Road, Nagpur –
440 033, India

Vandana Satish
Senior Technical Assistant, ICAR-Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur – 400 010, India

T. K. Sen
Principal Scientist, ICAR-National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Amravati Road,
Nagpur – 440 033, India

D. K. Shahi
Chairman, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi
Jharkhand, India

D. K. Sharma
Director, ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Zarifa Farm, Karnal, Haryana – 132 001, India

A. O. Shirale
Scientist, ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil Science, Babibagh, Bhopal – 462 038, India

B. Singh
Director, ICAR-National Research Centre on Seed Spices, Ajmer – 305 206, India
xiv List of Contributors

Ranbir Singh
Principal Scientist, ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Zarifa Farm, Karnal, Haryana – 132 001,
India

S. K. Singh
Director, ICAR-National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Amravati Road, Nagpur –
440 033, India
A. K. Srivastava
Principal Scientist, ICAR – Central Citrus Research Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra – 440 010, India

Rajeev Srivastava
Principal Scientist and Head, ICAR-National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Amravati
Road, Nagpur – 440 033, India

M. Subbarao
Principal Scientist & Head, Agricultural Research Station, Perumallapalle – 517 505, ANGRAU,
Tirupathi, Andhra Pradesh, India

S. M. Taley
Professor and Head, Department of SWC Engineering, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth,
Akola – 444 104, India

A. B. Turkhede
Agronomist, AICRP for Dryland Agriculture, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola –
444 104, India

M. Umadevi
Director, Water Technology Centre, PJTSTAU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad – 500 030, India

B. Vajantha
Scientist, Agricultural Research Station, Perumallapalle – 517 505, Chittoor, India

A. O. Varghese
Scientist, Regional Remote Sensing Centre-Central, NRSC, ISRO, Amravati Road, Nagpur, Maharashtra
– 440 033, India

M. V. Venugopalan
Principal Scientist, ICAR-Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur – 400 010, India

S. B. Wadatkar
Head, Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Dr. PDKV, Akola – 444 104, India

M. S. Yadav
Chief Technical Officer, ICAR-Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur – 400 010, India

R. S. Zadode
PhD Scholar, Department of Agronomy, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola – 444 104,
India
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AESR Agro-Ecological Sub Region

AFSIS Africa Soil Information Service
ALTM Airborne Laser Terrain Mapper
AMSR-E Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer on Earth
Observing System
ANN Artificial Neural Network
ANOVA Analysis of Variance
API Application Programming Interface
ASRIS Australian Soil Resource Information System
ASSOD Soil Degradation in South and Southeast Asia
ASTER Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection
Radiometer
AVHRR Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer
AWC Available Water Capacity
AWiFS Advanced Wide Field Sensor
BPL Below Poverty Line
BOD Biological Oxygen Demand
BS Base Saturation
CANSIS Canadian Soil Information System
CACP Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices
CAPE Crop Acreage and Production Estimation
CAZRI Central Arid Zone Research Institute
CER Crop Equivalent Rating
CEC Cation Exchange Capacity
CIA Chemical Index of Alteration
CIW Chemical Weathering Index
CLI Composite Land Index
COD Chemical Oxygen Demand
COLE Coefficient of Linear Extensibility
CPCB Central Pollution Control Board
CROPMON Crop Monitoring and Production Forecast Program
CSM Soil-Landscape Model
CSSRI Central Soil Salinity Research Institute
xvi List of Abbreviations

CSWCR&TI Central Soil Water Conservation and Training Institute

CTI Compound Topographic Index
DBMS Data Base Management System
DDP Desert Development Program
DEMs Digital Elevation Models
DES Directorate of Economic and Statistics
DED Digital Elevation Data
DOLR Department of Land Resources
DRIS Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System
DTD Digital Terrain Data
DTM Digital Terrain Model
DSM Digital Soil Mapping
EC Electrical Conductivity
EMP Exchangeable Magnesium Percentage
EOS Earth Observing System
ERS European Remote Sensing
DSS Decision Support System
ESP Exchangeable Sodium Percentage
EUSIS European Soil Information System
EVI Enhanced Vegetation Index
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
FCC False Color Composite
FCN Four Closest Neighbors
FSI Forest Survey of India
FYM Farm Yard Manure
GAMs General Additive Models
GCPs Ground Control Points
GCS Global Coordinate System
GDEM Global Digital Elevation Model
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GEAC Genetic Engineering Approval Committee
GEOSS Global Earth Observation System of Systems
GIS Geographic Information System
GLASOD Global Assessment of Land Degradation
GLMs Generalized Linear Models
GML Geography Markup Language
GPP Gross Primary Productivity
GPS Global Positioning System
List of Abbreviations xvii

GSP Global Soil Partnership

GUI Graphical User Interface
HANTS Harmonic Analysis of Time Series
IBDLH Integrated Basin Development and Livelihood Program
ICAR Indian Council of Agricultural Research
ICT Information and Communication Technologies
IDW Inverse Distance Weight
IGP Indo-Gangetic Alluvial Plain
IIHR Indian Institute of Horticulture Research
IRNSS Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System
INARIS Integrated National Agricultural Resource Information
System
INM Integrated nutrient management
IRS Indian Remote Sensing
ISODATA Iterative Self Organizing Data Analysis Technique
IUSS International Union of Soil Science
JMF Joint Membership Function
KML Keyhole Markup Language
LACA Large Area Crop Acreage
LADA Land Degradation Assessment in Dry lands
LAI Leaf Area Index
LCC Lambert Conformal Conic
LACIE Large Area Crop Inventory Experiment
LGP Length of growing period
LRI Land Resource Inventory
LSA Land Suitability Analysis
LSD Least Significant Differences
LTFE Long Term Fertilizer Experiments
LUC Land Use Capability classification
LUE Light Use Efficiency
LUP Land Use Planning
MARS Monitoring Agriculture through Remote Sensing
MAST Mean Annual Soil Temperature
MCDM Multi-criterion Decision Making
MCE Multi-Criterion Evaluation
MDS Minimum Datasets
MGNREGS Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee
Scheme
xviii List of Abbreviations

MODIS Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer

MoRD Ministry of Rural Development
MRT MODIS Reprojection Tool
MSL Mean Sea Level
MSP Minimum Support Price
MSST Mean Summer Soil Temperature
MWST Mean Winter Soil Temperature
MXL Maximum Likelihood
NAIP National Agriculture Innovation Project
NARP National Agricultural Research Project
NAAS National Academy of Agricultural Sciences
NBSS&LUP National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning
NCSS National Cooperative Soil Survey
NDSI Normalized Differential Salinity Index
NDVI Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
NEE Net Ecosystem Exchange
NIV Nutrient Index Value
NPP Net Primary Production
NRCS Natural Resources Conservation Service
NRSC National Remote Sensing Centre
NSDB National Soil Database
NTFP Non Timber Forest Produce
OC Organic Carbon
PAR Photosynthetically Active Radiation
PAT Polygon Attribute Table
PAWC Plant Available Water Capacity
PC Pedogenic Carbonates
PCA Principal Component Analysis
PET Potential Evapotranspiration
PLUP Participatory Land Use Planning
RDF Recommended Doses of Fertilizers
RISAT-1 Radar Imaging Satellite-1
RSC Residual Sodium Carbonate
RWW Recycled Waste Water
SAR Synthetic Aperture Radar
SAT Semi-Arid Tropics
SCS Soil Control Section
SMCS Soil Moisture Control Section
List of Abbreviations xix

SMR Soil Moisture Regime

SDSS Spatial Decision Support Systems
sHC Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity
SIS Soil Information System
SLUB State Land Use Board
SOC Soil Organic Carbon
SOI Survey of India
SOTER Soil and Terrain Digital Database
SPI Stream Power Index
SRM Soil Resource Mapping
SRTM Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission
SSD Sub-Surface Drainage
SSNM Site Specific Nutrient Management
SSURGO Soil Survey Geographic Data Base
STATSGO State Soil Geographic
SYI Sustainable Yield Index
TDSW Treated Domestic Sewage Water
TM Thematic Mapper
TMWW Treatment Municipal Waste Water
TWI Terrain Wetness Index
TPI Topographic Position Index
TSPs Temporal Spectral Profile
UNEP United Nations Environmental Program
USLE Universal Soil Loss Equation
UTM Universal Transverse Mercator
VI Vegetation Index
WCS Web Catalogue Services
WFS Web Feature Services
WIP Weathering index of Parker
WISE World Inventory of Soil Emission Potential
WMS Web Map Services
WMTS Web Map Tile Service
WPS Web Processing Service
XML Extensible Markup Language
ABOUT THE EDITORS

G. P. Obi Reddy, PhD

Principal Scientist, ICAR-National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use
Planning (NBSS&LUP), Nagpur; Honorary Secretary, Indian Society of
Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur, India
G. P. Obi Reddy, PhD, is a Principal Scientist in the Division of Remote
Sensing Applications, ICAR-National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use
Planning (NBSS&LUP), Nagpur, India. His areas of specialization include
remote sensing and GIS applications in geomorphology, digital terrain analy-
sis, landform mapping, soil-landscape modeling, land use/land cover studies,
watershed characterization, land resource management, and design and devel-
opment of soil information systems. He teaches courses on geomorphology,
remote sensing and GIS applications in land resource management. He has
published more than 70 research articles in peer-reviewed national and inter-
national journals. Some of his other publications include Soil Erosion of Goa,
Degraded and Wastelands of India-Status and Spatial Distribution, Acid
Soils of India: Their Extent and Spatial Variability, Assessment of Soil Loss
for Prioritization of Sub-watersheds: A Remote Sensing and GIS Approach,
and Remote Sensing and GIS in Digital Terrain Analysis and Soil-Landscape
Modeling. In recognition of his outstanding contributions in applications of
geospatial technologies and tools in management of soil resources database of
national importance, the Indian Society of Remote Sensing conferred on him
the 2007 Indian National Geospatial Award and 2013 National Geospatial
Award for Excellence. He obtained his doctoral degree in Geography from
Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, India, and later he joined the
Agriculture Research Service (ARS).

N. G. Patil, PhD
Principal Scientist, Indian Council of Agricultural Research;
Editor-in-Chief, Indian Society of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning
N. G. Patil, PhD, is a Principal Scientist whose specialization is soil and
water conservation engineering. He joined Agriculture Research Service in
January 1992 and since then he has been an active researcher in different
institutions of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research. He has more than
24 years of research experience covering different facets of natural resources
xxii About the Editors

management. He has worked extensively in the field of soil hydraulics and

agriculture water management and land use planning. His contributions in
building the Geo-referenced Soil Information System of the country through
the development of pedotransfer functions are well recognized. His research
contributions have been published in highly reputed international and national
journals. He also serves as an editor and reviewer for many international jour-
nals published from USA, Europe, Africa, and Asia. Currently he is an Editor-
in-Chief of the Indian Society of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning. He
obtained a BTech (agricultural engineering) from Mahatma Phule Agricultural
University, Rahuri (Maharashtra) in 1988. He also studied at the Indian
Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, for masters degree in technology during
1988–1990.

Arun Chaturvedi, PhD

Principal Scientist and Head, Division of Land Use Planning,
ICAR-National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur,
India; President, Indian Society of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning
Arun Chaturvedi, PhD, is a Principal Scientist and Head, Division of
Land Use Planning at ICAR-National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use
Planning, Nagpur, India. His specialization is in land use planning, remote
sensing, and GIS. He is an Honorary Fellow of the Bhoo-Vigyan Vikas
Foundation, New Delhi, and was a member of UNEP-CSE committee for
“Alternative Approaches to Urban Development” during 1984–1985, as well
as a member of the DSTE Committee for project formulation and evaluation.
He worked as member of the Working Group for the UNESCO-NCERT Panel
on Educational Films on Environment during June 1986. He has received
several awards, including the Bhoo-Vigyan Sammaan from the Bhoo-Vigyan
Vikas Foundation during 2005; the CLUMA Award during 2005 from the
Center for Land Use and Management, Hyderabad; and a NAGI Citation
during 2000 from the National Association of Geographers, India. He has
held many important roles, including founding Joint Secretary of the Indian
Society of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning (1986–1988); Honorary
Secretary of the Indian Society of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning (2003–
2005); Chairman of the Commission on Digital Mapping Techniques, NAGI
(2002–2006); Vice President of the National Association of Geographers,
India (1999–2000); President of the Indian Society of Soil Survey and Land
Use Planning; and Vice President of the Soil Conservation Society of India
(present). He has three books and more than 50 research papers to his credit.
FOREWORD

Land and soil resources, in recent years, are under tremendous pressure
with highly competing demands from rising population not only to meet the
demands of food, fodder and fuel but also due to increasing claims on land
for settlements, urban growth, industrial expansion and infrastructure devel-
opment. As a consequence, per capita arable land availability has registered a
serious declining trend. Fertile and productive lands are being progressively
converted from crop lands to industrial and other uses, whereas, marginal
lands with impoverished soils are being tilled for agricultural crops. Hence,
utilization and management of land resources, according to the capability,
is necessary to ensure that land resources are utilized to the best advantage
in an enduring manner, particularly with respect to enhancing agricultural
productivity, keeping in view the prevailing ecological conditions and popu-
lation pressure in the region.
In this context, the availability of information on extent and spatial dis-
tribution of land resources forms is vital for local, regional, national and
global planning processes towards optimizing land use and to maintain a
sound ecological balance. Thus, land resource inventory, mapping and man-
agement are necessary to deal with different issue like land use planning,
food security, environmental protection, sustainability of land resources
and climate change. It is a matter of great concern to all of us that various
types of degradation viz., water erosion, wind erosion, physical and chemical
deterioration, flooding, salinization and alkalinization are affecting our land
resources. Advanced geospatial tools like remote sensing and Geographic
Information System (GIS) applications have immense potential in land
resources inventory, mapping and generation of databases for better plan-
ning, management, monitoring and implementing the land use plans more
efficiently at different levels.
In this context, it gives me an immense pleasure to note that the Editors
have brought out this publication on Sustainable Management of Land
Resources: An Indian Perspective. It is an outcome of the intensive delibera-
tions held in the National Conference on Sustainable Management of Land
Resources for Livelihood Security during January 28–30, 2015 at ICAR-
NBSS&LUP, Nagpur. The contributions are grouped into four sections
xxiv Foreword

namely land resource inventory and characterization; geospatial technolo-

gies in land resource mapping and management; soil nutrient status and
management; land use planning and livelihood security. I appreciate and
congratulate the editors of the volume for this excellent achievement.
The publication is extremely valuable for students, researchers, planners
and policy makers. I hope it will be highly beneficial in better understand-
ing of the land resources and to formulate future research, development and
extension programs in optimizing land resources for sustainable agricultural
land use planning.
—Alok K. Sikka
Ex-DDG (NRM)
ICAR, New Delhi
PREFACE

The depletion of land resources is the greatest challenge for the mankind in
this millennium. The shrinking land resources, weather aberrations, dete-
rioration of land quality, globalization and liberalization of market econo-
mies have become intertwined to influence sustainable management of land
resources and hence land use plans. With an increased human impact, natu-
ral resources are under great pressure. Issues concerning to land use have
gained importance in recent times as the increasing human and livestock
population and diversified human demands have further intensified the com-
petition for the finite land resources. The neglect and deterioration of the
land resources is impacting the livelihood and food security. Sustaining the
productivity of soil and water resources in the next century is an important
national as well as global goal. This will require scientists to translate their
knowledge and experience into implementable policy decisions. Since India
is agrarian economy, the land resources assume a more critical role affecting
the livelihood of vast majority of populace in the country.
In order to deliberate various emerging issues of land resource man-
agement, National Seminar was organized on Sustainable Management of
Land Resources for Livelihood Security at National Bureau for Soil Survey
and Land Use Planning (NBSSLUP), Nagpur in collaboration with Indian
Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi and National Bank of
Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD), Mumbai during January
28–30, 2015. Besides, two lead chapters, this volume contains twenty eight
contributions developed as chapters from the selected research papers pre-
sented in the National Seminar. The contributions were grouped under four
sections namely land resource inventory and characterization, geospatial
technologies in land resource mapping and management, soil nutrient status
and management and land use planning and livelihood security.
We are highly thankful to Dr. Alok K. Sikka, Hon’ble Ex-Deputy Director
General (NRM), ICAR, New Delhi for his valuable guidance and support.
We are extremely thankful to Dr. S.K. Singh, Director, ICAR-NBSS&LUP,
Nagpur, for his valuable suggestions, support and encouragement. As edi-
tors, we would like to profusely thank Dr. G.S. Sidhu, Former Principal
Scientist & Head, ICAR-NBSS&LUP, Delhi, Dr. L.G.K. Naidu, Former
xxvi Preface

Principal Scientist & Head, ICAR-NBSS&LUP, Bengaluru, Dr. A.K. Maji,

Former Director (Act.), ICAR-NBSS&LUP, Nagpur, Dr. S. Vadivelu,
Former Principal Scientist and Head, ICAR-NBSS&LUP, Bengaluru for
their valuable support and the help extended in finalizing the contributions.
We express our thanks to Mrs. Manisha, Office Assistant, ISSLUP for her
secretarial assistance.
We firmly believe that this publication will be highly useful for the
researchers, academicians, extension workers, policymakers, planners,
officials of land resources survey, planning and management institutions/
agencies/departments.
—G. P. Obi Reddy, PhD
N. G. Patil, PhD
Arun Chaturvedi, PhD
CHAPTER 1

LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY,

MAPPING AND MANAGEMENT:
AN INDIAN PERSPECTIVE
G. P. OBI REDDY,1 S. K. SINGH,2 N. G. PATIL,1 and
A. CHATURVEDI3
Principal Scientist, ICAR-National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land
1

Use Planning, Amravati Road, Nagpur – 440 033, India

2
Director, ICAR-National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use
Planning, Amravati Road, Nagpur – 440 033, India
3
Principal Scientist and Head, ICAR-National Bureau of Soil Survey
and Land Use Planning, Amravati Road, Nagpur – 440 033, India

CONTENTS

Abstract..........................................................................................................2
1.1 Introduction...........................................................................................3
1.2 Land Resource Inventory and Mapping................................................4
1.3 Land Resource Inventory and Mapping in India..................................8
1.4 Land Resource Planning and Management.........................................17
1.5 Conclusions.........................................................................................23
Keywords.....................................................................................................24
References....................................................................................................24
2 Sustainable Management of Land Resources: An Indian Perspective

ABSTRACT

Land resource inventory and mapping play a vital role in resource plan-
ning and management to assess its potential and limitations for wide range
of land use options and formulate sustainable land use plans to meet the
ever increasing demand for food, fodder and fuel production. Further, land
resource inventory is necessary to deal with the issues of sustainable land
resource management and land use planning, food security and assess the
impact of climate change on soil resources and their sustainability. Detailed
terrain analysis and landform mapping derived from ancillary data and satel-
lite data analysis form a base map in land resource inventory. The detailed
landform maps with spatial variations of the terrain features helps in soil sur-
vey and mapping the soils and finalize the soil-mapping units in the region.
The conventional field investigation in land resource inventory is becoming
increasingly unaffordable in terms of financial cost, time and data deliver-
ability. The integrated remote sensing and Geographic Information System
(GIS) applications have immense potential in land resources inventory, map-
ping and generation of spatial databases for better planning, management,
monitoring and implementing the land use plans more efficiently at differ-
ent levels. In India, ICAR-National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use
Planning (NBSS & LUP), the premier institute in soil resource inventory
and mapping is being used various satellite remote sensing products in soil
resource inventory and mapping at different scales ranges from 1:250,000
to 1:4,000 scale depending upon the objectives and scale of mapping. The
advent of new age Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs),
especially, personal computers, the Internet and mobile technologies have
immense potential in inventory, mapping, collection, storage, processing,
transmission and presentation of land resource information in multiple for-
mats. These advancements provide accurate, timely, relevant information
in cost effective and time efficient manner on real time basis. The informa-
tion generated through land resource inventory on climate, soils and water
resources, cropping systems, land use pattern, production and productivity,
vegetation, socio-economic profile of the region, etc., could be effectively
used to assess land capability, land irrigability, crop suitability, delineation
of land management units and evaluate the alternative land use options.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the
Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the
collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the
individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the
United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright
law in the United States and you are located in the United
States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying,
distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works
based on the work as long as all references to Project
Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will
support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting free
access to electronic works by freely sharing Project
Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of this
agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name
associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms
of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with
its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it
without charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also
govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most
countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside
the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to
the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying,
displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works
based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The
Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright
status of any work in any country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project

Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other

immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must
appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project
Gutenberg™ work (any work on which the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed,
viewed, copied or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United

States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it
away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg
License included with this eBook or online at
www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United
States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
you are located before using this eBook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is

derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to
anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges.
If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the
phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the
work, you must comply either with the requirements of
paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use
of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth
in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is

posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and
distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through
1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder.
Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™
License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright
holder found at the beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project

Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files
containing a part of this work or any other work associated with
Project Gutenberg™.
 1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute
this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1
with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the
Project Gutenberg™ License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form,
including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if
you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project
Gutenberg™ work in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or
other format used in the official version posted on the official
Project Gutenberg™ website (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at
no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a
means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other
form. Any alternate format must include the full Project
Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,

performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™
works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or

providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works provided that:

• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the
method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The
fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark,
but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty
payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on
which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your
periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked
as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information
 about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation.”

• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who

notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that
s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™
License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and
discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project
Gutenberg™ works.

• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of

any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in
the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90
days of receipt of the work.

• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project

Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different
terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain
permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg™
trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3
below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend

considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on,
transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright
law in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite
these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the
medium on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,”
such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt
data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other
medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES -

Except for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in
paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark,
and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic
work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for
damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU
AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE,
STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH
OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH
1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER
THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR
ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE
OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF
THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If

you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of
receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you
paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you
received the work from. If you received the work on a physical
medium, you must return the medium with your written
explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the
defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu
of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or
entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.
If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund
in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set

forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’,
WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR
ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied

warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this
agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this
agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the
maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable
state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of
this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the

Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the
Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any
volunteers associated with the production, promotion and
distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless
from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that
arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project
Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or
deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect
you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of

Project Gutenberg™
Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new
computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of
volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the

assistance they need are critical to reaching Project
Gutenberg™’s goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™
collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In
2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was
created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project
Gutenberg™ and future generations. To learn more about the
Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your
efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the
Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project

Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-
profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the
laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by
the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal
tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the
Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax
deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and
your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500

West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact
links and up to date contact information can be found at the
Foundation’s website and official page at
www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to

the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation
Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without
widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission
of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works
that can be freely distributed in machine-readable form
accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated
equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly
important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws

regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of
the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform
and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many
fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not
solicit donations in locations where we have not received written
confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or
determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit
www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states

where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know
of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from
donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot

make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations
received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp
our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current

donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a
number of other ways including checks, online payments and
credit card donations. To donate, please visit:
www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About Project

Gutenberg™ electronic works
Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could
be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose
network of volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several

printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by
copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus,
we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any
particular paper edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™,

including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new
eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear
about new eBooks.