ISSN: 0970-020 X

ORIENTAL JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY CODEN: OJCHEG

An International Open Access, Peer Reviewed Research Journal
2021, Vol. 37, No.(3):
Pg. 962-971
www.orientjchem.org

A Study on Groundwater Quality Based on Major Ion

Chemistry of Jharkhand State in India: (A-Review)
Arun Kumar Pramanik, Sandip Kumar Das and Abhik Chatterjee*

Department of Chemistry, Raiganj University, Raiganj, 733134, India.

*Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected]

http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/370425

(Received: April 14, 2021; Accepted: June 03, 2021)

Abstract

Groundwater is the prime and major source of drinking water in our world. Groundwater in
Jharkhand is also used for drinking, domestic, irrigation, mining and industrial etc. purposes. In Jharkhand
some population are suffering from scarcity of pure drinking water and some population have partial
facility with drinking water as groundwater of many areas of Jharkhand are contaminated with fluoride,
arsenic, heavy metals and iron etc. dangerous chemicals. This review paper focuses on current status
of groundwater and contamination of different water quality parameters based on major ion chemistry in
Jharkhand. The discussed water quality parameters in this study are water temperature, pH, electrical
conductivity, total dissolved solid, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, iron, sodium, potassium, chloride,
fluoride, arsenic, carbonate, bicarbonate, phosphate, nitrate and sulphate.

Keywords: Jharkhand, Groundwater, Contamination, Ion chemistry, Water quality parameters.

Introduction requirement of fresh water in our country.

Water is one of the most precious and Groundwater is also the prime source
abundant compounds in our world. All living bodyies of drinking water in Jharkhand. The availability
in our universe are impossible without water for their of groundwater in many parts of the state is very
survival. The quantity of water in our planet is huge but low and so people in that area have been facing
we are facing problems for quality of water. All plants serious problems from scarcity of drinking water.
and animals are being troubled and human beings Nowadays the scarcity of good quality portable
suffer from various water borne diseases due to use water is a serious problem in industrial and mining
of contaminated water. Generally in India groundwater development area of Jharkhand2. Rainfall is uneven
was safe and potable for drinking and other purposes with time and space and water retention capacity
of human beings but nowadays due to various causes of the soil in the area is very poor. Here, utilisation
groundwater is getting contaminated. Hence, few of groundwater is mainly for drinking purpose and
treatments would be required to make groundwater a low percentage of groundwater are used for
potable in a few areas of India1. Therefore, it is also irrigation, industrialisation and other purposes. In
required to have additional sources to fulfill the some areas of Jharkhand state, groundwater is

This is an Open Access article licensed under a Creative Commons license: Attribution 4.0 International (CC- BY).
Published by Oriental Scientific Publishing Company © 2018
 Chatterjee et al., Orient. J. Chem., Vol. 37(3), 962-971 (2021) 963

not suitable for human consumption for chemical with rural area10. Improper awareness, improper
contamination such as fluoride, heavy metals and education and improper sanitation management
arsenic etc.3,4,5,6,7,8. Mainly the state is covered by for major people are the main causes of water
forest, pastures-land, waste land and hill area. pollution11. The unscientific disposal of solid and
Various industries such as steel plant, coal mines, liquid wastes, the depth of the wells and nature of
thermal power plant etc. are situated in Jharkhand the geological materials with which the groundwater
and in the industry area of Jharkhand; the water comes in contact may influence the quality of
is heavily contaminated. The groundwater quality the groundwater12. In our country a huge public
of coal mining area of Jharkhand is seriously awareness program and water plan should be
affected because coal mining operation generate initiated to create a sense of awareness to harvest
huge amount of waste water2,9. People in different rainwater and save water around their habitants
mining areas are tremendously suffering from lack etc.13. The objective of this study is to draw a clean
of pure drinking water because in that area water idea about the quality of ground water in Jharkhand.
are easily polluted due to various mining activities
such as deforestation, land degradation, discharge Study Area
of mine water, disposal of waste materials, washing The selected study area for our review
of rejects, coal washing etc. Some comparative study is Jharkhand (Fig. 1). Jharkhand is one of the
studies reveal that the water quality in urban areas newest states of India and located in the eastern
in the world is more contaminated as compared part of India.

Fig. 1. District of Jharkhand State and Jharkhand State in India

 Chatterjee et al., Orient. J. Chem., Vol. 37(3), 962-971 (2021) 964

Here the name of the state “Jharkhand" for “Jain temples of Shikharji” and itkhari for “Bhadra
means "the land of bush or forests" because major Kali Mandir” etc. The Climate of the state varies
portion of the Jharkhand state is still covered by bush from humid subtropical in the north to tropical wet
or forest. It was created on 15 November 2000 from and dry in the southeast. The temperatures in
its parent state Bihar. It is landlocked state and it Jharkhand usually vary from about 3°C to around
shares its border with Bihar state to the north, Uttar 45 oC. The annual rainfall of the state is about
Pradesh state to the northwest, Chhattisgarh state 1,000–1,500mm (40–60inches), out of which 85%
to the west, Odisha state to the south and West is received through south-western monsoon during
Bengal state to the east. The state has 24 districts, the months June–September17. According to Central
260 blocks, and 32, 620 villages. Jharkhand state Ground Water Board, net groundwater availability
has an area of 79, 714 square kilometres and it lies was 5.99 BCM, annual replenishable groundwater
between latitude 21º55′00″N and 25º15′00″N and resource was 6.56 BCM, annual groundwater draft
longitude 83º15′00″E and 87º55′E14. for domestic and industrial use was 0.50 BCM and
gross annual groundwater draft was 1.35 BCM in
It is the 15th largest state by area but by 2013 in Jharkhand18.
population 14th largest. Maximum portion of the
state is covered by forest, pastures-land, waste land Result and Discussion
and hill area. The state is rich with a vast variety
of minerals like iron ore, coal, copper ore, mica, Literature Review of Groundwater Quality in
bauxite, graphite, limestone, and uranium. Almost Jharkhand
more than 40% of the mineral resources of India are In our study various famous international
in the state even though almost 80% of people in and national research journals have been presented
Jharkhand are farmer15. Here people are very poor for review of groundwater quality in Jharkhand.
and 39.1% of its population is below the poverty Poonam Tirkey et al., (2017)19 has reported the
line16. Main occupation of the people in the state is groundwater quality of Ranchi city in Jharkhand.
agriculture. The state is mainly rural and almost 76% They analysed 10 heavy metals namely As, Mn, Ni,
of its population live in village16. Major cities in the Se, Fe, Cu, Cd, Co, Cr and Pb in which As, Mn, Ni
state are Ranchi, Dhanbad, Jamshedpur, Bokaro, and Se were above the acceptable limits as per BIS
Hazaribag, Dumka etc. According to the Indian and WHO standards for drinking purpose. Rakesh
Census 2011, it has 32.96 million population out of Ranjan et al., (2017)9 has reported the status of
which 28% is tribal while 12% of the people belong chemical pollution in groundwater in Dhanbad of
to scheduled castes. Sex ratio in the state is 947 Jharkhand. They selected 10 sampling stations and
females to 1000 males14. the parameters such as pH, total dissolved solids,
turbidity, alkalinity, hardness, chlorides, sulphates,
Major portion of the state lies on the Chota phosphates and iron. They also reported the changes
Nagpur Plateau. The state has a wide variety of flora in quality of ground water at the mining areas of
and fauna and huge hills, falls and rivers. The famous Dhanbad due to pollution from coal based effluents.
waterfalls in the state are Jonha Falls, Hundru Falls, Shiv Kumar Gupta and Kumar Nikhil (2016)2 have
Dassam Falls and Panchghagh Falls. Jharkhand is investigated the contamination of groundwater in the
also known for his beautiful forest. There are five coal mining area of Jharkhand. Prabhunath Singh
national parks in Jharkhand such as Belta national et al., (2015)20 used water quality index method
Park, Dalma wildlife sanctuary, Hazaribug wildlife for assessment of groundwater quality of Ranchi
sanctuary, Udhwa lake birds sanctuary, Singhbhum township area in Jharkhand. In the study, according
elephant reserve. The famous hills in the state are to water quality index value, 18% of water samples
Parasnath hill, Rajmahal hill, Netarhat hill, Trikut hill fell in the ‘Very Good’ water category, 67% water
and Tagor hill etc. Here many rivers pass through the samples fell in ‘Good’ category and 15% of water
state such as Damodar, Barakar, Ajoy, Mayurakshi, samples fell in the ‘Poor’ category. Prabhunath Singh
Darka, North Koel, South Koel, Sankh, Brahmani et al., (2014)21 has also investigated the groundwater
and Subarnarekha rivers etc. Some holy place also for the suitability of drinking, domestic and irrigation
situated in Jharkhand such as Deoghar for “Baba purposes in Ranchi township area of Jharkhand.
Dham”, Rajrappa for “Chinno Mossta”, Parasnath They collected 27 groundwater samples from
 Chatterjee et al., Orient. J. Chem., Vol. 37(3), 962-971 (2021) 965

wells and tube wells and analyzed for pH, electrical that the Majhiaon block in Garwa district of Jharkhand
conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS) , Ca2+, is seriously affected by fluoride. Bishwajit Nayak
Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3-,F-, Cl-, NO3- and SO42-. They et al., (2008)3 investigated on groundwater arsenic
observed that the groundwater of Ranchi township contamination and adverse health effects in the
area was slightly alkaline in nature and suitable Sahibganj district of Jharkhand. They also analysed
for drinking and irrigation. Mousumi Banerjee and 367 biological samples (nail, hair, and urine) from
Ambarish Mukherjee (2013)22 have reported the status affected villages and revealed that an average 88%
of water quality in the proximity of Deogharh Town in of samples were contained by arsenic above the
Jharkhand. They observed that the groundwater in permissible level.
the area was free from heavy metals like cadmium,
lead, chromium and arsenic and fecal bacteria etc. Potential of Groundwater in Jharkhand
Abhay Kumar Singh et al., (2012)17 has reported a Major portion of the Jharkhand state lies on
hydro geochemical study of groundwater in Dumka the Chota Nagpur Plateau and the plateau consisted
and Jamtara districts of Jharkhand. In their study thirty of Chotanagpur Granite Gneissic Complex (CGGC).
groundwater samples were collected and analysed Granite-gneiss, schist, phyllite and other rocks
parameters were pH, electrical conductivity, total belonging to CGGC which covered almost 85% of the
dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness, F-, Cl-, NO3-, geographical area of the state. The phreatic aquifer
HCO3-, SO42- and Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+. A. C Pandey et in this formation consists of weathered mantle and
al.,(2012)5 also reported high fluoride concentration underlying secondary porosities like fractures, joints
in Palamu district of Jharkhand. They observed that and fissures. In general, the thickness of weathered
a very deep aquifer is safer than shallow aquifers zone varies between 10 and 25 m, however in localized
and also the artificial recharge may reduce fluoride patches it is > 35 m. The weathered zone is the main
concentration. Kirti Avishek et al., (2010)4 has reported repository of ground water and the fractures underlying
a research work involving an assessment of water the weathered zones form the potential phreatic
quality with special reference to fluoride in Majhiaon aquifer. The potential of groundwater in Jharkhand
block of Garwa district in Jharkhand. They reported state is shown in hydrogeological map (Fig. 2)23.

Colour Area Formation Lithology Groundwater Potential

1 Alluvium Clay, Slit, Gravel, Pebbles and Calc >40 m3/h

1A Alluvium Clay, Silt and Sand 1-10 m3/h
2 Laterites Laterites and Lithomarge 1-10 m3/h
2A Tertiary Sand, Silt, Clay, Pable and Gravel 10-40 m3/h
3 Gondwana Clay, Silt, Grit, Sandstone and Shale 1->25 m3/h
4 Rajmahal Basalt Basalt Flows with Intertrappeans 1-25 m3/h
5 Vindhyan Quartzite, Limestone, Sandstone, Dolomite and Shale 1-25 m3/h
6 Chotnagpur Gneissc Complex Gneisses and Granites 1->25 m3/h
7 Volcano Sedimentary Schists, Phyllites, Basic and Acidic Intrusives 1-15 m3/h

Fig. 2. Potential of Groundwater i.e., Hydrogeological Map of Jharkhand

Groundwater Level in Jharkhand level (depth) in Jharkhand varied between 0.1 to 21.18
Generally observed groundwater level is mgbl during 2015-2016. The minimum and maximum
categorised into four classes viz., 0-2 m, 2-5 m, 5-10 depth of groundwater level has been recorded as 0.1
m and >10 m. According to CGWB, the groundwater mgbl at Ranchi and 21.18 mgbl at Gumla.
 Chatterjee et al., Orient. J. Chem., Vol. 37(3), 962-971 (2021) 966

In Summer (May 2015), about 67.3% of the in the range of 5-10 mbgl, 18.0% of the total water
total water level throughout the state varied in the level varied in the range of 2-5 mbgl, 22.7% of the
range of 5-10 mbgl, 18.5% of the total water level total water level were <2 mbgl and 1.3% of the water
varied in the range of 2-5 mbgl, 1.8% of the total level were >10 mbgl. Finally it was shown that the
water level were <2 and 12% of the water level were groundwater level (depth) of majority areas of the
>10 mbgl (Fig. 3)23. In Monsoon (August 2015), 58% state varied in the range of 2-5 mbgl during the whole
of the total water level throughout the state varied year (Fig. 4)23.

Fig. 3. Groundwater Level (depth) in the Summer in Jharkhand

Fig. 4. Groundwater Level (depth) in the Monsoon in Jharkhand

Groundwater Quality of Jharkhand standard values25,26 of the water quality parameters
Physico-chemical parameter study is very for drinking are given in Table 1. Main chemicals
important to get an exact idea about the quality of contamination in groundwater in Jharkhand are
water and we can compare the results of different summarised in Table 2.
physico-chemical parameter values with standard
values of BIS25 and WHO26 for drinking purpose. Assessment of Groundwater Quality Parameters
The values of different water quality parameters Water quality analysis is mainly depended
of groundwater in Jharkhand 3,4,5,6,7,8,17,19,23,24 and on chemistry. Nowadays, it is very important and
 Chatterjee et al., Orient. J. Chem., Vol. 37(3), 962-971 (2021) 967

essential to examine the water quality before testing of water quality is mainly depended upon
it is used for any purposes. Water quality is for what purpose we going to use that water.
determined by different physico-chemical For our review study the following water quality
parameters and the selection of parameters for parameters are considered.
Table 1: Ground Water Quality of Jharkhand

Parameters Unit BISStandard (IS: 10500, 2012) WHO Standard (2017) Measured Values
Acceptable Permissible Acceptable Permissible Minimum Maximu m
Limit Limit Limit Limit Value Value

Temperature 0
C - -
pH - 6.5 - 8.5 - 7.0 - 8.5 - 6.7 8.68
Electrical µs/cm 300 - 300 - 59.5 3321
conductivity
TDS mg/L 500 - 500 - 38.675 2158.65
Turbidity NTU 10 25 10 25
Total mg/L 300 600 500 - 20 890
Hardness
Calcium mg/L 75 200 - - 2 668
Magnesium mg/L 30 - - - 4 120
Alkalinity mg/L 200 600 100 -
Chloride mg/l 250 1000 200 600 11 811
Sulphate mg/L 200 400 200 400 0 199
Fluoride mg/L 1.5 1.9 1.0-1.5 - 0.15 8.68
Sodium mg/L 2 448
Potassium mg/L 0.52 12
Nitrate mg/L 0 316
Silica mg/L 2 67
Phosphate mg/L - - - Nil
Carbonate mg/L Nil
Bicarbonate mg/L 12 479.7
Copper mg/L 0.05 - 1 -
Iron mg/L 0.3 1
Arsenic mg/L 0.01 0.05 0.05 - 0 0.015

Table 2: Main Chemicals Contamination of Groundwater in Jharkhand

Chemical Contamination Name of District References

Fluoride Palamu, Garhwa, Dhanbad, Pakur, Neeta Kumar et al.,(2014)6, Kirti

Avishek et al.,(2009)4, A.C Pandey
Koderma, Giridih, Bokaro, Gumla, Godda, Ranchi et al., (2012)5, Pruthvi Patolia et al.,
(2017)8
Bishwajit Nayak et al.,(2008)3,
Arsenic Sahibganj and Ranchi Poonam Tirkey et al.,(2016)7
Nitrate Dhanbad, Palamu and Godda Neeta Kumar et al.,(2014)6, Raju
Thapa et al.,(2019)24
Mousumi Banerjee et al.,(2017)22,
Iron Deoghar, Dhanbad and Bokaro Sanjeev Kumar Sinha et al.,(2017)27
Heavy metals such as Selenium, Ranchi Poonam Tirkey et al.,(2016)7,
Manganese and Nickel etc. Poonam Tirkey et al.,(2017)19
Manganese and Zinc Bokaro Neeta Kumari et al.,(2014)6
Magnesium hazard and high salinity Dumka and Jamtara Avoy Kumar Singh et al.,(2012)17

Temperature analysis of different sources. Generally the Water

Temperature is one of the most important temperature of groundwater depends on the depth
environment factors and parameters that influence of the water column, climatic, environment and
almost all the chemical, physical and biological topographic changes etc.28 Kumar Pruthvi et al.,
characteristics of water. Therefore temperature (2017)8 reported the temperature of groundwater in
measurement is basically very necessary for water Ranchi district ranged from 23.1 to 26.90C.
 Chatterjee et al., Orient. J. Chem., Vol. 37(3), 962-971 (2021) 968

pH as the sum of calcium and magnesium hardness in

pH is a prime parameter of water analysis. mg/lit as CaCO3. A high concentration of hardness
pH value indicates the acidity or alkalinity property may be due to leaching from of the soils or due to
of the water/solvent/solution. Simply pH is a scale of the high background concentration of the water. High
0 to 14 where water, pH of 7 is neutral, pH less than concentration of hardness may cause the problem
7 is acidic and pH greater than 7 is basic. Poonam of heart disease and kidney stones. According
Tirkey et al., (2016)7 has reported the pH of ground to Poonam Tirkey et al.,(2017)19, the hardness of
water in Ranchi city ranged from 6.0 to 7.5. The pH groundwater varied between 32 to 508 mg/L in Ranchi
City. The value of total hardness of groundwater in
of the groundwater in Dhanbad district was found to
Dumka and Jamtara districts ranged from 19 to 531
be ranging from 6.095 to 8.345 2. The value of pH of
mg/L17. Prabhunath Singh et al., (2014)21 has reported
groundwater in Dumka and Jamtara districts ranged
the total hardness of the groundwater in Ranchi city
from 7.24 to 8.25 17. According to Prabhunath Singh
ranged from 120 to 598 mg/L.
et al., (2014)21, the pH of the groundwater in Ranchi
city varied from 7.0 to 8.0.
Calcium and Magnesium
Calcium and magnesium are very important
Electrical Conductivity
parameters for water analysis. Hardness of water
It is a measure of electric current that water/
is also depended on concentration of calcium and
solvent/solution carries. Electrical conductivity
magnesium. The concentration of calcium and
of water indicates the amount of ions, salts and
magnesium in groundwater of Dumka and Jamtara
contaminant present within the water29. Electrical
districts ranged from 3.4 to 102.5 mg/L and 2.6 to
conductivity of groundwater in Ranchi city varied
66.9 mg/L respectively17. Prabhunath Singh et al.,
from 10 μS/cm to 1520 μS/cm 19. The overall
(2014)20 has reported the concentration of calcium
conductivity of groundwater in Dhanbad district2
and magnesium varied from 21.8 mg/L to 164 mg/L
ranged from 2.2 μS/cm to 3010 μS/cm, 2016).
and 9.8 mg/L to 46 mg/L respectively in Ranchi city.
The average value of electrical conductivity of
groundwater in Dumka and Jamtara district was 550
Iron
μS/cm and it varied from 79 μS/cm to 1667 μS/cm17.
Iron is also a metal that is found in groundwater.
Prabhunath Singh et al., (2014)21 has reported the
Iron in water is not so toxic but concentration over
electrical conductivity of the groundwater in Ranchi
permissible limit has some adverse effect in human
city varied from 238 to 1357 μS/cm.
body. Iron concentration in the groundwater of Dhanbad
district2 ranges from 0.039 mg/L to 1.40 mg/L.
Alkalinity
It is the chemical measurement of ability
Total Dissolved Solid (TDS)
of water to neutralise acid. The large values of
Total dissolved solids are the measure of
total alkalinity make bitter taste of water. The total
total dissolved salts, ions, minerals and materials in
alkalinity in water is mainly due to the presence of
water. Simply purity of drinking water is measured in
OH-, CO3- and HCO3- ions in water30. Other salts of
terms of TDS. The differences in TDS values may
weak acid such as ammonium, phosphate, silicates,
be dependent on geological formations, hydrological
borates and organic bases are also responsible for
processes and prevailing mining conditions in the
total alkalinity of water. The value of total alkalinity
of groundwater in Ranch City ranged from 28 mg/L region19. The total dissolved solids (TDS) values of
to 340mg/L19. groundwater ranged from 51 to 772 mg/L in Ranchi
city19. The TDS of groundwater in Dhanbad district2
Total Hardness were varied from 58.2 mg/L to 1489 mg/L. The average
Hardness of water is also an important value of total dissolved solid (TDS) of groundwater was
characteristic to determine quality of water from 348 mg/L in Dumka and Jamtara districts and it ranged
different sources. The causes of hardness in fresh from 19 to 531 mg/L17. Prabhunath Singh et al., (2014)20
water mainly due to carbonates, bicarbonates, has reported the concentration of total dissolved solids
chlorides and sulphates of calcium and magnesium. (TDS) in the groundwater of Ranchi city ranged from
Theoretically the total hardness of water is defined 200 to 1157 mg/L.
 Chatterjee et al., Orient. J. Chem., Vol. 37(3), 962-971 (2021) 969

Carbonate of the study area is within the maximum allowable

Carbonate is directly or indirectly related limit. Generally many sulphate compounds such
with pH and alkalinity of water. Whenever the as sulphate ores, gypsum, shale, industrial waste
value of pH of water reaches to 8.3, the presence etc. are readily soluble in water and so sulphate
of carbonate is indicated. Carbonates in water are ions usually occur in natural waters. Atmospheric
converted into bicarbonates at lower pH than 8.3. sulphur dioxide comes from metallurgical industry
The concentration of carbonate ions in different ares (by the metallurgical roasting processes) and the
of Jharkhand is zero. combustion of fossil fuels by vehicles, engines
and industries may also contribute to the sulphate
Bicarbonate compounds of water directly or indirectly. The
Bicarbonate is one of the most abundant sulphate concentration of groundwater in Ranchi city
anion in freshwater. The concentration of bicarbonate was varied between 0 and 268 mg/L19. The sulphate
in groundwater of Dumka and Jamtara districts concentration value of groundwater in Dumka and
ranged from 37 to 258 mg/L17. Prabhunath Singh Jamtara districts ranged from 0.7 to 134 mg/L17.
et al.,(2014)20 has observed the concentration of Prabhunath Singh et al., (2014)21 has reported the
bicarbonate varied from 90 mg/L to 488 mg/L. concentration of sulphate in groundwater of Ranchi
city varied from 10 to 126 mg/L.
Nitrate
Nitrate is an important parameter in water Phosphate
and it is naturally occurring inorganic ion present in The increased application of fertilizers, use
our environment. Nitrate in groundwater is a prime of detergents and domestic sewage greatly contribute
indicator of anthropogenic pollution especially as to the heavy loading of phosphorous in the water30,31.
it indicates inputs of detergent, soap, toothpaste, According to Poonam Tirkey et al., (2017)19 phosphate
shampoo, fertiliser used in the domestic and in groundwater of Ranchi city was seen to be between
agricultural fields. The nitrate concentration of 0.004 and 0.16 mg/L. Phosphate concentration
groundwater in Ranchi city is below the acceptable variability irrespective of zone and sources (well or
limits of BIS (45 mg/L)19. In Dumka and Jamtara bore well) was less in the study area.
districts the concentration of nitrate in groundwater
ranged from 0.1 to 191.9 mg/L 17. According to Sodium
Prabhunath Singh et al.,(2014)20 the concentration Sodium concentration in water is an
of nitrate in the analysed groundwater samples of important factor for drinking and irrigation purposes.
Ranchi city varied between 2.5 to 53.7 mg/L. Sodium plays an important role in plants, animals
and human body system. Generally extremely high
Chloride
sodium concentration is observed in sea water
Chloride is one of the most abundant
and normal fresh water bears low concentration
inorganic anion in natural water of various sources.
of sodium. Sodium concentration of groundwater
Generally low existence of chloride is shown in
in ranchi city varied from 18.2 mg/L to 303 mg/
normal fresh water due to the dissolution of salts but
in sea water chlorine is predominant as an ion in the L19. In Dumka and Jamtara districts of Jharkhand
water. According to Poonam Tirkey et al.,(2017)19 sodium concentration ranged from 6.6 to 70.8 mg/
chloride values in the ground water of rural, urban L17. Prabhunath Singh et al.,(2014)21 has reported
and peri-urban areas of Ranchi city in the monsoon sodium concentration of groundwater in Ranchi city
season varied from 2 mg/L to 200 mg/L .The chloride varied from 14.2-75.2 mg/L.
concentration in groundwater of Dumka and Jamtara
districts ranged from 1.2 to 302 mg/L17. Prabhunath Potassium
Singh et al.,(2014) 20 has reported the chloride It is also an important parameter of
concentration in the groundwater of Ranchi township drinking water and irrigation water. Growth of
area varied from 30 to 176.3 mg/L. plants and production crops depends also on
potassium concentration in water and soil. Potassium
Sulphate concentration of groundwater in Ranchi city varied
Sulphate is an important parameter in from 0.2 mg/L to 22.4 mg/L19. The value of potassium
water. However, the sulphate concentration in water concentration in groundwater of Dumka and Jamtara
 Chatterjee et al., Orient. J. Chem., Vol. 37(3), 962-971 (2021) 970

districts ranged from 0.8 to 18 mg/L17. Prabhunath and the effects for that are not only devastating
Singh et al.,(2014) 21 has reported potassium to human beings, but also to all living bodyies in
concentration in groundwater of Ranchi city ranged the world. In our present study, a review of ground
from 1.6-19.3 mg/L. water resources of Jharkhand has been carried out
to define the groundwater quality system based on
Fluoride major ion chemistry. This will help current water
Fluorine is present in natural water or resources planning of Jharkhand and provide
contaminated water as fluoride. Usually fluoride an over all idea for contamination of ground
concentration in natural water depends on geological water in Jharkhand. In general major chemical
formation except pollution due to industries or constituents are within permissible limit except
fluoride, nitrate, iron, selenium, manganese, nickel
other. The main sources of the fluoride found in
and zinc contamination in some districts and arsenic
groundwater may be naturally occurring from the
contamination in Sahebganj district. Thus it is
breakdown of rocks, soil minerals or weathering
observed that the quality of groundwater in the entire
(geogenic) and waster due to human activities
state is suitable for drinking, irrigation and industrial
(anthropogenic)19. Fluoride may be an essential
purposes except in arsenic, fluoride and others
element for animals and humans but excessive
consumption of fluorine (>2 mg/L) causes a dental chemical infested areas. The present review study
disease (dental cavities for children) known as will give an acute awareness among the people of
fluorosis while regular consumption in excess Jharkhand about the quality of groundwater. Proper
may give rise to bone fluorosis and other skeletal awareness program and water management plant
fluorosis. Poonam Tirkey et al.,(2017)19 has reported for groundwater quality is needed in Jharkhand
the fluoride concentration varied from 0 to 2.19 which can help the individual and the community to
mg/L in Ranchi city. The fluoride concentration use pure drinking water and minimize water pollution.
of groundwater in Dumka and Jamtara districts
ranged from 0.17 to 1.07 mg/L17. Kirti Avishek et al., Acknowledgement
(2009)4 has reported high fluoride concentration at
Majhiaon block in Garwa district of Jharkhand. A.C The senior author would like to acknowledge
Pandey et al.,(2012)5 also observed high fluoride Chemistry Department, Raiganj University, West
concentration in groundwater of Palamu district of Bengal, India for providing technical and library
Jharkhand. Prabhunath Singh et al.,(2014)20 has support during conducting this study and preparing
reported fluoride concentration in groundwater of the manuscript. Thankful to Central Ground water
Ranchi city varied from 0.1 to 1.4 mg/L. Board, Government of India for giving permission to
reproduce Fig. 2, 3 and 4.
Conclusion
Conflict of interest
Quality and quantity of groundwater are No potential conflict of interest was reported
decreasing with time in everywhere in the world by the author(s).
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