Guide To Master SAS Programming

INDEX
TOPIC PAGE NO
DATA STATEMENT 1
INFILE STATEMENT 1
INPUT STATEMENT 5
FORMAT AND INFORMAT 8
CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS 15
ITERATIVE DO LOOPS 19
DM STATEMENT 21
COMBINING DATASETS 22
FUNCTIONS 35
OPTIONS 51
ARRAYS 58
IMPORTING AND EXPORTING THE DATA 63
PROC CONTENTS 65
PROC COMPARE 67
PROC TRANSPOSE 70
PROC MEANS 72
PROC FREQUENCY 73
PROC PRINT 75
PROC REPORT 79
MACROS 90
SQL 101
DATA STATEMENT
A DATA STATEMENT IS USED TO BEGINING A DATA STEP AND PROVIDES

NAMES FOR OUPUT DATASET. IT ENDS WITH RUN STATEMENT.
SYNTAX:
DATA DATASET_NAME;
RUN;
INFILE STATEMENTS
INFILE STATEMENT: THE PURPOSE OF INFILE STATEMENT IS TO LOCATE

WHERE THE RAW DATA IS PRESENT.
IF IT IS PRESENT IN THE EXTERNAL LOCATION IT IS SPECIFIED BY A
"PATH" ELSE IF THE DATA IS PRESENT IN THE SAS EDITOR
WINDOW(INSTREAM DATA) THEN IT IS SPECIFIED WITH "DATALINES".
IN THE BELOW PROGRAM THE SOURCE DATA IS INSTREAM DATA SO IN THE

INFILE STATEMENT DATALINES IS WRITTEN.
IN THE INPUT STATEMENT LENGTH(5-19), 21-36 AND 37-48 IS
SPECIFIED THESE WILL BE DISCUSSED IN THE INPUT STATEMENTS TOPIC.
DATA E_1;
INFILE DATALINES;
INPUT STARTING $ 5-19 DESTINATION $ 21-36 DISTANCE $ 37-48;
DATALINES;
NEWYORK LOS ANGELS 2,446.32 mi
DALLAS San-Diego 1,181.13 mi
San-Francisco New-York 2,463.84 mi
Las-Vegas Atlanta 4,403.12 mi
;
RUN;
RAW DATA LOCATED IN THE EXTERNAL LOCATION IS REPRESENTED BY THE

PATH
DATA E_2 ;
INFILE "C:\Users\RICKY\Desktop\BQ\3.TXT" DSD;
INPUT NAME $ 10. SEX $2. BIKE $10.;
RUN;
DSD (DELIMITER SENSITIVE DATA):IT READS MISSING VALUES WITH

DELIMITER.IN THE BELOW EXAMPLE COMMA ACTS AS DELIMITER. SAS
READS MISSING VALUE PRESENT BETWEEN THE TWO DELIMITERS AS A
BLANK VALUE. DSD REMOVES DOUBLE QUOTATION MARKS.
DATA E_2;
INFILE DATALINES DSD;
INPUT STARTING :$18. DESTINATION $DISTANCE $;
DATALINES;
NY,"LA",2446.32
DALLAS,"SD",1181.13
SF,"NY",2463.84
LV,"Atlanta",4403.12
;
RUN;
DATA E_3;
DATALINES;
NY,LA,2,446.32
DALLAS,SD,1,181.13
SF,NY,2,463.84
LV,Atlanta,4,403.12
;
RUN;
DATA E_3;
DATALINES;
NY,,2,446.32
DALLAS,SD,,181.13
SF,NY,2,463.84
LV,Atlanta,4,403.12
;
RUN;
DLM: WHEN THE RAW DATA HAS THE SPECIAL CHARACTER OTHER THAN
COMMA WE USE DLM. THE SPECIAL CHARACTERS MUST BE ENCLOSED IN THE
QUOTES.
DATA E_4;
INFILE DATALINES DLM='^';
DATALINES;
NY^LA^2446.32
DALLAS^SD^1181.13
SF^NY^2463.84
LV^Atlanta^4,403.12
;
RUN;
DATA E_5;
INFILE "C:\Users\RICKY\Desktop\BQ\_DM.TXT" DLM='%';
INFILE NAME $ AGE $ SEX $ RACE $ HEIGHT WEIGHT;
RUN;
DLMSTR: IT IS USED WHEN THE RAW DATA HAS STRINGS OR ALPHABETS AS

SPECIAL CHARACTER.
DATA E_6;
INFILE DATALINES DLM='z';
DATALINES;
NYzLAz2446.32
DALLASzSDz1181.13
SFzNYz2463.84
LVzAtlantaz4,403.12
;
RUN;
DLMSOPT='i' : IF WE HAVE THE DATA SEPERATED BY SENSITIVE CASE

ALPHABETS WE USE DLMSOPT='i’.
DATA E_7;
INFILE DATALINES DLM='zOPp' DLMSOPT='i';
DATALINES;
NYzOPpLAzOPp2446.32
DALLASzOPpSDzOPp1181.13
SFzOPpNYzOPp2463.84
LVzOPpAtlantazOPp4,403.12
;
RUN;
MISSOVER: WHEN THE VALUES ARE MISSING IN THE LAST VARIABE WE USE
MISSOVER.IN THE BELOW EXAMPLE SECOND OBSERVATION RACE IS
MISSING.
DATA E_5;
INFILE DATALINES MISSOVER;
INPUT SUBJID AGE GENDER $ RACE $;
DATALINES;
101 23 MALE WHITE
102 56 MALE
103 27 FEMALE ASIAN
;
RUN;
DATA E_6;
INFILE DATALINES MISSOVER;
INPUT SUBJID AGE ETHNIC $ RACE $ HEIGHT WEIGHT;
DATALINES;
101 23 Asian White 5.6 67
102 45 Asian
103 20 INDIAN Black 4.5 56
104 40 Asian Black
105 23 CANADIAN
106 34 Asian Black 7.3 87
;
RUN;
FIRSTOBS: IT HELPS IN SELECTING THE FIRST OBSERVATIONS.IN THE

BELOW EXAMPLE THE SAS COMPILER SELECTS FROM THE SECOND
OBSERVATION ONWARDS.
DATA E_7;
INFILE DATALINES FIRSTOBS=2 MISSOVER;
DATALINES;
102 45 Asian
104 40 Asian Black
105 23 CANADIAN
;
RUN;
OBS: IT HELPS IN SELECTING UPTO THE LAST OBSERVATION WHICH IS

SPECIFIED.
DATA E_8;
INFILE DATALINES OBS=2 MISSOVER;
DATALINES;
102 45 Asian
104 40 Asian Black
105 23 CANADIAN
;
RUN;
INPUT STATEMENT
INPUT STATEMENT IS USED FOR THE SPECIFING THE VARIABLE

NAME,LENGTH,VARIABLE TYPE WHEATHER IT IS A CHARACTER OR NUMERIC
AND THEIR FORMATS ETC.
COLUMN INPUT METHOD: IN THIS METHOD THE COLUMN LENGTH IS

SPECIFIED WHERE THE VARIABLE STARTS AND ENDS.
data DETAILS;
infile cards;
input empid 1-8 name $ 9-26 des $ 27-34;
cards;
1001 SAM AMMAR Tester
1002 JOSH SAM PANDA Analyst
;
RUN;
NAMED INPUT METHOD:THE VARIABLE NAMES ARE SPECIFIED BEFORE THE

OBSERATIONS.
data emp1;
infile cards;
length name $ 18;
input number= name= $ age= ;
cards;
number= 9846590 name=RAM Age= 27
number= 9988642 name= VAZ age= 40
number= 9006591 name=Satyam Age= 34
number= 9988642 name=courier age= 40
;
RUN;
SIMPLE LIST INPUT METHOD:IN THIS METHOD THE LENGTH IS SPECIFIED.

DATA EMP2;
INFILE DATALINES;
INPUT ID 3. NAME $13. SALARY 6.;
DATALINES;
101 BEZ 15000
102 GEZAJ 16450
103 RUBEN 14587
;
RUN;
POINTER & SYMBOL: IT IS USED WHEN THERE IS DOUBLE CONSECUTIVE
SPACING BETWEEN THE VARIABLE. WHEN LENGTH IS SPECIFIED IN THIS
SCENERIO WHICHEVER COME FIRST IT GETS EXECUTED.
DATA EMP3;
INFILE DATALINES;
INPUT ID 3. NAME &$8. SALARY 6.;
DATALINES;
101 BEZ 15000
102 GEZAJ 16450
103 RUBEN 14587
;
RUN;
DATA EMP3;
INFILE DATALINES;
INPUT ID 3. NAME &$8. SALARY 6.;
DATALINES;
101 BEZ 15000
102 GEZAJ 16450
103 RUBEN 14587
;
RUN;
POINTER # SYMBOL: THIS POINTER IS USED FOR MOVING TO COMPILER TO

THE NEXT OBSERVATION.
DATA EMP6;
INFILE DATALINES;
INPUT #1 ID 3.
#2 NAME &$8.
#3 SALARY 6.;
DATALINES;
101
BEZ
15000
102
GEZAJ
16450
103
RUBEN
14587
;
RUN;
POINTER : SYMBOL: THIS POINTER READS THE VALUES BETWEEN THE
NON-BLANK COLUMN.IRRESPECTIVE OF THE BLANK SPACE LENGTH. IT IS
ALSO USED WHEN DELIMITERS ARE USED.
DATA EMP4;
INFILE DATALINES;
INPUT ID :3. NAME :$8. SALARY 6.;
DATALINES;
101 BEZ 15000
102 GEZAJ 16450
103 RUBEN 14587
;
RUN;
DATA EMP5;
INPUT ID :3. NAME :$8. SALARY 6.;
DATALINES;
101,BEZ,15000
102,GEZAJ,16450
103,RUBEN,14587
;
RUN;
SINGLE TRAILING METHOD(@): THIS SINGLE TRAILING SPECIFIER HOLDS

THE RECORD FOR EXECUTION AND OUTPUTS.
DATA EMP6;
INFILE DATALINES;
INPUT SEX $18-19@;
IF SEX='M';
INPUT ID 1-3 NAME &$ 5-11 SALARY 12-17 SEX $ 18-19;
DATALINES;
101 BEZ 15000 M
102 GEZAJ 16450 F
103 RUBEN 14587 M
;
RUN;
DOUBLE TRAILING METHOD(@@): IT HELPS IN SELECTING THE DATA UPTO

A SPECIFIED VARIABLE.
DATA E_9;
INFILE DATALINES;
INPUT SUBJID NAME $ PROF $ AGE WEIGHT SEX $ @@;
DATALINES;
1001 SAM Tester 25 65 M 1002 PANDA Analyst 21 57 M
1003 JAMES ENG 31 69 M 1004 EMMA TEACHER 20 49 F
;
FORMATED INPUT METHODS
1. (N.) IT SPECIFIES THE LENGTH
2. (+N) IT SPECIFIES THE NUMBER OF SPACES TO SKIP
data empdet;
infile cards;
input empid 5. +3 name $ 18. des $ 10.;
cards;
;
POSITION INPUT METHOD
@N M. IT IS A METHOD WHERE @N REPRESENTS START POSITION
AND M. REPRESENTS THE LENGTH.
DATA E_;
INFILE CARDS;
INPUT @1 EPID 4. @9 NAME $ 18. @27 PROF $ 8.;
cards;
;
MIXED INPUT METHOD: WE CAN USE COMBINATION OF VARIOUS INPUT

METHODS.
DATA E_1;
INFILE CARDS;
INPUT @1 EMPID 4. NAME $ 9 - 23 PROF $ 27-34;
cards;
;
FORMAT AND INFORMAT
FORMAT: THIS OPTION IS USED DISPLAYING THE VARIABLES AS DESIRED

AS DESIRED.
INFORMAT: THIS OPTION IS USED HOW TO READ THE VARIABLES.
FORMAT AND INFORMAT SHOULD END WITH FULL STOP(.)
INFORMATS
DDMMYY10: THIS DATE FORMAT IS USED WHEN WE HAVE '-' OR '/' OR

'.' OR ':'* IN THE DATES.
DATA E_10;
INFILE DATALINES;
INPUT EMP_ID DES $:10. JDATE RDATE;
INFORMAT JDATE RDATE DDMMYY10.;
DATALINES;
101 BAKER 10/11/2014 09/11/2019
102 BANKER 01/05/2013 09/12/2020
103 BROKER 14/05/2011 04/05/2018
;
RUN;
DATE9.:THIS INFORMAT IS USED WHE THE AE IS REPRESENTED IN

DDMMMYYYY FORM.
DATA E_13;
INFILE DATALINES;
INFORMAT JDATE RDATE DATE9.;
DATALINES;
101 BAKER 10NOV2014 09NOV2019
102 BANKER 01MAY2013 09DEC2020
103 BROKER 14MAY2011 04MAY2018
;
RUN;
DATE7.:-
DATA E_14;
INFILE DATALINES;
DATALINES;
101 BAKER 10NOV14 09NOV19
;
RUN;
ANYDTDTE.: THIS IS USED WHEN WE HAVE UNKNOW FORMAT OF THE DATE.

DATA E_15;
INFILE DATALINES;
INFORMAT JDATE RDATE ANYDTDTE.;
DATALINES;
;
RUN;
DATA E_10;
INFILE DATALINES;
INFORMAT JDATE RDATE ANYDTDTE.;
DATALINES;
101 BAKER 10/11/2014 09/11/2019
102 BANKER 01/05/2013 09/12/2020
103 BROKER 14/05/2011 04/05/2018
;
RUN;
DATETIME.: THIS INFORMAT IS USED WHEN WE HAVE DATE TIME

TOGETHER. THE OUTPUT IS PRESENTED IN ELAPSED SECONDS CALCULATE
FROM 1960 ONWARDS
DATA E_16;
INFILE DATALINES;
INFORMAT JDATE RDATE DATETIME.;
DATALINES;
101 BAKER 10NOV14:11:15:46 09NOV19:10:41:13
102 BANKER 01MAY13:02:08:16 09DEC20:01:06:52
103 BROKER 14MAY11:11:02:18 04MAY18:08:19:48
;
RUN;
TIME.: THIS FORMAT IS USED TO REPRESENT ELAPSED NUMBER OF SECOND
I.E, 00:00:00 ONWARDS
DATA E_18;
INFILE DATALINES;
INPUT EMP_ID DES $:10. TIME;
INFORMAT TIME TIME.;
DATALINES;
101 BAKER 10:12:18
102 BANKER 01:15:19
103 BROKER 08:56:45
;
RUN;
INFORMAT FOR DATE AND TIME
DATE7. 29JAN10
DATE9. 29JAN2010
DDMMYY8. 29/01/10,29-01-10,29:01:10
DDMMYY10. 29/01/2010,29-01-2010,29:01:2010
TIME. 10:30:20
DATETIME. 29JAN10:10:30:20
ANYDTDTE. IF THE DATA INFORMAT IS UNKNOWN
FORMAT
DATA E_13;
INFILE DATALINES;
FORMAT JDATE RDATE DATE9.;
DATALINES;
101 BAKER 5693 7412
102 BANKER 7856 9245
103 BROKER 7844 8546
;
RUN;
FORMAT FOR DATE AND TIME

date7. 29Jan10
date9. 29Jan2010
ddmmyy8. 29/01/10
ddmmyy10. 29/01/2010
time5. 10:30
time8. 10:30:20
Datetime. 29Jan10:10:30:20
datetime20. 29Jan2010:10:30:20
worddate20. January 29, 2010
weekdate30. Friday, January 29,2010
yymmddn8. 20100129
yymmddd8. 10-01-29
yymmddd10. 2010-01-29
yymmdds8. 10/01/29
yymmdds10. 2010/01/29
yymmddc8 10:01:29
Yymmddc10. 2010:01:29
MISCELLANIOUS FORMATS
PERCENTW. : THIS OPTION IS USED TO READ THE VALUES WHEN THE

OBSERVATIONS HAVE PERCENTAGE
DATA E_12;
INFILE DATALINES;
INPUT EMP_ID DES $:10. PERCENT;
INFORMAT PERCENT PERCENT3.;
DATALINES;
101 BAKER 30%
102 BANKER 41%
103 BROKER 14%
;
RUN;
OTHER FORMATS AND INFORMATS
COMMAW. : THIS IS USED TO READ COMMAS AND OUTPUT THE RESULT WITH
COMMAS
DOLLARW. : THIS IS USED TO READ DOLLARS SIGN AND OUTPUT THE

RESULT WITH DOLLAR SIGN.
‘W’ REPRESENTS THE WIDTH OF THE OBSERVATION.AFTER THE DECIMAL

THE VALUE ARE DECIMAL VALUES. EXAMPLE DOLLAR5.1, 5 REPRESNENTS
THE ENTIRE LENGTH INCLUDING DOLLAR SIGN ‘.1’ REPRESENTS THE
WIDTH AFTER THE DECIMAL.
DATA E_13;
INFILE DATALINES;
INPUT EMP_ID DES $:10. SALARY;
INFORMAT SALARY DOLLAR5.1;
DATALINES;
101 BAKER $30.1
102 BANKER $41.0
103 BROKER $14.0
;
RUN;
DATA E_14;
INFILE DATALINES;
INFORMAT SALARY DOLLAR6.2;
FORMAT SALARY DOLLAR6.2;
DATALINES;
101 BAKER $30.0
102 BANKER $41.0
103 BROKER $14.0
;
RUN;
DATA E_A;
INFILE DATALINES;
INFORMAT SALARY DOLLAR7.;
FORMAT SALARY DOLLAR7.;
DATALINES;
101 BAKER $30,212
102 BANKER $40,153
103 BROKER $17,123
;
RUN;
DATA E_15;
INFILE DATALINES;
INFORMAT SALARY COMMA6.;
DATALINES;
101 BAKER 300,00
102 BANKER 410,00
103 BROKER 14,00
;
RUN;
DATA E_16;
INFILE DATALINES;
INFORMAT SALARY COMMA6.;
FORMAT SALARY COMMA6.;
DATALINES;
101 BAKER 300,00
102 BANKER 410,00
103 BROKER 14,00
;
RUN;
ATTRIB STATEMENT
ATTRIB STATEMENT MUST START WITH THE WORD ATTRIB. ALL THE
FORMATS AND INFORMATS FOR A VARIABLE CAN BE WRITTEN IS A SINGLE
ATTRIB STATEMENT
DATA E_;
INFILE CARDS;
ATTRIB DOB INFORMAT= DDMMYY8. FORMAT= DATE9. SALARY INFORMAT=
DOLLAR6. FORMAT=DOLLAR6.;
INPUT EPID:5. NAME :$ 12. PROF :$8. DOB SALARY;
cards;
1001 SAMAMMAR Tester 16/10/19 $15,267
1002 JOSHSAMPANDA Analyst 12/01/14 $16,267
;
PROC FORMAT
PROC FORMAT IS A PROCEDURE WHERE THE USER DEFINES THE INFORMATS

AND FORMATS ACCORDING TO THE NEEDS OF THE PROGRAMMER THESE ARE
NOT SYSTEM DEFINED.
DATA GROUP;
INPUT TEAM $ COLOR $ SEX $;
DATALINES;
MARSH R F
KING B M
LION G F
BEAR Y M
;
QUIT;
VALUE STATEMENT: IT IS USED FOR FORMATS.

PROC FORMAT;
VALUE $ COL 'R'='RED'
'B'='BLUE'
'G'='GREEN'
'Y'='YELLOW'
;
VALUE $ GEN 'F'='FEMALE'
'M'='MALE'
;
RUN;
DATA GROUP1;
FORMAT COLOR $COL. SEX $GEN.;
DATALINES;
MARSH R F
KING B M
LION G F
BEAR Y M
;
QUIT;
INVALUE :IT IS USED FOR INFORMATS

PROC FORMAT;
INVALUE $ COL 'R'='RED'
'B'='BLUE'
'G'='GREEN'
'Y'='YELLOW'
;
INVALUE $ GEN 'F'='FEMALE'
'M'='MALE'
;
RUN;
DATA GROUP2;
INFORMAT COLOR $COL. SEX $GEN.;
DATALINES;
MARSH R F
KING B M
LION G F
BEAR Y M
;
QUIT;
CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS
THESE ARE THE STATEMENTS WHERE THE SPECIFIED CONDITION IS

SATISFIED THEN THE PROGRAM GETS EXECUTED AND SPECIFIED OUTPUT IS
PRESENTED. THESE CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS ARE SIMILAR TO OTHER
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES.
CONDITIONAL STATEMENT ARE OF THREE TYPES

1.IF STATEMENT
2.IF ELSE
3.WHERE
OPERATORS TYPES
1.AND
2.OR
3.IN
4.NOT
5.NOT IN
6. BETWEEN
7.LIKE
DATA KEYS1;
INFILE DATALINES;
INPUT NAME $ SEX $ SUBJECT $:15. AGE MARKS HEIGHT WEIGHT;
DATALINES;
ELLEN M MATHEMATICS 15 66 153 55
SAM M ENGLISH 12 88 169 70
CRISTANA F SOCIAL 14 56 165 60
MARIA F SCIENCE 15 71 160 66
JOHN M FRENCH 13 45 154 64
VICTORIA F MATHEMATICS 11 57 159 71
BRITNEY F ARABIC 19 64 161 59
ABDUL M ENGLISH 13 47 162 54
VIKRAM M SOCIAL 17 47 144 72
ALISHA F FRENCH 18 22 166 74
ALISHA M FRENCH 18 22 166 74
MONA F ARABIC 11 87 156 45
WILLIAM M SCIENCE 16 55 161 77
ALBERTA F ENGLISH 14 61 162 71
;
RUN;
WHERE STATEMENT IS USED TO SELECT A SPECIFIC OBSERVATION
PROC PRINT DATA=KEYS1;

WHERE NAME='ABDUL';
RUN;

WHERE SUBJECT='FRENCH';
RUN;
AND OPERATOR: THIS IS USED FOR WRITING MULTIPLE CONDITIONS IN A

STATEMENT.

WHERE SUBJECT='FRENCH' AND SEX='F';
RUN;
OR OPERATOR: IF ANY OF THE MULTIPLE CONDITIONS ARE TRUE THEN IT

IS USED.

WHERE SUBJECT='FRENCH' OR SEX='F';
RUN;
IN OPERATOR: THIS IS USED TO SPECIFY MULTIPLE OBSERVATIONS IN A

VARIABLE.

WHERE SUBJECT IN('FRENCH','ENGLISH');
RUN;

WHERE SUBJECT NOT IN('FRENCH','ENGLISH');
RUN;
BETWEEN OPERATOR: THIS OPERATOR IS USED TO SELECT THE RANGE

WHERE AGE BETWEEN 15 AND 18;
RUN;
LIKE OPERATOR: THIS OPERATOR IS USED TO SELECT DESIRED CHARACTER

WHERE NAME LIKE 'A%';
RUN;
CONTAIN OPERATOR: THIS OPERATOR IS USE FOR SELECTING SPECIFIED
CHARACTER

WHERE NAME CONTAINS 'E';
RUN;
IF STATEMENT: IT IS USED FOR WRITING STATEMENTS AND CONDITIONS.
DATA E2_;
SET KEYS1;
IF AGE=16;
RUN;
DATA E1_;
SET KEYS1;
IF AGE=15 THEN SALARY=6000;
RUN;
DATA E3_;
SET KEYS1;
IF AGE IN(15:18) THEN SALARY=16000;
RUN;
IF-ELSE: THIS STATEMENT IS USED FOR CONDITIONS WHERE IF THE

FIRST STATEMENT IS FALSE THEN NEXT STATEMENT GETS CHECKED AND
EXECUTED.
DATA E4_;
SET KEYS1;
ELSE SALARY=15000;
RUN;
IF ELSE IF: THESE STATEMENTS ARE USED FOR MULTIPLE CONDITIONS

AND THE VARIABLE WHICH IS PRESENT IN THE CONDITION SHOULD BE
SAME THROUGH OUT THE CONDITIONS.
DATA E5_;
SET KEYS1;
ELSE IF AGE IN(14:16) THEN SALARY=20000;
ELSE IF AGE IN(17:19) THEN SALARY=35000;
RUN;
GO TO STATEMENT: THIS STATEMENT IS USED FOR WRITING CASE BLOCKS.
IF THE CONDITION IS TRUE THEN THE SPECIFIC CASE IS EXECUTED.
DATA E6_;
LENGTH COLOR $7.;
SET KEYS1;
IF AGE>=11 AND AGE<=13 THEN GO TO CASE1;
ELSE IF AGE>=14 AND AGE<=15 THEN GO TO CASE2;
ELSE IF AGE>=16 AND AGE<=19 THEN GO TO CASE3;
CASE1: SALARY=5000;
COLOR='RED';
RETURN;
CASE2: SALARY=10000;
COLOR='PINK';
RETURN;
CASE3: SALARY=30000;
COLOR='YELLOW';
RETURN;
RUN;
ITERATIVE DO LOOPS
THESE ARE THE SIMPLEST FORM OF ITERATIVE LOOPS.THESE CAN BE EXECUTED

WITHIN THE SAS DATA STEP. THESE ITERATIVE DO LOOP ARE UNCONDITIONAL
I.E, IF YOU DEFINE A LOOP TO EXECUTE 5 TIMES, IT WILL EXECUTE 5 TIMES.
THIS ITERATIVE DO LOOP IS USED FOR INCREMENTAL COUNTING OR REPETITIVE

CALCULATION EXERCISES. IN THE BELOW EXAMPLE OUTPUT STATEMENT IS
WRITTEN TO OUTPUT THE RESULTS BEFORE GOING TO NEXT ITERATIVE STEP DO
LOOPS MUST ALWAYS END WITH 'END STATEMENT'
DO LOOPS: DO LOOPS ARE OF 3 TYPES
1.DO LOOP
2.DO WHILE
3.DO UNTIL
DO LOOP:
DATA A1_;
DO I=1 TO 5;
OUTPUT;
END;
RUN;
NESTED DO LOOP: WRITING A DO LOOP INSIDE ANOTHER DO LOOP IS

CALLED NESTED DO LOOP.
DATA A2_;
DO I=1 TO 5;
DO A=1 TO 10;
TABLES= I * A;
OUTPUT;
END;
END;
RUN;
PROC SORT DATA=SUN;

BY MARKS;
RUN;
DO WHILE: IT GETS EXECUTED WHEN THE WHILE CONDITION IS TRUE.
DATA SET1;
SUM=0;
R = 1;
DO WHILE(R<6);
SUM = SUM+R;
R+1;
END;
DROP R;
RUN;
DO UNTIL:IT GETS EXECUTED WHEN THE UNTIL CONDITION IS TRUE
DATA SET2;
SUM = 0;
R = 1;
DO UNTIL(R>5);
SUM = SUM+R;
R+1;
END;
RUN;
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DO WHILE AND DO UNTIL
WHILE CONDITION CHECKS THE CONDITION FIRST AND EXECUTES NEXT.

UNTIL CONITION IS EXECUTED FIRST AND THEN CHECKS THE
CONDITION.IT RUNS ATLEAST ONCE.
DM STATEMENT
DM STATEMENT: IT CONTROLS THE SAS WINDOWS
DM LOG 'CLEAR'; IT CLEARS THE LOG WINDOW.
DM OUT 'CLEAR'; IT CLEARS THE OUTPUT WINDOW.
DM EDIT 'CLEAR'; IT CLEARS THE EDITIOR WINDOW.
DM LOG 'PATH'; IT EXPORTS THE LOG WINDOW TO A SPECIFIED FILE.

SYNTAX BELOW;
DM LOG "FILE 'C:\USERS\RIKY\DESKTOP\NEW TEXT DOCUMENT.TXT'";
DM EDIT 'PATH'; IT EXPORTS THE EDIT WINDOW TO A SPECIFIED FILE.

SYNTAX BELOW;
DM EDIT "FILE 'C:\USERS\RIKY\DESKTOP\DD.TXT'";
DM OUTPUT 'PATH';IT EXPORTS THE OUTPUT WINDOW TO A SPECIFIED

FILE.SYNTAX BELOW;
DM EDIT "FILE 'C:\USERS\RIKY\DESKTOP\DD1.TXT'";
DM LOG 'WINCLOSE'; USED FOR LOG WINDOW CLOSER

DM EDIT 'WINCLOSE'; USED FOR EDIT WINDOW CLOSER
DM OUT 'WINCLOSE'; USED FOR OUTPUT WINDOW CLOSER.
COMBINING DATASETS
DEPENDING UPON THE REQUIREMENT THE DATASETS ARE COMBINED

HORIZONTALY AND VERTICALY.
DATASETS CAN BE COMBINED BY THE FOLLOWING METHODS

1. CANCATENATION
2. INTERLEAVING
3. MERGE
4. PROC APPEND
CANCATENATION
COMBINING DATASET VERTICALLY IS DONE BY CANCATENATION.
DATA SPORTS;
INPUT TEAM $ NAME $ SCORE $;
DATALINES;
US SAM A+
US JOHN B-
US PELO A
UK JEM O
UK MOUZ C
UK BEZA A
;
RUN;
DATA SPORTS1;
DATALINES;
NZ RAZ C-
NZ MAZ A-
NZ REN C+
CA BEN A+
CA LEE B+
;
RUN;
SET STATEMENT: FOR CANCATENATION WE HAVE TO USE SET STATEMENT.
DATA FINAL1;
SET SPORTS SPORTS1;
RUN;
DATA SPORTS2;
INPUT TEAM $ NAME $ RATING $ POINTS;
DATALINES;
US SAM A+ 1
US JOHN B- 2
US PELO A 3
UK JEM O 4
UK MOUZ C 1
UK BEZA A 6
;
RUN;
DATA SPORTS3;
INPUT TEAM $ NAME $ RATING $ POINTS $;
DATALINES;
NZ RAZ C- 5
NZ MAZ A- 2
NZ REN C+ 4
CA BEN A+ 1
CA LEE B+ 2
;
RUN;
DATA SPORTS2A;
INPUT TEAM $ NAME $ RATING $ POINTS FROM$;
DATALINES;
US SAM A+ 1 LA
US JOHN B- 2 SF
US PELO A 3 NY
UK JEM O 4 BATH
UK MOUZ C 1 YORK
UK BEZA A 6 OXFORD
;
RUN;
DATA SPORTS3A;
INPUT TEAM $ NAME $ RATING $ POINTS FROM $12.;
DATALINES;
NZ RAZ C- 5 QUEENSTOWN
NZ MAZ A- 2 CHRISTCHURCH
NZ REN C+ 4 WIINGTON
CA BEN A+ 1 QUBEC
CA LEE B+ 2 MONTREL
;
RUN;
IN THE BELOW PROGRAM THE ‘FROM’ VARIABLE GETS TRUNCATED. TO
AVOID THIS LENGTH STATEMENT SHOULD BE WRITTEN. ALWAYS IT SHOULD
BE WRITTEN BEFORE THE SET STATEMENT.
DATA SPORTS3B;
RETAIN TEAM NAME RATING POINTS FROM;
LENGTH FROM $12.;
SET SPORTS2A SPORTS3A;
RUN;
CANCATENATION DOESN’T OCCUR WHEN THE VARIABLES ARE IN DIFFERENT

FORMATS. TO CANCATENATE VARIABLES SHOULD BE IN SAME FORMAT. TO
MAKE IT HAPPEN THESE SHOULD BE IN THE SAME FORM.SO WE ARE GOING
TO CONVERT INTO NUMERIC FORM.
DATA SPORTS4;
SET SPORTS2 SPORTS3;
RUN;
DATA SPORTS5(RENAME=(K=POINTS));
SET SPORTS3;
K=INPUT(POINTS, 3.);
DROP POINTS;
RUN;
DATA SPORTS6;
RUN;
DATA SPORTS7;
INPUT TEAM $ NAME $ RATING $ ;
DATALINES;
US SAM A+
US JOHN B-
US PELO A
UK JEM O
UK MOUZ C
UK BEZA A
;
RUN;
DATA SPORTS8;
DATALINES;
NZ RAZ C- 5
NZ MAZ A- 2
NZ REN C+ 4
CA BEN A+ 1
CA LEE B+ 2
;
RUN;
EVEN WHEN THE VARIABLES ARE NOT PRESENT IN THE ANY OF THE
DATASETS IT CAN BE CANCATENATED.
DATA SPORTS9;
RUN;
DATASETS WITH DIFFERENT VARIABLES CAN BE CANCATENATED.
DATA SPORTS10;
INPUT TEAM $ NAME $ RATING $ COLOR $ ;
DATALINES;
US SAM A+ GREEN
US JOHN B- PINK
US PELO A BLUE
UK JEM O BLACK
UK MOUZ C BROWN
UK BEZA A RED
;
RUN;
DATA SPORTS11;
DATALINES;
NZ RAZ C- 5
NZ MAZ A- 2
NZ REN C+ 4
CA BEN A+ 1
CA LEE B+ 2
;
RUN;
DATA SPORTS12;
RUN;
PROC SORT
THIS OPTION IS USED FOR SORTING THE DATA AS REQUIRED.
DATA STANDARD;
INFILE DATALINES;
DATALINES;
;
RUN;
FOR SORTING WE USE BY STATEMENT. IN THE BELOW EXAMPLE WE ARE

SORTING BASED ON SEX VARIABLE.
PROC SORT DATA=STANDARD;

BY SEX;
RUN;
OUT: THIS OPTION IS USED TO STORE THE SORTED DATA.IF OUT OPTION
IS NOT USED THE DATA GETS SORTED AND STORED IN THE MASTER
DATASET ITSELF.
PROC SORT DATA=STANDARD OUT=RRR;

BY SEX;
RUN;
DESCENDING:THIS OPTION IS USED TO SORT DATA IN DESCENDING ORDER.

IT SHOULD BE WRITTEN IN THE BY STATEMENT.
PROC SORT DATA=STANDARD OUT=R1;

BY DESCENDING SEX;
RUN;
DATA NM;
INPUT NUM;
DATALINES;
24
.
0
-23
3.4
-4.5
69
;
RUN;
ORDER OF SORTING THE NUMERIC DATA . > - > 0 > +
PROC SORT DATA=NM OUT=NNM;

BY NUM;
RUN;
REMOVING DUPLICATE DATA:
NODUPKEY: DUPLICATE RECORD WILL BE REMOVED AND SORTED.
DATA STAND;
INFILE DATALINES;
DATALINES;
;
RUN;
PROC SORT DATA=STAND OUT=NODUP1 NODUPKEY;

BY NAME;
RUN;
DUPREC: THIS OPTION IS USED TO REMOVE THE ENTIRE DUPLICATE

OBSERVATION IF THEY ARE EXACTLY SIMILAR AND EXIST ONE BELOW THE
OTHER
PROC SORT DATA=STAND OUT=NOUP2 NODUPREC;

BY NAME;
RUN;
DATA KEY1;
INFILE DATALINES;
DATALINES;
;
RUN;
PROC SORT DATA=KEY1 OUT=KEY2 NODUPREC;

BY NAME;
RUN;
DUPOUT: THIS OPTIONS ARE USED TO STORE THE DUPLICATE

OBSERVATIONS IN ANOTHER DATASET.
PROC SORT DATA=KEY1 DUPOUT=RKEY NODUPKEY;

BY NAME;
RUN;
NODUPREC OPTION IS SIMILAR TO NODUP

INTERLEAVING
FOR INTERLEAVING WE REQUIRE SET STATEMENT AND BY STATEMENT.WHEN

WE USE SET AND BY STATEMENT TWO AUTOMATIC VARIABLES FIRST. AND
LAST. ARE CREATED. TO GET INTERLEAVING EXECUTED WE HAVE TO RUN
PROC SORT PROGRAM FIRST.
DATA SPORTZ1;
INPUT TEAM $ NAME $ RATING $ ;
DATALINES;
US SAM A+
US JOHN B-
US PELO A
UK JEM O
UK MOUZ C
UK BEZA A
;
RUN;
DATA SPORTZ2;
INPUT TEAM $ NAME $ RATING $;
DATALINES;
NZ RAZ C-
NZ MAZ A-
NZ REN C+
CA BEN A+
CA LEE B+
;
RUN;
PROC SORT DATA=SPORTZ1;

BY TEAM;
RUN;
PROC SORT DATA=SPORTZ2;

BY TEAM;
RUN;
DATA SPROTSZ3;
SET SPORTZ1 SPORTZ2;
BY TEAM;
RUN;
SELECTING THE FIRST OCCURRENCE OF OBSERVATION IN THE DATASET WE

USE FIRST., IN THE BELOW EXAMPLE WE SELECT FIRST OCCURRENCE OF
CA,NZ,UK,US.
SYNTAX:
IF FIRST.VARIABLE=1 THEN OUTPUT.
DATA SPORTZ4;
BY TEAM;
IF FIRST.TEAM=1 THEN OUTPUT;
RUN;
TO SELECT THE LAST OBSERVATION IN THE DATASET WE HAVE TO SPECIFY

‘LAST.’ IT HELPS IN SELECTING THE LAST OCCURRENCE OF THE
OBSERVATION. IN THE BELOW EXAMPE SELECTING LAST OCCURRENCE OF
CA, NZ,UK,US IS DONE.
DATA SPORTZ5;
BY TEAM;
IF LAST.TEAM=1 THEN OUTPUT;
RUN;
SELECT THE FIRST AND LAST NON OCCURENCE OF THE DATA

DATA SPORTZ6;
BY TEAM;
IF FIRST.TEAM=0 AND LAST.TEAM=0 THEN OUTPUT;
RUN;
DATA SPORTZ7;
BY TEAM;
IF FIRST.TEAM=1 AND LAST.TEAM=1 THEN OUTPUT;
RUN;
MERGING
MERGING IS OF DIFFERENT TYPES

1.LEFT MERGE
2.RIGHT MERGE
3.INNER MERGE
4.FULL MERGE
IN MERGING ALEAST ONE VARIABLE MUST HAVE SIMILIAR OBSERVATIONS

IN MERGING DATASETS.
DATA MFG;
INPUT MFG $ MODEL $ PRICE;
DATALINES;
BENZ B-CLASS 10000
BMW X6 15213
SUZUKI WINZ 12457
HONDA ACCORD 14567
;
RUN;
DATA CARS;
INPUT MFG $ MODEL $ MILEAGE_MPS $;
DATALINES;
BENZ B-CLASS 12
BMW X6 15
SUZUKI WINZ 16
ISUZ MUX 14
;
RUN;
FOR MERGING THE DATA MUST BE SORTED FIRST. IN THE MERGING

DATASET MERGE STATEMENT SHOULD BE INCLUDED AND VARIABLES ARE
CREATED BY USING 'IN' OPTION. THESE VARIABLES HELP IN MERGING.
IN IF STATEMENT WE HAVE TO SPECIFY THE VARIABLE WHICH IS
CREATED.
PROC SORT DATA=MFG;

BY MFG;
RUN;
PROC SORT DATA=CARS;

BY MFG;
RUN;
LEFT MERGE
DATA LEFT;
MERGE MFG(IN=A) CARS(IN=B);
BY MFG;
IF A;
RUN;
RIGHT MERGE
DATA RIGHT;
BY MFG;
IF B;
RUN;
INNER MERGE
DATA INNER;
BY MFG;
IF A AND B;
RUN;
FULL MERGE
DATA FULL;
BY MFG;
IF A OR B;
RUN;
PROC APPEND
PROC APPEND IS SIMILAR TO CANCATENATION BUT THE DISADVANTAGE OF

PROC APPEND IS IT GETS EXECUTED MULTIPLE TIMES. APPENDINGS TAKE
PLACE. THE OTHER DISADVANTAGE IS PARENT DATASET GET DISTURBED.
DATA SPORTS1Z;
DATALINES;
US SAM A+
US JOHN B-
US PELO A
UK JEM O
UK MOUZ C
UK BEZA A
;
RUN;
DATA SPORTS2Z;
DATALINES;
NZ RAZ C-
NZ MAZ A-
NZ REN C+
CA BEN A+
CA LEE B+
;
RUN;
PROC APPEND BASE=SPORTS DATA=SPORTS1;

RUN;
PROC APPEND HELPS IN CREATING A DUMMY DATASET AND APPENDING THE
DATA.
DATA PLAYERS;
LABEL TEAM='GROUP' NAME='PLAYERS' SCORE='CREDITS';
RUN;
PROC APPEND BASE=PLAYERS DATA=SPORTS1;

RUN;
DATA SPORTS3Z;
DATALINES;
US SAM 1
US JOHN 1
US PELO 2
UK JEM 1
UK MOUZ 2
UK BEZA 2
;
RUN;
DATA SPORTS4Z;
INPUT TEAM $ NAME $ SCORE ;
DATALINES;
NZ RAZ 1
NZ MAZ 0
NZ REN 2
CA BEN 1
CA LEE 2
;
RUN;
WHEN THE VARIABLES ARE OF DIFFERENT FORMATS THEY DO NOT GET

APPENDED, TO APPEND FORCE OPTION MUST BE USED FOR THE ABOVE
DATASETS. SCORE IS PRESENT IN NUMERIC AND CHARACTER FORMATS.
PROC APPEND BASE=SPORTS3Z DATA=SPORTS4Z FORCE;

RUN;
FUNCTIONS
DATASET FUNCTION ARE AMAZINGLY HELPFUL IN SAS PROGRAMMING SOME

OF THESE FUNCTIONS ARE ESSENTIAL FOR REDUCING THE UNNECESSARY
CODE.
DATASET FUNCTIONS ARE OF 4 TYPES

1. NUMERIC FUNCTIONS
2. CHARACTER FUNCTIONS
3. DATE FUNCTIONS
4. MISCELLANEOUS FUNTIONS
NUMERIC FUNTIONS:
ROUND FUNCTION: THIS FUNCTON IS USED TO ROUND THE DIGITS TO A

SPECIFIED DECIMAL VALUE.
DATA M_1;
K=1.235601;
ROU=ROUND(K,0.01);
ROU1=ROUND(K,0.001);
ROU2=ROUND(K,0.0001);
ROU3=ROUND(K,0.1);
RUN;
DATA M_2;
A=2.122654;
ROU1=ROUND(A,0.1);
ROU2=ROUND(A,0.01);
ROU3=ROUND(A,0.001);
ROU4=ROUND(A,0.0001);
RUN;
FLOOR FUNCTION: THIS RETURN THE NEAREST ROUNDED LOWEST VALUE.

CEIL FUNCTION: THIS GIVES THE ROUNDED HIGHEST VALUE.
INT FUNCTION: THIS GIVES THE NEAREST INTEGER VALUE.
DATA M_3;
A=1.236;
B=-1.236;
Z=1.6;
X=-1.8;
F1=FLOOR(A);
C1=CEIL(A);
I1=INT(A);
F2=FLOOR(B);
C2=CEIL(B);
I2=INT(B);
F3=FLOOR(Z);
C3=CEIL(Z);
I3=INT(Z);
F4=FLOOR(X);
C4=CEIL(X);
I4=CEIL(X);
RUN;
SQRT FUNCTION: THIS FUNCTION IS USED FOR FINDING THE SQUARE ROOT
OF THE GIVEN NUMBER.
DATA SQ;
A=25;
S=SQRT(A);
RUN;
MOD FUCTION: IT GIVES THE REMINDER VALUE AFTER DIVISION.
DATA REM1;
A=3;
REMINDER=MOD(A,2);
RUN;
DATA DD;
INPUT SALES $ REVENUE;
DATALINES;
SAL1 200
SAL2 320
SAL3 120
SAL4 250
SAL5 200
SAL6 512
;
RUN;
DIF FUNCTION: IT GIVES THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE COLUMN VALUES.
DATA M_4;
SET DD;
K=DIF(REVENUE);
RUN;
LAG FUNCTION: IT TRANSFER THE VALUE FROM ABOVE OBSERVATON TO
BELOW OBSERVATION
DATA DD1;
SET DD;
LP=LAG(REVENUE);
RUN;
DATA DD2;
SET DD;
DIFF=DIF(REVENUE);
LP=LAG(REVENUE);
RESULT=REVENUE-LP;
RUN;
DATA DD3;
SET DD;
IF REVENUE >LAG(REVENUE) THEN PROFIT_LOSS='INCREASED';
ELSE PROFIT_LOSS='DECREASED';
RUN;
DATA DD4;
INPUT SUBJECT $ MARKS1-MARKS3;
DATALINES;
MATHS 10 12 13
ANTRO 19 10 25
PHYSC 21 15 13
SOCIO 10 12 3
REGIA 12 5 6
;
RUN;
MIN FUNCTION: OUTPUTS MINIMUM VALUE FROM THE VARIABLE.

MAX FUNCTION: OUTPUTS MAXIMUM VALUE FROM THE VARIABLE.
SUM FUNCTION: OUTPUTS SUM VALUE FROM THE VARIABLE.
MEAN FUNCTION: IT OUTPUTS THE AVERAGE VALUE FROM THE VARIABLE.
STD FUNCTION: OUTPUTS THE STANDARD DEVIATION FROM THE VARIABLE.
MEDIAN FUCTION: IT GENERATES THE MEDIAN VALUE FROM THE VARIABLE.
DATA DD5;
SET DD4;
MINIMUM=MIN(MARKS1,MARKS2,MARKS3);
MAXIMUM=MAX(MARKS1,MARKS2,MARKS3);
TOTAL=SUM(MARKS1,MARKS2,MARKS3);
AVERAGE=MEAN(MARKS1,MARKS2,MARKS3);
STD_DEV=STD(MARKS1,MARKS2,MARKS3);
MED=MEDIAN(MARKS1,MARKS2,MARKS3);
RUN;
_NULL_ : _NULL_ IS USED FOR NOT CREATING DATASET.
PUT: THIS STATEMENT IS USED FOR VIEWING THE RESULT IN THE LOG
WINDOW.
CHARACTER FUNCTIONS
INDEX FUNCTION:IT RETURNS THE POSITION OF THE A CHARACTER OR A

WORD.
DATA _NULL_;
A='THIS IS SAS PROGRAM HELLO!!!!!!! WORLD.';
INDEX1=INDEX(A,'O');
PUT @5 'THE POSITION OF THE CHARACTER IS:' INDEX1;
RUN;
INDEXC FUNCTION:IT RETURNS THE POSITION OF THE CHARACTER.
DATA _NULL_;
INDEX1=INDEXC(A,'HELLO');
RUN;
INDEXW FUNCTION: IT RETURNS THE POSITION OF THE WORD
DATA _NULL_;
DATA _NULL_;
INDEX1=INDEXC(A,'HELLO');
RUN;
NOTALPHA FUNCTION: IT RETURNS THE POSITION OF NONALPHABETIC

CHARACTERS
NOTALNUM FUNCTION: IT RETURNS THE POSITION OF NONALPHABETIC AND

NON NUMERIC CHARACTERS.
DATA _NULL_;
A= 'BC1-09A';
NA=NOTALPHA(A);
NAN=NOTALNUM(A);
PUT @5 'THE POSITION OF NONALPHABETIC CHARACTERS:' NA;
PUT @5 'THE POSITION OF NONALPHABETIC AND NON NUMERIC
CHARACTERS:' NAN;
RUN;
FIND FUNCTION: IT RETURNS THE POSITION OF THE CHARACTER AFTER

THE SPECIFIC LENGTH
DATA _NULL_;
FIND1=FIND(A,'O',16);
PUT @5 'THE POSITION OF THE CHARACTER:' FIND1;
RUN;
IN THE BELOW EXAMPLE THERE IS NO DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INDEX AND

FIND FUCNTIONS.
DATA _NULL_;
FIND1=FIND(A,'O');
PUT @5 'THE POSITION OF THE CHARACTER:' FIND1;
RUN;
FINDC AND FINDW FUCTIONS: THESE ARE SIMILIAR TO INDEXC AND

INDEXW FUNCTIONS BUT THE DIFFERNCE IS BY USING ‘FIND’ WE CAN
FIND OUT A SPECIFIC WORD OR A CHARACTER AFER SPECIFIED LENGTH.
DATA _NULL_;
A='THIS IS SAS PROGRAM HELLO !!!!!!! WORLD.';
FINDC1=FINDC(A,'D',16);
FINDW1=FINDW(A,'HELLO',10);
PUT @5 'THE POSITION OF THE CHARACTER:' FINDC1;
PUT @5 'THE POSITION OF THE CHARACTER:' FINDW1;
RUN;
LENGTH FUNCTION: THIS FUNCTION GIVES LENGTH OF THE STRING OR

WORD.
DATA _NULL_;
LENGTH1=LENGTH(A);
PUT @5 'THE LENGTH OF THE STRING IS:' LENGTH1;
RUN;
DATA _NULL_;
A= 'AMERICA';
LENGTH1=LENGTH(A);
PUT @5 'THE LENGTH OF THE STRING IS:' LENGTH1;
RUN;
LENGTHN FUCNTION: THIS FUNCTION RETURN 0 WHEN THERE ARE NO

CHARACTERS.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LENGTH AND LENGTHN FUNCTION IS LENGTH GIVES

VALUE AS 1 WHEN NO CHARACTER IS PRESENT WHERE AS LENGTHN GIVES
0.
DATA US1;
A='THIS IS SAS PROGRAMMING';
B='';
LEN1= LENGTHN(A);
LEN2=LENGTH(A);
LEN3=LENGTHN(B);
LEN4=LENGTH(B);
RUN;
COUNT FUCTION: IT GIVES HOW MANY TIMES A WORD IS REPEATED

DATA _NULL_;
A= 'AMERICA USA CANADA AMERICA JAPAN MEXICO AMERICA';
COUNT1=COUNT(A,'AMERICA');
PUT @5 'THE WORD COUNT IS:' COUNT1;
RUN;
PROPCASE FUCTION: THIS FUCTION IS USED FOR CREATING A PROPER

CASE.
DATA _NULL_;
CASE=PROPCASE(A);
PUT @5 CASE;
RUN;
LOWCASE FUCTION: THIS FUNCTION IS USED FOR CREATING SMALLER

CASES.
DATA _NULL_;
CASE=LOWCASE(A);
PUT @5 CASE;
RUN;
UPCASE FUNCTION: THIS FUCNTION IS USED FOR CONVERTING INTO UPPER

CASES.
DATA _NULL_;
A=' AMERICA USA CANADA AMERICA JAPAN MEXICO AMERICA';
CASE=UPCASE(A);
PUT @5 CASE;
RUN;
REVERSE FUNCTION: THIS FUNCTION REVERSES A WORD.
DATA _NULL_;
A='AMERICA USA CANADA AMERICA JAPAN MEXICO AMERICA';
REV=REVERSE(A);
PUT @5 REV;
RUN;
TRANSLATE FUNCTION: THIS FUNCTION IS USED TO REPLACE THE

ALPHABET OF A WORD.
SYNTAX TRANSLATE(ARGUMENT,'NEW WORD','OLD WORD');
DATA _NULL_;
TRANS1=TRANSLATE(A,'Z', 'A');
PUT @5 TRANS1;
RUN;
TRANWRD FUCTION: THIS FUNCTION REPLACES THE WORD WITH A NEW

WORD.
SYNTAX TRANWRD(ARGUMENT, 'OLD WORD','NEW WORD').
DATA _NULL_;
TRANS1=TRANWRD(A,'AMERICA', 'SINGAPORE');
PUT @5 TRANS1;
RUN;
SUBSTR FUNCTION: THIS FUNCTION IS USED FOR EXTRACTING A PART OF

A STRING OR CHARACTER.
SYNTAX SUBSTR(ARGUMENT,POSITIION,LENGTH)
DATA _NULL_;
A='THIS IS A SAS PROGRAM CREATED';
EXTRACTED=SUBSTR(A,15,14);
PUT @5 'THE OUTPUT IS:' EXTRACTED;
RUN;
DATA _NULL_;
EXTRACTED=SUBSTR(A,4,9);
RUN;
SCAN FUNCTION: THIS FUNCTION IS USED FOR EXTRACTING A WORD
SYNTAX SCAN(ARGUMENT, POSITION)

DATA _NULL_;
EXTRACTED=SCAN(A,3);
RUN;
EXTRACTING UPTO A SPECIFIED DELIMITER

SYNTAX SCAN(ARGUMENT,POSITION,'DELIMITER')
DATA _NULL_;
A='BANANAS, ORANGES & MANGOS ARE DELICIOUS FRUITS';
EXTRACTED=SCAN(A,1,'&');
RUN;
EXTRACTING FROM THE RIGHT SIDE WE USE NEGATIVE NUMERIC SIGH

SYNTAX SCAN(ARGUMENT,POSITION FROM RIGHT SIDE)
DATA _NULL_;
A='BANANAS, ORANGES & MANGOS ARE DELICIOUS FRUITS';
EXTRACTED=SCAN(A,-2);
RUN;
CANCATENATE FUNCTION(||): THIS FUCNTION IS USED FOR JOINING THE

CHARACTER STRINGS.
DATA _NULL_;
A='AMERICAN EXPRESS';
B=' TIMINGS 9.30 AM';
CANCAT= A||B;
PUT @5 CANCAT;
RUN;
COMPBL FUNCTION: THIS FUNCTION IS USED FOR REMOVING MULTIPLE

SPACES AND RETURN WITH A SINGLE BLANK SPACE.
DATA _NULL_;
A='AMERICAN EXPRESS';
COMP=COMPBL(A);
PUT @5 COMP;
RUN;
ANY FUCTION: ANY FUCTION IS OF VARIOUS TYPES I.E, ANYALNUM,

ANYAPLHA, ANYDIGIT, ANYSPACE, ANYPUNCT. THESE ARE USED TO
IDENTIFY THE FIRST ALPHABET OR NUMBER, ALPHABET,DIGIT, SPACE,
PUNCTUATION.
DATA ANY1;
X= '123 LOL TIMES #16 ';
Y= '1 MONKS OF 123 $ VEN';
A=ANYALNUM(X);
B=ANYALPHA(X);
C=ANYDIGIT(X);
D=ANYSPACE(X);
E=ANYPUNCT(X);
F=ANYALNUM(Y,2);
G=ANYALPHA(Y,11);*11TH POSITION IS BLANK IN THE 18TH POSITION
ALPHABET 'V'(VEN) EXISTS;
H=ANYDIGIT(Y,15);*AFTER 15TH POSITION(SPACE) THERE IS NO
DIGIT.SO OUTPUT IS 0 IN THE DATASET;
I=ANYPUNCT(Y,15);*IN THE 16TH POSITION PUNCTURATION MARK ($)
EXISTS.;
J=ANYSPACE(Y,5);
RUN;
CANCATENATION FUNCTIONS: TH
DATA CAT1;
X=' THE ';
Y=' AMERICAN ';
A=CAT(X,Y);* CAT:IT CANCATENATES THE STRINGS WITHOOUT REMOVING
THE LEADING AND TRAILING SPACES;
B=CATT(X,Y);*CATT: IT REMOVES THE TRAILING SPACES AND JOINS THE
STRINGS;
RUN;
DATA COMP12;
STRING='STUDING AMERICAN HISTORY AT BLOG !.... 12345';
RUN;
DATA COMP13;
SET COMP12;
STRING1=COMPRESS(STRING," "); REMOVES SPACE
RUN;
DATA COMP14;
SET COMP12;
STRING1=COMPRESS(STRING,' ','AK'); KEEPS ONLY ALPHABETS
RUN;
DATA COMP15;
SET COMP12;
STRING1=COMPRESS(STRING,' ','D'); COMPRESS ONLY DIGITS
RUN;
DATA COMP16;
SET COMP12;
STRING1=COMPRESS(STRING,' ','L'); COMPRESS ONLY LOWERCASE
ALPHABETS
RUN;
DATA COMP17;
SET COMP12;
STRING1=COMPRESS(STRING,' ','U'); COMPRESS ONLY UPPERCASE
ALPHABETS
RUN;
DATA COMP22;
SET COMP12;
STRING1=COMPRESS(STRING,' ','A'); COMPRESS ONLY ALPHABETS
RUN;
DATA COMP18;
SET COMP12;
STRING1=COMPRESS(STRING,'S','K'); KEEPS ONLY SPECIFIED ALPHABETS
HERE CAPITAL S
RUN;
DATA COMP19;
SET COMP12;
STRING1=COMPRESS(STRING,'!'); KEEPS ONLY !
RUN;
DATA COMP20;
SET COMP12;
STRING1=COMPRESS(STRING,' ','P'); COMPRESSES PUNCTUATION
RUN;
DATA COMP21;
SET COMP12;
STRING1=COMPRESS(STRING,'S','I'); COMPRESS ALPHABET SPECIFIED
RUN;
DATE FUNCTIONS
DATA F_1;
INFILE DATALINES;
INFORMAT JDATE DATETIME. RDATE DATE9. ;
FORMAT JDATE DATETIME. RDATE DATE9.;
DATALINES;
101 BAKER 10NOV2014:01:12:15 09NOV2019
102 BANKER 01MAY2013:02:15:59 09DEC2020
103 BROKER 14MAY2011:12:19:57 04MAY2018
;
RUN;
SECOND FUNCTION:IT RETURNS THE SECONDS VALUE
DATA F_2;
SET F_1;
SEC=SECOND(JDATE);
RUN;
MINUTE FUNCTION:IT RETURNS THE MINUTES VALUE

DATA F_3;
SET F_1;
MINUT=MINUTE(JDATE);
RUN;
HOURS FUNCTION: IT RETRUNS THE HOURS IN 24 HOURS FORMAT.

DATA F_4;
SET F_1;
HO=HOUR(JDATE);
RUN;
DAY FUNCTION: IT RETURNS THE DATE VALUES FORM 1 TO 31.

DATA F_5;
SET F_1;
DY=DAY(RDATE);
RUN;
WEEKDAY FUNCTION: IT RETURNS THE WEEKDAY VALUES FROM 1(SUNDAY)

TO 7(SATURDAY).
DATA F_6;
SET F_1;
WKD=WEEKDAY(RDATE);
RUN;
MONTH FUNCTION: IT RETRURNS THE MONTH VALUES FROM 1(JANUARY) TO

12(DECEMBER).
DATA F_7;
SET F_1;
MTH=MONTH(RDATE);
RUN;
QTR FUNCTION: IT RETURNS THE QUARTER VALUES FROM 1 TO 4

DATA F_8;
SET F_1;
DY=QTR(RDATE);
RUN;
DATEPART FUNCTION: IT RETURNS THE DATEPART VALUE FROM THE

VARIABLE.
DATA F_9;
SET F_1;
DPART=DATEPART(JDATE);
FORMAT DPART DATE9.;
RUN;
TIMEPART FUNCTION: IT RETURNS THE TIMEPART VALUE FROM THE

VARIABE.
DATA F_10;
SET F_1;
TPART=TIMEPART(JDATE);
FORMAT TPART TIME.;
RUN;
TODAY() FUNCTION: THIS FUNCTION IS USED FOR GETING OPERATING

SYSTEM DATE.
DATA F_11;
KK=TODAY();
FORMAT KK DATE9.;
RUN;
MDY FUNCTION:ASSIGN THE DATE FORMAT

SYNTAX MDY(MONTH,DAY,YEAR)
DATA F_12;
MODAYR=MDY(10,15,1945);
FORMAT MODAYR DATE9.;
RUN;
HMS FUNCTION: ASSIGNS TIME FORMAT.

SYNTAX HMS(HOURS,MINUTES,SECONDS);
DATA F_13;
HOMISE=HMS(12,56,01);
FORMAT HOMISE TIME.;
RUN;
DHMS FUNCTION:ASSIGNS DATE AND TIME FORMAT.

DATA F_14;
SET F_12;
DYHOMISE=DHMS(MODAYR,01,59,59);
FORMAT DYHOMISE DATETIME.;
RUN;
INTCK FUNCTION: IT GIVES THE INTERVAL BETWEEN DATE VALUES AND

TIME VALUES.
DATA F_15;
INFILE DATALINES;
INFORMAT JDATE DATE9. RDATE DATE9. ;
FORMAT JDATE DATE9. RDATE DATE9.;
DATALINES;
101 BAKER 10NOV2015 09NOV2019
;
RUN;
DATA F_16;
SET F_15;
INT1=INTCK('YEAR',JDATE,RDATE);
RUN;
IN THE BELOW EXAMPLE 'C' REPRESENTS GAP BETWEEN THE YEARS.

EXCLUDES STARTING AND ENDING YEARS
DATA F_17;
SET F_15;
INT1=INTCK('YEARS',JDATE,RDATE,'C');
RUN;
DATA F_18;
SET F_15;
INT1=INTCK('YEARS',JDATE,RDATE,'D');
RUN;
DATA F_19;
SET F_15;
INT1=INTCK('MONTHS',JDATE,RDATE);
RUN;
DATA F_20;
SET F_15;
INT1=INTCK('WEEKS',JDATE,RDATE);
RUN;
DATA F_22;
SET F_15;
INT1=INTCK('DAYS',JDATE,RDATE);
RUN;
DATA TRIM1;
INFILE DATALINES;
INPUT A $ B $ 4-12 C $;
TM= TRIM(A)|| TRIM(B) || C; *TRIM- PUTS ONE BLANK SPACE WHEN THE
VARIABLE IS MISSING;
TN= TRIMN(A)|| TRIMN(B)|| C; *TRIMN - DOESNT LEAVE ANY SPACE
BETWEEN THE VARIABLES EVEN ITS MISSING;
DATALINES;
THE ALASKAN BIRD
THE BIRD
;
RUN;
MISCELANEOUS FUNTIONS
EXIST FUNTION: EXIST FUNCTION HOLDS VALUES 1 AND 0. IT HELPS IN

FINDING WHETHER THE DATASET EXISTS OR NOT
DATA _NULL_;
IF EXIST('WORK.SUN')=1 THEN PUT@5 'DATASET EXISTS...';
ELSE PUT @5 "DATASET DOESN'T EXISTS";
RUN;
OPEN FUNTION: IT OPENS THE DATASET
ATTRN FUNTION: THIS IS USED TO FIND THE NUMBER OF VARIABLES AND

OBSERVATIONS IN THE DATASET.
SEE BELOW EXAMPLE FOR NUMBER OF VARIABLES AND OBSERVATIONS.
DATA _NULL_;
IF EXIST('WORK.SUN')=1 THEN DO;
OPENING=OPEN('WORK.SUN') ;
VAR=ATTRN(OPENING,'NVAR');
OBS=ATTRN(OPENING,'NOBS');
CS=CLOSE(OPENING);
PUT @10 'DATASET EXISTS, THE VARIABLES AND OBSERVATIONS
ARE: 'VAR'AND'OBS'';
END;
ELSE PUT @10 "DATASET DOESN'T EXIST";
RUN;
DATA SUN;
INFILE DATALINES;
DATALINES;
;
RUN;
PUT FUNTION: THIS FUNCTION IS USED FOR CONVERTING THE NUMERIC

FORM OF A VARIABLE TYPE TO CHARACTER FORM.
DATA K_1;
SET SUN;
M=PUT(MARKS,$12.);
RUN;
INPUT FUNCTION: THIS FUNCTION IS USED FOR CONVERTING CHARACTER

FORMAT OF NUMERIC VALUES TO NUMERIC FORMATS
DATA K_2;
SET K_1;
N=INPUT(M,BEST.);
RUN;
OPTIONS
OPTIONS ARE OF THREE TYPES:

1.STATEMENT OPTIONS
2.DATASET OPTIONS
3.GLOBAL OPTIONS
STATEMENT OPTIONS: THESE OPTION STATEMENTS ARE USED IN THE

DATASET.THESE ARE CREATED WITHIN THE DATA STEP AND ARE APPIED TO
ALL SAS DATASETS THAT ARE CREATED. THESE WORK BEFORE PDV.
DATASET OPTIONS: THIS OPTIONS ARE USE IN DATASET.THESE SHOULD BE

SPECIFIED FOR EACH DATASET THAT ARE CREATED WITHIN THE DATA
STEP.THESE WORK BEFORE THE PDV.
GLOBAL OPTIONS: THESE OPTIONS ARE USED OR EFFECT ENTIRE SAS

PROGRAM.
EXAMPLE:
OPTIONS NODATE NOCENTER NONUMBER.
STATEMENT OPTIONS
DATA STANDARD;
INFILE DATALINES;
DATALINES;
;
RUN;
LABEL STATEMENT: IT IS USED FOR LABELLING THE VARIABLE NAMES.

DATA STANDARD5;
INFILE DATALINES;
LABEL NAME='STUDENT NAME' SEX='STUDENT GENDER' AGE='STUDENT AGE'
MARKS='STUDENT SCORE' HEIGHT='STUDENT HEIGHT' WEIGHT='STUDENT
WEIGHT';
DATALINES;
;
RUN;
DROP STATEMENT: IT IS USED FOR DROPPING THE SPECIFIED VARIABLE.

DATA STANDARD2;
INFILE DATALINES;
DROP HEIGHT WEIGHT;
DATALINES;
;
RUN;
LENGTH STATEMENT: SPECIFIES THE LENGTH FOR EACH VARIABLE. LENGTH

STATEMENT MUST BE WRITTEN BEFORE SET STATEMENT.
DATA E_2;
INFILE CARDS;
LENGTH NAME $15.;
INPUT EMPID NAME $;
CARDS;
1001 SAMAMMAR
1002 JOSHSAMPANDA
;
RUN;
RENAME STATEMENT IT IS USED FOR RENAMING THE VARIABLES.

DATA STANDARD3;
INFILE DATALINES;
RENAME SEX=GENDER;
DATALINES;
;
RUN;
KEEP STATEMENT:IT IS USED FOR KEEPING THE REQUIRED VARIABLES

DATA STANDARD1;
INFILE DATALINES;
KEEP NAME SEX AGE;
DATALINES;
;
RUN;
WHERE STATEMENT: IT IS CONDITIONAL STATEMENT USED FOR GETTING

THE REQUIRED OBSERVATIONS.
DATA STANDARD4;
SET STANDARD;
WHERE SEX='F';
RUN;
REMOVE STATEMENT: IT REMOVES THE DESIRED OBSERVATIONS. IT WORKS

ONLY WITH THE MODIFY STATEMENT. TO APPLY MODIFY STATEMENT THE
BELOW PROCEDURE SHOULD BE APPLIED.
DATA STANDARD5;
SET STANDARD;
RUN;
DATA STANDARD5;
MODIFY STANDARD5;
IF SEX='F' THEN REMOVE;
RUN;
DELETE STATEMENT:IT IS USED FOR DELETING THE OBSERVATIONS

DATA STANDARD6;
SET STANDARD;
IF AGE=13 THEN DELETE;
RUN;
STOP STATEMENT: IT STOP EXECUTION OF THE DATA STEP.

DATA STOP1;
STOP;
SET STANDARD;
RUN;
RETAIN STATEMENT: IT HOLD THE PREVIOUS VALUES ACTS AS

ACCUMULATOR.
DATA STAND_1;
RETAIN K;
SET STANDARD;
K+1;
RUN;
OUTPUT STATEMENT: THE OUTPUT STATEMENT TELLS SAS TO WRITE THE
CURRENT OBSERVATION TO A SAS EXISTING DATASET OR OUTPUTS AS
DEFINED IN THE CONDITIONAL STATEMENT.
DATA STAND_2;
SET STANDARD;
OUTPUT;
DOE='18.02.14';
OUTPUT;
RUN;
DATA STAND_3;
SET STANDARD;
IF SEX='M' THEN OUTPUT;
RUN;
DATASET OPTION
OPTIONS HAVE TO BE WRITTEN BESIDE THE DATASET NAME.
DROP OPTION: IT IS USED FOR DROPPING THE SPECIFIED VARIABLES

DATA STAND_5(DROP=NAME SEX AGE);
SET STANDARD;
RUN;
WHERE OPTION: IT IS CONDITIONAL OPTION USED FOR GETTING THE

REQUIRED OBSERVATIONS
DATA STAND_OP (WHERE= (SEX='F'));
SET STANDARD;
RUN;
LABEL OPTION: IT IS USED FOR LABELLING THE DATASET NAME.

DATA STAND_IO(LABEL=PROFILE);
SET STANDARD;
RUN;
RENAME OPTION: IT IS USED FOR RENAMING THE VARIABLE

DATA STAND_A(RENAME=(NAME=STUDENT_NAME SEX=STUDENT_SEX
AGE=STUDENT_AGE MARKS=STUDENT_MARKS)
DROP=SUBJECT HEIGHT WEIGHT);
SET STANDARD;
RUN;
KEEP OPTION:IT IS USED FOR KEEPING THE REQUIRED VARIABLES.

DATA STAND_4(KEEP=NAME SEX AGE);
SET STANDARD;
RUN;
PROC OPTION
THESE OPTIONS ARE USED GLOBALLY THROUGH OUT THE SAS ENVIRNOMENT.
WITH THE BELOW PROGRAM ALL THE OPTIONS ARE DISPLAYED IN THE LOG
WINDOW.
PROC OPTIONS;
RUN;
IT GIVES THE INDEPTH DESCRIPTION OF A OPTION.

PROC OPTIONS LONG;
RUN;
GIVES THE SHORT FORM OF OPTIONS DESCRIPTION

PROC OPTIONS SHORT;
RUN;
ALL THE RELATED OPTIONS ARE GROUPED TOGETHER.THE BELOW PROGRAM

IS USED FOR DISPLAYING THE OPTIONS IN A GROUP.
PROC OPTIONS LISTGROUPS;
RUN;
TO VIEW THE OPTIONS RELATED TO A GROUP. THE BELOW PROGRAM IS

CODED.IN THE BELOW EXAMPLE OPTIONS OF PDF ARE DISPLAYED IN THE
LOG WINDOW.
PROC OPTIONS GROUP=PDF;
RUN;
UPTO THE ABOVE PROGRAM ALL THE OPTIONS AND THEIR GROUP IS CODED.
NOW LETS SEE HOW TO USE THE OPTIONS GLOBALLY.
WRITING GLOBAL OPTIONS

OPTIONS NODATE NOCENTER; (OBSERVE THE RESULT VIEWER WINDOW)
PROC PRINT DATA=KEY1;

RUN;
THESE OPTIONS WOR UNTIL THE PROGRAM IS LIVE TO BRING BACK TO

DEFUALT.
OPTIONS DATE CENTER;

RUN;
OPTIONS PAGENO=9;(OBSERVE THE OUTPUT WINDOW)
RUN;
ERRORS: THIS OPTION HELPING IN LIMITING THE ERRORS DISPLAYED IN

THE LOG WINDOW.
OPTIONS ERRORS=1;
YEARCUTOFF: BY DEFAULT SAS STORES THE YEAR AS 1920. SO IT CAN BE

CHANGED AS REQUIRED.
OPTIONS YEARCUTOFF=2010;
MISSING=0: WHEREEVER THE NUMERIC VALUE IS MISSING IT INSERT 0

VALUE
OPTIONS MISSING=0;
LS(LINESIZE):IN THE BELOW PROGRAM IT PRINTS THE NUMBER OF LINES

PER PAGE. MAXIMUM LINES PER PAGE ARE 256
OPTIONS LS=20;
PS(PAGESIZE): IT DEFINES THE PAGE SIZE. THE PAGE SIZE RANGES

FROM 15 TO 32767.
OPTIONS PS=234;
BELOW OPTION IS USED FOR CONVERTING THE LOWER CASE LETTERS TO

UPPER CASE.
OPTIONS VALIDVARNAME=UPCASE;
ARRAYS
ARRAYS ARE OF TWO TYPES THEY ARE ONE DIMENSIONAL ARRAYS AND TWO
DIMENSIONAL ARRAYS
ONE DIMENSIONAL ARRAYS: ONE DIMENSIONAL ARRAYS WORK ‘COLUMN’

WISE.
DATA FRUITS;
INPUT FRUITS $ 5-11 GRADE1 $13-14 GRADE2 :$16-18 GRADE3
$19-21;
DATALINES;
MANGO A- A A+
APPLE A A+ A-
ORANGE A . A+
BANANA . A- A+
;
RUN;
DATA FRUITS1;
SET FRUITS;
ARRAY FRUIT[3] GRADE1 GRADE2 GRADE3;
DO P=1 TO 3;
IF FRUIT[P]=' ' THEN FRUIT[P]='-';
END;
DROP P;
RUN;
IN THE ABOVE PROGRAM ARRAY SHOULD START WITH ARRAY STATEMENT
FOLLOWED BY ARRAY NAME (ARRAY FRUIT AND [3] REPRESENTS NUMBER OF
VARIABLES. THEN FOLLOWED BY 3 VARIABLES.
IN THE BELOW PROGRAM IF THE VARIABLE VALUES ARE MISSING THEN

PUTTING THE PREVIOUS VARIABLE VALUES.
DATA FRUITS2;
SET FRUITS;
ARRAY FRUIT[3] GRADE1 GRADE2 GRADE3;
IF GRADE1=' ' THEN GRADE1=' ';
ELSE DO P=1 TO 3;
IF FRUIT[P]=' ' THEN FRUIT[P]=FRUIT[P-1];
END;
DROP P;
RUN;
CONVERTING THE VARIABLE FRUITS' OBSERVATION TO LOWERCASE.

DATA FRUITS3;
SET FRUITS;
ARRAY R(1) FRUITS;
K=1;
IF R(K) NE ' ' THEN DO;
FRUITS=LOWCASE(R(K));
END;
DROP K;
RUN;
DATA SUB;
INPUT N1 $ N2 $ N3 $ N4 $ N5 $;
DATALINES;
BEN RAM SAM RON ANASA
BILL JAMES CHRIS GLEN VIDH
BRUZ ELLE SAMG JENNY RUBEN
;
RUN;
CREATING A NEW VARIABLE. IN THE BELOW EXAMPLE A NEW VARIABLE

CALLED 'ANS' IS CREATED.
DATA REPLACE;
SET SUB;
ARRAY GOP(*) N1-N5;
ARRAY ANS(*)$ A1-A5;
DO I= 1 TO 5;
ANS(I)=TRANSLATE(GOP(I),'X','A');
END;
DROP I N1-N5;
RUN;
'*': IT IS USED WHEN THE NUMBER OF VARIABLES ARE UNKNOWN. AFTER

THE ARRAY NAME WE PUT '$' FOR DISTINGUISHING THE CHARACTER FROM
THE NUMBERIC VARIABLES.
DATA REPLACE1;
SET SUB;
ARRAY GOP(*) N1-N5;
DO I= 1 TO 5;
END;
DROP I N1-N5;
RUN;
DIM OPTION: IT IS WRITTEN IN THE LOOP WHEN THE NUMBER OF

VARIABLES ARE UNKNOWN.
DATA REPLACE3;
SET SUB;
ARRAY GOP(*) N1-N5;
DO I= 1 TO DIM(GOP);
END;
DROP I N1-N5;
RUN;
CREATING THE TEMPORARY ARRAY
SYNTAX FOR TEMPORARY ARRAYS

ARRAY ARRAY_NAME(NUMBER_OF_VARIABLES) _TEMPORARY_ (V1, V2, V3,
V4, V5, V6). IN THE DIM OPTON WE HAVE TO SPECIFY THE TEMPORARY
ARRAY NAME.
DATA MATCHING;
INPUT COLORS1 $ COLORS2 $ COLORS3 $ COLORS4 $ COLORS5 $;
DATALINES;
WHITE BROWN GREEN YELLOW PINK
ORANGE RED GREEN PINK YELLOW
BROWN BROWN YELLOW YELLOW PINK
BROWN YELLOW RED PINK WHITE
;
RUN;
DATA RESULTS;
SET MATCHING;
ARRAY COLO(*)$ COLORS1-COLORS5;
ARRAY MATCHING(5)$ _TEMPORARY_('BROWN', 'BROWN', 'YELLOW',
'YELLOW','PINK');
DO O=1 TO DIM(MATCHING);
IF COLO(O)=MATCHING(O);
END;
DROP O;
RUN;
GETTING THE SCORE FOR A STUDENT.

DATA EXAM;
INPUT NAME $ O1 $ O2 $ O3 $ O4 $ O5 $ O6 $;
DATALINES;
EAM A B A C D C
SAM B C . B A A
BEN C B A A D A
;
RUN;
DATA VAL;
SET EXAM;
C=0;
ARRAY RES(*) $ O1-O6 ;
ARRAY ANS(6) $ _TEMPORARY_ ('A','B','B','C','A','A');
DO I=1 TO DIM(ANS);
IF RES(I)='' THEN C=C-1;
IF RES(I)=ANS(I) THEN DO;
C=C+1;
END;
END;
DROP I;
RUN;
TWO DIMENSIONAL ARRAYS WORK COLUMN WISE FIRST THEN ROW WISE.
DATA PRICES;
INPUT COD $ U1-U3/U4-U6;
ARRAY MARK(2,3) U1-U6;
DO I=1 TO 2;
DO J=1 TO 3;
MARK (I,J)=ROUND(MARK(I,J), 0.1);
END;
END;
DROP I J;
CARDS;
P101 23.45 22.56 26.23
26.23 24.34 25.67
P102 45.23 45.64 46.12
47.89 48.23 49.34
P103 56.87 57.34 58.32
59.34 58.12 59.32
;
IMPORTING AND EXPORTING THE DATA
LIBRARY: SAS LIBRARIES ARE CREATED TO IMPORT THE RAW DATASETS

AND FOR STORING THE CREATED DATASETS. TO CREATE A LIBRARY WE
HAVE TO START WITH "LIBNAME" STATEMENT AND FOLLOWED BY THE
LIBRARY NAME AND THE PATH TO STORE THE DATA.
SYNTAX: LIBNAME RAW "C:\USERS\RICKY\DESKTOP\BQ"
CRITERIAS TO BE MET WHILE CREATING A LIBRARY

1.MUST START WITH ALPHABETS OR UNDERSCORE.
2.MUST BE EQUAL OR LESS THAN 8 CHARACTERS IN LENGTH
LIBNAME ELEN "C:\USERS\RICKY\DESKTOP\BQ";
DATASETS WHICH ARE CREATED CAN BE STORED IN THE CREATED LIBRARY

BY SPECIFYING THE LIBRARY NAME BEFORE THE DATASET NAME.
SYNTAX DATA ELEN.CREATED;

DATA ELEN.CREATED;
INFILE DATALINES;
INPUT NAME $ SEX $ AGE;
GENA F 25
SEMA F 21
VEZU M 36
;
RUN;
IMPORTING THE DATA
SYNTAX FOR IMPORTING THE DATA

PROC IMPORT DATAFILE="PATH"
OUT=LIBRARY_NAME.DATASET_NAME
DBMS='SOURCE FILE FORMAT';
RUN;
IN DBMS WE HAVE TO SPECIFY IN WHICH FORMAT THE FILE IS PRESENT.

FOR TEXT FORMAT WE HAVE TO SPECIFY TAB, FOR EXCEL AS XLS, FOR
CSV AS CSV, FOR ACCESS FILE AS MDB.
IMPORTING A TEXT FILE

PROC IMPORT DATAFILE="C:\USERS\RICKY\DESKTOP\FBA AMAZON.TXT"
OUT=WORK.B
DBMS=TAB;
RUN;
IMPORTING A EXCEL FILE
PROC IMPORT DATAFILE="C:\USERS\RICKY\DESKTOP\FBA AMAZON.XLS"
OUT=WORK.B
DBMS=XLS
REPLACE;
RUN;
IN THE ABOVE PROGRAM THE REPLACE STATEMENT IS USED FOR

OVERWRITING THE EXISTING PREVIOUS PROGRAM EXECUTION.
GETNAMES=YES/NO: HELPS IN GETTING THE VARIABLE NAMES WHEN CODED

AS 'YES' AND REMOVES THE VARIABLE NAMES WHEN CODED AS 'NO'.BY
DEFAULT IT WILL BE 'YES'.
OUT=WORK.B
DBMS=XLS
REPLACE;
GETNAMES=NO;
RUN;
TO GET THE SPECIFIED EXCEL SHEET AMONG THE GROUP OF EXCEL SHEETS
WE USE SHEET STATEMENT.
OUT=WORK.B
DBMS=XLS
REPLACE;
GETNAMES=NO;
SHEET='AMAZON_FBA_SALES';
RUN;
EXPORTING THE DATA

SYNTAX:
PROC EXPORT DATA= DATASET_NAME
OUTFILE='PATH'
DBMS='SOURCE FILE FORMAT';
RUN;
DATA KEYS;
INFILE DATALINES;
DATALINES;
;
RUN;
EXPORTING THE DATA TO TEXT DOCUMENT

PROC EXPORT DATA=WORK.KEYS (WORK. :REPRESENTS THE DEFAULT
LIBRARY)
OUTFILE="C:\USERS\RICKY\DESKTOP\BQ\INDEX1.TXT"
DBMS=TAB;
RUN;
PROC EXPORT DATA=WORK.KEYS

OUTFILE="C:\USERS\RICKY\DESKTOP\BQ\INDEX1.XLS"
DBMS=XLS
REPLACE;
RUN;
PUTNAMES IS SIMILAR TO GETNAME.

DBMS=XLS
REPLACE;
PUTNAMES=NO;
RUN;
EXPORTING THE SPECIFIC EXCEL SHEET WE USE SHEET STATEMENT.

DBMS=XLS
REPLACE;
PUTNAMES=NO;
SHEET='POPULATION';
RUN;
PROC CONTENTS
PROC CONTENTS GIVES THE DESCRIPTIVE INFORMATION OF A DATASET

COMPONENTS I.E, VARIABLE PROPERTIES LIKE TYPE WHETHER CHARACTER
OR NUMERIC, FORMAT,INFORMAT , LABEL AND POSITION.
SYNTAX FOR PROC CONTENTS

PROC CONTENTS DATA=DATASET_NAME;
RUN;
DATA E_10;
INFILE DATALINES;
INFORMAT JDATE RDATE DDMMYY10.;
DATALINES;
101 BAKER 10/11/2014 09/11/2019
102 BANKER 01/05/2013 09/12/2020
103 BROKER 14/05/2011 04/05/2018
;
RUN;
PROC CONTENTS DATA=E_10;

RUN;
IN THE RESULT VIEWER WINDOW WE GET 3 TABLES THE CONTENTS

PROCEDURE, ENGINE/HOST DEPENDENT INFORMATION, ALPHABETIC LIST OF
VARIABLES AND ATTRIBUTES. IN THE CONTENTS PROCEDURE WE HAVE DATA
SET NAME, OBSERVATIONS, MEMBER TYPE, VARIABLES, ENGINE ETC.
ENGINE/HOST DEPENDENT INFORMATION CONTAINS DATA SET PAGE SIZE,
MAXIMUM OBSERVATONS PER PAGE ETC. ALPHABETIC LIST OF VARIABLES
AND ATTRIBUTES DESCRIBES ABOUT VARIABLE TYPE FORMAT AND
INFORMATC ETC.
IN THE BELOW PROGRAM THIRD TABLE IT SHOWS THE VARIABLE IN THE

CREATED ORDER AND ALPHABETIC LIST OF VARIABLES AND ATTRIBUTES
TABLE IS NOT CREATED.
PROC CONTENTS DATA=E_10 VARNUM;
RUN;
BELOW PRORGAM CREATES FOURTH TABLE ‘VARIABLES IN CREATION ORDER’

IN THIS TABLE VARIABLES ARE ARRANGED AS IN DATASET ORDER.
PROC CONTENTS DATA=E_10 POSITION;
RUN;
ONLY ONE TABLE IS CREATED AND IT’S VARIABLES IN CREATION ORDER.
PROC CONTENTS DATA=E_10 SHORT;
RUN;
SHORTER FORM OF VARIABLES IN CREATION ORDER TABLE IS DISPLAYED.

PROC CONTENTS DATA=E_10 VARNUM SHORT;
RUN;
PROC COMPARE
WHETHER MATCHING VARIABLES HAVE DIFFERENT VALUES, WHETHER ONE

DATA SET HAS MORE OBSERVATIONS THAN THE OTHER, WHAT VARIABLES
THE TWO DATA SETS HAVE IN COMMON, HOW MANY VARIABLES ARE IN ONE
DATA SET BUT NOT IN THE OTHER, WHETHER MATCHING VARIABLES HAVE
DIFFERENT FORMATS, LABELS, OR TYPES, A COMPARISON OF THE VALUES
OF MATCHING OBSERVATIONS.
PROC COMPARE IS GENERALLY USED FOR VALIDATION OF THE DATA.
DATA E_11;
INFILE DATALINES;
INPUT EMP_ID: $ DES $:10. JDATE RDATE;
INFORMAT JDATE DATE7. RDATE DDMMYY10.;
FORMAT JDATE DATE7. RDATE DDMMYY10.;
LABEL JDATE='JOINING DATE';
DATALINES;
101 BAKER 10NOV14 09/11/2019
102 BANKER 01MAY13 09/12/2020
103 BROKER 14MAY11 04/05/2018
104 ATTORNEY 10MAR10 06/04/2017
105 DOCTOR 11JUN12 06/04/2013
;
RUN;
DATA E_14;
INFILE DATALINES;
INPUT EMP_ID DES $9-15 JDATE RDATE;
DATALINES;
;
RUN;
PROC COMPARE BASE=E_11 COMPARE=E_14;

RUN;
IN THE RESULT VIEWER WINDOW WHEN VALIATED WE GET DIFFERENCES

BETWEEN THE DATASET VARIABLE.
IN THE BELOW PROGRAM VALIDATION IS DONE AND THE RESULTS ARE

EXACTLY SAME CAN BE VIEWED IN THR RESULT VIEWER WINDOW.
DATA E_11A;
INFILE DATALINES;
DATALINES;
101 BAKER 10NOV14 09/11/2019
102 BANKER 01MAY13 09/12/2020
103 BROKER 14MAY11 04/05/2018
104 ATTORNEY 10MAR10 06/04/2017
105 DOCTOR 11JUN12 06/04/2013
;
RUN;
DATA E_11B;
INFILE DATALINES;
DATALINES;
101 BAKER 10NOV14 09/11/2019
102 BANKER 01MAY13 09/12/2020
103 BROKER 14MAY11 04/05/2018
104 ATTORNEY 10MAR10 06/04/2017
105 DOCTOR 11JUN12 06/04/2013
;
RUN;
PROC COMPARE BASE=E_11A COMPARE=E_11B;
RUN;
PROC TRANSPOSE
PROC TRANSPOSE: THIS PROCEDURE HELPS THE DATA TO RESHAPE, BY

USING PROC TRANSPOSE THE ROWS ARE CONVERTED TO COLUMN AND
COLUMNS ARE CONVERTED TO ROWS.
DATA PROFILE;
INFILE DATALINES;
DATALINES;
;
RUN;
THE VARIABLES WHICH ARE TO BE TRANSPOSED SHOULD BE WRITTEN IN

THE VAR STATEMENT. THE TRANSPOSED DATA IS CREATED IN THE T1
DATASET.
PROC TRANSPOSE DATA=PROFILE OUT=T1;
VAR NAME SEX SUBJECT;
RUN;
IN COLUMN ATTRIBUTES YOU CAN SEE VARIABLE NAMES UNDER '_NAME_'

OR LABEL AS 'NAME OF FORMER VARIABLE'.
TRANSPOSING CAN BE DONE IN THE SORTING ORDER EVEN.

PROC SORT DATA=PROFILE;
BY SUBJECT;
RUN;

BY SUBJECT;
VAR NAME SEX MARKS;
RUN;
BY USING THE PREFIX WE CAN CREATE THE USER DEFINED VARIABLES.

THE VARIABLE COL1,COL2 ETC CHANGES TO PREFIX STATED VARIABLES.
PROC TRANSPOSE DATA=PROFILE OUT=T2 PREFIX=RICKY;

BY SUBJECT;
VAR NAME SEX MARKS;
RUN;
ID STATEMENT: THIS STATEMENT IS USED FOR CONVERTING THE

OBSERVATIONS INTO VARIABLE NAMES.

ID NAME;
VAR SUBJECT SEX MARKS HEIGHT WEIGHT;
RUN;
PROC MEANS
PROC MEANS: THIS PROCEDURE IS USED FOR NUMERICAL ANALYSIS. THE

DEFAULT STATISTICAL MEASURES WE GET IN PROC MEANS ARE
1. N(NUMMBER OF OBSERVATIONS)
2. MEAN (IT GIVES THE AVERAGE VALUES)
3. STD(STANDARD DEVIATION)
4. MAX(THE LARGEST VALUE)
5. MIN(THE MINIMUM VALUE)
SYNTAX:
PROC MEANS DATA=DATASET_NAME;
VAR VARIABLES
RUN;
DATA RACING;
INPUT RACER $ 5-14 BIKE $ 15-33 DISTANCE TIME_MIN;
DATALINES;
MIKE MV Agusta F3 326 15
ROGER Kawasaki 300 25
ELLON KTM RC250 312 19
JAMES Aprilia RSV4 RF 253 45
JACK CHI Ducati Panigale R 340 8
;
RUN;
PROC MEANS DATA=RACING;

VAR DISTANCE TIME_MIN;
RUN;
data profile;
infile datalines;
input Name $ Sex $ Subject $:15. Age Marks Height Weight;
datalines;
Ellen M Mathematics 15 66 153 55
Sam M English 12 88 169 70
cristana F Social 14 56 165 60
Maria F Science 15 71 160 66
John M French 13 45 154 64
Victoria F Mathematics 11 57 159 71
Britney F Arabic 19 64 161 59
Abdul M English 13 47 162 54
Vikram M Social 17 47 144 72
Alisha F French 18 22 166 74
Mona F Arabic 11 87 156 45
William M Science 16 55 161 77
Alberta F English 14 61 162 71
;
run;
BY STATEMENT: IT IS USED FOR GROUPING THE VALUES INTO DIFFERENT

TABLES .
PROC SORT DATA=PROFILE;

BY SEX;
RUN;
PROC MEANS DATA=PROFILE;

VAR MARKS HEIGHT WEIGHT;
BY SEX;
RUN;
TO STORE THE STATISTCAL VALUES IN A DATASET WE HAVE TO USE

OUTPUT OUT STATEMENT.
OUTPUT OUT=P1;
BY SEX;
RUN;
TO GET THE DESIRED STATISTICAL VALUES WE HAVE TO SPECIFY IN THE

DATA STATEMENT.
PROC MEANS DATA=PROFILE N VAR NMISS MEAN SUM MAX MIN SKEWNESS;
OUTPUT OUT=P2;
BY SEX;
RUN;
CLASS STATEMENT: THIS STATEMENT IS USED FOR CLASSIFING THE DATA

AS SPECIFIED IN THE CLASS STATEMENT.
PROC MEANS DATA=PROFILE N VAR NMISS MEAN;
CLASS SEX;
RUN;

VAR MARKS HEIGHT AGE;
CLASS SEX;
BY SEX;
RUN;
PROC FREQUENCY
DATA SCORES;
INPUT NAME $ SUBJECT $ MARKS1-MARKS3;
DATALINES;
SAM MATHS 10 12 13
PARVEZ ANTRO 19 10 25
ENNA PHYSC 21 15 13
ESKANA SOCIO 10 12 3
REGIA SCIENCE 12 5 6
;
RUN;
PROC FREQUENCY IS USED FOR COUNTING THE OCCURENCE OF THE

OBSERVATIONS. THE DEFAULT VALUES WHICH WE GET ARE FREQUECY
PERCETAGE, CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY AND CUMMULATIVE PERCENTAGE.
FREQUENCY TABLES ARE OF TWO TYPES :
1. ONE WAY FREQUENCY TABLE AND
2. CROSS TABULATE FREQUENCY TABLE
PROC FREQ DATA=SCORES;

TABLES NAME MARKS1 MARKS2;
RUN;
NOCUM OPTION: THIS OPTION REMOVES THE CUMMULATIVE VALUES.

TABLES NAME MARKS1 MARKS2/NOCUM;
RUN;
NOFREQ OPTION:THIS OPTION REMOVES THE FREQUENCY VALUES

TABLES NAME MARKS1 MARKS2/NOFREQ;
RUN;
NOPERCENT OPTION:THIS OPTON REMOVES THE PERCENTAGE VALUES.

TABLES NAME MARKS1 MARKS2/NOPERCENT;
RUN;
CROSS TABULATION: BY USING CROSS TABULATION WE GENERATE THE TWO

WAY TABLE.
TABLES NAME *MARKS1 NAME*MARKS2;
RUN;
TABLES NAME*MARKS1 NAME*MARKS2/NOCUM;
RUN;
NOROW OPTION: THIS OPTION REMOVES THE ROW VALUES.THIS IS USED IN

CROSS TABULATION. YOU CAN SEE IN THE RESULT VIEWER WINDOW.
TABLES NAME*MARKS1 NAME*MARKS2/NOROW;
RUN;
LIST OPTION: THIS OPTION IS USED FOR CREATING A SIMPLE TABULAR

FORM WHERE FREQUENCY, CUMMULATIVE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE AND
CUMMMULATIVE PERCETAGE ARE PRESENT.
TABLES NAME*MARKS1/LIST;
RUN;
OUT OPTION: IT IS USED TO STORE THE FREQUENCY VALUES IN A

DATASET.
PROC FREQ DATA=SCORES NOPRINT;
TABLES NAME*MARKS1/OUT=T1;
RUN;
PROC PRINT

RUN;
NOOBS: THIS OPTION REMOVES THE OBS COLUMN
PROC PRINT DATA= KEY1 NOOBS;

RUN;
DOUBLE THIS OPTION INSERT DOUBLE SPACING BETWEEN THE

OBSERVATIONS
PROC PRINT DATA= KEY1 DOUBLE;
RUN;
HEADING=VERTICAL : THIS OPTION IS USED TO PUT THE VARIABLES

VERTICALLY
PROC PRINT DATA=KEY1 HEADING= VERTICAL;
RUN;
N: THIS OPTION IS USED TO PUT NUMBER OF OBSERVATIONS
PROC PRINT DATA=KEY1 N;
RUN;
WIDTH=FULL/MINIMUM: THIS IS USED FOR ADJUSTMENT OF THE WIDTH OF

THE VARIABLE.
PROC PRINT DATA=KEY1 WIDTH=FULL;
RUN;
VAR STATEMENT: WE USE THIS STATEMENT FOR CUSTOMIZATION

VAR NAME SEX AGE SUBJECT MARKS HEIGHT;
RUN;

ID NAME SEX AGE;
RUN;
LABEL STATEMENT: THIS STATEMENT IS USED FOR LABELING THE

VARIABLE NAMES
PROC PRINT DATA=KEY1 LABEL;
var NAME SEX AGE MARKS HEIGHT WEIGHT;
LABEL NAME="Student Name"
SEX= "Student Sex"
AGE= "Student Age";
RUN;
SPLIT OPTION: THIS OPTION IS USED FOR SPLITING THE VARIABLE

NAME.
PROC PRINT DATA=KEY1 LABEL SPLIT='/';
VAR NAME SEX AGE MARKS HEIGHT WEIGHT;
LABEL NAME='STUDENT/NAME' SEX='STUDENT/SEX' AGE='STUDENT/AGE'
MARKS='STUDENT/MARKS' HEIGHT='STUDENT/HEIGHT'
WEIGHT='STUDENT/WEIGHT';
RUN;
PROC PRINT DATA=KEY1 LABEL SPLIT='/' WIDTH=FULL;

;
RUN;
SUM STATEMENT: THIS STATEMENT IS USED TO SUM THE SPECIFIED

NUMERIC VARIABLE
PROC PRINT DATA=KEY1 LABEL SPLIT='/' WIDTH=FULL;
SUM MARKS;
;
RUN;
VARIABLES GROUPING
VARIABLES ARE GROUPED IN TWO TYPES.
1.GROUPING VARIABLES
2.CALCULATION VARIABLES
PROC SORT DATA=KEY1 OUT=A1;

BY SEX;
RUN;
GROUPED BY SEX AND CALCULATED MARKS
PROC PRINT DATA=A1;
SUM MARKS;
BY SEX;
RUN;
PAGEBY STATEMENT: THIS STATEMENT IS USE TO INSERT LINE AFTER

GROUPING
PROC PRINT DATA=A1;
SUM MARKS;
BY SEX;
PAGEBY SEX;
RUN;
PROC REPORT
PROC REPORT IS A COMBINATION OF PROC MEANS, PROC FREQENCY, PROC

TABULATE AND HAS ADVANCE FEATURES THAN PROC PRINT
SYNTAX FOR PROC REPORTING:

1. PROC REPORT DATA;
RUN;
THE ABOVE PROGRAM IS USED FOR GENERATING THE REPORT.
EXAMPLE.
DATA STANDARD;
INFILE DATALINES;
INPUT NAME $ SEX $ SUBJECT $&15. AGE MARKS HEIGHT WEIGHT;
DATALINES;
CRISTANA F SOCIAL STUDIES 14 56 165 60
MARIA F GENERAL SCIENCE 15 71 160 66
VIKRAM M SOCIAL STUDIES 17 47 144 72
WILLIAM M GENERAL SCIENCE 16 55 161 77
;
RUN;
PROC REPORT;
RUN;
2. PROC REPORT DATA=DATASET NAME;

RUN;
THIS PROGRAM IS USED TO GENERATE THE REPORT OF THE SPECIFIC
DATASET.
EXAMPLE:
PROC REPORT DATA=STANDARD;
RUN;
OPTIONS
BOX: THIS OPTION IS USED FOR CREATING THE BOX IN THE OUTPUT
WINDOW
PROC REPORT DATA=STANDARD BOX;
RUN;
NOHEADER: THIS OPTION IS USED FOR SKIPPING THE VARIABLE NAMES.

PROC REPORT DATA=STANDARD NOHEADER;
RUN;
HEADLINE: THIS OPTION IS USED FOR PUTTING A LINE BELOW THE

VARIABLE NAME. RESULT CAN BE SEEN IN THE OUTPUT WINDOW.
PROC REPORT DATA=STANDARD HEADLINE;
RUN;
HEADSKIP: THIS OPTION IS USED FOR PUTTING A BLANK SPACE BETWEEN

THE VARIABLE NAMES AND THE OBSERVATIONS.RESULT CAN BE SEEN IN
THE OUTPUT WINDOW.
PROC REPORT DATA=STANDARD HEADSKIP;
RUN;
NOWD OR NOWINDOW: THIS OPTION IS USED IN SAS 9.2 AND PREVIOUS

VERSION BECAUSE TO SUPRESS THE NEW REPORTING WINDOW.
PROC REPORT DATA=STANDARD NOWD;
RUN;
TO OUTPUT THE REPORT INTO A DATASET

PROC REPORT DATA=STANDARD OUT=SET1 DROP;
RUN;
PAGESIZE OR PS: THIS OPTION IS USED FOR EXPANDING THE PAGE SIZE.
THE DEFAULT PAGESIZE IS 15 CAN BE EXTENDED TO 32,767. THIS
OPTION IS USED WHEN THE DATA IS VERY LARGE.
PROC REPORT DATA=STANDARD PS=68;
RUN;
LINESIZE OR LS: THIS OPTION IS USED FOR INCREASING THE LINESIZE

THE DEFAULT LINESIZE IS 64 CAN BE EXTENDED TO 256.
PROC REPORT DATA=STANDARD LS=80;
RUN;
NOCENTER: THIS OPTION IS USED FOR ALINEMENT OF THE DATA. IF

NOCENTER IS USED DATA IS ALIGNED TO THE LEFT.
PROC REPORT DATA=STANDARD NOCENTER;
RUN;
NAMED: THIS OPTION IS USED FOR APPENDING VARIABLE NAME

(NAME=,SEX=) INFRONT OF EVERY VARIABLE
PROC REPORT DATA=STANDARD NAMED;
RUN;
NOEXEC: THE PROGRAM IS NOT EXECUTED.
PROC REPORT DATA=STANDARD NOEXEC;
RUN;
STATEMENTS
COLUMN: THIS IS SIMILAR TO THE VAR STATEMENT OF THE PROC PRINT
WHERE IT HOLD THE VARIABLE NAMES
AND IN THE DESIRED ORDER.
COLUMN NAME SEX MARKS;
RUN;
_CHAR_: THIS IS USED FOR DISPLAYING THE CHARACTER VARIABLES.

COLUMN _CHAR_;
RUN;
_NUMERIC_: THIS IS CODE IS USED FOR DISPLAYING ALL THE NUMERIC

VARIABLES SUM.
COLUMN _NUMERIC_;
RUN;
_ALL_: THIS SYNTAX IS USED FOR PRINTING ALL THE VARIABLESE IN

THE OUTPUT.
COLUMN _ALL_;
RUN;
DEFINE:THIS STATEMENT IS USED FOR FORMATS,SPACING,WIDTH, ORDER,

STYLE, ALINEMENTS ETC
COLUMN NAME SUBJECT MARKS HEIGHT;
DEFINE MARKS/'STUDENT MARKS';
RUN;
IN THE ABOVE PROGRAM IN THE DEFINE STATEMENT VARIABLE MARKS
IS LABELLED AS 'STUDENT MARKS'

DEFINE MARKS/'STUDENT MARKS' 'AS PER RULE';
RUN;
IN THE BELOW PROGRAM THE LABEL IS DISPLAYED IN TWO ROWS. SPLIT:

THIS IS USED FOR SPLITTING THE LABEL.
PROC REPORT DATA=STANDARD SPLIT='/';
DEFINE MARKS/'STUDENT/MARKS';
RUN;
WIDTH: THIS IS USED FOR ASSIGNING THE VARIABLE WIDTH.

SPACING: THIS IS USED FOR PUTTING THE SPACE BETWEEN THE
VARIABLES.
DEFINE MARKS/'STUDENT/MARKS' WIDTH=10 SPACING=5;
RUN;
ADDING FORMATS TO THE REPORTING

PROC FORMAT;
VALUE $DARK 'M'='MALE'
'F'='FEMALE';
RUN;

COLUMN NAME SEX MARKS HEIGHT WEIGHT;
DEFINE SEX/'STUDENT GENDER' WIDTH=18 SPACING=7 FORMAT=$DARK.;
RUN;
OBSERVE THE RESULT IN THE OUTPUT WINDOW.

COLUMN NAME SEX MARKS HEIGHT WEIGHT;
DEFINE MARKS/ FORMAT = DOLLAR6.2;
RUN;
THOUGH THE ABOVE PROGRAM IS WRONG BUT TO SHOW HOW TO USE

NUMERIC FORMATS IT IS WRITTEN;
USING THE DISPLAY AND ANALYSIS OR SUM OPTIONS IN THE DEFINE

STATEMENT.
DISPLAY IS USED BY DEFAULT TO THE CHARACTER VARIABLES IT CAN

ALSO BE USED FOR NUMERIC VARIABLE WHEN ANALYSIS IS NOT REQUIRED.
BUT SUM OR ANALYSIS IS USED ONLY FOR NUMERIC VARIABLES.
COLUMN NAME SEX AGE MARKS HEIGHT WEIGHT;
DEFINE NAME/'STUDENT/NAME' WIDTH=18 SPACING=10 DISPLAY;
DEFINE SEX/'STUDENT/GENDER' WIDTH=15 SPACING=5 DISPLAY
FORMAT=$DARK.;
DEFINE AGE/'STUDENT AGE' DISPLAY;
RUN;
SUM OPTION WILL BE DISCUSS LATER IN THIS CHAPTER

DATA WILL BE ALINED AS CENTER RIGHT LEFT
DEFINE NAME/'STUDENT/NAME' WIDTH=18 SPACING=10 DISPLAY RIGHT;
FORMAT=$DARK. RIGHT;
DEFINE AGE/'STUDENT AGE' WIDTH=15 LEFT DISPLAY ;
DEFINE MARKS/WIDHT=10 CENTER;
;
RUN;
THE OTHER WAY IS ALIGEMENT BY USING STYLE STATEMENT. WHEN STYLE

IS WRITTEN IN THE PROC STATEMENT IT IS APPLICABLE TO ALL THE
COLUMNS AND HEADERS.
WHEN WRITTEN IN PARTICULAR DEFINE STATEMENT IT IS APPLICABLE TO

THAT PARTICULAR VARIABLE.STYLE CAN BE APPLIED TO SPECIFIC HEADER
ALSO.
PROC REPORT DATA=STANDARD SPLIT='/' STYLE(COLUMN)=[JUST=CENTER];
FORMAT=$DARK.;
RUN;

FORMAT=$DARK.;
DEFINE AGE/'STUDENT AGE' DISPLAY STYLE(COLUMN)=[JUST=LEFT];
RUN;

DEFINE NAME/'STUDENT/NAME' WIDTH=18 SPACING=10 DISPLAY
STYLE(HEADER)=[JUST=LEFT];
FORMAT=$DARK.;
RUN;

STYLE(HEADER)=[JUST=LEFT]
STYLE(COLUMN)=[JUST=RIGHT];
FORMAT=$DARK.;
RUN;
APPLYING COLORS USING STYLE STATEMENT

STYLE(HEADER)=[JUST=LEFT BACKGROUND=BLUE FOREGROUND=GREEN]
STYLE(COLUMN)=[JUST=RIGHT BACKGROUND=YELLOW FOREGROUND=PINK];
FORMAT=$DARK.;
RUN;
WHEN WRITTEN IN THE PROC STATEMENT IT IS APPLICABLE TO WHOLE

HEADER OR COLUMNS
PROC REPORT DATA=STANDARD SPLIT='/' STYLE(HEADER)=[JUST=LEFT
BACKGROUND=BLUE FOREGROUND=GREEN]
STYLE(COLUMN)=[JUST=RIGHT BACKGROUND=YELLOW FOREGROUND=PINK];
FORMAT=$DARK.;
RUN;
APPLYING FONT SIZE,FONT WEIGHT, FONT FACE USING STYLE

STATEMENT
STYLE(HEADER)=[JUST=LEFT BACKGROUND=BLUE FOREGROUND=GREEN
FONT_WEIGHT=ITALIC FONT_FACE='TIMES NEW ROMAN' FONT_SIZE=5]
STYLE(COLUMN)=[JUST=RIGHT BACKGROUND=YELLOW FOREGROUND=PINK
FONT_WEIGHT=BOLD FONT_FACE='CALIBRI' FONT_SIZE=5];
FORMAT=$DARK.;
RUN;
OPTIONS USED IN DEFINE STATEMENTS

1.DISPLAY: IT IS ALREADY DISCUSSED.
2.GROUP: WHEN THE COLUMN ARE SAME IT CONSOLIDATES INTO ONE.
3.ANALYSIS: USED FOR CALCULATING ARTHEMATIC OR STATISTICAL
VALUES.
4.COMPUTE: USED TO CALCULATE THE VALUES IN THE COMPUTE BLOCK.
5.ACROSS: USED FOR CREATING A COLUMN FOR EACH UNIQUE VALUE OF
THE VARIABLE.
6.DESCENDING:DISPLAYS GROUP ORDER AND ACROSS IN DESCENDING
ORDER
EXAMPLES OF GROUP
DEFINE SEX/'STUDENT/GENDER' WIDTH=15 SPACING=5 GROUP
FORMAT=$DARK.;
RUN;

FORMAT=$DARK.
STYLE(HEADER)=[JUST=LEFT BACKGROUND=GREEN FOREGROUND=RED
FONT_WEIGHT=ITALIC FONT_FACE='TIMES NEW ROMAN' FONT_SIZE=5]
STYLE(COLUMN)=[JUST=RIGHT BACKGROUND=YELLOW FOREGROUND=MAGENTA
FONT_WEIGHT=BOLD FONT_FACE='CALIBRI' FONT_SIZE=5];
RUN;
EXAMPLES OF ANALYSIS
FORMAT=$DARK.;
DEFINE AGE/'STUDENT AGE' ANALYSIS;
RUN;
EXAMPLES OF DESCENDING
FORMAT=$DARK.;
DEFINE AGE/'STUDENT AGE' DESCENDING ;
RUN;
EXAMPLE OF ACROSS
FORMAT=$DARK.;
DEFINE AGE/'STUDENT AGE' ACROSS;
RUN;
BREAK STATEMENT
BREAK STATEMENT IS DIVIDED INTO 3 CATEGORIES BREAK BEFORE,
BREAK AFTER, BREAK.
BREAK BEFORE STATEMENT IS USEFUL FOR GETTING SUMMARY BEFORE A

GROUP OR ORDER.
BREAK AFTER STATEMENT IS USEFUL FOR GETTING SUMMARY AFTER A

GROUP OR ORDER.
SUMMARIZE: THE SUM OF THE NUMERICAL VARIABLES IS INSERTED

AFTER A PARTICULAR GROUP OR ORDER.
DEFINE NAME/'STUDENT/NAME' DISPLAY;
DEFINE SEX/'STUDENT/GENDER' GROUP FORMAT=$DARK.;
DEFINE MARKS/ ORDER ANALYSIS;
BREAK BEFORE SEX/SUMMARIZE;
RUN;
OL: DRAWS A LINE ABOVE THE SUMMARY. CHECK THE BELOW PROGRAM IN
THE OUTPUT WINDOW.
BREAK BEFORE SEX/SUMMARIZE OL;
RUN;
UL: DRAWS A LINE BELOW THE SUMMARY. CHECK THE BELOW PROGRAM IN
THE OUTPUT WINDOW.
BREAK BEFORE SEX/SUMMARIZE UL;
RUN;
COMBINING THE OL AND UL

DEFINE SEX/'STUDENT/GENDER' GROUP;
BREAK BEFORE SEX/SUMMARIZE OL UL;
RUN;
DOL AND DUL: DRAWS A DOUBLE LINES ABOVE AND BELOW THE SUMMARY.
CHECK THE BELOW PROGRAM IN THE OUTPUT WINDOW.
BREAK BEFORE SEX/SUMMARIZE DOL DUL STYLE=[BACKGROUND=PINK
FOREGROUND=RED];
RUN;
SKIP: DRAWS A BLANK LINE. OBSERVE THE RESULT IN THE OUTPUT

WINDOW
BREAK BEFORE SEX/SUMMARIZE SKIP;
RUN;
PAGE: PUTS THE GROUPED VARIABLE INTO DIFFERENT PAGES

BREAK BEFORE SEX/SUMMARIZE PAGE;
RUN;
EXAMPLE OF BREAK AFTER

BREAK AFTER SEX/SUMMARIZE;
RUN;
RBREAK: IT IS DISPLAYED ONLY ONE BEFORE OR AFTER. THE MAIN

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RBREAK AND BREAK IS THAT
BREAK REQUIRES GROUPING OR ORDER WHERE AS RBREAK DOESNT
REQUIRE.(BREAK IT IS SIMILAR TO SUBTOTAL
RBREAK IS SIMILAR TO GRANDTOTAL)
RBREAK AFTER/SUMMARIZE;
RUN;
PLEASE OBSERVE BREAK ROW. WE GET ONLY TOTAL OF MARKS

DEFINE NAME/DISPLAY WIDTH=15;
DEFINE SEX/ GROUP;
DEFINE AGE/ DISPLAY;
DEFINE MARKS/ ANALYSIS;
DEFINE HEIGHT/DISPLAY;
DEFINE WEIGHT/DISPLAY;
RUN;
COMPUTE STATEMENT:
IT IS ALMOST SIMILAR TO DO STATEMENT. HERE WE CAN PERFORM
ARTHEMATIC/STATISTICAL OPERATIONS AND SOME
CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS. COMPUTE STATEMENT STARTS WITH COMPUTE
AFTER,COMPUTE BEFORE A GROUP AND SHOULD
END WITH ENDCOMP STATEMENT. MUST BE WRITTEN BEFORE RUN
STATEMENT.WE CAN CREATE A NEW VARIABLE ALSO
DEFINE SEX/ GROUP;
COMPUTE AFTER SEX;
NAME='TOTAL';
ENDCOMP;
RUN;
CONVERTING WEIGHT FROM KG TO LBS BY USING COMPUTE STATEMENT

COLUMN NAME SEX AGE MARKS HEIGHT WEIGHT WTLB;
DEFINE SEX/ GROUP;
DEFINE WTLB/COMPUTED 'WEIGHT IN LBS' FORMAT=6.2;
COMPUTE WTLB;
WTLB= WEIGHT*2.204;
ENDCOMP;
RUN;

COLUMN NAME SEX AGE MARKS HEIGHT WEIGHT WTLB HTM;
DEFINE SEX/ GROUP;
DEFINE WTLB/COMPUTED 'WEIGHT IN LBS' FORMAT=6.2;
DEFINE HTM/COMPUTED 'HEIGHT IN METERS' FORMAT=5.2;
COMPUTE WTLB;
WTLB= WEIGHT*2.204;
ENDCOMP;
COMPUTE HTM;
HTM=HEIGHT/100;
ENDCOMP;
RUN;
WRITING CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS IN COMPUTE STATEMENT
COLUMN NAME SEX AGE MARKS HEIGHT WEIGHT QUALIFY;
DEFINE SEX/ GROUP;
DEFINE MARKS/DISPLAY;
DEFINE QUALIFY/COMPUTED 'PASS/FAIL' WIDTH=10;
COMPUTE QUALIFY / CHARACTER LENGTH=10;
IF MARKS >= 55 THEN QUALIFY='PASS';
IF MARKS <= 54.99 THEN QUALIFY='FAIL';
ENDCOMP;
RUN;
CALL DEFINE: HERE CALL DEFINE IS USED FOR ADDING COLOR TO

SPECIFIC ROW
DEFINE SEX/ DISPLAY;
COMPUTE SEX;
IF SEX='M' THEN CALL
DEFINE(_ROW_,'STYLE','STYLE=[BACKGROUND=MAGENTA]');
IF SEX='F' THEN CALL
DEFINE(_COL_,'STYLE','STYLE=[BACKGROUND=GDW]');
ENDCOMP;
RUN;
MACROS
CREATING THE MACROS

1.SIMPLE MACRO: IT MUST START WITH %, MACRO STATEMENT AND MACRO
NAME.
SYNTAX %LET VAR1='CHAR' OR VALUE;
2.COMPLEX MACRO: MACROS SHOULD START WITH % AND MACRO STATEMENT

THEN MACRO NAME IN THE BRACKETS PARAMETERS. NEXT DATA STEPS OR
SQL PROGRAMMING CAN BE WRITTEN AND THE MACRO SHOULD CLOSE WITH
%MEND STATEMENT.
SYNTAX %MACRO NAME (PARAMETER1, PARAMETER2);
<SAS PROGRAM>
OR
<SQL PROGRAM>
%MEND;
MACROS ARE CREATED IN 5 DIFFERENT TYPES;

1.GLOBAL MACRO: THESE CAN BE USED ANY WHERE IN THE SAS
ENVIRONMENT
2.LOCAL MACRO: THESE ARE USED LOCALLY. CREATED WITH IN A
MACRO
3.%LET MACRO: THESE CAN BE USED GLOBALLY AND LOCALLY
4.CALL SYMPUT: CAN BE USED GLOBALLY CREATED IN THE DATASET.
5.INTO: :THIS INTO: MACRO IS CREATED IN SQL, CAN BE USED
GLOBALLY.CALL SYMPUT AND INTO: WILL BE DISCUSSED LATER.
TO CHECK THE MACRO VALUE IN THE LOG WINDOW WE HAVE TO USE %PUT
AND MACRO NAME SHOULD START WITH &.& REPRESENTS A MACRO
REFERENCE.
%LET VAR1=100;
%PUT THE VALUES OF THE MACRO IS:&VAR1;
IT IS A SIMPLE MACRO WHICH CAN BE USED GOBALLY.BY USING %LET WE
CAN CREATE MACRO WITH ONLY ONE VARIABLE.
COMPLEX MACRO:
%MACRO SORTTING(NAME,VARIABLE);
PROC SORT DATA=&NAME;
BY &VARIABLE;
RUN;
%MEND;
%SORTTING(E_11,EMP_ID);
COMPLEX MACRO: CREATING A LOCAL MACRO WITHIN A MACRO.

%MACRO COMPLEX;
%LET PRICE=100;
%LET PRODUCT=TABLET;
%MEND;
%COMPLEX;
%PUT &PRICE;
%PUT &PRODUCT;
%MACRO COMPLEX;
%LET PRICE=100;
%PUT THE PRICE IS &PRICE AND THE PRODUCT IS &PRODUCT;
%MEND;
%COMPLEX;THIS STATEMENT RESOLVES THE MACRO.
TO CONVERT LOCAL MACRO TO GLOBAL WE HAVE TO ADD %GLOBAL INSIDE

THE MACRO.
%MACRO COMPLEX1;
%GLOBAL RATE ITEM;
%LET RATE=100;
%LET ITEM=CAKE;
%MEND;
%COMPLEX1;
%PUT THE PRICE IS &RATE AND THE PRODUCT IS &ITEM;
TO MAKE A MACRO COMPLETELY LOCAL WE HAVE TO WRITE %LOCAL INSIDE

THE MACRO.
%MACRO COMPLEX2;
%LOCAL PRICE PRODUCT;
%LET PRICE=100;
%PUT THE PRICE IS &PRICE AND THE PRODUCT IS &PRODUCT;
%MEND;
%COMPLEX2;
DATA RACE;
DATALINES;
;
RUN;
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN COMPLEX1 AND COMPLEX2 IS SHOWN BELOW

DATA CALCULATION;
SET RACE;
TIME_SEC=60*&RATE;
RUN;
DATA CALCULATION2;
SET RACE;
TIME_SEC=60*&PRICE;
RUN;
PARAMETERS: PARAMETERS MUST BE PRESENT INSIDE THE BRACKETS AND

MUST BE SEPARATED BY COMMAS. PARAMETERS ARE OF TWO TYPES
POSITIONAL PARAMETERS AND KEYWORD PARAMETERS.
BELOW PROGRAM IS A POSITIONAL PARAMETER PROGRAM. IN POSITIONAL

PARAMETERS THE ORDER MUST BE FOLLOWED. IF THE PARAMETERS ARE NOT
POSITIONED IN ORDER THEN ERROR OCCURS.
SYNTAX %MACRO NAME(PARAMETER1,PARAMETER2).
EXAMPLE
%MACRO SPEED(DATSET,SOURCE,V1,Z1,VARIABLE);
DATA &DATSET;
SET &SOURCE;
&VARIABLE=&V1 &Z1;
RUN;
%MEND;
%SPEED(NEW,RACE,DISTANCE,TIME_MIN,SPEED);
EXAMPLE
%MACRO IMPORTING(PATH,DATANAME,FORMAT);
PROC IMPORT DATAFILE=&PATH
OUT=&DATANAME
DBMS=&FORMAT;
RUN;
%MEND;
%IMPORTING("C:\Users\RICKY\Desktop\sas repository\base and

advance\data\files\excel\cars.xls",CAR,XLS);
KEYWORD PARAMETERS:FOR EACH PARAMETER KEYWORD IS ASSIGNED. THE

ADVANTAGE OF KEYWORD PARAMETER IS THEY CAN BE WRITTEN IN ANY
ORDER BETWEEN THE BRACKETS.
EXAMPLE
%MACRO VELOCITY(SOURCE=,DATSET=,V1=,VARIABLE=,Z1=);
DATA &DATSET;
SET &SOURCE;
&VARIABLE=&V1 &Z1;
RUN;
%MEND;
%VELOCITY(DATSET=SPEED,SOURCE=RACE,V1=DISTANCE,Z1=TIME_MIN,VARIA
BLE=SPEED);
EXAMPLE
%MACRO IMPORTING(DATANAME=,PATH=,FORMAT=);
PROC IMPORT DATAFILE=&PATH
OUT=&DATANAME
DBMS=&FORMAT;
RUN;
%MEND;
%IMPORTING(PATH="C:\Users\RICKY\Desktop\sas repository\base and

advance\data\files\excel\cars.xls",DATANAME=CAR,FORMAT=XLS);
MIXED PARAMETERS: COMBINING POSITIONAL PARAMETER AND KEYWORD

PARAMETERS.
%MACRO COVERED(DATSET,SOURCE,Z1=,VARIABLE=,V1=);
DATA &DATSET;
SET &SOURCE;
&VARIABLE=&V1 &Z1;
RUN;
%MEND;
%COVERED(R,RACE,Z1=TIME_MIN,VARIABLE=SPEED,V1=DISTANCE);
CALL SYMPUT: WHEN WE CREATE CALL SYMPUT MACROS WE GET LAST

OBSERVATION ONLY. THE VALUES OF THE VARIABLE ARE COPIED INTO THE
MACRO CREATED.
DATA RACING;
DATALINES;
;
RUN;
DATA RACING1;
SET RACING;
CALL SYMPUT('MOTORS',BIKE);
RUN;
%PUT &MOTORS.;
TO GET ALL THE OBSERVATIONS THE FOLLOWING SYNTAX SHOULD BE USED.
DATA RACING2;
SET RACING;
CALL SYMPUT('MOTORS'||COMPRESS(_N_),BIKE);
RUN;
%PUT &MOTORS1;
%PUT &MOTORS2;
%PUT &MOTORS3;
%PUT &MOTORS4;
%PUT &MOTORS5;
INTO: THIS IS USED ONLY IN SQL FOR CREATION OF MACRO.

PROC SQL;
SELECT RACER INTO:RACER1 FROM RACING;
QUIT;
%PUT &RACER1;
THE ABOVE MACRO HOLD ONLY FIRST OBSERVATION. TO MAKE IT HOLD ALL
THE OBSERVATIONS THE PROGRAM SHOULD BE CODED IN THE BELOW FORM.
PROC SQL;
SELECT RACER INTO:RACER1 SEPARATED BY ' ' FROM RACING;
QUIT;
%PUT &RACER1;
MACRO DEBUGGING OPTIONS ARE OF FOLLOWING TYPES BY DEFAULT THEY

ARE PRESENT AS
1.MERROR
2.SERROR
3.NOMLOGIC
4.NOMLOGICNES
5.NOMPRINT
6.NOMPRINTNEST
7.NOSYMBLOGEN
THE DEBUGGING OPTIONS ARE USED FOR CHECKING THE ERRORS IN THE
MACRO PROGRAM.
PROC OPTIONS GROUP=MACRO;
RUN;
MERROR:ISSUES A WARNING MESSAGE FOR AN UNRESOLVED MACRO
REFERENCE.BY DEFAULT MERROR OPTION EXISTS IT CAN BE CHANGED TO
NOMERROR.
OPTIONS MERROR;
DATA RACE;
DATALINES;
;
RUN;
DATA &DATSET;
SET &SOURCE;
&VARIABLE=&V1 &Z1;
RUN;
%MEND;
%SPED(NEW,RACE,DISTANCE,TIME_MIN,SPEED);
LOG WINDOW 'WARNING: Apparent invocation of macro SPED not
resolved.' IS DISPLAYED.
OPTIONS NOMERROR;
%SPED(NEW,RACE,DISTANCE,TIME_MIN,SPEED);
LOG WINDOW NO WARNING ISSUED.
SERROR:ISSUES A WARNING MESSAGE WHEN A MACRO VARIABLE REFERENCE

DOES NOT MATCH A MACRO VARIABLE.
OPTIONS SERROR;
DATA &DATSET;
SET &SOURE;
&VARIABLE=&V1 &Z1;
RUN;
%MEND;
%SPEED(NEW,RACE,DISTANCE,TIME_MIN,SPEED);
LOG WINDOW 'WARNING: Apparent symbolic reference SOURE not
resolved'.
OPTIONS NOSERROR;
%MACRO SPEEDA1(DATSET,SOURCE,V1,Z1,VARIABLE);
DATA &DATSET;
SET &SOURE;
&VARIABLE=&V1 &Z1;
RUN;
%MEND;
%SPEEDA1(NEW,RACE,DISTANCE,TIME_MIN,SPEED);
NOMLOGICNES:Does not display the macro nesting information in

the SAS log for MLOGIC output.
NOMPRINT: DOES NOT DISPLAY THE SAS STATEMENTS THAT ARE GENERATED
BY MACRO EXECUTION.
OPTIONS NOMPRINT;
%MACRO SPEED_A1(DATSET,SOURCE,V1,Z1,VARIABLE);
DATA &DATSET;
SET &SOURCE;
&VARIABLE=&V1 &Z1;
RUN;
%MEND;
%SPEED_A1(NEW1,RACE,DISTANCE,TIME_MIN,SPEED);
MPRINT OPTION:DISPLAYS HOW THE MACRO IS TRANSMUTED IN THE LOG

WINDOW.
OPTIONS MPRINT;
DATA &DATSET;
SET &SOURCE;
&VARIABLE=&V1 &Z1;
RUN;
%MEND;
%SPEED_A2(SETA,RACE,DISTANCE,TIME_MIN,SPEED);
NOSYMBOLGEN:Does not display the results of resolving macro

variable references in the SAS log.
OPTIONS NOSYMBOLGEN;
DATA &DATSET;
SET &SOURCE;
&VARIABLE=&V1 &Z1;
RUN;
%MEND;
%SPEED_A3(SETB,RACE,DISTANCE,TIME_MIN,SPEED);
OPTIONS SYMBOLGEN:IT DISPLAYS HOW THE PARAMETERS ARE RESOLVED.

OPTIONS SYMBOLGEN;
DATA &DATSET;
SET &SOURCE;
&VARIABLE=&V1 &Z1;
RUN;
%MEND;
%SPEED_A4(SETB,RACE,DISTANCE,TIME_MIN,SPEED);
MACRO FUCTIONS
DATA E_11;
INFILE DATALINES;
DATALINES;
103 BROKER 14MAY11 04 05 2018
102 BANKER 01MAY13 09 12 2020
101 BAKER 10NOV14 09 11 2019
105 DOCTOR 11JUN12 06 04 2013
104 ATTORNEY 10MAR10 06 04 2017
;
RUN;
DATASTEP FUCTIONS CAN BE USED IN MACROS.BUT WHEN USING %LET WE

HAVE TO USE %SYSFUNC BEFORE THE FUNCTION. THE EXAMPLES ARE SHOWN
BELOW.
OPTIONS MPRINT;
%MACRO CASE_CHANGE(CREAT,SOURCE,VARIABLE1,VARIABLE2);
DATA &CREAT;
SET &SOURCE;
&VARIABLE1=TRANSLATE(&VARIABLE2,"ZO","BT");
RUN;
%MEND;
%CASE_CHANGE(RR,E_11,LOWERCASE,DES);
%LET NAME=%SYSFUNC(TRANSLATE(ATTORNEY_BAR,"ZO","BT"));
%PUT &NAME;
%MACRO MATRIX;
%GLOBAL NAME DESINATION JUSTIFICATION;
%LET NAME=%SYSFUNC(COMPBL('THIS IS
SAS PROGRAM.'));
%LET
DESINATION=%SYSFUNC(TRANSLATE(ATTORNEY_BAR,"ZO","BT"));
%MEND;
%MATRIX;
%PUT &NAME;
%PUT &DESINATION;
DEFAULT MACRO FUNCTIONS:

SOME OF THE DEFAULT MACRO FUNCTIONS ARE %SCAN, %SUBSTR,
%LOWCASE, %UPCASE, %LENGTH. ALL THESE FUNCTIONS HAVE SIMILAR
EXECUTION AS THAT OF DATASTEP FUNCTIONS.
%MACRO BLUESKY;
%GLOBAL SCANNED SUBSTRR LENGTH UPCASE LOWCASE;
%LET SCANNED=%SCAN(THIS IS A SAS PROGRAM.,4);
%LET SUBSTRR=%SUBSTR(THE PROGRAMMMER,5,4);
%LET LENGTH=%LENGTH(THIS IS A SAS PROGRAM.);
%LET UPCASE= %UPCASE(this is american history);
%LET LOWCASE=%LOWCASE(CINEMA ARE GOOD ENTERTAINMENTS);
%MEND;
%BLUESKY;
%PUT THE SCANNED WORD IS:&SCANNED;
%PUT THE EXTRACTED PART IS:&SUBSTRR;
%PUT THE LENGTH OF THE STRING IS:&LENGTH;
%PUT THE STRING IS CONVERTD FROM LOW TO UP:&UPCASE;
%PUT THE STRING IS CONVERTED FROM HIGH TO LOW:&LOWCASE;
%EVAL: THIS FUNCTION IS USED FOR ARITHEMETIC OPERATIONS WHEN THE

DIGITS ARE INTEGERS.
%LET K=%EVAL(8+5);
%PUT THE SUM IS:&K;
SYSEVALF:THIS FUNCTTION IS USED FOR ARTIHEMETIC OPERATIONS WHEN

THE DIGITS ARE FLOATING VALUES.
%LET O=%SYSEVALF(5.8+1.6);
%PUT THE VALUES ARE:&O;
data PROFILE;
infile datalines;
input Name $ Sex $ Subject $:15. Age Marks Height Weight;
datalines;
Ellen M mathematics 15 66 153 55
Sam M English 12 88 169 70
cristana F Social 14 56 165 60
Maria F Science 15 71 160 66
John M French 13 45 154 64
Victoria F Mathematics 11 57 159 71
Britney F Arabic 19 64 161 59
Abdul M English 13 47 162 54
Vikram M Social 17 47 144 72
Alisha M French 18 22 166 74
Mona F Arabic 11 87 156 45
William M Science 16 55 161 77
Alberta F English 14 61 162 71
;
run;
WRITING A MACRO FOR THE CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

IF STATEMENT
OPTION MLOGIC;
%MACRO CREATE (NEWDATA,OLDDATA);
DATA &NEWDATA;
SET &OLDDATA;
IF SEX='F' THEN COLOR='GREEN';
ELSE COLOR='RED';
RUN;
%MEND;
%CREATE(NDS,PROFILE);
DATA DENGUE;
INFILE DATALINES;
INPUT NAME $ 5-11 TEMPERATURE PLATELETS_LAKHS DEATH $;
DATALINES;
JENSON 105 0.54 Y
NEEL 104 0.36 Y
RAMSON 105 0.41 Y
ELLEN 104 0.42 N
;
RUN;
%MACRO REPORT(D_SET,SOURCE);
DATA &D_SET;
SET &SOURCE;
IF DEATH='Y' THEN OUTPUT;
RUN;
%MEND;
%REPORT(NEW,DENGUE);
%MACRO REP(D_SET,RESOURCE);
DATA &D_SET;
SET &RESOURCE;
IF DEATH='Y' THEN DO;
AGE='OLDER';
BP='HIGH';
OUTPUT;
END;
RUN;
%MEND;
%REP(NEW2,DENGUE);
SQL
(STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE)
QUERY ORDER
MEMORIZING THE ORDER
SELECT SOME
FROM FRENCH
WHERE WAITER
GROUP BY GROW
HAVING HEALTHY
ORDERY BY ORANGES
PROC SQL;
CREATE TABLE JOB(ID NUM, DESIGNATION CHAR(10), JOINING
CHAR(10), SALARY NUM);
QUIT;
INSERTING VALUES INTO THE TABLE CAN BE DONE BY VALUE STATEMENT

AND SET STATEMENT.
PROC SQL;
INSERT INTO JOB
VALUES(101, 'BANKER', '09NOV2010',50000)
VALUES(102, 'BAKER', '25JAN2016',12000)
VALUES(103, 'NURSE', '16FEB2018', 10000)
;
QUIT;
PROC SQL;
INSERT INTO JOB
SET ID=104, DESIGNATION='DOCTOR', JOINING='16SEP2014',
SALARY=152361
SET ID=105, DESIGNATION='LAWYER', JOINING='10MAR2018',
SALARY=12000;
QUIT;
INSERTING DATE AND TIME VALUES INTO THE TABLE

PROC SQL;
CREATE TABLE DOB(NAME CHAR(10), DOB NUM FORMAT=DATE9., TOB
NUM FORMAT=TIME8., ADMITDATETIME NUM FORMAT=DATETIME18.);
INSERT INTO DOB
VALUES('JOHNSON','15OCT2014'D, '12:10:01'T,
'10OCT2014:01:00:10'DT);
QUIT;
ASSIGNING LABELS
PROC SQL;
CREATE TABLE EMP(ID NUM 'IDENTIFICATION NUMBER', NAME
CHAR(15) 'NAME OF THE EMPLOYEE', DOJ NUM
FORMAT=DATE9.'DATE OF JOINING');
INSERT INTO EMP
VALUES(101, 'SAMUEL','09NOV2015'D)
VALUES(102,'JOHN','10DEC2010'D)
VALUES(103, 'SMITH','15JAN2009'D);
QUIT;
PRINTING THE DATASET

PROC SQL;
CREATE TABLE SAVE(ID NUM 'IDENTIFICATION NUMBER', NAME
CHAR(15) 'NAME OF THE EMPLOYEE', DOJ NUM
FORMAT=DATE9.'DATE OF JOINING');
INSERT INTO SAVE
VALUES(101, 'SAMUEL','09NOV2015'D)
VALUES(102,'JOHN','10DEC2010'D)
VALUES(103, 'SMITH','15JAN2009'D);
SELECT FROM SAVE;
QUIT;
SELECTING THE VARIABLES FOR THE GIVEN DATASET

PROC SQL;
SELECT ID,NAME FROM WORK.EMP;
QUIT;
DATA STANDARD;
INFILE DATALINES;
DATALINES;
;
RUN;
ORDER BY OPTION:IT SORTS THE VARIABLE IN THE ORDER AS SPECIFIED
PROC SQL;
SELECT FROM STANDARD ORDER BY AGE;
QUIT;
PROC SQL;
SELECT FROM STANDARD ORDER BY AGE DESC;
QUIT;
DESC: THIS IS USED FOR SORTING IN DESCENDING ORDER
ASC: THIS IS USED FOR SORTING IN ASCENDING ORDER
PROC SQL;
SELECT FROM STANDARD ORDER BY AGE DESC, MARKS ASC;
QUIT;
WHERE QUERY IS USED FOR SELECTION
PROC SQL;
SELECT FROM STANDARD WHERE AGE <=16 ORDER BY MARKS DESC,
AGE ASC;
QUIT;
PROC SQL;
SELECT FROM STANDARD WHERE SEX='M';
QUIT;
PROC SQL;
SELECT FROM STANDARD WHERE SEX='M' AND AGE=13;
QUIT;
PROC SQL;
SELECT FROM STANDARD WHERE AGE BETWEEN 13 AND 17;
QUIT;
CREATING A NEW VARIABLE FROM THE EXISTING VARIABLES

PROC SQL;
SELECT , AGE+2.5 AS UPDATED_AGE FROM STANDARD;
QUIT;
CASE WHEN: THIS IS SIMILAR TO IF-ELSE STATEMENT. CASE WHEN HAS

TO END WITH END STATMENT
PROC SQL;
SELECT , CASE WHEN AGE=15 THEN MARKS+5
ELSE MARKS+1 END AS NEW_MARKS FROM STANDARD;
QUIT;
PROC SQL;
WHEN AGE=12 THEN MARKS+1.5
WHEN AGE=13 THEN MARKS+1
WHEN AGE=16 THEN MARKS-3
WHEN AGE=17 THEN MARKS-1.5
ELSE MARKS+10 END AS NEW_MARKS FROM
STANDARD;
QUIT;
PROC SQL;
SELECT , CASE WHEN AGE >=11 AND AGE<13 THEN "A+"
WHEN AGE>=13 AND AGE<15 THEN 'B+'
WHEN AGE>=15 AND AGE<17 THEN 'A++'
WHEN AGE>=17 AND AGE<18 THEN 'B---'
ELSE 'B+++' END AS RATING FROM STANDARD;
QUIT;
MULTIPLE CASE WHEN STATEMENTS
PROC SQL;
WHEN AGE=16 THEN MARKS-3
WHEN AGE=17 THEN MARKS-1.5
ELSE MARKS+10 END AS NEW_MARKS,
CASE WHEN AGE >=11 AND AGE<13 THEN "A+"
WHEN AGE>=13 AND AGE<15 THEN 'B+'
WHEN AGE>=15 AND AGE<17 THEN 'A++'
WHEN AGE>=17 AND AGE<18 THEN 'B---'
ELSE 'B+++' END AS RATING FROM STANDARD;
QUIT;
UPDATE STATEMENT: USED FOR UPDATING THE DATASET

PROC SQL;
UPDATE STANDARD SET MARKS=MARKS+25;
QUIT;
PROC SQL;
UPDATE STANDARD SET MARKS=
CASE WHEN AGE>11 AND AGE<13 THEN MARKS-25
WHEN AGE>=13 AND AGE<15 THEN MARKS-15
WHEN AGE>=15 AND AGE<19 THEN MARKS+13
ELSE MARKS+12 END;
QUIT;
CONVERTING CHAR TO NUMERIC, CHAR TO CHAR

PROC SQL;
SELECT PID, CASE WHEN SEX='F' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END AS SEX,
CASE WHEN RACE='AS' THEN 'ASIAN'
WHEN RACE='AM' THEN 'AMERICAN'
ELSE 'AFRICAN' END AS RACE,
CASE WHEN COLOR='W' THEN 'WHITE'
ELSE 'BLACK' END AS COLOR FROM PATIENT;
QUIT;
CONVERTING NUMERIC TO NUMERIC

PROC SQL;
SELECT PID,NAME, CASE WHEN AGE=21 THEN 25
WHEN AGE=56 THEN 25
WHEN AGE=24 THEN 25
ELSE 25 END AS AGE FROM PATIENT;
QUIT;
DESCRIBE STATEMENT: IT SHOW TABLE STRUCTURE

PROC SQL;
DESCRIBE TABLE PATIENT;
QUIT;
CREATING A NULL DATASET FROM EXISTING DATASET

PROC SQL;
CREATE TABLE MARKUP LIKE PATIENT;
QUIT;
DATA TREAT;
INPUT PID $ 5-15 TREATED $;
DATALINES;
APOLLO-104 PARACET
APOLLO-105 DICLOF
APOLLO-106 LOSART
APOLLO-106 LEVOCET
;
RUN;
DATA TREATMENT;
INPUT PID $ 5-15 TREATED $;
DATALINES;
APOLLO-101 PARACET
APOLLO-102 DICLOF
APOLLO-103 LOSART
APOLLO-104 PARACET
;
RUN;
NUMBER OPTION:IT GIVES THE NUMBER OF OBSERVATION AS ROW VARIABLE
PROC SQL NUMBER;

SELECT FROM POPULATION1;
QUIT;
NONUMBER OPTION: IT REMOVES THE ROW VARIABLE

PROC SQL NONUMBER;
SELECT FROM POPULATION2;
QUIT;
DATA STANDARD;
INFILE DATALINES;
DATALINES;
;
RUN;
NOEXEC OPTION: THE PROGRAM DOESNT GET EXECUTED

PROC SQL NOEXEC;
CREATE TABLE GROUPING AS SELECT , CASE WHEN AGE>11 AND AGE
<15 THEN 'O+'
WHEN
AGE>=15 AND AGE <17 THEN 'O'
ELSE 'O-'
END 'AGE_GROUPING' FROM STANDARD;
QUIT;
VALIATE OPTION: IT VALIDATES THE SYNTAC. THE QUOTED STATMENT IS

DISPLAYED IN THE LOG WINDOW "PROC SQL STATEMENT HAS VALID
SYNTAX"
PROC SQL NOEXEC;
VALIDATE SELECT , CASE WHEN AGE>11 AND AGE <15 THEN 'O+'
WHEN AGE>=15 AND AGE <17 THEN 'O'
ELSE 'O-' END 'AGE_GROUPING' FROM
STANDARD;
QUIT;
MODIFICATION OF TABLES:
1. ADDING VARIABLES.
2. DROP THE VARIABLE
3. ASSIGN CONTSRAINTS
4. CREATE COSTRAINTS.
DATA TORNADO;
INFILE DATALINES;
INPUT STATE $&14. MILES_PER_HOUR $ SPEED_OF_SOUND_MACH ;
DATALINES;
ALABAMA 80 2
CALIFORNIA 56 3
CONNECTICUT 91 1
DELAWARE 74 5
FLORIDA 71 2
IOWA 42 2
MARYLAND 87 5
MASSACHUSETTS 15 1
NEVADA 36 8
TENNESSEE 75 2
TEXAS 58 6
WISCONSIN 74 2
WYOMING 80 2
;
RUN;
DATA TORNADO1;
SET TORNADO;
RUN;
PROC SQL;
ALTER TABLE TORNADO1 ADD LIGHTENING CHAR(20);
QUIT;
PROC SQL;
UPDATE TORNADO1 SET LIGHTENING = CASE WHEN
SPEED_OF_SOUND_MACH<=3 THEN 'NOT OCCURED' ELSE 'OCCURED' END ;
QUIT;
DATA TORNADO2;
SET TORNADO1;
RUN;
PROC SQL;
ALTER TABLE TORNADO2 DROP LIGHTENING;
QUIT;
PROC SQL;
DELETE FROM TORNADO2 WHERE SPEED_OF_SOUND_MACH<=3;
QUIT;
DATA TORNADO3;
SET TORNADO1;
RUN;
PROC SQL;
DROP TABLE TORNADO3;
QUIT;
DATA SPORTS6;
DATALINES;
US SAM A+
US JOHN B-
US PELO A
UK JEM O
UK MOUZ C
CA BEN A+
UK BEZA A
;
RUN;
DATA SPORTS7;
DATALINES;
NZ RAZ C-
NZ MAZ A-
NZ REN C+
US PELO A
CA BEN A+
CA LEE B+
CA BEN A+
;
RUN;
SUBQUEIRES: QUERY WITHIN A QUERY IS CALLED SUBQUERY
PROC SQL;
SELECT FROM SPORTS6 WHERE NAME IN (SELECT NAME FROM
SPORTS7);
QUIT;
PROC SQL;
SELECT FROM SPORTS6 WHERE NAME NOT IN(SELECT NAME FROM
SPORTS7);
QUIT;
UNIONS
DATA SPORTS;
DATALINES;
US SAM A+
US JOHN B-
US PELO A
UK JEM O
UK MOUZ C
UK BEZA A
;
RUN;
DATA SPORTS1;
DATALINES;
NZ RAZ C-
NZ MAZ A-
NZ REN C+
CA BEN A+
CA LEE B+
CA BEN A+
;
RUN;
PROC SQL; DUPLICATE OBSERVATIONS WILL BE REMOVED AND SORTED;

CREATE TABLE NIN AS SELECT FROM SPORTS
UNION
SELECT FROM SPORTS1;
QUIT;
PROC SQL;DUPLICATE OBSERVATIONS WILL NOT BE REMOVED AND SORTED;

CREATE TABLE NIN1 AS SELECT FROM SPORTS
UNION ALL
QUIT;
DATA SPORTS2;
DATALINES;
US SAM A+
US JOHN B-
US PELO A
UK JEM O
UK MOUZ C
UK BEZA A
;
RUN;
DATA SPORTS3;
DATALINES;
NZ RAZ C-
NZ MAZ A-
NZ REN C+
US PELO A
CA BEN A+
CA LEE B+
CA BEN A+
;
RUN;
PROC SQL;
CREATE TABLE INTER AS SELECT FROM SPORTS2
INTERSECT
QUIT;
PROC SQL;
CREATE TABLE INTER1 AS SELECT , 'PLAYERS FROM COUNTRIES' AS
COUNTRIES_FROM FROM SPORTS2
INTERSECT
SELECT , 'PLAYERS FROM
COUNTRIES' AS CCOUNTRIES_FROM FROM SPORTS3;
QUIT;
DATA SPORTS4;
DATALINES;
US SAM A+
US JOHN B-
US PELO A
UK JEM O
UK MOUZ C
CA BEN A+
UK BEZA A
;
RUN;
DATA SPORTS5;
DATALINES;
NZ RAZ C-
NZ MAZ A-
NZ REN C+
US PELO A
CA BEN A+
CA LEE B+
CA BEN A+
;
RUN;
PROC SQL;
CREATE TABLE INTER2 AS SELECT TEAM,NAME FROM SPORTS4
EXCEPT
SELECT TEAM, NAME FROM SPORTS5;
QUIT;
JOINS
TYPES OF JOINS:
1.SIMPLE JOIN
2.INNER JOIN
3.LEFT JOIN
4.RIGHT JOIN
5.CROSS JOIN
6.FULL JOIN
DATA MFG;
INPUT @5MFG $9. MODEL $ PRICE;
DATALINES;
BENZ B-CLASS 10000
BMW X6 15213
SUZUKI WINZ 12457
HONDA ACCORD 14567
TATA JAGUAR 19856
;
RUN;
DATA CARS;
INPUT @5MFG $9. MODEL $ MILEAGE_MPS $;
DATALINES;
MAHENDRA XUV 15
BENZ B-CLASS 12
BMW X6 15
SUZUKI WINZ 16
ISUZ MUX 14
;
RUN;
SIMPE JOIN
PROC SQL;
CREATE TABLE SIMP AS SELECT FROM MFG,CARS WHERE
MFG.MFG=CARS.MFG;
QUIT;
INNER JOIN
PROC SQL;
CREATE TABLE INN1 AS SELECT FROM MFG INNER JOIN CARS ON
MFG.MFG=CARS.MFG;
QUIT;
PROC SQL;
CREATE TABLE INN2 AS SELECT FROM MFG INNER JOIN CARS ON
MFG.MFG=CARS.MFG AND MFG.MODEL=CARS.MODEL;
QUIT;
LEFT JOIN
PROC SQL;
CREATE TABLE LEF AS SELECT FROM CARS LEFT JOIN MFG ON
CARS.MFG=MFG.MFG;
QUIT;
PROC SQL;
CREATE TABLE RIG1 AS SELECT FROM MFG RIGHT JOIN CARS ON
MFG.MFG=CARS.MFG;
QUIT;
SO IN THE ABOVE RIGHT JOIN WE ARE NOT GETTING THE ALL COMMON
VARIABLES. TO OVERCOME THIS BELOW
FORM OF TABLE SHOULD BE WRITTEN.
RIGHT JOIN: IT IS SIMILAR TO RIGHT MERGE TO GET THE COMMON

VARIABLES FROM BOTH THE DATASETS WE HAVE
TO USE COALESCE FUCNTION.
PROC SQL;
CREATE TABLE RIG AS SELECT COALESCE(MFG.MFG,CARS.MFG) AS
MFG,COALESCE(MFG.MODEL,CARS.MODEL) AS MODEL,
PRICE,MILEAGE_MPS FROM MFG RIGHT JOIN CARS ON
MFG.MFG=CARS.MFG;
QUIT;
RIGHT MERGE IN SAS

PROC SORT DATA=MFG;
BY MFG;
RUN;
PROC SORT DATA=CARS;
BY MFG;
RUN;
DATA R_MERGE;
BY MFG;
IF B;
RUN;
FULL JOIN
PROC SQL;
CREATE TABLE FUL AS SELECT COALESCE(MFG.MFG,CARS.MFG) AS
MFG,COALESCE(MFG.MODEL,CARS.MODEL) AS MODEL, PRICE,
MILEAGE_MPS FROM MFG FULL JOIN CARS ON MFG.MFG=CARS.MFG;
RUN;
CROSS JOIN: THIS JOIN PRODUCES CARTESIAN PRODUCT. CARESIAN
PRODUCT IS NOTHING BUT ONE OBSERVATION COMBINES
WITH ALL THE OBSERVATIONS WITH THE OTHER DATASET
PROC SQL;
CREATE TABLE CROSS AS SELECT FROM CARS CROSS JOIN MFG;
QUIT;
FUNCTIONS
DATA ATHLETICS;
INFILE DATALINES;
INPUT @5PLAYER $10. RACE1_MPS RACE2_MPS RACE3_MPS RACE4_MPS
RACE5_MPS;
DATALINES;
AKBAR 45 48 43 49 51.9
ANTONY 51 36 49.2 41 59
SAMUEL 46 56 41 42.3 49
ELLON 49 . 63 67 43
. 63 12 32 41 14
;
RUN;
SQL NUMERIC FUNCTIONS WORK SIMILAR TO SAS FUNCTIONS SOME OF THE

FUNCTIONS ARE CODED BELOW
PROC SQL;
CREATE TABLE VALUES AS SELECT , INT(RACE4_MPS) AS
RACE4_INT, CEIL(RACE5_MPS) AS RACE5_CEIL, FLOOR(RACE5_MPS)
AS RACE5_FLOOR, MOD(RACE1_MPS,2) AS RACE1_MOD,
MAX (RACE1_MPS, RACE2_MPS,RACE3_MPS,RACE4_MPS,RACE5_MPS) AS
RACE1_MAX, MIN(RACE1_MPS, RACE2_MPS, RACE3_MPS, RACE4_MPS,
RACE5_MPS) AS RACE1_MIN, SUM(RACE1_MPS, RACE2_MPS,
RACE3_MPS, RACE4_MPS, RACE5_MPS) AS RACE1_SUM,
NMISS(RACE1_MPS, RACE2_MPS, RACE3_MPS, RACE4_MPS,RACE5_MPS)
AS RACE1_NMISS, MEAN(RACE1_MPS, RACE2_MPS, RACE3_MPS,
RACE4_MPS,RACE5_MPS) AS RACE1_MEAN, ROUND(RACE5_MPS) AS
RACE5_ROUND FROM ATHLETICS;
QUIT;
DISTINCT FUCTION: IT IS FOR FINDING THE DISTINCT READINGS FROM A

VARIABLE
DATA ATHLETICS1;
INFILE DATALINES;
INPUT @5PLAYER $10. RACE1_MPS RACE2_MPS RACE3_MPS RACE4_MPS
RACE5_MPS;
DATALINES;
AKBAR 45 48 43 49 51.9
ANTONY 51 36 49.2 41 59
SAMUEL 46 56 41 42.3 49
ELLON 49 . 63 67 43
. 63 12 32 41 14
SAMUEL 46 56 41 42.3 49
AKBAR 45 47 43 49 51.9
;
RUN;
PROC SQL;
SELECT DISTINCT(RACE5_MPS) AS DISTINCT_OBSERVATION FROM
ATHLETICS1;
QUIT;
ONLINE CLASS WILL BE PROVIDED FOR THE BELOW SAS PROGRAMMING TOPICS. COST
OF THE COURSE IS $436.
CONTACT US BY EMAIL: zarpla.vasanth@ gmail.com
1. DATA STATEMENT
2. INFILE STATEMENT
3. INPUT STATEMENT
4. FORMAT AND INFORMAT
5. CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS
6. ITERATIVE DO LOOPS
7. DM STATEMENT
8. COMBINING DATASETS
9. FUNCTIONS
10. OPTIONS
11. ARRAYS
12. IMPORTING AND EXPORTING THE DATA
13. PROC CONTENTS
14. PROC COMPARE
15. PROC TRANSPOSE
16. PROC MEANS
17. PROC FREQUENCY
18. PROC RANK
19. PROC SGPLOT
20. PROC CORR
21. PROC REG
22. PROC ANOVA
23. PROC PRINT
24. PROC REPORT
25. MACROS
26. SQL
27. ODS
ONLINE CLASS WILL BE PROVIDED FOR THE CLINICAL SAS PROGRAMMER. COST OF THE
COURSE IS $750.
1. DATA STATEMENT
2. INFILE STATEMENT
3. INPUT STATEMENT
4. FORMAT AND INFORMAT
5. CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS
6. ITERATIVE DO LOOPS
7. DM STATEMENT
8. COMBINING DATASETS
9. FUNCTIONS
10. OPTIONS
11. ARRAYS
12. IMPORTING AND EXPORTING THE DATA
13. PROC CONTENTS
14. PROC COMPARE
15. PROC TRANSPOSE
16. PROC MEANS
17. PROC FREQUENCY
18. PROC RANK
19. PROC SGPLOT
20. PROC CORR
21. PROC REG
22. PROC ANOVA
23. PROC PRINT
24. PROC REPORT
25. MACROS
26. SQL
27. ODS
28. INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL TRIAL
29. SDTM DOMAINS
a. INTRODUCTION TO STDM
b. DOMAIN
i. DEMOGRAPHICS(DM)
ii. CONCOMITANT MEDICATION(CM)
iii. EXPOSURE(EX)
iv. SUBSTANCE USE(SU)
v. ADVERSE EVENTS(AE)
vi. MEDICAL HISTORY(MH)
vii. DISPOSITION
viii. ECG TEST RESULTS(EG)
ix. LABORATORY TEST RESULTS(LB)
c. Supplementary domain
d. validation

Guide To Master SAS Programming

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INDEX

FORMAT AND INFORMAT 8

IMPORTING AND EXPORTING THE DATA 63

A DATA STATEMENT IS USED TO BEGINING A DATA STEP AND PROVIDES

INFILE STATEMENT: THE PURPOSE OF INFILE STATEMENT IS TO LOCATE

IN THE BELOW PROGRAM THE SOURCE DATA IS INSTREAM DATA SO IN THE

RAW DATA LOCATED IN THE EXTERNAL LOCATION IS REPRESENTED BY THE

DSD (DELIMITER SENSITIVE DATA):IT READS MISSING VALUES WITH

DLMSTR: IT IS USED WHEN THE RAW DATA HAS STRINGS OR ALPHABETS AS

DLMSOPT='i' : IF WE HAVE THE DATA SEPERATED BY SENSITIVE CASE

FIRSTOBS: IT HELPS IN SELECTING THE FIRST OBSERVATIONS.IN THE

OBS: IT HELPS IN SELECTING UPTO THE LAST OBSERVATION WHICH IS

INPUT STATEMENT IS USED FOR THE SPECIFING THE VARIABLE

COLUMN INPUT METHOD: IN THIS METHOD THE COLUMN LENGTH IS

NAMED INPUT METHOD:THE VARIABLE NAMES ARE SPECIFIED BEFORE THE

SIMPLE LIST INPUT METHOD:IN THIS METHOD THE LENGTH IS SPECIFIED.

POINTER # SYMBOL: THIS POINTER IS USED FOR MOVING TO COMPILER TO

SINGLE TRAILING METHOD(@): THIS SINGLE TRAILING SPECIFIER HOLDS

DOUBLE TRAILING METHOD(@@): IT HELPS IN SELECTING THE DATA UPTO

MIXED INPUT METHOD: WE CAN USE COMBINATION OF VARIOUS INPUT

FORMAT: THIS OPTION IS USED DISPLAYING THE VARIABLES AS DESIRED

FORMAT AND INFORMAT SHOULD END WITH FULL STOP(.)

DDMMYY10: THIS DATE FORMAT IS USED WHEN WE HAVE '-' OR '/' OR

DATE9.:THIS INFORMAT IS USED WHE THE AE IS REPRESENTED IN

ANYDTDTE.: THIS IS USED WHEN WE HAVE UNKNOW FORMAT OF THE DATE.

DATETIME.: THIS INFORMAT IS USED WHEN WE HAVE DATE TIME

FORMAT FOR DATE AND TIME

PERCENTW. : THIS OPTION IS USED TO READ THE VALUES WHEN THE

OTHER FORMATS AND INFORMATS

DOLLARW. : THIS IS USED TO READ DOLLARS SIGN AND OUTPUT THE

‘W’ REPRESENTS THE WIDTH OF THE OBSERVATION.AFTER THE DECIMAL

PROC FORMAT IS A PROCEDURE WHERE THE USER DEFINES THE INFORMATS

VALUE STATEMENT: IT IS USED FOR FORMATS.

INVALUE :IT IS USED FOR INFORMATS

THESE ARE THE STATEMENTS WHERE THE SPECIFIED CONDITION IS

CONDITIONAL STATEMENT ARE OF THREE TYPES

PROC PRINT DATA=KEYS1;

PROC PRINT DATA=KEYS1;

AND OPERATOR: THIS IS USED FOR WRITING MULTIPLE CONDITIONS IN A

PROC PRINT DATA=KEYS1;

OR OPERATOR: IF ANY OF THE MULTIPLE CONDITIONS ARE TRUE THEN IT

PROC PRINT DATA=KEYS1;

IN OPERATOR: THIS IS USED TO SPECIFY MULTIPLE OBSERVATIONS IN A

PROC PRINT DATA=KEYS1;

PROC PRINT DATA=KEYS1;

BETWEEN OPERATOR: THIS OPERATOR IS USED TO SELECT THE RANGE

LIKE OPERATOR: THIS OPERATOR IS USED TO SELECT DESIRED CHARACTER

PROC PRINT DATA=KEYS1;

PROC PRINT DATA=KEYS1;

IF STATEMENT: IT IS USED FOR WRITING STATEMENTS AND CONDITIONS.

IF-ELSE: THIS STATEMENT IS USED FOR CONDITIONS WHERE IF THE

IF ELSE IF: THESE STATEMENTS ARE USED FOR MULTIPLE CONDITIONS

THESE ARE THE SIMPLEST FORM OF ITERATIVE LOOPS.THESE CAN BE EXECUTED

THIS ITERATIVE DO LOOP IS USED FOR INCREMENTAL COUNTING OR REPETITIVE

DO LOOPS: DO LOOPS ARE OF 3 TYPES

NESTED DO LOOP: WRITING A DO LOOP INSIDE ANOTHER DO LOOP IS

PROC SORT DATA=SUN;

DO UNTIL:IT GETS EXECUTED WHEN THE UNTIL CONDITION IS TRUE

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DO WHILE AND DO UNTIL