Data-Science-Report - Priyesh
Data-Science-Report - Priyesh
Data-Science-Report - Priyesh
On
DATA SCIENCE AND MACHINE LEARNING
A Project Report
submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Technology
In
Computer Science and Engineering
by
I hereby declare that I have completed my 4 weeks summer training at YBI FOUNDATION from Oct
17,2023 to Nov 17,2023 under the guidance of Y B I F o u n d a t i o n . I have declare that I have worked full
dedication during there 4 weeks of training and my learning outcomes fulfill the requirements of training for
the award of degree of B.tech. CSE , Krishna Engineering College , Ghaziabad .
The work in this report is an outcome of continuous work over a period and
drew intellectual support from YBI Foundation and other sources. I would
like to articulate our profound gratitude and indebtedness to YBI
Foundation helped us in completion of the training. I am thankful to YBI
Foundation Training Associates for teaching and assisting me in making
the training successful.
Priyesh Dwivedi
2001610100159
CSE, 7th Sem
KEC,Ghaizabad
1. ABOUT TRAINING
• NAME OF TRAINING: DATA SCIENCE & ML
• HOSTING INSTITUTION: YBI Foundation
• DATES: From 17th Oct 2023 to 17th Nov 2023
3. OBJECTIVES
To explore, sort and analyse mega data from various sources to take advantage of them and
reach conclusions to optimize business processes and for decision support.
Examples include machine maintenance or (predictive maintenance), in the fields of
marketing and sales with sales forecasting based on weather.
4. DATA SCIENCE
Data Science as a multi-disciplinary subject that uses mathematics, statistics, and computer
science to study and evaluate data. The key objective of Data Science is to extract valuable
information for use in strategic decision making, product development, trend analysis, and
forecasting.
Data Science concepts and processes are mostly derived from data engineering, statistics,
programming, social engineering, data warehousing, machine learning, and natural language
processing. The key techniques in use are data mining, big data analysis, data extraction and
data retrieval.
Data science is the field of study that combines domain expertise, programming skills, and
knowledge of mathematics and statistics to extract meaningful insights from data. Data
science practitioners apply machine learning algorithms to numbers, text, images, video,
audio, and more to produce artificial intelligence (AI) systems to perform tasks that
ordinarily require
human intelligence. In turn, these systems generate insights which analysts and business users
can translate into tangible business value.
DATA SCIENCE PROCESS:
1. The first step of this process is setting a research goal. The main purpose here is making
sure all the stakeholders understand the what, how, and why of the project.
2. The second phase is data retrieval. You want to have data available for analysis, so this
step includes finding suitable data and getting access to the data from the data owner.
The result is data in its raw form, which probably needs polishing and transformation
before it becomes usable.
3. Now that you have the raw data, it’s time to prepare it. This includes transforming the
data from a raw form into data that’s directly usable in your models. To achieve this,
you’ll detect and correct different kinds of errors in the data, combine data from
different data sources, and transform it. If you have successfully completed this step,
you can progress to data visualization and modeling.
4. The fourth step is data exploration. The goal of this step is to gain a deep understanding
of the data. You’ll look for patterns, correlations, and deviations based on visual and
descriptive techniques. The insights you gain from this phase will enable you to start
modeling.
5. Finally, we get to the sexiest part: model building (often referred to as “data modeling”
throughout this book). It is now that you attempt to gain the insights or make the
predictions stated in your project charter. Now is the time to bring out the heavy guns,
but remember research has taught us that often (but not always) a combination of
simple models tends to outperform one complicated model. If you’ve done this phase
right, you’re almost done.
6. The last step of the data science model is presenting your results and automating the
analysis, if needed. One goal of a project is to change a process and/or make better
decisions. You may still need to convince the business that your findings will indeed
change the business process as expected. This is where you can shine in your influencer
role. The importance of this step is more apparent in projects on a strategic and tactical
level. Certain projects require you to perform the business process over and over again,
so automating the project will save time.
5. MY LEARNINGS
1) INTRODUCTION TO DATA SCIENCE
• Overview & Terminologies in Data Science
• Applications of Data Science
Unfamiliar detection (fraud, disease, etc.)
Automation and decision-making (credit worthiness, etc.)
Classifications (classifying emails as “important” or “junk”)
Forecasting (sales, revenue, etc.)
Pattern detection (weather patterns, financial market patterns, etc.)
Recognition (facial, voice, text, etc.)
Recommendations (based on learned preferences, recommendation engines can
refer you to movies, restaurants and books you may like)
Data Science
The field of bringing insights from data using scientific techniques is called data science.
Applications
Computer Vision - The advancement in recognizing an image by a computer involves processing large sets
of image data from multiple objects of same category. For example, Face recognition.
Big Data
What is likely to
happen?
Predictive Analysis
Complexity
What’s happening
now?
Dashboards
Why did it
happen?
Detective Analysis
What happened?
Reporting
Detective Analysis
Asking questions based on data we are seeing, like. Why something happened?
Predictive Modelling
Big Data
Stage where complexity of handling data gets beyond the traditional system.
Can be caused because of volume, variety or velocity of data. Use specific tools to analyse such scale data.
Recommendation System
Example-In Amazon recommendations are different for different users according to their past search.
Social Media
1. Recommendation Engine
2. Ad placement
3. Sentiment Analysis
Deciding the right credit limit for credit card customers.
Suggesting right products from e-commerce companies
1. Recommendation System
2. Past Data Searched
3. Discount Price Optimization
How google and other search engines know what are the more relevant results for our search query?
1. Apply ML and Data Science
2. Fraud Detection
3. AD placement
4. Personalized search results
Python Introduction
Python is an interpreted, high-level, general-purpose programming language. It has efficient high-level data
structures and a simple but effective approach to object-oriented programming. Python’s elegant syntax and
dynamic typing, together with its interpreted nature, make it an ideal language for scripting and rapid
application development in many areas on most platforms.
Why Python???
LISTS: A list is an ordered data structure with elements separated by comma and enclosed within
square brackets.
DICTIONARY: A dictionary is an unordered data structure with elements separated by comma and
stored as key: value pair, enclosed with curly braces {}.
Statistics
Descriptive Statistic
Mode
It is a number which occurs most frequently in the data series.
It is robust and is not generally affected much by addition of couple of new values.
Code
import pandas as pd
data=pd.read_csv( "Mode.csv") //reads data from csv file
data.head() //print first five lines
mode_data=data['Subject'].mode() //to take mode of subject column
print(mode_data)
Mean
import pandas as pd
data=pd.read_csv( "mean.csv") //reads data from csv file
data.head() //print first five lines
mean_data=data[Overallmarks].mean() //to take mode of subject column
print(mean_data)
Median
Absolute central value of data set.
import pandas as pd
data=pd.read_csv( "data.csv") //reads data from csv file
data.head() //print first five lines
median_data=data[Overallmarks].median() //to take mode of subject column
print(median_data)
Types of variables
Continous – Which takes continuous numeric values. Eg-marks
Categorial-Which have discrete values. Eg- Gender
Ordinal – Ordered categorial variables. Eg- Teacher feedback
Nominal – Unorderd categorial variable. Eg- Gender
Outliers
Any value which will fall outside the range of the data is termed as a outlier. Eg- 9700 instead of 97.
Reasons of Outliers
Typos-During collection. Eg-adding extra zero by mistake.
Measurement Error-Outliers in data due to measurement operator being faulty.
Intentional Error-Errors which are induced intentionally. Eg-claiming smaller amount of
alcohol consumed then actual.
Legit Outlier—These are values which are not actually errors but in data due to legitimate
reasons. Eg - a CEO’s salary might actually be high as compared to other employees.
Interquartile Range (IQR)
Is difference between third and first quartile from last. It is robust to outliers.
Histograms
Histograms depict the underlying frequency of a set of discrete or continuous data that are measured on an
interval scale.
import pandas as pd
histogram=pd.read_csv(histogram.csv)
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
%matplot inline
plt.hist(x= 'Overall Marks',data=histogram)
plt.show()
Inferential Statistics
Inferential statistics allows to make inferences about the population from the sample data.
Hypothesis Testing
Hypothesis testing is a kind of statistical inference that involves asking a question, collecting data, and then
examining what the data tells us about how to proceed. The hypothesis to be tested is called the null
hypothesis and given the symbol Ho. We test the null hypothesis against an alternative hypothesis, which is
given the symbol Ha.
T Tests
When we have just a sample not population statistics.
Use sample standard deviation to estimate population standard deviation.
T test is more prone to errors, because we just have samples.
Z Score
The distance in terms of number of standard deviations, the observed value is away from mean, is standard
score or z score.
Making use of past data and attributes we predict future using this
data. Eg-
Past Horror Movies
Future Unwatched Horror Movies
Problem Definition
Identify the right problem statement, ideally formulate the problem mathematically.
Hypothesis Generation
List down all possible variables, which might influence problem objective. These variables should be free
from personal bias and preferences.
Quality of model is directly proportional to quality of hypothesis.
Data Extraction/Collection
Collect data from different sources and combine those for exploration and model building.
While looking at data we might come across new hypothesis.
Data Exploration and Transformation
Data extraction is a process that involves retrieval of data from various sources for further data processing or
data storage.
Steps of Data Extraction
Reading the data
Eg- From csv file
Variable identification
Univariate Analysis
Bivariate Analysis
Missing value treatment
Outlier treatment
Variable Transformation
Variable Treatment
It is the process of identifying whether variable is
1. Independent or dependent variable
2. Continuous or categorical variable
Why do we perform variable identification?
1. Techniques like supervised learning require identification of dependent variable.
2. Different data processing techniques for categorical and continuous data.
Categorical variable- Stored as object.
Continuous variable-Stored as int or float.
Univariate Analysis
1. Explore one variable at a time.
2. Summarize the variable.
3. Make sense out of that summary to discover insights, anomalies,
etc. Bivariate Analysis
When two variables are studied together for their empirical relationship.
When you want to see whether the two variables are associated with each other.
It helps in prediction and detecting anomalies.
Missing Value Treatment
Reasons of missing value
1. Non-response – Eg-when you collect data on people’s income and many choose not to answer.
2. Error in data collection. Eg- Faculty data
3. Error in data
reading. Types
1. MCAR (Missing completely at random): Missing values have no relation to the variable in which
missing value exist and other variables in dataset.
2. MAR (Missing at random): Missing values have no relation to the in which missing value exist and
the variables other than the variables in which missing values exist.
3. MNAR (Missing not at random): Missing values have relation to the variable in which missing value
exists
Identifying
Syntax: -
1. describe()
2. Isnull()
Output will we in True or False
Different methods to deal with missing values
1. Imputation
Continuous-Impute with help of mean, median or regression mode.
Categorical-With mode, classification model.
2. Deletion
Row wise or column wise deletion. But it leads to loss of data.
Outlier Treatment
Reasons of Outliers
1. Data entry Errors
2. Measurement Errors
3. Processing Errors
4. Change in underlying population
Types of Outlier
Univariate
Analysing only one variable for outlier.
Eg – In box plot of height and weight.
Weight will we analysed for outlier
Bivariate
Analysing both variables for outlier.
Eg- In scatter plot graph of height and weight. Both will we analysed.
Identifying Outlier
Graphical Method
Box Plot
Scatter Plot
Formula Method
Using Box Plot
< Q1 - 1.5 * IQR or > Q3+1.5 * IQR
Where IQR= Q3 – Q1
Q3=Value of 3rd quartile
Q1=Value of 1st quartile
Treating Outlier
1. Deleting observations
2. Transforming and binning values
3. Imputing outliers like missing values
4. Treat them as separate
Variable Transformation
Is the process by which-
1. We replace a variable with some function of that variable. Eg – Replacing a variable x with its log.
2. We change the distribution or relationship of a variable with others.
Used to –
1. Change the scale of a variable
2. Transforming non linear relationships into linear relationship
3. Creating symmetric distribution from skewed distribution.
Common methods of Variable Transformation – Logarithm, Square root, Cube root, Binning, etc.
Model Building
It is a process to create a mathematical model for estimating / predicting the future based on past
data. Eg-
A retail wants to know the default behaviour of its credit card customers. They want to predict the
probability of default for each customer in next three months.
Probability of default would lie between 0 and 1.
Assume every customer has a 10% default rate.
Probability of default for each customer in next 3 months=0.1
It moves the probability towards one of the extremes based on attributes of past information.
A customer with volatile income is more likely (closer to) to default.
A customer with healthy credit history for last years has low chances of default (closer to 0).
Algorithm Selection
Example-
Yes No
Supervised Unsupervised
Learning Learning
Is dependent
variable continuous?
Yes No
Regression Classification
Eg- Predict the customer will buy product or not.
Algorithms
Logistic Regression
Decision Tree
Random Forest
Training Model
It is a process to learn relationship / correlation between independent and dependent variables.
We use dependent variable of train data set to predict/estimate.
Dataset
Train
Past data (known dependent variable).
Used to train model.
Test
Future data (unknown dependent variable)
Used to score.
Prediction / Scoring
It is the process to estimate/predict dependent variable of train data set by applying model rules.
We apply training learning to test data set for prediction/estimation.
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Logistic Regression
Logistic regression is a statistical model that in its basic form uses a logistic function to model a binary
dependent variable, although many more complex extensions exist.
K-means clustering is a type of unsupervised learning, which is used when you have unlabelled data
(i.e., data without defined categories or groups). The goal of this algorithm is to find groups in the data,
with the number of groups represented by the variable K. The algorithm works iteratively to assign each
data point to one of K groups based on the features that are provided. Data points are clustered based on
feature similarity.
6. FINAL PROJECT
PREDICTING IF CUSTOMER BUYS TERM DEPOSIT
Problem Statement:
Your client is a retail banking institution. Term deposits are a major source of income for a
bank.
A term deposit is a cash investment held at a financial institution. Your money is invested for
an agreed rate of interest over a fixed amount of time, or term.
The bank has various outreach plans to sell term deposits to their
customers such as email marketing, advertisements, telephonic marketing and digital
marketing.
Telephonic marketing campaigns still remain one of the most effective ways to reach out to
people. However, they require huge investment as large call centers are hired to actually
execute these campaigns. Hence, it is crucial to identify the customers most likely to convert
beforehand so that they can be specifically targeted via call.
You are provided with the client data such as: age of the client, their job type, their marital
status, etc. Along with the client data, you are also provided with the information of the call
such as the duration of the call, day and month of the call, etc. Given this information, your
task is to predict if the client will subscribe to term deposit.
Data Dictionary: -
Prerequisites:
We have the following files:
train.csv: This dataset will be used to train the model. This file contains all the client
and call details as well as the target variable “subscribed”.
test.csv: The trained model will be used to predict whether a new set of clients
will subscribe the term deposit or not for this dataset.
TEST.csv file: -
TRAIN.csv file: -
Problem Description
Data Science has become a revolutionary technology that everyone seems to talk about. Hailed as the
‘sexiest job of the 21st century’. Data Science is a buzzword with very few people knowing about the
technology in its true sense.
While many people wish to become Data Scientists, it is essential to weigh the pros and cons of data science
and give out a real picture. In this article, we will discuss these points in detail and provide you with the
necessary insights about Data Science.
Advantages: -
1. It’s in Demand
2. Abundance of Positions
3. A Highly Paid Career
4. Data Science is Versatile
Disadvantages: -
1. Mastering Data Science is near to impossible
2. A large Amount of Domain Knowledge Required
3. Arbitrary Data May Yield Unexpected Results
4. The problem of Data Privacy
Learning Outcome
8. RESULTS
In this complete 4 weeks training I successfully learnt about DATA SCIENCE & MACHINE
LEARNING . Also, now I’m able to perform data analysis using python. I also attempted
various quizzes and assignments provided for periodic evaluation during 4 weeks and
completed this training with 100% score in Final Test.
9. TRAINING CERTIFICATE
***