(Download PDF) Introduction To Mineralogy 3Rd Edition William D Nesse Online Ebook All Chapter PDF
(Download PDF) Introduction To Mineralogy 3Rd Edition William D Nesse Online Ebook All Chapter PDF
(Download PDF) Introduction To Mineralogy 3Rd Edition William D Nesse Online Ebook All Chapter PDF
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THIRD EDITION
•
University of Northern Colorado
You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same
condition on any acquirer.
987654321
Printed by Edwards Brothers, United States of America
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BRIEF CON1j'EMilS
Chapter 8 Appendix A
Introduction to X-Ray Effective Ionic Radii of the Elements• 457
Crystallography• 190 AppendixB
Chapter 9 Determinative Tables • 463
Chemical Analysis of Minerals • 200
Appendix C
Chapter 10 Mineral Associations• 479
Strategies for Study • 210
PART THREE
MINERAL DESCRIPTIONS • 217
Chapter 11
Silicates • 219
V
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CONTENi'JiS
••
VI I
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•••
VI 11 CONTENTS
X CONTENTS
•
Contents XI
•••
Contents XI 11
Rll IBa~mia
PREFACE TO THE TH:t~
This book has been written to provide a text for teach- • Chemical bonding
ing mineralogy to undergraduate students in geology and • Partings
related fields. It is based on my experience teaching min- • Causes of mineral color
eralogy and draws from the thoughtful suggestions and • Electron microprobe analysis
comments of my students and of numerous instructors • Scanning electron microscope
from around the world. The challenge has been to provide • Microcrystalline varieties of silica
a comprehensive survey of mineralogy that can meet the
needs of students in a wide variety of curricula in a concise, In addition, new sections have been added on quasicrystals
well-organized, and clear manner. and carbonaceous material, and more emphasis has been
The objectives in preparing the Third Edition have been placed on the use of a hand lens in mineral identification.
to bring the text and references up-to-date and to improve This revision has benefited greatly from the thought-
the clarity and ease of use. The organization used in the ful review by Graham Baird at the University of Northern
first two editions has been retained. The three main sections Colorado. Additional individuals who provided reviews
are Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry (Part One), include Tasha Dunn (Colby College), David Gonzales
Mineral Properties, Study, and Identification (Part Two), (Fort Lewis College), Willis Hames (Auburn University),
and Mineral Descriptions (Part Three). Placing crystallog- Tina Hill (University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee), Jonathan
raphy and crystal chemistry first provides the foundation Martin (University of Florida), Stephen Nelson (Tulane
required to understand the physical and optical properties of University), Jeanette Sablock (Salem State University), and
minerals and the various techniques of chemical and X-ray Thomas Sharp (Arizona State University). Their thought-
analysis. The introduction to physical properties and mineral ful comments and suggestions are greatly appreciated.
identification in Chapter 1 has been retained so that students Most importantly, I am indebted to my wife, Marianne
can begin laboratory study of minerals early in their course Workman-Nesse, for her support and for her thorough cri-
of study. tique and editing of the book. If, despite the efforts of these
In addition to numerous revisions to improve the clarity of individuals, errors, omissions, and inconsistencies remain,
the text and figures, significant revisions in the Third Edition they are solely my responsibility, and I request that they be
have been made in the treatment of the following subjects. brought to my attention.
WDN
Greeley, Colorado
xv
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PART ONE
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CHAPTER
ntro uction
Almost every human endeavor is influenced by miner- bonds (Chapter 3) that hold the atoms and ions in a regu-
als. Many natural resources used in the manufacture of lar and repeating pattern require that crystalline materi-
goods on which civilization and our lives depend begin as als are solid. However, crystalline solids may deform in
minerals in the ground. The crops that we eat are grown a ductile manner under appropriate temperature-pressure
in soil composed of minerals. The safety and stability of conditions.
structures such as buildings, roads, and bridges depend Not all solids are crystalline. Glass, for example, is
on the mechanical properties of the minerals that make up a solid, but the atoms/ions lack long-range atomic order,
the rocks and soil on which they are built. In addition, the so it is considered amorphous or non-crystalline. In
chemical composition, structure, and texture of the miner- most cases the distinction between crystalline and non-
als that compose the rocks beneath our feet provide myriad crystalline is relatively clear, but not always. With biomin-
clues that guide geoscientists as they attempt to decipher eralization (Chapter 5), for example, ''nano particles" (-1
the history of the earth. to 100 nm, 1nm = 10- 9 meters) having a limited degree of
order may be the initial material to precipitate. In addition,
the regular and repeating order in crystalline materials
MINERALS is never flawless-imperfections and disorder always are
present in varying amounts. Some of these imperfections
The term mineral is used in a variety of ways. In the are discussed in Chapters 4 and 5. Unfortunately, we do
economic sense it often means any valuable material not have a rigorous way of quantifying the abundance of
extracted from the earth, including coal, oil, natural gas, imperfections and disorder so that we can objectively deal
groundwater, iron ore, gold, dimension stone, sand, gravel, with the gray area between crystalline and non-crystalline.
or anything else that is mined. Nutritionists use the term For a discussion of the problems associated with defining
"mineral" to mean any of a variety of chemical compounds crystallinity, consult Caraballo and others (2015).
or elements that are important for health. In common As a necessary consequence of being crystalline sol-
usage, anything that is neither animal nor vegetable might ids, minerals have a definite, but not necessarily fixed,
be considered mineral. As used in the geosciences, how- chemical composition. A chemical formula may be writ-
ever, a different and more restrictive definition is applied. ten for any mineral. An example is the common mineral
quartz (Si0 2), which is composed of silicon and oxygen
A mineral is a naturally occurring crystalline solid.
in a ratio of 1:2. The composition of many mineral spe-
A material that is naturally occurring is formed with- cies may vary within certain limits. An example is the
out the benefit of human action or intervention. It must be mineral olivine that may be iron rich (Fe2 Si0 4) or mag-
possible to find samples of it formed in the natural environ- nesium rich (Mg 2 Si04) or may have an intermediate com-
ment. Many crystalline solids with the same chemical and position. However, the proportions always work out so that
physical properties as their natural mineral counterparts the ratio (Fe + Mg):Si:O remains 2:1:4. Hence, different
may be synthesized in the laboratory. These materials are samples of a mineral species may have different compo-
synthetic minerals. sitions, but the variability is limited. Because minerals
Minerals must be crystalline solids. The atoms and/or are crystalline and have a definite chemical composition,
ions that form crystalline materials are arranged and chemi- they also have definite physical properties. These physi-
cally bonded with a regular and repeating long-range order. cal properties also may vary within limits because they
At the macroscopic scale, symmetrically arranged crystal are controlled by the variation in chemical properties.
faces (Chapter 2) and cleavages (Chapter 6) are clear evi- Some definitions of what constitutes a mineral
dence that a material is crystalline. At the microscopic require that it be formed by inorganic processes. This
scale and smaller, the ability to diffract X-rays (Chapter 8) historical encrustation, which probably has its roots in
documents that a material is crystalline. The chemical Aristotle's division of matter into animal, vegetable, and
3
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4 INTRODUCTION
16 CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
Que ne peut-il pas faire d’un cœur qui lui est assujetti, ce cruel et
traître Amour, puisqu’il a pu enlever du cœur de Roland la grande
fidélité qu’il devait à son prince ? Jusqu’ici, Roland s’est montré sage
et tout à fait digne de respect, et défenseur de la Sainte Église.
Maintenant, pour un vain amour, il a peu souci de son oncle et de lui-
même, et encore moins de Dieu.
Mais moi je ne l’excuse que trop, et je me félicite d’avoir un tel
compagnon de ma faiblesse ; car moi aussi, je suis languissant et
débile pour le bien, et sain et vaillant pour le mal. Roland s’en va
entièrement recouvert d’une armure noire, sans regret d’abandonner
tant d’amis, et il arrive à l’endroit où les gens d’Afrique et d’Espagne,
avaient leurs tentes dressées dans la campagne.
Quand je dis leurs tentes, je me trompe, car sous les arbres et
sous des restants de toits, la pluie les a dispersés par groupes de
dix, de vingt, de quatre, de six, ou de huit, les uns au loin, les autres
plus près. Tous dorment, fatigués et rompus ; ceux-ci étendus à