STAGE 3- Assessment Preparation Questions

1. What is the acronym used for verbal handover

Answer: The acronym commonly used for verbal handover is "SBAR":

 S: Situation
 B: Background
 A: Assessment
 R: Recommendation

This structured format helps ensure that critical information is effectively communicated during
handovers, particularly in healthcare settings. Each component prompts the communicator to provide
essential details about the patient's condition, background, current assessment, and
recommendations for further care or actions

2. What are the ranges and terminology for Vital signs

BP=
HR=
SATS=
RR=
TEMP=
1. What are the 6 rights and 3 - How often are these given and how else can you write them
checks for medication - QID
administration - 6/24
- OD
6 Rights of Medication - 1/24
Administration: - TDS
- Q12h
1. Right Patient: Verify the
- QID:
patient's identity using at
o Meaning: Four times a day.
least two unique identifiers
o Other ways to write:
(e.g., name, date of birth) to
ensure the medication is  "4 times daily"
given to the correct  "Every 6 hours around the clock"
individual. - 6/24:
2. Right Medication: Confirm o Meaning: Every 6 hours.
that the medication o Other ways to write:
matches the prescribed  "Q6h" (every 6 hours)
drug therapy for the  "4 times daily"
patient, including the name, - OD:
dosage, form, and route. o Meaning: Once a day.
3. Right Dose: Administer the o Other ways to write:
medication at the  "Daily"
prescribed dose. Pay  "QD" (every day)
attention to the - 1/24:
concentration of the o Meaning: Once a day.
medication and calculate o Other ways to write:
the correct dosage based  "Daily"
on the patient's weight,  "QD" (every day)
 age, and other factors as - TDS:
applicable. o Meaning: Three times a day.
4. Right Route: Ensure that o Other ways to write:
the medication is  "TID" (three times daily)
administered by the correct  "Every 8 hours around the clock"
route (e.g., oral, - Q12h:
intravenous, intramuscular) o Meaning: Every 12 hours.
as prescribed by the o Other ways to write:
healthcare provider.  "Twice daily"
5. Right Time: Administer the  "BID" (two times daily)
medication at the
scheduled time specified in
the prescription to maintain
therapeutic effectiveness
and avoid potential
complications.
6. Right Documentation:
Record the medication
administration promptly
and accurately in the
patient's medical record,
including the name of the
medication, dosage, route,
time, and any relevant
patient response.

The "6 Rights" and "3 Checks" are

important principles in medication
administration to ensure patient
safety and accuracy. Here they are:

6 Rights of Medication
Administration:
1. Right Patient: Verify the
patient's identity using at
least two unique identifiers
(e.g., name, date of birth) to
ensure the medication is
given to the correct
individual.
2. Right Medication: Confirm
that the medication
matches the prescribed
drug therapy for the
patient, including the name,
dosage, form, and route.
3. Right Dose: Administer the
medication at the
 prescribed dose. Pay
attention to the
concentration of the
medication and calculate
the correct dosage based
on the patient's weight,
age, and other factors as
applicable.
4. Right Route: Ensure that
the medication is
administered by the correct
route (e.g., oral,
intravenous, intramuscular)
as prescribed by the
healthcare provider.
5. Right Time: Administer the
medication at the
scheduled time specified in
the prescription to maintain
therapeutic effectiveness
and avoid potential
complications.
6. Right Documentation:
Record the medication
administration promptly
and accurately in the
patient's medical record,
including the name of the
medication, dosage, route,
time, and any relevant
patient response.
3 Checks of Medication
Administration:
1. First Check (Preparation):
 Verify the
medication order
against the
medication
administration
record (MAR).
 Check the
medication label for
accuracy, including
the name, strength,
dosage, and
expiration date.
 Assess the patient's
allergies and
 contraindications to
ensure safety.
2. Second Check (Before
Administration):
 Recheck the
medication against
the MAR and verify
the patient's identity.
 Confirm any special
considerations (e.g.,
dosage adjustments,
specific
administration
instructions).
3. Third Check (After
Administration):
 Evaluate the
patient's response to
the medication,
including any
expected therapeutic
effects or potential
adverse reactions.
 Document the
medication
administration and
patient response
accurately.

2. What is the meaning of

- STAT
- XR
- NEB
- W
- S/C
- N

Here are the meanings of the

medical abbreviations you've
asked about:

1. STAT:
 Meaning:
Immediately or at
once; indicating that
a medication or
procedure should be
done urgently or
without delay.
 Example: "Give the
 medication STAT"
means to administer
the medication
immediately.
2. XR:
 Meaning: Extended
Release.
 Example: "Take one
XR tablet daily"
indicates a
medication
formulation
designed for
prolonged release
over time.
3. NEB:
 Meaning: Nebulizer
or Nebulized.
 Example:
"Administer
albuterol via NEB
every 4 hours as
needed" refers to
using a nebulizer to
deliver albuterol for
respiratory
treatment.
4. W:
 Meaning: With.
 Example: "Take this
medication with
food" means to
consume the
medication while
eating or after
eating.
5. S/C:
 Meaning:
Subcutaneous.
 Example: "Inject
insulin S/C into the
abdomen" refers to
administering insulin
into the fatty tissue
beneath the skin.
6. N:
 Meaning: Normal.
 Example: "Patient's
 vital signs are within
N limits" suggests
that the patient's
vital signs are within
normal range.

These abbreviations are

commonly used in medical
settings to communicate
efficiently and accurately, but it's
important to ensure clarity and
avoid confusion by using
standardized abbreviations and
providing context when necessary

1. For both of the injection routes please name the

a) Needle colour/size
b) Angle
c) Site
intramuscular (IM) Injection:
a) Needle Color/Size:

 Color: Usually green or blue.

 Size: Typically ranges from 1 to 1.5 inches in length.
 Gauge: Commonly 21 to 23 gauge (thicker needle compared to subcutaneous).

b) Angle:

 Insert the needle at a 90-degree angle (perpendicular) to the skin surface. This allows the
medication to be injected directly into the muscle tissue.

c) Site:

 Common IM injection sites include:

 Deltoid muscle (upper arm)
 Ventrogluteal muscle (hip/buttock area)
 Vastus lateralis muscle (thigh)

Subcutaneous (SC) Injection:

a) Needle Color/Size:

 Color: Typically orange.

 Size: Usually shorter, ranging from 3/8 to 5/8 inches in length.
 Gauge: Often 25 to 27 gauge (thinner needle compared to intramuscular).

b) Angle:

 Insert the needle at a 45-degree angle to the skin surface for most adults. For patients with a
very thin layer of subcutaneous fat, a 90-degree angle may be used.
c) Site:

 Common SC injection sites include:

 Abdomen (around the navel, avoiding the area around the waistline)
 Upper outer arm
 Thigh (front or side)
 Back or side of the upper buttocks

Additional Considerations:
 Aspiration: For IM injections, aspirate (pull back) on the syringe plunger slightly after inserting
the needle to check for blood return, which helps ensure that the needle is not in a blood vessel
before injecting the medication.
 Injection Technique: Always follow proper aseptic technique, including site preparation and
needle disposal, to minimize the risk of infection and ensure patient safety.

These guidelines are general recommendations and may vary based on specific patient characteristics,
the type of medication being administered, and healthcare provider preferences. It's important for
healthcare professionals to receive training and follow institutional protocols when performing
injections.

Subcutaneous (under the

2. List 3 Routes of administration other than oral?
skin) Intramuscular (in a muscle) Intravenous (in a vein) Intrathecal (around
the spinal cord)
3. How would you perform a pain assessment on an unconscious pt or a pt with dementia?
To assess pain in unconscious or dementia patients briefly:

1. Observe Behavior: Watch for facial expressions, body movements, and vocalizations that may
indicate pain.
2. Use Pain Assessment Tools: Employ specialized scales like PAINAD or CPOT designed for non-
verbal patients.
3. Clinical Examination: Check for physical signs of pain such as localized tenderness or guarding.
4. Consult Caregivers: Gather insights from those familiar with the patient's behavior.
5. Trial Pain Relief: Consider a trial of pain medication to evaluate response.
6. Document and Reassess: Record findings and monitor pain status regularly.

4. Where would you find medications if they are not in the patient’s drawer?

1. Ward Imprest: In some healthcare settings, medications are stocked in a designated area called the ward
imprest. This is a supply of commonly used medications that are readily available for patients on the
 ward. If a specific medication is not in the patient’s drawer, you can check the ward imprest to see if it’s
stocked there1.
2. Pharmacy: If a medication is not available in the ward imprest or the patient’s drawer, you can contact
the ward pharmacist. They can arrange for the medication to be dispensed for the individual
patient. Alternatively, the original order on the NIMC (National Inpatient Medication Chart) or other
approved medication chart can be sent to the pharmacy for dispensing1.

1. Describe two signs and symptoms this client might suffering from chest pain.show if she is
 Pain or Discomfort in the Chest:
a. Sensation of pressure, tightness, heaviness, or discomfort in the chest.
b. Pain may be sharp, stabbing, burning, or squeezing.
c. Often felt behind the breastbone or in the left side of the chest, and may radiate to the
neck, jaw, shoulders, arms, back, or abdomen.
 Shortness of Breath (Dyspnea):
d. Difficulty breathing or sensation of breathlessness.
e. Feeling like you cannot get enough air, especially with exertion or lying flat.

2. When would you administer O2 for a client with chest pain?

Oxygen should be administered to a client with chest pain if their oxygen saturation levels fall below 94%. This is
to ensure that the heart muscle receives enough oxygen to function properly.

3. What is the maximum number of GTN tablets you can administer?

The maximum number of GTN (glyceryl trinitrate) tablets that can be administered is three. If the chest pain persists after
the third tablet, emergency medical assistance should be sought immediately.

4. What is the strength of GTN

The typical strength of a GTN tablet is 0.3mg or 0.4mg

The strength of Glyceryl Trinitrate (GTN) varies by formulation: sublingual tablets range from 300 to 800
micrograms (mcg) per tablet, sublingual spray delivers around 400 mcg per spray, and transdermal patches come
in strengths of 5 to 20 milligrams (mg) for controlled release over time.

5. How is it given
 Sublingual: Tablets are placed under the tongue to dissolve or spray is administered
under the tongue for rapid absorption.
 Transdermal: Patches are applied to clean, non-hairy skin on the chest or upper arm.
 Intravenous (IV): Given directly into a vein in hospital settings for immediate effect.

The specific administration method depends on the medical condition and patient's needs. Always
follow healthcare provider instructions for safe and effective use of GTN.

6. How far apart can we give it

GTN can be administered every 5 minutes for up to three doses sublingually (tablets or spray) for chest pain, and
transdermal patches are applied every 24 hours
 7. What 2 things must you check before giving it
 Check Blood Pressure: Ensure the patient's blood pressure is not too low (<90/60
mmHg) to avoid exacerbating hypotension.
 Assess Heart Rate: Verify that the patient's heart rate is not excessively low (<50-60 beats
per minute) before administration to prevent further bradycardia.

8. When would you not give it?

 The patient has low blood pressure (hypotension, <90/60 mmHg).

 The patient has a very slow heart rate (bradycardia, <50-60 beats per minute).
 The patient has taken phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitors (e.g., Viagra, Cialis) within the last
24-48 hours.
 The patient has a known allergy or sensitivity to GTN or related nitrate medications.

Always assess the patient's medical history and current condition before giving GTN to ensure safety
and avoid potential complications.

1. Describe two signs and symptoms this client may experience if he were suffering from acute respiratory distress
Two key signs of acute respiratory distress include:

1. Difficulty Breathing (Dyspnea): Rapid, shallow breathing with visible effort or feeling of
suffocation.
2. Cyanosis: Bluish discoloration of the skin, especially around lips and fingertips, due to oxygen
deprivation.

2. What medication you would administer?

, medications that may be administered for acute respiratory distress include:

1. Bronchodilators: Like albuterol or ipratropium for bronchoconstriction.

2. Corticosteroids: Such as prednisone or methylprednisolone to reduce airway inflammation.
3. Oxygen Therapy: Supplemental oxygen to improve oxygenation.
4. Antibiotics: If the cause is a bacterial infection like pneumonia.
5. Diuretics: For conditions like congestive heart failure causing fluid overload.
6. Pain Medications: To alleviate discomfort and aid breathing

3. Identify three oxygen delivery devices and the appropriate flow rate for each.( Page 45 )

4. What history might a patient have that would limit the amount of oxygen they can have and what is the maximum
they can receive?

Answer; Patients with conditions like COPD, interstitial lung disease, hypercapnia, respiratory failure, or
pulmonary hypertension may have limitations on the amount of oxygen they can safely receive. The
maximum oxygen they can receive is typically adjusted to maintain oxygen saturation (SpO2) levels
between 88-92% to avoid complications such as worsening respiratory drive, CO2 retention, or oxygen
toxicity. Oxygen therapy should be carefully monitored and individualized based on the patient's specific
medical history and condition. Always seek guidance from a healthcare professional for appropriate
 oxygen therapy management.

5. List 5 possible adverse reactions and your nursing actions.

Here are the nursing actions for five potential adverse reactions, summarized in points:

 Allergic Reaction:

 Stop treatment immediately.

 Notify the healthcare provider.
 Administer antihistamines or epinephrine as prescribed.
 Monitor closely for signs of improvement or worsening.

 Anaphylaxis:

 Initiate emergency response (code).

 Administer epinephrine promptly.
 Maintain airway and assist with breathing.
 Continuously monitor vital signs and oxygen saturation.

 Nausea and Vomiting:

 Discontinue the offending medication or treatment.

 Offer antiemetic medication as ordered.
 Provide oral fluids if tolerated.
 Monitor intake and output, assess for signs of dehydration.

 Hypotension (Low Blood Pressure):

 Monitor vital signs frequently (blood pressure, pulse, and respiratory rate).
 Adjust patient positioning (e.g., elevate legs if not contraindicated).
 Administer intravenous fluids or vasopressors per provider's orders.
 Notify the healthcare provider promptly for further interventions.

 Respiratory Depression:

 Assess respiratory rate, depth, and effort regularly.

 Ensure a patent airway and adequate oxygenation.
 Administer reversal agents if indicated (e.g., naloxone for opioid-induced respiratory
depression).
 Continuously monitor respiratory status and response to interventions.
 6. Identify two indicators that would make it appropriate for a MET call or Code?

1. Severe Respiratory Distress:

 Indicated by profound difficulty breathing, worsening cyanosis, or inadequate response to
oxygen therapy.

2. Cardiac Arrest or Unstable Arrhythmias:

 Involving sudden loss of pulse, consciousness, or life-threatening cardiac rhythms

requiring immediate intervention.

1. Identify 3 areas of preoperative education that will benefit your patients post op recovery.

Preoperative education plays a crucial role in preparing patients for their postoperative recovery. Here
are three areas of preoperative education that can significantly benefit patients during their post-op
recovery:

1. Pain Management Education:

 Benefit: Educating patients about pain management techniques preoperatively helps
them understand what to expect after surgery and how to cope with postoperative pain
effectively.
 Content: Teach patients about the different pain relief options available (e.g.,
medications, relaxation techniques, positioning), when and how to take pain medications,
and how to communicate pain levels to healthcare providers.
2. Mobility and Activity Guidelines:
 Benefit: Providing guidance on postoperative mobility and activity promotes faster
recovery and reduces the risk of complications such as blood clots and muscle stiffness.
 Content: Educate patients on safe movement techniques, gradual progression of activity
levels, use of assistive devices (if needed), and precautions to prevent falls or injuries.
3. Nutrition and Hydration Instructions:
 Benefit: Proper nutrition and hydration are essential for healing and recovery after
surgery. Preoperative education can help patients understand the importance of
maintaining good nutrition and hydration.
 Content: Discuss dietary recommendations before and after surgery, including specific
foods to eat or avoid, adequate fluid intake, and the role of nutrition in wound healing
and overall recovery.

2. Your pt has received their premed for their operation and you identify that they have not signed their consent.
Why is this significant?
In short, it is significant if a patient has not signed their consent for an operation after receiving
premedication because:

 Legal and Ethical Implications: Without signed consent, the procedure may be considered
unauthorized and pose legal and ethical issues regarding patient autonomy and decision-
 making.
 Patient Safety: Consent ensures that the patient is fully informed about the procedure, risks,
and alternatives, contributing to patient safety and informed decision-making.
 Risk of Complications: Proceeding without proper consent may lead to complications, disputes,
and potential legal repercussions for the healthcare provider.

3. Identify any mechanical VTE prophylaxis that could be used.

A
An Answer: Mechanical VTE prophylaxis options include intermittent pneumatic compression devices (IPC) or
graduated compression stockings

1. Identify nursing actions prior to removing a wound drain

2. Identify two documents you would use post completion of a wound dressing
3. Identify signs of a wound infection
4. What are you assessing when observing a wound?
1. Before giving medication via NG tube, what safety measures do you need to perform?
2. How would you confirm placement?
3. What is the difference between 4/24 Asps and aspiration for placement?

1. List three things you would check for when observing an IVC site?
2. Your Pt’s IV infusion pump alarms saying occlusion downstream, identify the possible causes?
3. Your patient’s IV antibiotics were commenced 10 minutes ago and she has developed a rash. What are your
actions?
4. Identify two signs and symptoms of a fluid overload and what medication would you administer.
1. What is the rate for compressions during CPR
The recommended rate for chest compressions during CPR is 100-120 compressions per minute. This
rate is crucial for effective blood circulation and maximizing the chances of survival during cardiac arrest.
2. What does PQRST stand for?
3. Name 3 components of Neurological assessment?
4. Name 3 components of Neurovascular assessment?
5. What does PEARL stand for?
6. Describe two signs and symptoms of a narcotised patient.
1. Normal BGL range and terminology for above and below normal range?
2. What would you do if pt 3.5mmol?

Sure, here's a concise response:

If a patient's blood glucose level is 3.5 mmol/L (indicating hypoglycemia):

1. Assess the patient for symptoms of low blood sugar and their level of consciousness.
2. Give the patient a rapid-acting source of sugar like glucose tablets, juice, or sugar-containing
drinks if they can swallow safely.
3. Recheck their blood glucose after 15 minutes.
4. Monitor the patient closely and seek medical help if needed.
5. Identify and address the cause of hypoglycemia to prevent recurrence.
It appears you are asking about a scenario involving a patient with a blood glucose level of 3.5 mmol/L.
A blood glucose level of 3.5 mmol/L indicates hypoglycemia (low blood sugar). Here are steps that can
be taken in response to this situation:

1. Assess the Patient: Evaluate the patient's symptoms and level of consciousness. Symptoms of
hypoglycemia can include sweating, trembling, confusion, irritability, weakness, and palpitations.
Severe hypoglycemia can lead to loss of consciousness.
2. Administer Rapid-Acting Carbohydrates: If the patient is conscious and able to swallow safely,
provide them with a fast-acting source of sugar to raise their blood glucose levels quickly.
Examples include glucose tablets or gel, sugar cubes, fruit juice, or non-diet soda.
3. Recheck Blood Glucose: After administering the sugar, recheck the patient's blood glucose level
after 15 minutes to ensure it has risen to a safe level (above 4 mmol/L).
4. Monitor the Patient: Stay with the patient and monitor their condition closely. If symptoms
persist or worsen, seek medical assistance immediately.
5. Identify and Address Underlying Cause: Determine why the patient's blood glucose dropped.
Common causes include delayed or missed meals, excessive insulin or diabetic medication dose,
increased physical activity, or alcohol consumption.
6. Prevent Recurrence: Educate the patient and their caregivers about hypoglycemia prevention
strategies, such as regular meal timing, appropriate insulin or medication dosing, and carrying a
source of fast-acting sugar.
7. Seek Medical Attention if Necessary: If the patient's condition does not improve with initial
treatment, if they become unconscious, or if they are unable to swallow safely, call emergency
services for immediate medical attention.

It's important to respond promptly to hypoglycemia to prevent complications and ensure the patient's
safety. If you are a healthcare provider managing a patient with hypoglycemia, always follow
institutional protocols and guidelines for treatment and management

3. What if they were NBM? ( PAGE 62 )

4. Identify nursing actions once the Patient’s BGL is above 4mmol (for both oral and NBM)

5. Outline the signs and symptoms for hyperglycaemia

Certainly! Here's a concise outline of signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia:

 Increased thirst (polydipsia)

 Frequent urination (polyuria), including waking at night to urinate (nocturia)
 Fatigue and weakness
 Blurred vision
 Dry mouth
 Headaches
 Increased hunger (polyphagia)
 Unexplained weight loss
 Slow healing of wounds
 Fruity breath odor (in severe cases)
These symptoms can indicate high blood glucose levels and may vary in severity. Monitoring blood
sugar levels and seeking medical advice for persistent or severe symptoms is important for individuals
with diabetes

 Outline the signs and symptoms for hypoglycaemia Sweating

 Trembling or shakiness
 Hunger
 Palpitations (rapid heartbeat)
 Irritability or mood changes
 Fatigue or weakness
 Pale, clammy skin
 Headache
 Numbness or tingling
 Difficulty speaking
 Blurred vision
 Seizures or loss of consciousness (in severe cases)
6.

 7.Outline the signs and symptoms of ketoacidosis High blood sugar levels (typically >250 mg/dL or 13.9
mmol/L)
 Fruity breath odor
 Deep, rapid breathing (Kussmaul breathing)
 Excessive thirst (polydipsia) and frequent urination (polyuria)
 Nausea, vomiting, or abdominal pain
 Weakness or fatigue
 Confusion or altered mental status
 Flushed, dry skin
 Difficulty breathing
 Decreased consciousness or coma
8.What tests would you use to establish if your patient was developing ketoacidosis To establish if a patient
is developing ketoacidosis, several tests can be used to assess blood glucose levels, acid-base balance,
and ketone levels. These tests include:

1. Blood Glucose Measurement:

 Checking blood glucose levels to confirm hyperglycemia (elevated blood sugar), which is
a key indicator of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). A blood glucose level typically exceeding
250 mg/dL (13.9 mmol/L) suggests DKA.
2. Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) Analysis:
 Analyzing arterial blood for pH levels and bicarbonate (HCO3-) levels to assess acid-base
balance. In DKA, blood pH is usually lower (<7.3) due to increased acidosis.
3. Serum Ketone Testing:
 Measuring ketone levels in the blood using a serum ketone test. Elevated ketone levels,
particularly beta-hydroxybutyrate, confirm the presence of ketosis and suggest
ketoacidosis.
4. Urine Ketone Testing:
 Testing urine for ketones using urine ketone strips. Positive results indicate ketonuria,
which supports the diagnosis of ketoacidosis.
5. Complete Metabolic Panel (CMP):
 Obtaining a comprehensive metabolic panel that includes electrolyte levels (such as
potassium and sodium), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and other metabolic
markers. Abnormalities in these parameters may be seen in DKA.
6. Serum Lactate Level:
 Measuring serum lactate levels to assess for lactic acidosis, which can occur concurrently
with ketoacidosis in severe cases.
7. C-reactive Protein (CRP) and Inflammatory Markers:
 Assessing inflammatory markers like CRP, which can be elevated in cases of severe
infection or stress triggering DKA

 7. What is a primary and secondary survey Detailed medical history taking (if possible).
 Comprehensive physical examination of all body systems.
 Additional diagnostic tests (e.g., imaging studies, laboratory tests) as needed based on findings
from the primary survey.
 Monitoring of vital signs and reassessment of interventions initiated during the primary survey.

7. What is an acceptable ketone reading (less than 0.6 mmols)

8. What ketone level would you expect of a pt at risk of DKA (above 1.5 mmols)
  Follow up care post insulin administration Monitor blood glucose levels regularly.
 Watch for signs of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) and treat promptly if needed.
 Educate the patient on insulin use, hypo- and hyperglycemia symptoms, and appropriate actions.
 Provide dietary guidance and encourage meal planning.
 Recommend regular physical activity tailored to the patient's needs.
 Reinforce medication adherence and schedule follow-up appointments.
 Educate on recognizing and managing diabetic emergencies.
 Address psychosocial factors impacting diabetes management.
 Collaborate with the healthcare team for comprehensive care and support.
9.
1. Your patient has agreed to Palliation, how often would you perform their observations.
2. Formulate your nursing interventions and priorities of care of your palliative patient.
1. How would you identify increasing confusion in a pt with Alzheimers.
2. What method or tools could you use to assess her pain
3. Your patient become aggressive and threatening, what de-escalation tactics can you use?
PT EDUCATION
1. Identify the impact on wound healing/BGL/post-op recovery of:
- chronic hyperglycaemia
- smoking
- decreased mobility
- excessive alcohol intake
2. Provide health education regarding (including support services available and potential nursing interventions)
- Stopping smoking
- Alzheimer’s disease
- Palliative care
- Diabetes (acute and chronic) What information can you discuss with the patient to determine his
understanding of his condition, medications and management strategies
Terminology: please provide a definition and explain what it is.  Fluid overload
 CVA (Cerebrovascular accident)  NBM
 CAD (coronary artery disease)  Osteoarthritis
 Angina  Major depression as per DSM-5 and management
 Angioplasty
 Bowel Resection
 Bowel Obstruction 1. Fluid Overload:
 COPD (and SpO2 range)  Definition: Fluid overload, also
 Epilepsy known as hypervolemia, occurs
 Hemiplegia when there is an excessive
 Dysphagia accumulation of fluid in the body.
 Hypercholesterolemia
 Explanation: This condition can
 HT or HTN - Hypertension
result from various causes, such as
 T1DM or T2DM
heart failure, kidney disease, liver
 #NOF
disease, or excessive fluid intake.
Symptoms may include swelling
(edema), shortness of breath, and
increased blood pressure.
1. CVA (Cerebrovascular Accident): Treatment involves addressing the
underlying cause and may include
 Definition: CVA, commonly known as a
diuretic medications to help
stroke, occurs when blood flow to a
remove excess fluid.
part of the brain is interrupted or
reduced, leading to damage or death 2. NBM (Nil by Mouth):
 Definition: NBM is a medical
of brain cells.
 Explanation: Strokes can be caused by
abbreviation that means a patient
 a blocked artery (ischemic stroke) or should not be given any food or
the leaking or bursting of a blood liquids by mouth.
vessel (hemorrhagic stroke). Symptoms  Explanation: Nil by Mouth status is
may include sudden numbness or often implemented before surgery,
weakness, confusion, trouble speaking certain medical procedures, or if
or understanding speech, and difficulty there's a risk of aspiration (where
walking. food or liquids enter the airway
2. CAD (Coronary Artery Disease): instead of the stomach). Patients
 Definition: CAD is a condition where may receive necessary fluids and
the blood vessels that supply blood to nutrition through intravenous (IV)
the heart become narrowed or blocked lines.
due to a buildup of plaque (cholesterol 3. Osteoarthritis:
deposits) in the coronary arteries.  Definition: Osteoarthritis is the
 Explanation: CAD can lead to chest most common form of arthritis,
pain or discomfort known as angina, characterized by the breakdown of
and it increases the risk of heart cartilage in joints and subsequent
attacks and other heart-related damage to underlying bone.
problems.  Explanation: It commonly affects
3. Angina: weight-bearing joints such as the
 Definition: Angina is chest pain or knees, hips, spine, and hands.
discomfort that occurs when the heart Symptoms include joint pain,
muscle doesn't get enough oxygen- stiffness, and reduced range of
rich blood. motion. Treatment focuses on pain
 Explanation: Angina is 9often a management, maintaining joint
symptom of CAD. It can feel like function, and lifestyle
pressure, squeezing, heaviness, or modifications such as exercise and
tightness in the chest. It can also occur weight management.
in the shoulders, arms, neck, jaw, or 4. Major Depression as per DSM-5 and
back. Management:
4. Angioplasty:  Definition: Major Depression,
 Definition: Angioplasty is a procedure according to the Diagnostic and
to widen narrowed or blocked arteries, Statistical Manual of Mental
usually performed in the coronary Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), is
arteries of the heart. a mood disorder characterized by
 Explanation: During angioplasty, a persistent feelings of sadness,
balloon-tipped catheter is inserted into hopelessness, and loss of interest
the blocked artery and inflated to or pleasure in activities.
compress the plaque against the artery  Explanation: To diagnose major
walls, restoring blood flow. Sometimes depression, specific criteria must
a stent (a small mesh tube) is placed to be met, including the presence of
keep the artery open. depressive symptoms lasting at
5. Bowel Resection: least two weeks. Treatment
 Definition: Bowel resection is a surgical typically involves a combination of
procedure to remove a damaged or psychotherapy (such as cognitive-
diseased part of the intestine (bowel). behavioral therapy) and
 Explanation: It is often performed to antidepressant medications (such
treat conditions such as bowel as selective serotonin reuptake
obstruction, tumors, or inflammatory inhibitors or SSRIs). Lifestyle
bowel disease. changes and support from family
6. Bowel Obstruction: and friends are also essential
 Definition: Bowel obstruction is a components of managing major
blockage in the intestines that depression.
prevents the normal movement of
food, fluids, and gas through the
digestive tract.
 Explanation: Symptoms of bowel
obstruction include severe abdominal
pain, bloating, constipation, vomiting,
and inability to pass gas.
7. COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
Disease): Abbreviations:
 Definition: COPD is a chronic  N/S
inflammatory lung disease that causes  IVC
obstructed airflow from the lungs.  BGL’s
 Explanation: Common forms of COPD  HR
include emphysema and chronic  #NOF
bronchitis. SpO2 (pulse oximetry)  NP
range for COPD patients is typically  SOB
88-92% or higher.  HTN
 CAD
8. Epilepsy:
 PCA
 Definition: Epilepsy is a neurological
 DKA
disorder characterized by recurrent,
unprovoked seizures.  N/S - Normal saline (a common
 Explanation: Seizures can vary widely in intravenous fluid)
severity and type, ranging from brief  IVC - Intravenous cannula (a small tube
lapses of attention to severe and placed into a vein to administer fluids or
prolonged convulsions. medications)
9. Hemiplegia:  BGL’s - Blood glucose levels
 Definition: Hemiplegia is a condition (measurement of the amount of glucose
characterized by paralysis (weakness or in the blood)
inability to move) on one side of the  HR - Heart rate (number of heartbeats
body. per minute)
 Explanation: Hemiplegia is often  #NOF - Fractured neck of femur (a
caused by a stroke or brain injury common type of hip fracture)
affecting one side of the brain, leading  NP - Nurse practitioner (a registered
to paralysis on the opposite side of the nurse with advanced training)
body.  SOB - Shortness of breath (difficulty
10. Dysphagia: breathing)
 Definition: Dysphagia is difficulty or  HTN - Hypertension (high blood
discomfort in swallowing. pressure)
 Explanation: Dysphagia can be caused  CAD - Coronary artery disease (narrowing
by neurological disorders, muscular or blockage of the coronary arteries)
disorders, or structural problems in the  PCA - Patient-controlled analgesia (a
throat or esophagus. method of pain control where patients
11. Hypercholesterolemia: self-administer small doses of pain
 Definition: Hypercholesterolemia is a medication)
condition characterized by high levels  DKA - Diabetic ketoacidosis (a serious
of cholesterol in the blood. complication of diabetes where the body
  Explanation: Elevated cholesterol levels produces excess blood acids called
can increase the risk of developing ketones)
CAD and other cardiovascular diseases.
12. HT or HTN (Hypertension):
 Definition: Hypertension, or high blood
pressure, is a common condition in
which the long-term force of the blood
against the artery walls is consistently
too high.
 Explanation: Hypertension can lead to
serious health problems such as heart
disease, stroke, and kidney failure if left
untreated.
13. T1DM or T2DM:
 Definition:
 T1DM: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
is a chronic condition where the
pancreas produces little or no
insulin.
 T2DM: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
is a chronic condition where the
body becomes resistant to
insulin or doesn't produce
enough insulin.
 Explanation: Both types of diabetes
result in high blood sugar levels, which
can lead to various complications if not
managed properly.
14. #NOF:
 Definition: #NOF refers to a fractured
neck of femur, which is a common type
of hip fracture.
 Explanation: This injury often requires
surgical intervention to repair and
rehabilitative care to restore mobility
and function

Resources

Diabetes

Best Practice Guidelines | Diabetes Australia

What is diabetes | Diabetes Australia

Myths & facts | Diabetes Australia

Hyperglycaemia – symptoms, risks and management | Diabetes Australia

Insulin chart quick start guide – Handout Download PDF (safetyandquality.gov.au)

User Guide to National Insulin Subcutaneous Order and Blood Glucose Record: Adult (pg 23, section
10.2)
Type 1 diabetes | Diabetes Australia

Type 2 Diabetes | Diabetes Australia

Depression

Recommendations | Depression in adults: treatment and management | Guidance | NICE

COPD

Overview - Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (lungfoundation.com.au)

Angiogram

Coronary angiogram test | Heart Foundation

Nursing guidelines : Care of the patient post cardiac catheterisation (rch.org.au)

Bowel resection

Large Bowel Resection: Purpose, Procedure, and Risks (healthline.com)

Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis — Arthritis Australia - the most common arthritis in Australia

#NOF

Hip Fracture Clinical Care Standard | Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care