A Comprehensive Review On Thermal Conductivity and Viscosity of Nanofluids

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A Comprehensive Review on Thermal Conductivity and Viscosity of

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Article · February 2022

DOI: 10.37934/arfmts.91.2.1540
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Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 74, Issue 2 (2020) 66-84
Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid

Mechanics and Thermal Sciences
Journal homepage: www.akademiabaru.com/arfmts.html
ISSN: 2289-7879
Thermal Conductivity and Dynamic Viscosity of Nanofluids: A Open

Access
Review
Wahaizad Safiei1,*, Md Mustafizur Rahman2, Ratnakar Kulkarni3, Md Noor Ariffin4, Zetty Akhtar
Abd Malek2
1 Faculty of Manufacturing and Mechatronic Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26600 Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia
2 Faculty of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26600 Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia
3 Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300 Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia
4 Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300 Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia
ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT
Article history: Thermal conductivity is one of the rheology properties that vital for engineering fluid
Received 18 December 2019 which indispensable for heat transfer enhancement. For this reason, nanofluid is
Received in revised form 10 June 2020 getting wider attention nowadays due to the presence of nanoparticles in the base
Accepted 15 June 2020 fluid can further improve thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity. These are two
Available online 15 August 2020
important properties for new engineering fluid in providing better cooling and
lubricating effects, especially in mechanical and tribology applications. In this paper,
specifically, nanofluids thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity are discussed
comprehensively. Both properties’ thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluids are
improved over the base fluid. Furthermore, these two properties increase when more
volume concentrations of nanoparticles are added. In addition, the thermal
conductivity also improved with increasing the temperature. From the literature
review, the maximum enhancement of thermal conductivity for single nanofluid is
recorded 36% of MWCNTs in distilled water. On the other hand, the maximum
enhancement of viscosity is recorded 39% of Al2O3 in water-ethylene glycol over base
fluid. The hybrid nanofluids that consist of more than one type of nanoparticles exhibit
better thermal conductivity where the maximum enhancement is recorded 68% of Cu-
TiO2 in deionized water. For dynamic viscosity measurement, the maximum
enhancement of hybrid nanofluids is recorded 168% of MgO-MWCNT in ethylene
glycol. Therefore, to sum up, hybrid nanofluids are really promising to enhance heat
transfer performance especially for heating and cooling applications. The potential of
these nanofluids should be explored extensively to discover its advantages over
conventional working fluid.
Keywords:
Thermal conductivity; dynamic viscosity;
nanofluids; heat transfer; enhancement Copyright © 2020 PENERBIT AKADEMIA BARU - All rights reserved
*
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected]
https://doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.74.2.6684
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Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences
Volume 74, Issue 2 (2020) 66-84
1. Introduction
Driven by green technology and long-term manufacturing sustainability, nanofluids are

introduced as an alternative to the conventional fluid. Nanofluids are engineered colloidal suspension
for minimizing environmental effects as well as for enhancing working fluid thermal and rheology
properties. This is an innovative approach for new generation working fluid. Lubrication plays a vital
role in the mechanical component’s movement as it can reduce the friction and subsequently reduce
mechanical forces. It has been reported that lubrication was found 4000 years ago in Egypt based on
a large statue of a man pouring a kind of liquid [1]. Conventional liquids possess limited thermal
conductivity, environmental pollution and worker’s health issues that needs to resolve. Therefore, in
the last 20 years ago the efforts have been devoted to coming up with the solution. Since then, a
single nanofluid was introduced by the researchers and hybrid nanofluid also presented for the first
time in 2015. The term “Nanofluid” was first introduced by Choi in 1995 [2]. Nanofluid by definition
is referred as a working fluid that contains colloidal mixture of metallic or non-metallic nanomaterial
with the particle size less than 100nm [3]. Research on nanoparticles has been increased rapidly by
employing different types of nanosized materials with different volume concentrations particularly
for various applications such as machining, heat exchanger, radiator, refrigerator, air-conditioner and
electronics cooling. In recent years, nanofluids are prepared using different types of nanoparticles
such as Al2O3, ZnO, TiO2, CNT, SiO2 and ZrO2. These materials can be considered inexpensive and yet
demonstrate better thermal-physical properties. The thermal properties or convective heat transfer
coefficient of base oil can further be enhanced using nanomaterials mainly due to the thermal
transport capability of each particle. The performance of nanofluid in carrying heat from the heat
source depends on its thermal conductivity, specific heat, viscosity and density [4]. Besides, the
nanoparticle’s shape also significantly influences the thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity of
the fluid [5]. According to Pryazhnikov et al., [6] there is a direct proportional relationship between
particle size and thermal conductivity. The thermal conductivity of nanofluid is improved remarkably
when the thermal conductivity of the base fluid is lower. The solid heat transfer performance is better
compared with the liquid heat transfer performance. This is attributed to the mass molecule motion
when nanofluid is circulating throughout the system which resulting in higher thermal conductivity
enhancement of nanofluids.
The volume percentage or weight percentage of nanoparticles dispersed in based-oil is between
0.25% and 5% for nanofluids preparation. It has been reported that the presence of SWCNTs
dispersed in the base coolant can increase the thermal conductivity of up to 105% at 1 vol% of
nanoparticle [7]. Thus, the heat is transferred more effectively from the cutting zone and
subsequently the temperature can be reduced outstandingly. Fotowat et al., [8] discovered that
about 17% of thermal conductivity enhancement of nanofluids over a base fluid. However, there was
a corrosion effect in Aluminium and Copper however, it was negligible in Stainless Steel when all
these materials were submerged in the Al2O3 nanofluid. Rashmi et al., [9] also studied the effects of
corrosion using carbon wall nanotube nanofluids and various base fluids. On the other hand,
nanofluid viscosity increases with increasing of nanoparticle diameter size and volume concentration
however, decreases drastically in increasing temperature [10]. Murshed and Estelle [11] suggested
that the study of nanofluid viscosity should also consider pH value, nanoparticle size and shape as
the published articles are limited. According to Nabil et al., [12], more research is needed to
understand the behavior of nanofluid including its characteristics and suitability in engineering
applications. Therefore, in this paper, specifically, nanofluids thermal conductivity and dynamic
viscosity are discussed comprehensively. The objective is to explore and expand the knowledge of
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nanofluids in terms of preparation, thermal-physical behavior and its modeling as well as application
potential in the near future.
2. Base Fluid
Base fluid or single-phase liquid exhibits low thermal conductivity in which the effectiveness of
heat transfer could not be obtained. This is the reason that researchers have attempted to enhance
thermal-physical properties by introducing second-phase liquid such as single and hybrid nanofluid.
The selection of base fluid is vital in preparing nanofluids in order to obtain nanofluids stability and
enhancing its thermal-physical properties. There are many types of base fluid that are commonly
used nowadays to prepare nanofluids such as water, deionized water, ethylene glycol (EG), vegetable
oil, a mixture of water and ethylene, etc. Each of these base fluids has its own advantages. For
instance, Ethylene Glycol is commonly used as anti-freeze addictive due to it able to further reduce
the freezing temperature of working liquid (0°C to -12°C) for circulating the liquid particularly in
heating and cooling systems [13]. Nazari et al., [14] revealed that a 30% volume of Ethylene Glycol in
the nanofluids has better cooling performance than 50% volume of Ethylene Glycol. It was
recommended by Lim et al., [15] to mix water and ethylene glycol of 60:40 ratios as the base fluid for
cooling purposes. The vegetable oil-based fluid is one of many alternative lubricants that can be
considered as base fluid due to some reasons. For example, Wang et al., [16] revealed that palm oil
has better lubrication properties compared to other vegetable oils. Commonly known for
biodegradability and low production cost, it also has good lubrication properties [17]. Furthermore,
it has great potential as metal cutting liquid which needs to be explored [18]. Synthetic or mineral
oils display good lubrication properties; however, they possess lower thermal properties which not
suitable for the metal cutting process that generates high temperature at the cutting zone especially
under high-speed machining [17]. According to Xuan and Li [19], oil-based nanofluid was better than
water-based nanofluid in terms of heat transfer characteristics. Minh et al., [20] mentioned that
based on comprehensive studies emulsion 5% coolant was more effective than soybean oil in
enhancing hard milling performance in terms of surface roughness, cutting forces and the tool life.
2.1 Nanomaterial
The characteristics of nanomaterials depend on their size, shape, physical properties and
dispersibility. The nanoparticles can be divided into three groups which are based on its physical
characteristics such as (i) Metallic particles like Fe, Al, Cu, Au, Ag, (ii) Non-metallic or metal carbide
particles like Al2O3, CuO, SiC, TiO2 and (iii) Carbon Nanotubes [21]. The size of the particle should be
less than 100nm to be considered as a nanoparticle. The effectiveness of lubricating properties
depends on the smaller size of nanoparticle which can form a protective film layer and subsequently
reduce the friction between the cutting tool and workpiece during the machining process.
Nanomaterials have a high ratio of surface area over their weight and possess anti-friction properties
in base fluids [22]. According to Zhang et al., [23], MoS2 nanoparticles show good lubrication
performance, while CNTs were able to increase the heat transfer coefficient. By dispersing both
nanomaterials into a base fluid, it would enhance the thermo-physical properties of nanofluid.
Similarly, findings by Wang et al., [24] Al2O3, MoS2, and SiO2 have better lubricating properties when
grinding Nickel Alloy GH4169. It has been reported that Fe3O4 nanoparticles exhibited the maximum
thermal conductivity enhancement of 200% in water [25]. Vafaei et al., [26] revealed that the
maximum enhancement of thermal conductivity of 48% was associated with Fe 3O4 nanoparticles.
Similarly, the maximum enhancement of the nanofluid viscosity was found almost 294% when Fe3O4
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nanoparticles dispersed in ethylene glycol-water mixture [27]. Li et al., [28] evaluated the grinding
performance of six different nanofluids (MoS2, ZrO2, CNT, polycrystalline diamond, Al2O3, and SiO2)
and found that CNT nanofluids produced excellent thermal properties compared with other
nanofluids. According to Guo et al., [29], carbon nanotubes have outstanding characteristics
compared to other nanomaterials in terms of chemical stability, physical strength, high electrical and
thermal conductivity, as well as mechanical resistance. Raju et al., [30] mentioned that multiwall
carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) nanoparticles have a maximum thermal conductivity of 3000 W/mK
compared with other nanomaterials resulting in 36% improvement of thermal conductivity on
nanofluid compared to the conventional fluid. Moreover, this type of nanomaterial easily disperses
in distilled water when sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is added [31]. Copper metallic nanoparticles
demonstrate 95% higher thermal conductivity at 400 W/mK compared to Copper Oxide (CuO) which
was at 20 W/mK [32]. Furthermore, Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles display better thermo-
physical properties compared to SiO2 and TiO2 nanofluids for the same volume concentrations
whereas Al2O3 have lower lubrication properties [17,33]. Minh et al., [20] claimed that Al2O3
nanoparticles produced excellent tribological and anti-toxic properties. While Su et al., [34]
mentioned that graphite nanoparticles were able to reduce anti-friction characteristics where a
physical deposition layer could form on the surface thereby resulting in low friction forces. Sayuti et
al., [35] revealed that the Vickers hardness of silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanoparticle is 1000kgfmm-2
which possesses good mechanical properties of hard and brittle particles.
2.2 Single and Hybrid Nanofluids
Single nanofluid is referred as a one-type nanoparticle with a certain amount of concentration

dispersing into the base fluid. Single nanofluid has been received great attention since 1995 with the
objective to enhance base fluid and conventional working fluid properties and subsequently improve
cooling and lubricating characteristics. Yogeswaran et al., [36] applied TiO2-Ethylene Glycol nanofluid
for enhancing milling performance. Esfe et al., [37] evaluated MgO/water nanofluid thermal
conductivity coefficient between 0.01 and 0.03 volume fractions. In order to further enhancing the
thermal-physical and rheology properties of single nanofluids, a combination of different
nanoparticles dispersing into the base fluid could be the solution. Therefore, for the past few years,
research on hybrid nanofluids has attracted great attention to exploring its potential. Hybrid
nanofluids possess excellent thermal and rheology properties due to synergistic effect and can be
prepared by two methods: (i) suspending two or more different nanoparticles in the base fluid, (ii)
combining between two or more nanoparticles physically in the base fluid which is referred as hybrid
material [38]. For instance, MgO-MWCNTs in EG, Al2O3-SiC, MoS2-CNT in Synthetic Lipids and Al2O3-
GNP in oil-water emulsion were the hybrid nanofluids prepared in various applications [17,23,26,39].
This hybrid material exhibits better thermophysical properties due to the synergistic effect which
does not exist in the single nanofluids. Many scholars mentioned that hybrid nanoparticles that
disseminate in the base fluid produced higher heat transfer enhancement, cooling effect and anti-
friction performance rather than single nanoparticles in the material cutting process [21,23,39]. The
combination of two different nanoparticles for preparing the hybrid nanofluids could produce
manifesting results that able to increase heat transfer effectiveness in many engineering applications.
In such, there are applications of hybrid nanofluids in heat exchanger, car radiator, rubbing process,
electronics component cooling system, machining process as well as in solar energy collector [41-45].
However, the research of hybrid nanofluids for improving machining performance especially in metal
cutting process are still limited, therefore more experimental work needs to be conducted in order
to explore its great potential [17,46]. Both lubricating and cooling effects can be offered by hybrid
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nanofluids which regards the formation of thin-film on the contact interface to alleviate the cutting
forces and able to demonstrate higher thermal-rheology properties that can carry the heat away
from the heat source. Due to the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages, thus, the potential of
hybrid nanofluid and its application in the metal cutting process is promising in the future and should
be explored extensively.
3. Thermal Conductivity of Nanofluids
Heat can be transferred through conduction, convection and radiation. In these modes of heat
transfer, the heat flows from high to low temperatures. Thermal conductivity is defined as the heat
transfer rate within the temperature difference through a thickness material per unit area [47]. Thus,
thermal conductivity can be described as the ability of a material to transfer the heat by conduction
through it. This thermal property is critical for nanofluid to carry and dissipate the heat effectively.
Subsequently, the cooling rate could be faster and the operating system would be more reliable. It
essential that thermal conductivity measurement should be conducted for a new introduction of
nanofluid which the objective is to discover the capability of the liquid to carry and dissipate the heat.
In order to measure nanofluids thermal conductivity, thermal properties analyzer such as KD2 Pro
and TC3010 can be used [14,29,49-52]. It is essential to ensure that nanofluid is stable and no particle
sedimentation found when measuring thermal conductivity. Basically, the thermal conductivity can
be measured by applying three different techniques; i) The transient hot-wire method, ii)
Temperature oscillation method and iii) 3-ɷ method. The main factor affecting the thermal
conductivity of nanofluid is volume concentration [48,49]. Besides, the nanoparticle size, shape, type
of base fluid, temperature and preparation technique also will influence the thermal conductivity.
The enhancement of nanofluid thermal conductivity depands on volume concentration and working
temperature. Higher thermal conductivity of nanofluid observed at higher volume concentration and
temperature as reported by Alirezaie et al., [50]. However, the thermal conductivity decreased with
the increase in the percentage of Ethylene Glycol in the mixture of Ethylene Glycol/water as a base
fluid [51]. Furthermore, the thermal conductivity of oil-based nanofluid decreases at the temperature
greater than 180°C due to the vaporization of organic oil which regards its flash point [52]. Abubakar
et al., [53] stated that 0.08% of temperature reduction at 0.8% volume fraction of Fe3O4 in water over
the pure water in microchannel heat sinks thermal analysis.
In addition, certain nanoparticles such as MWCNTs and Ag possess higher thermal conductivity
compared to other nanoparticles. Therefore, the dispersion of these nanoparticles would
significantly enhance the thermal conductivity of nanofluids over base fluid. However, obtaining the
stability of these nanofluids is always challenging which is associated with the higher density. In order
to avoid instability conditions of suspension, nanoparticles concentration should be managed wisely
as they have significant influence on the thermal conductivity and stability. On the other hand, the
effect of nanoparticle shape is significant for nanofluid thermal conductivity. For instance, as
reported by Jeong et al., [54] that nearly rectangular ZnO exhibited 18% of thermal conductivity
enhancement over the sphere shape of the same material which recorded 15% enhancement at the
same concentration of 5.0vol%. This is due to a higher interface area which directly increasing surface
interaction and the possibility of higher contact area with other materials in transferring the heat
[55,56]. According to Cui et al., [57], nanofluids that consist of the cylindrical shapes of nanoparticles
displays higher thermal conductivity rather than sphere shape due to micro-convection activities of
rotational motion in nanofluids. However, Kim et al., [58] mentioned that the thermal conductivity
of nanofluids increases with decreasing nanoparticles size. With smaller particle sizes, the suspension
would be more stable and the chemical interaction could happen even in confine space.
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Nevertheless, according to Jeong et al., [54], the nanoparticle shape is more dominant in getting
higher thermal conductivity of nanofluids than the particle size which regards specifically to ZnO and
more study should be conducted for other nanoparticles. The summary of thermal conductivity and
viscosity enhancement findings for single and hybrid nanofluid are shown in Table 1 and Table 2
respectively.
Table 1
Summary of single nanofluid thermal conductivity and viscosity maximum enhancement
Author Base Fluid Nano- Volume Measurement Measurement Maximum
particles Fraction Temperature Property Enhancement
(%)
Sundar et al., [59] Ethylene Al2O3 0.0%, 20°C – 60°C Thermal 32.26% of 1.5
Glycol (EG): 0.3%, Conductivity vol% at 60°C
Water 0.6%, Dynamic 1.37 times
20:80% 0.8%, Viscosity compared to
40:60% 1.0%, base fluid
80:20% 1.5%
Chen et al., [60] Natural SiC 0.0% - 1.0% 10°C – 50°C Thermal 5.2%
Seawater Conductivity
Huminic et al., Distilled SiC 0.5 wt%, 1.0 20°C – 50°C Thermal 17.62% of 1.0
[61] Water wt% conductivity wt% at 50C
Dynamic 17.62%
Viscosity
Al-Waeli et al., Deionized SiC 1% - 4% 25°C – 60°C Thermal 8.2%
[62] water Conductivity
Yu et al., [63] Ethylene ZnO 0% - 5% 10°C – 60°C Thermal 26.5% of 5
Glycol (EG) Conductivity vol%
Suganthi and Water ZnO 0.25% - 2% 35°C – 55°C Dynamic 28%
Rajan [64] Viscosity
Nadooshan [65] Ethylene ZnO 0.125% - 20°C – 50°C Thermal 20% of 4
Glycol (EG) 4.0% Conductivity vol.%
Lim et al., [15] Water- Al2O3 0.2%, 0.4%, 15°C – 55°C Thermal 10% of 1 vol%
Ethylene 0.6%, 0.8%, Conductivity
glycol (EG) 1% Dynamic 39% of 1 vol%
Viscosity
Convective Heat 25.4% of 1
Transfer vol%
Coefficient
Andhare and Raju Distilled MWCNT 0.2% 33°C,40°C,50° Thermal 36%
[66] Water s C Conductivity
Contact Angle reduced by
33.3%
Murshed et al., De-ionized TiO2 0.001% - 10°C – 60°C Thermal 17%
[67] Water 0.05% Conductivity
Najiha et al., [68] De-ionized TiO2 0.5%,2.5%,4. 30°C – 60°C Thermal 11.4%
Water 5% Conductivity
Nazari et al., [14] Water Al2O3 0.1%, 0.25%, 20°C – 50°C Heat Transfer 6% of
0.5% Coefficient 0.5vol.%
CNT Heat Transfer 13% of
Coefficient 0.25vol.%
Xuan and Li et al., Water Cu 2wt% - 9wt% 15°C – 55°C Thermal 1.78 times
[19] Conductivity higher than
base fluid
Baghbanzadeh et Distilled MWCNT 0 wt.% - 1 27°C, 40°C Thermal 23.3%
al., [69] Water s wt.% Conductivity
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Ilyas et al., [70] Thermal Oil MWCNT 0 wt.% - 1 25°C - 60°C Thermal 28.7% of
(THO) s wt.% Conductivity 1wt.%
Li et al., [71] Waste SiC 0.02% - 0.1% 25°C - 60°C Thermal 23%
Cooking Oil Conductivity
Khedkar et al., Paraffin Oil Fe3O4 0.01% - 0.1% 27°C Thermal 20%
[72] Conductivity
Abareshi et al., Deionized Fe3O4 0% - 3% 10°C - 40°C Thermal 11.5% of 3
[73] Water Conductivity vol.% at 40°C
Table 2
Summary of hybrid nanofluid thermal conductivity and viscosity maximum enhancement
Author Base Fluid Nanoparticle Volume Measuremen Measurement Max.
s Fraction t Property Enhancement
Temperature (%)
Toghraie et Ethylene glycol ZnO – TiO2 0% - 3.5% 25°C – 50°C Thermal 32% of 3.5 vol%
al., [74] (EG) Conductivity when measured
at 50°C
Afrand et al., Engine Oil SiO2 - 0.0625%, 25°C – 60°C Dynamic 37.4%
[75] (SAE40) MWCNTs 0.125%, Viscosity
0.25%, 0.5%,
0.75%,1.0%
Harandi et Ethylene glycol MWCNTs- 0.1%, 0.25%, 25°C – 50°C Thermal 30% of 2.3 vol%
al., [76] (EG) Fe3O4 0.45%, 0.8%, Conductivity when measured
1.25%, 1.8%, at 50°C
2.3%
Madhesh et De-ionized Cu – TiO2 0.1% - 2.0% 30°C – 90°C Heat Transfer 68%
al., [77] water Coefficient
Mechiri et Vegetable Oils Cu - Zn 0.1%,0.3%, 30°C – 60°C Thermal 1.125-times
al., [78] (Ground nut) 0.5% Conductivity
Akilu et al., Ethylene glycol TiO2 - CuO/C 0.5% - 2.0% 30°C – 60°C Thermal 16.7%
[79] (EG) Conductivity
Dynamic 80%
Viscosity
Esfe et al., Ethylene glycol SWCNT- MgO 0.0% - 2.0% 30°C – 50°C Thermal 32% of 2 vol.%
[80] (EG) Conductivity
Aberoumand Transformer Oil Ag - WO3 1 wt.%, 2 40°C – 100°C Thermal 41%
and wt.%, 4 wt.% Conductivity
Jafarimoghad
dam [81]
Kannaiyan et Water-Ethylene Al2O3 - CuO 0.05%, 0.1%, 20°C – 70°C Thermal 45%
al., [82] glycol (EG) 0.2% Conductivity
Afrand [83] Ethylene glycol MgO - 0% - 0.6% 25°C – 50°C Thermal 21.3%
(EG) FMWCNTs Conductivity
Nabil et al., Water-Ethylene TiO2 – SiO2 0.5% - 3.0% 30°C – 80°C Thermal 22.8%
[84] glycol (EG) Conductivity
Dynamic 62.5%
Viscosity
Sundar et al., Distilled Water GO - Co3O4 0.05%, 0.1%, 20°C – 60°C Thermal 19.14%
[85] 0.15%, 0.2% Conductivity
Dynamic 1.70-times
Viscosity
Ethylene glycol Thermal 11.85%
(EG) Conductivity
Dynamic 1.42-times
Viscosity
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Wei et al., Diathermic Oil SiC – TiO2 0.1% - 1.0% 10°C – 50°C Thermal 8.39%
[86] Conductivity
Sundar et al., Water-Ethylene ND - Co3O4 0% - 0.15% 20°C – 60°C Thermal 16.0% at 60°C
[87] glycol (EG) Conductivity
Dynamic 1.51-times at
Viscosity 60°C
Yarmand et Distilled Water GNP - Pt 0.0% - 0.1% 20°C – 40°C Thermal 17.77% of 0.1
al., [88] Conductivity vol.% at 40°C
Dynamic 33% of 0,1% at
Viscosity 40°C
Soltani and Ethylene glycol MgO - 0.1% - 1.0% 30°C – 60°C Dynamic 168%
Akbari [89] (EG) MWCNT Viscosity
Sundar et al., Water-Ethylene ND – Fe3O4 0.005%, 20°C – 60°C Thermal 17.8%
[90] glycol (EG) 0.1%, 0.2% Conductivity
Dynamic 2.19-times
Viscosity
Table 1 and Table 2 show the important findings of nanofluids thermal conductivity and dynamic
viscosity. It has summarized the maximum enhancement based on experimental studies. The
maximum enhancement of thermal conductivity for single nanofluid is 36% of MWCNTs in distilled
water. Meanwhile, the enhancement of viscosity for single nanofluid is recorded 39% of Al2O3 in
water-EG over the base fluid. On the other hand, the hybrid nanofluids exhibit superior thermal
conductivity over single nanofluid where the maximum enhancement is recorded 68% of Cu-TiO2 in
deionized water. Furthermore, the maximum enhancement percentage for hybrid nanofluid viscosity
is recorded 168% of MgO-MWCNT in ethylene glycol. Based on experimental results, hybrid
nanofluids have greater potential as the future working fluid in cooling and heating which regards
the enhancement of thermal-physical properties of single nanofluids.
3.1 Thermal Conductivity Model
The overall cost of experiments nowadays is getting more expensive and conducting the
experiments may consume a lot of time. Hence, the prediction correlation models of nanofluid
thermal conductivity developed by scholars may assist in calculating the important property such as
thermal conductivity. Table 3 shows thermal conductivity models developed by scholars based on
actual experimental data. The regression models may differ due to different considerations of
nanoparticle characteristics such as size, shape, different materials and coating layer as well as the
type of the base fluid and its composition when preparing the fluid. However, the results obtained
using the correlation model should be verified with the actual experimental data.
Table 3
Summary of nanofluids thermal conductivity models developed by various scholars
Author Thermal Conductivity Models Description
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Volume 74, Issue 2 (2020) 66-84
Maxwell 𝑘𝑛𝑓 𝑘𝑠 + 2𝑘 + 2𝜑(𝑘𝑠 − 𝑘) The first model and always referred to

=
[91] 𝑘 𝑘𝑠𝑠 + 2𝑘 − 𝜑(𝑘𝑠 − 𝑘) define the effective thermal conductivity
of combination liquid and solid
suspensions. Where φ is the particle
sphericity.
Hamilton 𝑘𝑛𝑓 𝑘𝑠 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑘 + (𝑛 − 1)𝜑(𝑘𝑠 − 𝑘) This model considers a non-spherical
=
and Crosser 𝑘 𝑘𝑠𝑠 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑘 − 𝜑(𝑘𝑠 − 𝑘) nanoparticle and a shape factor that
[92] affects the liquid-solid thermal
conductivity. Where n is the empirical
shape factor given by 3/ φ and φ is the
particle sphericity where 1 for the
spherical and 0.5 for the cylindrical shape
respectively.
Yu and Choi [2(1 − 𝛾) + (1 + 𝛽)3 (1 + 2𝛾)]𝛾 The nanolayers at solid/liquid interface
𝑘𝑝𝑒 = 𝑘
[93] −(1 − 𝛾) + (1 + 𝛽)3 + (1 + 2𝛾) 𝑝 take into considerations when defining
the equivalent thermal conductivity kpe.
𝑘𝑛𝑓 𝑘𝑝𝑒 + 2𝑘𝑏 + 2(𝑘𝑝𝑒 − 𝑘𝑝 )(1 + 𝛽)3 ∅ Where γ is the ratio of nanolayer thermal
= conductivity to particle thermal
𝑘𝑓 𝑘𝑝𝑒 + 2𝑘𝑏 − (𝑘𝑝𝑒 − 𝑘𝑏 )(1 + 𝛽)3 ∅
conductivity (γ = kpe/k). In extreme case,
kpe = k, thus, γ is equivalent to 1. Where ϕ
is the particle volume concentration and
β is the ratio of thickness layer, h over
particle radius, r (β = h / r).
Bruggeman 𝑘𝑛𝑓 1 𝑘𝑏𝑓 Bruggeman has proposed a better model
= (3∅ − 1)𝑘𝑛𝑝 + [(2 − 3∅)𝑘𝑏𝑓 ] + √∆
[94] 𝑘𝑏𝑓 4 4 than two models above to predict the
thermal conductivity at any v/v% and
where, valid for spherical shape nanoparticle.
Where ϕ is the particle volume
𝑘𝑛𝑝
2 concentration, knp is the thermal
∆= [(3∅ − 1)2 ( ) + [(2 − 3∅)2 + 2(2 + 9∅ − conductivity of nanoparticle and kbf is the
𝑘𝑏𝑓
𝑘
9∅2 )] 𝑛𝑝 ] thermal conductivity of the base fluid.
𝑘𝑏𝑓
Feng et al., 𝑘𝑠 𝑘𝑝 + 2𝑘𝑓 − 2𝜑(1 + 𝜆𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑜 )3 (𝑘𝑓 − 𝑘𝑝 ) A model that considered of nanolayer,
[109] = λnano which is referred to the ratio of
𝑘𝑓 𝑘𝑝 + 2𝑘𝑓 + 𝜑(1 + 𝜆𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑜 )3 (𝑘𝑓 − 𝑘𝑝 )
nanoparticle thickness and radius
𝑡𝑝
(𝜆𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑜 = ) in determining the
𝑟𝑝
nanofluid thermal conductivity.
Timofeeva 𝑘𝑒𝑓𝑓 The model considers geometry,
= (1 + 3𝜙)
et al., [95] 𝑘𝑓 agglomeration state and surface
resistance of nanoparticles in determining
the efficiency of thermal conductivity. keff
is an effective thermal conductivity.
Where ϕ is the particle volume
concentration.
Vafaei et al., 𝑘𝑛𝑓 The model is based on optimum
= 0.9787 + exp⁡(0.3081𝜙 0.3097 − 0.002𝑇)
[26] 𝑘𝑏𝑓 conditions using an artificial neural
network and can be used to predict
hybrid nanofluids. Where ϕ is the particle
volume concentration and T is measured
temperature.
3.2 Dynamic Viscosity of Nanofluids
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Viscosity is a measure of the liquid tendency against the flow. It is important rheology property
of nanofluid that affecting the convective heat transfer coefficient [96]. When the liquid viscosity is
constant over the shear rate, thus the liquid can be classified as Newtonian fluid as reported by
Ghasemi and Karimipour [97]. On the other hand, when the fluid viscosity is changing over the shear
rate, then the fluid is classified as Non-Newtonian fluid [98]. The viscometer is a key measurement
instrument to measure the nanofluid viscosity. In order to measure nanofluids’ dynamic viscosity,
viscometer such as NDJ-9s rotating viscometer and Brookfield can be used [49,52-55]. For nanofluids,
volume concentration is the most important factor whether it can be classified as Newtonian or Non-
Newtonian fluid. For instance, Hong et al., [99] found that FeO4/water nanofluid exhibited Newtonian
at a low concentration but behave non-Newtonian at a higher volume concentration due to the
viscosity is changing over shear rate. The viscosity level in nanofluid is crucial because it may lead to
high-pressure drop and subsequently more energy is required for pumping power prior to supply the
cutting fluid. Based on the experimental investigation done by Pak and Cho [100], there was no
significant influence on fluid viscosity based on different pH values and there was an additional 31%
of the pumping penalty at a 3% of volume concentration where the fluid velocity remains constant.
However, nanofluid with higher viscosity has better performance for the lubricating effect due to
it has a better contact area between the cutting tooltip and the workpiece [101,102]. This led to
wettability effects of nanofluids on the contact surface. Moreover, higher viscosity prevents
nanofluid from flowing freely out of the contact zone. This relationship between cutting fluid viscosity
and surface tension is associated with cutting fluid wetting and spray characteristics. Sundar et al.,
[21] reported out that the viscosity of nanofluids is directly proportional to volume concentration. In
contrast, the viscosity is inversely proportional to the temperature. Brownian motion effect where
the molecules move freely and randomly could be attributed to the inverse relationship between
temperature and viscosity [103].
3.3 Viscosity Model
Besides the thermal conductivity model, scholars since the 1950s have developed a viscosity
model for predicting working fluid viscosity based on experimental works as can be seen in Table 4.
This is an attempted to model the important property of nanofluids by mathematical regressions.
Hence, the property can be calculated from the mathematical modelling.
Table 4
Summary of nanofluids dynamic viscosity models developed by various scholars
Author Viscosity Models Description
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Pak and Cho 𝜇𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝜇𝑒𝑓𝑓 (1 + 39.11𝜙 + 533.9𝜙 2 ) This model is referred to
[100] as two different metallic
particles at room
temperature. Where ϕ is
the particle volume
concentration.
Einstein [104] 𝜇𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝜇(1 + 2.5𝜙) , 𝜙 ⋜ 0.05 Based on the suspension
of spherical particles.
Where ϕ is the particle
volume concentration.
Roscoe [105] 𝜙 −2.5 A model for equal size
𝜇𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝜇𝑓 (1 − )
𝜙𝑚 rigid spheres and for all
concentrations. Where ϕ
is the particle volume
concentration.
Koo and 𝜇𝐵𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑖𝑎𝑛 = Small scale interaction
Kleinstreuer 𝐾𝑔 𝑇 may occur between the
5𝑥104 𝛽𝜌𝑚𝜙𝑝 √ [(−13463 + 17223𝜙𝑝 ) + (0.4705 − 6.04𝜙𝑝 )𝑇
[106] 2𝜌𝑝 𝑟𝑝 hot and cold regions. Thus,
temperature, particle size
and volume fraction also
affect the viscosity. Where
ϕ is the particle volume
concentration, T is
temperature, ρ is particle
density and r is particle
radius.
Brinkman 𝜇𝑒𝑓𝑓 1 This model is extended
=
[107] 𝜇𝑓 (1 − 𝜙)2.5 from Einstein’s model
which dilutes copper, gold,
CNT suspension. The
model includes base fluid,
nanoparticle viscosity and
volume fraction
respectively. Where ϕ is
the particle volume
concentration.
Batchelor 𝜇𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 1 + 2.5𝜙 + 6.5𝜙 2 The effect of Brownian
[108] motion takes into
consideration and it was
extended from Einstein’s
model. Where ϕ is the
particle volume
concentration.
The suitability of the models as shown in Table 3 and Table 4 is relied more on the type of base
fluid, size of the nanoparticle, type of nanoparticle, volume concentration and addition of surfactant.
Moreover, the accuracy of these models had been tested which close to the experimental results.
However, these thermal-physical modelling can be expanded by considering additional factors such
as measured temperature, coated and uncoated particles and different shapes when more than one
nanoparticle is dispersed in the base fluid. However, the experimental works must be performed in
the sense that a deviation of the results can be avoided. Therefore, a newly developed regression
model can be examined proven by conducting an experimental study to ensure the models and the
results are valid. Recently, many researchers have developed empirical correlation models using
different methods like genetic algorithms and artificial neural networks. The objective is to generate
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mathematical modelling that will be represented nanofluids’ prediction of thermal conductivity and
dynamic viscosity.
4. Conclusion
The capability of nanofluid in enhancing thermal and rheology properties is really encouraging
for the next generation of the working fluid. Even though the pressure drops increases with higher
nanofluid viscosity however the presence of more than one type of nanoparticles in preparing
nanofluid can further enhance the base fluid heat transfer capability. Due to the pressure drop, more
energy is required for circulating the nanofluids. This circumstance might affect the pump specifically
where the pump is overworking in supplying the nanofluid consistently into the working zone. For
that reason, the viscosity of hybrid nanofluid must be controlled wisely in getting a suitable range of
viscosity level. Furthermore, appropriate selection of nanoparticle materials, shape and size as well
as type of base fluids, with or without surfactant is crucial to get the optimum condition of nanofluid
in terms of physical, thermal and rheological properties. From the literature review, it can be
concluded that hybrid nanofluids exhibit better performance than single nanofluid and base fluid.
Therefore, hybrid nanofluids have greater potential as the future working fluid in cooling and heating
which regards the enhancement of thermal-physical properties of single nanofluids. Thus, more
experimental works must be carried out to further understand the behaviour of hybrid nanofluids in
terms of the effect of nanoparticle shape, size, concentration and the application of surfactant
particularly on both thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity as well as to explore its great
potential. With the huge potential of hybrid nanofluids in terms of thermal-rheology properties, the
elevation of overall engineering performance is realistic to be achieved.
Acknowledgement
The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of Universiti Malaysia Pahang for providing research
grants RDU1703135 and UMP LEAP-3 flagship project number RDU172203 as well as PGRS 190338
to conduct hybrid nanofluids related research for manufacturing application.
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Driven by green technology and long-term manufacturing sustainability, nanofluids are

2.2 Single and Hybrid Nanofluids

Single nanofluid is referred as a one-type nanoparticle with a certain amount of concentration

3. Thermal Conductivity of Nanofluids

3.1 Thermal Conductivity Model

Maxwell 𝑘𝑛𝑓 𝑘𝑠 + 2𝑘 + 2𝜑(𝑘𝑠 − 𝑘) The first model and always referred to

3.2 Dynamic Viscosity of Nanofluids

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